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Guidotti S, Fiduccia A, Pruneti C. Introversion, Alexithymia, and Hostility: A Path Analysis From Personality to Suicidal Ideation Among University Students. Psychol Rep 2024:332941241247526. [PMID: 38623941 DOI: 10.1177/00332941241247526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of the current study was to investigate the relationship between state (i.e., hostility) and trait (i.e., social detachment, alexithymia) psychological constructs associated with suicidal ideation among university students. METHODS A group of 190 university students was consecutively recruited in the period between September 2022 and March 2023. After a clinical interview, a series of psychological tests were administered: the Cattell's 16-Personality Factors Questionnaire (16PF), the Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-20), the Symptom Checklist-90-R (SCL-90-R), and the anamnestic form of the Cognitive Behavioral Assessment (CBA2.0), which contains a specific question regarding the suicidal ideation. RESULTS The analyses demonstrated that alexithymia fully mediated the relationship between a particular aspect of introversion (social detachment or low warmth) and hostility which, in turn, seemed to be a significant predictor of suicidal ideation. CONCLUSIONS The path analysis conducted seemed to highlight the importance of personality traits, such as social detachment and the ability to recognize and express one's internal states, on the mental health of university students in terms of hostility and suicidal ideation. Considering that the reduction of suicide mortality has been prioritized as a global target in the 15-19 age group, identifying the psychological factors associated with it is fundamental.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Guidotti
- Clinical Psychology, Clinical Psychophysiology, and Clinical Neuropsychology Labs, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Alice Fiduccia
- Clinical Psychology, Clinical Psychophysiology, and Clinical Neuropsychology Labs, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Carlo Pruneti
- Clinical Psychology, Clinical Psychophysiology, and Clinical Neuropsychology Labs, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
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Exploring alexithymia profiles and their associations with childhood adversity and COVID-19 burnout among Chinese college students: A person-centered approach. JOURNAL OF APPLIED DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appdev.2022.101486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
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3
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Moriya J. The maladaptive aspect of observing: Interactive effects of mindfulness and alexithymia on trait anxiety. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-019-00585-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Radetzki PA, Wrath AJ, Le T, Adams GC. Alexithymia is a mediating factor in the relationship between adult attachment and severity of depression and social anxiety. J Affect Disord 2021; 295:846-855. [PMID: 34706455 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2021.08.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Major depressive disorder (MDD) and social anxiety disorder (SAD) are commonly occurring conditions, either alone or together (MDD-SAD). Recent research linked insecure attachment and alexithymia to MDD and/or SAD, indicating that the way affected individuals relate interpersonally and their ability to identify and communicate emotions are pertinent issues. The current study investigated the mediating role of alexithymia in the relationship between insecure attachment and severity of MDD and SAD symptoms. METHOD Using the SCID-I, participants (N=159) were identified as MDD-only (n=43), MDD-SAD (n=56), or a healthy control (n=60). Participants completed measures of adult attachment, depression, social anxiety and alexithymia (defined as difficulty identifying and describing feelings). A two-step mediation analysis approach recommended by Shrout and Bolger determined if alexithymia mediates the relationship between attachment-depression and attachment-social anxiety. RESULTS While alexithymia was high in MDD-only and MDD-SAD groups, individuals with MDD-SAD had significantly greater difficulty describing feelings. Alexithymia was a full mediator between attachment avoidance and depression, but only a partial mediator between attachment anxiety and depression. Meanwhile, alexithymia was a partial mediator for both attachment dimensions and social anxiety. LIMITATIONS Causal inferences regarding insecure attachment, alexithymia, and MDD and SAD cannot be assumed given the cross-sectional data. The 'externally oriented thinking' component in alexithymia was also excluded from analyses due to low reliability. CONCLUSION The results suggest emotional awareness and expression play a role in the illness severity for MDD and SAD-particularly in those with high attachment avoidance, offering a possible target for treatment and prevention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrew J Wrath
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Thuy Le
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - G Camelia Adams
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Saskatchewan, Canada.
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Xiao W, Zhou H, Li X, Lin X. Why are Individuals with Alexithymia Symptoms More Likely to Have Mobile Phone Addiction? The Multiple Mediating Roles of Social Interaction Anxiousness and Boredom Proneness. Psychol Res Behav Manag 2021; 14:1631-1641. [PMID: 34675703 PMCID: PMC8518138 DOI: 10.2147/prbm.s328768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Previous studies have investigated the relationship between alexithymia and problematic mobile phone use (PMPU). However, yet gaps in identifying the internal mechanisms of this relationship remain. Hence, based on the Interaction of Person–Affect–Cognition–Execution model, the current research examined the mediating roles of college students’ social interaction anxiousness (SIA) and boredom proneness (BPS) in the relationship between alexithymia and PMPU. Methods A total of 1300 college students (Mage = 20.36 years, SD = 0.97) were recruited from two universities in the southeast of China to complete a series of questionnaires, including the Toronto alexithymia scale, SIA scale, BPS scale, and mobile phone addiction index questionnaire. In order to conduct conservative predictions, the demographic variables (ie, gender) were controlled as covariates. Results The results of multiple mediation analysis showed that (1) alexithymia was positively linked with PMPU; (2) both SIA and BPS mediated the link between alexithymia and PMPU; and (3) a serial indirect pathway emerged (ie, alexithymia → SIA → BPS → PMPU). Conclusion These findings indicated that alexithymia could influence PMPU in a simple indirect way (parallel mediation) and in a complex indirect way (serial mediation). Besides, these findings provide some insights into the prevention and intervention of PMPU.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weilong Xiao
- School of Teacher Education, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, People's Republic of China.,School of Education, Fujian Polytechnic Normal University, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Zhou
- Jinhua Advanced Research Institute, Jinhua, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinwei Li
- School of Teacher Education, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, People's Republic of China
| | - Xue Lin
- Psychological Counseling Center of Student Affairs Office, Zhangzhou City College, Zhangzhou, People's Republic of China
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Facial Emotion Recognition Predicts Alexithymia Using Machine Learning. COMPUTATIONAL INTELLIGENCE AND NEUROSCIENCE 2021; 2021:2053795. [PMID: 34621306 PMCID: PMC8492233 DOI: 10.1155/2021/2053795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 09/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Objective Alexithymia, as a fundamental notion in the diagnosis of psychiatric disorders, is characterized by deficits in emotional processing and, consequently, difficulties in emotion recognition. Traditional tools for assessing alexithymia, which include interviews and self-report measures, have led to inconsistent results due to some limitations as insufficient insight. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to propose a new screening tool that utilizes machine learning models based on the scores of facial emotion recognition task. Method In a cross-sectional study, 55 students of the University of Tabriz were selected based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria and their scores in the Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-20). Then, they completed the somatization subscale of Symptom Checklist-90 Revised (SCL-90-R), Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) and Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II), and the facial emotion recognition (FER) task. Afterwards, support vector machine (SVM) and feedforward neural network (FNN) classifiers were implemented using K-fold cross validation to predict alexithymia, and the model performance was assessed with the area under the curve (AUC), accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, and F1-measure. Results The models yielded an accuracy range of 72.7–81.8% after feature selection and optimization. Our results suggested that ML models were able to accurately distinguish alexithymia and determine the most informative items for predicting alexithymia. Conclusion Our results show that machine learning models using FER task, SCL-90-R, BDI-II, and BAI could successfully diagnose alexithymia and also represent the most influential factors of predicting it and can be used as a clinical instrument to help clinicians in diagnosis process and earlier detection of the disorder.
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Triffaux JM, Nasello J, Luminet O, Servais C, Close M, Quertemont E, Blavier A. Relative stability of alexithymia and openness to emotions in one psychiatric day hospital setting. Clin Psychol Psychother 2020; 27:714-726. [PMID: 32285578 DOI: 10.1002/cpp.2456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Revised: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Alexithymia (literally, difficulty finding words for emotions) and openness to emotions (OE: referring to the cognitive representation, communication, regulation, perception of internal and external bodily sensations, and social restriction of emotions) are strongly linked to psychopathology. The absolute and relative stability hypotheses were tested in order to determine whether significant changes occurred on these constructs after therapy, a condition where changes were expected for both constructs. Negative attitudes toward treatment (NTI) and perceived social support (PSS) were expected to significantly predict alexithymia and OE. Patients (N = 179) who participated in this longitudinal study filled in the Toronto Alexithymia Scale, the Dimensions of Openness to Emotions Scale, the NTI subscale, the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support, and the Social Desirability Scale. After treatment, we observed significant decrease of all alexithymia scores and significant increases of three OE scores, that is, cognitive representation, communication, and regulation of emotions. Regression analyses revealed that gender, age, NTI, and PSS were significant predictors of alexithymia and OE. NTI strongly predicted lower OE levels and higher alexithymia levels, whereas PSS had opposite predicting effects on these constructs. In conclusion, the significant changes, and the moderate to high correlational levels observed between before and after alexithymia and OE scores, strengthen the relative stability hypothesis for both constructs. In addition, PSS represents a protective factor and NTI a vulnerability indicator for therapists. Our aim is to optimize treatment by providing therapists treating emotion difficulties a more concrete array of variables that potentially either promote or subvert recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Marc Triffaux
- Day Psychiatric Hospital "La Clé", Psychosomatic Medicine and Group Psychotherapy.,Department of Medical Psychology, University of Liège, CHU of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Julian Nasello
- Day Psychiatric Hospital "La Clé", Psychosomatic Medicine and Group Psychotherapy.,Department of Psychology, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Olivier Luminet
- Research Institute for Psychological Sciences, UCLouvain and Belgian Fund for Scientific Research (FRS-FNRS)
| | - Catherine Servais
- Day Psychiatric Hospital "La Clé", Psychosomatic Medicine and Group Psychotherapy
| | - Mireille Close
- Day Psychiatric Hospital "La Clé", Psychosomatic Medicine and Group Psychotherapy
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Reinforcement sensitivity, depression and anxiety: A meta-analysis and meta-analytic structural equation model. Clin Psychol Rev 2020; 77:101842. [PMID: 32179341 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2020.101842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Revised: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory (RST) posits that individual differences in reward and punishment processing predict differences in cognition, behavior, and psychopathology. We performed a quantitative review of the relationships between reinforcement sensitivity, depression and anxiety, in two separate sets of analyses. First, we reviewed 204 studies that reported either correlations between reinforcement sensitivity and self-reported symptom severity or differences in reinforcement sensitivity between diagnosed and healthy participants, yielding 483 effect sizes. Both depression (Hedges' g = .99) and anxiety (g = 1.21) were found to be high on punishment sensitivity. Reward sensitivity negatively predicted only depressive disorders (g = -.21). More severe clinical states (e.g., acute vs remission) predicted larger effect sizes for depression but not anxiety. Next, we reviewed an additional 39 studies that reported correlations between reinforcement sensitivity and both depression and anxiety, yielding 156 effect sizes. We then performed meta-analytic structural equation modeling to simultaneously estimate all covariances and control for comorbidity. Again we found punishment sensitivity to predict depression (β = .37) and anxiety (β = .35), with reward sensitivity only predicting depression (β = -.07). The transdiagnostic role of punishment sensitivity and the discriminatory role of reward sensitivity support a hierarchical approach to RST and psychopathology.
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Cheok F, Proeve M. The Role of Perspective Taking and Alexithymia in Associations Between Shame, Guilt, and Social Anxiety. J Cogn Psychother 2019; 33:286-300. [PMID: 32746392 DOI: 10.1891/0889-8391.33.4.286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The present study expanded previous research concerning relationships between shame, guilt, and social anxiety by examining both internal and external shame and exploring the role of two cognitive constructs relating to emotion regulation, perspective taking, and alexithymia. Findings were consistent with the literature regarding positive associations between shame and social anxiety and no relationship between guilt and social anxiety. Perspective taking was positively related to guilt, while alexithymia was positively related to both shame types. Social anxiety was predicted by shame-proneness, external shame, and alexithymia. There were also small indirect effects for both types of shame on social anxiety through alexithymia. Further replication of relationships between shame, alexithymia, and social anxiety is needed. Alexithymia, with and without concurrent shame, has implications for therapeutic interventions for social anxiety as it may represent a barrier to implementing conventional therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frida Cheok
- School of Psychology, University of Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Michael Proeve
- School of Psychology, University of Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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10
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Morie KP, Jackson S, Zhai ZW, Potenza MN, Dritschel B. Mood Disorders in High-Functioning Autism: The Importance of Alexithymia and Emotional Regulation. J Autism Dev Disord 2019; 49:2935-2945. [PMID: 31028592 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-019-04020-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) often have co-morbid anxiety and depression. Alexithymia and emotion regulation difficulties are commonly seen in individuals with ASD and in mood disorders. We hypothesized that alexithymia and emotional regulation would mediate the relationship between autistic features and anxiety/depression symptom severity. We collected data about emotional regulation, alexithymia, autistic symptoms and depression/anxiety in a sample of 64 young adults with ASD. We constructed two serial multiple mediator models, using autistic features as the independent variable and anxiety/depression symptoms as outcome variables. The serial relationship between alexithymia and emotional regulation mediated associations between autistic features and depression and anxiety, separately. The findings suggest that targeting alexithymia may benefit therapies designed to alleviate mood disorders in ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen P Morie
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA. .,Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA.
| | - Scott Jackson
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA. .,Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA. .,Office of Assessment and Analytics, Southern Connecticut State University, 501 Crescent Street, New Haven, CT, 06515, USA.
| | - Zu Wei Zhai
- Department of Psychology, Middlebury College, Middlebury, VT, 05753, USA
| | - Marc N Potenza
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA.,Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA.,Connecticut Council on Problem Gambling, Wethersfield, CT, 06109, USA.,Connecticut Mental Health Center, New Haven, CT, 06519, USA
| | - Barbara Dritschel
- School of Psychology & Neuroscience, University of St Andrews, St. Andrews, Fife, KY16 9JP, UK
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Collins JL, Sherry SB, McKee K, Thompson K, Stewart SH. Do Drinking Motives and Drinking Contexts Mediate the Relationship Between Social Avoidance and Alcohol Problems? Evidence from Two Studies of Undergraduate Drinkers. Int J Ment Health Addict 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11469-019-00092-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
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12
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Correlation between Taijin-Kyofu-sho and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder among University Students: A Self-Reported Assessment Study. PSYCHIATRY JOURNAL 2019; 2019:7953123. [PMID: 30949492 PMCID: PMC6425389 DOI: 10.1155/2019/7953123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2018] [Revised: 02/09/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Taijin-Kyofu-sho (TK) is regarded as a culture-bound anxiety disorder in East Asian counties. Despite its earlier discovery in Japan, fewer studies have focused on TK than on social anxiety disorder (SAD) and even fewer on TK comorbidity with developmental disorders. Thus, we examined the association between TK and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) among Japanese university students. A total of 673 students (500 male, 173 female) were assessed on the Japanese version of Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale (LSAS-J), TK scale, and adult ADHD Self-Report Scale (ASRS; version 1.1). On the TK scale and LSAS-J, 17.4 and 10.3 percent of students, respectively, exceeded the cut-off value. Furthermore, ASRS scores more strongly correlated with TK scale than LSAS-J scores (TK scale: r = 0.427; LSAS-J: r = 0.330). To evaluate how TK or SAD with ADHD affects those scores, we divided subjects into four groups: healthy subjects, subjects with TK, those with SAD, and those with both disorders. The total ASRS score was significantly higher in TK-only subjects than in healthy subjects (p < 0.0001). However, there was no significant difference between scores of healthy and SAD-only subjects (p = 0.281). Our results indicate a possible link between ADHD and later development of TK in Japan.
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Lyvers, Scott, Thorberg. Social Anxiety and Alexithymia in Relation to Problematic Drinking and Theory of Mind. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.5406/amerjpsyc.132.3.0325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Lyvers M, Hanigan C, Thorberg FA. Social Interaction Anxiety, Alexithymia, and Drinking Motives in Australian University Students. J Psychoactive Drugs 2018; 50:402-410. [PMID: 30204558 DOI: 10.1080/02791072.2018.1517228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
In young adults at university, social interaction anxiety has been linked to elevated risk of alcohol-related problems, as has alexithymia. The present study sought to assess whether social interaction anxiety is, like alexithymia, associated with the primary motive of drinking to cope with negative affect. There were 126 undergraduates (76 females, 50 males), aged 18-25 years, who were recruited from two southeast Queensland universities to complete validated self-report measures of problematic drinking, alexithymia, drinking motives, and social interaction anxiety. As predicted, social interaction anxiety was positively related to problematic drinking and coping motives for drinking. Alexithymia mediated the relationship of social interaction anxiety with coping motives. Findings were consistent with a developmental hypothesis of the links between social anxiety, alexithymia, and drinking motives. Given the cross-sectional design of the current study, longitudinal research is ultimately needed to confirm such interpretations of alexithymia and alcohol use among socially anxious young adults at university.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Lyvers
- a School of Psychology , Bond University , Gold Coast , QLD , Australia
| | - Charles Hanigan
- a School of Psychology , Bond University , Gold Coast , QLD , Australia
| | - Fred Arne Thorberg
- b National Centre for Dual Diagnosis , Innlandet Hospital Trust , Brumunddal , Norway
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Öksüz E, Guvenc G. Relationship of premenstrual and menstrual symptoms to alexithymia among nursing students. Perspect Psychiatr Care 2018; 54:391-397. [PMID: 29570793 DOI: 10.1111/ppc.12271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Revised: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 02/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study is to determine the relationship of premenstrual and menstrual symptoms to alexithymia among nursing students. DESIGN AND METHODS This descriptive study was conducted with 284 undergraduate nursing students. Data were collected using Premenstrual Syndrome Scale (PMSS), Menstrual Symptom Scale (MSQ), and Toronto Alexithymia Scale-20 (TAS-20). FINDINGS The PMSS, MSQ, and TAS-20 mean scores were 103.56 ± 35.08, 2.92 ± 0.8, and 45.22 ± 9.17, respectively. There was statistically significant positive correlation between TAS-20 and PMSS and MSQ mean scores (p < .05). PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS Women should be evaluated for alexithymia to prevent the adverse effects of premenstrual and menstrual symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emine Öksüz
- Department of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing, University of Health Sciences, Gulhane Faculty of Nursing, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Gulten Guvenc
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Nursing, University of Health Sciences, Gulhane Faculty of Nursing, Ankara, Turkey
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Panayiotou G, Leonidou C, Constantinou E, Michaelides MP. Self-Awareness in alexithymia and associations with social anxiety. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-018-9855-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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17
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Collins JL, Thompson K, Sherry SB, Glowacka M, Stewart SH. Drinking to cope with depression mediates the relationship between social avoidance and alcohol problems: A 3-wave, 18-month longitudinal study. Addict Behav 2018; 76:182-187. [PMID: 28846938 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2017.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2017] [Revised: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Undergraduates with high social anxiety have increased alcohol problems, despite lower or equivalent alcohol use levels. Drinking motives mediate the cross-sectional relationship between social anxiety and alcohol problems, with coping and conformity motives being the most commonly observed mediators. Our study extended prior research by using a longitudinal design, examining coping with anxiety motives (CAM) and coping with depression motives (CDM) separately using path analysis, simultaneously considering a variety of drinking motives in the model, and focusing on a particularly severe form of social anxiety - namely, social avoidance. We collected data from 219 undergraduates (72.6% women, mean age of 20.59years) over three waves spaced six months apart. Results indicated CDM mediated the prospective relationship between social avoidance and alcohol problems. Findings suggest socially avoidant students' escalations in CDM explain their increased alcohol problems over time. Future research should examine involvement of depression and social isolation in contributing to this pathway to alcohol problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie-Lee Collins
- Dalhousie University, Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, 1355 Oxford Street, PO Box 15000, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada.
| | - Kara Thompson
- Saint Francis Xavier University(,) Psychology Department(,) Annex, 125, Antigonish, Nova Scotia B2G 2W5, Canada
| | - Simon B Sherry
- Dalhousie University, Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, 1355 Oxford Street, PO Box 15000, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Maria Glowacka
- Dalhousie University, Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, 1355 Oxford Street, PO Box 15000, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Sherry H Stewart
- Dalhousie University, Department of Psychiatry, 5909 Veteran's Memorial Lane, 8th Floor, Abbie J. Lane Memorial Building, QEII Health Sciences Centre, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 2E2, Canada; Dalhousie University, Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, 1355 Oxford Street, PO Box 15000, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada
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Chen L, Xu L, You W, Zhang X, Ling N. Prevalence and associated factors of alexithymia among adult prisoners in China: a cross-sectional study. BMC Psychiatry 2017; 17:287. [PMID: 28768497 PMCID: PMC5541430 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-017-1443-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prison is an extremely stressful environment and prisoners have an increasing risk of suffering from alexithymia. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the prevalence and associated factors of alexithymia among prisoners in China. METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted in five main jails of the district of Zhejiang province in China, and a total of 1705 adult prisoners ultimately took part in the study. Toronto Alexithymia Scale, Childhood Trauma Questionnaire, Beck Depression Inventory, Beck Anxiety Inventory, Beck Hopelessness Scale and several short demographic questions were applied. RESULTS Over 30% of prisoners were classified as alexithymics and as high as 96.2% of prisoners suffered from at least one traumatic experience in their childhood, meanwhile, 81.5%, 53.4% and 85.8% were found to be positive for depression, anxiety and hopelessness symptoms respectively. Education, childhood trauma, negative emotional symptoms including depression, anxiety and hopelessness of the respondents, were negatively or positively associated with alexithymia among prisoners. CONCLUSIONS The results indicated that high prevalence of alexithymia among prisoners is linked with their level of education, experience of childhood trauma and symptoms of negative emotions. Accordingly, the findings in our study can be used for prevention and intervention of alexithymia among prisoners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Chen
- Department of Applied Psychology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, China.
| | - Linna Xu
- 0000 0001 2151 7947grid.265850.cDepartment of Economics, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY USA
| | - Weimin You
- Public Security Sub-Bureau of Huangyan, Taizhou Public Security Bureau, Huangyan, China
| | - Xiaoyan Zhang
- 0000 0004 1764 2632grid.417384.dDepartment of Children’s Health Care, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
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Atari M, Yaghoubirad M. The Big Five personality dimensions and mental health: The mediating role of alexithymia. Asian J Psychiatr 2016; 24:59-64. [PMID: 27931909 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajp.2016.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Revised: 06/19/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The role of personality constructs on mental health has attracted research attention in the last few decades. The Big Five personality traits have been introduced as parsimonious dimensions of non-pathological traits. The five-factor model of personality includes neuroticism, agreeableness, conscientiousness, extraversion, and openness to experience. The present study aimed to examine the relationship between the Big Five dimensions and mental health considering the mediating role of alexithymia as an important emotional-processing construct. A total of 257 participants were recruited from non-clinical settings in the general population. All participants completed the Ten-Item Personality Inventory (TIPI), 20-item Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-20), and General Health Questionnaire-28 (GHQ-28). Structural equation modeling was utilized to examine the hypothesized mediated model. Findings indicated that the Big Five personality dimensions could significantly predict scores of alexithymia. Moreover, alexithymia could predict mental health scores as measured by indices of depression, anxiety, social functioning, and somatic symptoms. The fit indices (GFI=0.94; CFI=0.91; TLI=0.90; RMSEA=0.071; CMIN/df=2.29) indicated that the model fits the data. Therefore, the relationship between the Big Five personality dimensions and mental health is mediated by alexithymia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Atari
- Department of Psychology, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
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Boll S, Bartholomaeus M, Peter U, Lupke U, Gamer M. Attentional mechanisms of social perception are biased in social phobia. J Anxiety Disord 2016; 40:83-93. [PMID: 27131909 PMCID: PMC4877390 DOI: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2016.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Revised: 02/11/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies of social phobia have reported an increased vigilance to social threat cues but also an avoidance of socially relevant stimuli such as eye gaze. The primary aim of this study was to examine attentional mechanisms relevant for perceiving social cues by means of abnormalities in scanning of facial features in patients with social phobia. In two novel experimental paradigms, patients with social phobia and healthy controls matched on age, gender and education were compared regarding their gazing behavior towards facial cues. The first experiment was an emotion classification paradigm which allowed for differentiating reflexive attentional shifts from sustained attention towards diagnostically relevant facial features. In the second experiment, attentional orienting by gaze direction was assessed in a gaze-cueing paradigm in which non-predictive gaze cues shifted attention towards or away from subsequently presented targets. We found that patients as compared to controls reflexively oriented their attention more frequently towards the eyes of emotional faces in the emotion classification paradigm. This initial hypervigilance for the eye region was observed at very early attentional stages when faces were presented for 150ms, and persisted when facial stimuli were shown for 3s. Moreover, a delayed attentional orienting into the direction of eye gaze was observed in individuals with social phobia suggesting a differential time course of eye gaze processing in patients and controls. Our findings suggest that basic mechanisms of early attentional exploration of social cues are biased in social phobia and might contribute to the development and maintenance of the disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Boll
- Department of Systems Neuroscience, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; Department of General Psychiatry, Center for Psychosocial Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Marie Bartholomaeus
- Department of Systems Neuroscience, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany
| | | | | | - Matthias Gamer
- Department of Systems Neuroscience, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany,Department of Psychology, University of Würzburg, Germany
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Ogłodek EA, Szota AM, Just MJ, Araszkiewicz A, Szromek AR. Sense of alexithymia in patients with anxiety disorders comorbid with recurrent urticaria. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2016; 12:995-1004. [PMID: 27143899 PMCID: PMC4844460 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s94600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM Alexithymia is associated with limited cognitive processing of emotions by an individual suffering from recurrent urticaria and alexithymia and makes them focus on somatic manifestations of emotional arousal and on poorly controlled compulsive reactions to negative stimulation. Alexithymia is considered to be a personality trait, which, along with other factors, predisposes individuals toward developing somatic diseases. The aim of the study was to assess the measurement of alexithymic features in patients with recurrent urticaria and to assess the types of concurrent anxiety disorders and overall anxiety level. METHODS In order to diagnose clinical anxiety symptoms in patients, the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition and the Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale were applied. Alexithymic features were measured by means of a shortened version of the Toronto Alexithymia Scale, characterized by high discrimination power, internal coherence, and reliability. RESULTS According to the Toronto Alexithymia Scale results, the greatest contributing factor was "inability to differentiate between feelings and bodily sensations". This was observed in both males and females. Most frequently, the patients were found to suffer from generalized anxiety disorder and social phobia. CONCLUSION Alexithymia may result from the difficulty associated with expressing emotions caused by anxiety disorders. Undergoing treatment for anxiety disorders may contribute to reduced exacerbation of urticaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa A Ogłodek
- Department of Psychiatry, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Toruń Poland
| | - Anna M Szota
- Department of Psychiatry, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Toruń Poland
| | - Marek J Just
- Department of General and Endocrine Surgery, Municipal Hospital, Piekary Śląskie Poland
| | - Aleksander Araszkiewicz
- Department of Psychiatry, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Toruń Poland
| | - Adam R Szromek
- Department of Organization and Management, Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
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Courty A, Godart N, Lalanne C, Berthoz S. Alexithymia, a compounding factor for eating and social avoidance symptoms in anorexia nervosa. Compr Psychiatry 2015; 56:217-28. [PMID: 25443977 DOI: 10.1016/j.comppsych.2014.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2013] [Revised: 09/05/2014] [Accepted: 09/08/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Socio-affective difficulties, in particular difficulties in representing, communicating and feeling emotions, may play a critical role in anorexia nervosa (AN). The aim of this longitudinal study was to explore the links between alexithymia and two types of difficulties in AN: eating symptoms and social avoidance. Sixty adolescent girls with AN were recruited following hospitalisation in a specialised department. They completed self-administered questionnaires of alexithymia (TAS-20), of central symptoms of the eating disorders (EDI), and of anxious and depressive affects (SCL-90). Anxiety and social avoidance were assessed in the course of a standardised interview (LSAS). These measures were performed at inclusion, and at 6-, 12- and 18-months' follow-up. The relationship between TAS-20 and EDI or LSAS total scale scores across the four time points was assessed using mixed-effects models, including anxiety, depression, BMI, anorexia subtype, and age as co-factors. Partial least square regression was used to refine this multivariate analysis at subscale level, at inclusion and 18 months. Robust associations between TAS-20 and EDI scores were found, independently from anxious and depressive scores, nutritional state and AN subtype. These effects appeared more particularly linked to the implication of the dimensions difficulties identifying and describing feelings, interpersonal mistrust, feelings of inadequacy and interoceptive awareness deficit. There was also a durable association between alexithymia and social anxiety and avoidance, after adjusting for the confounding effects of depression, and anxiety, and the state of starvation. Difficulties in describing feelings appeared particularly involved here. Thus alexithymia does appear as a factor in the persistence of disorders in AN, and difficulties identifying and describing feelings could compound the social difficulties and major the relational isolation of these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annaig Courty
- LPPS - EA 4057, Institut de Psychologie, Paris Descartes University, France; Department of Adolescent and Young Adult Psychiatry, Institut Mutualiste Montsouris, Paris, France; Inserm U669 - Maison de Solenn, Paris Descartes and Paris Sud Universities, France
| | - Nathalie Godart
- Department of Adolescent and Young Adult Psychiatry, Institut Mutualiste Montsouris, Paris, France; Inserm U669 - Maison de Solenn, Paris Descartes and Paris Sud Universities, France
| | - Christophe Lalanne
- Department of Adolescent and Young Adult Psychiatry, Institut Mutualiste Montsouris, Paris, France; AP-HP, Department of Clinical Research, Saint-Louis Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Sylvie Berthoz
- Department of Adolescent and Young Adult Psychiatry, Institut Mutualiste Montsouris, Paris, France; Inserm U669 - Maison de Solenn, Paris Descartes and Paris Sud Universities, France.
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Bird G, Cook R. Mixed emotions: the contribution of alexithymia to the emotional symptoms of autism. Transl Psychiatry 2013; 3:e285. [PMID: 23880881 PMCID: PMC3731793 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2013.61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 317] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2013] [Revised: 05/02/2013] [Accepted: 05/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
It is widely accepted that autism is associated with disordered emotion processing and, in particular, with deficits of emotional reciprocity such as impaired emotion recognition and reduced empathy. However, a close examination of the literature reveals wide heterogeneity within the autistic population with respect to emotional competence. Here we argue that, where observed, emotional impairments are due to alexithymia-a condition that frequently co-occurs with autism-rather than a feature of autism per se. Alexithymia is a condition characterized by a reduced ability to identify and describe one's own emotion, but which results in reduced empathy and an impaired ability to recognize the emotions of others. We briefly review studies of emotion processing in alexithymia, and in autism, before describing a recent series of studies directly testing this 'alexithymia hypothesis'. If found to be correct, the alexithymia hypothesis has wide-reaching implications for the study of autism, and how we might best support subgroups of autistic individuals with, and without, accompanying alexithymia. Finally, we note the presence of elevated rates of alexithymia, and inconsistent reports of emotional impairments, in eating disorders, schizophrenia, substance abuse, Parkinson's Disease, multiple sclerosis and anxiety disorders. We speculate that examining the contribution of alexithymia to the emotional symptoms of these disorders may bear fruit in the same way that it is starting to do in autism.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Bird
- MRC Social, Genetic & Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Kings College London, London, UK.
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