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Carletti B, Banaj N, Piras F, Bossù P. Schizophrenia and Glutathione: A Challenging Story. J Pers Med 2023; 13:1526. [PMID: 38003841 PMCID: PMC10672475 DOI: 10.3390/jpm13111526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia (SZ) is a devastating mental illness with a complex and heterogeneous clinical state. Several conditions like symptoms, stage and severity of the disease are only some of the variables that have to be considered to define the disorder and its phenotypes. SZ pathophysiology is still unclear, and the diagnosis is currently relegated to the analysis of clinical symptoms; therefore, the search for biomarkers with diagnostic relevance is a major challenge in the field, especially in the era of personalized medicine. Though the mechanisms implicated in SZ are not fully understood, some processes are beginning to be elucidated. Oxidative stress, and in particular glutathione (GSH) dysregulation, has been demonstrated to play a crucial role in SZ pathophysiology. In fact, glutathione is a leading actor of oxidative-stress-mediated damage in SZ and appears to reflect the heterogeneity of the disease. The literature reports differing results regarding the levels of glutathione in SZ patients. However, each GSH state may be a sign of specific symptoms or groups of symptoms, candidating glutathione as a biomarker useful for discriminating SZ phenotypes. Here, we summarize the literature about the levels of glutathione in SZ and analyze the role of this molecule and its potential use as a biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Carletti
- Laboratory of Neuropsychiatry, Clinical Neuroscience and Neurorehabilitation Department, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Via Ardeatina 306, 00179 Rome, Italy; (N.B.); (F.P.)
| | - Nerisa Banaj
- Laboratory of Neuropsychiatry, Clinical Neuroscience and Neurorehabilitation Department, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Via Ardeatina 306, 00179 Rome, Italy; (N.B.); (F.P.)
| | - Fabrizio Piras
- Laboratory of Neuropsychiatry, Clinical Neuroscience and Neurorehabilitation Department, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Via Ardeatina 306, 00179 Rome, Italy; (N.B.); (F.P.)
| | - Paola Bossù
- Laboratory of Experimental Neuropsychobiology, Clinical Neuroscience and Neurorehabilitation Department, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Via del Fosso di Fiorano 64, 00143 Rome, Italy;
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2
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Rømer TB, Jeppesen R, Christensen RHB, Benros ME. Biomarkers in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with psychotic disorders compared to healthy controls: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Mol Psychiatry 2023; 28:2277-2290. [PMID: 37169812 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-023-02059-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Psychotic disorders are severe mental disorders with poorly understood etiology. Biomarkers in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) could provide etiological clues and diagnostic tools for psychosis; however, an unbiased overview of CSF alterations in individuals with psychotic disorders is lacking. The objective of this study was to summarize all quantifiable findings in CSF from individuals with psychotic disorders compared to healthy controls (HC). Studies published before January 25th, 2023 were identified searching PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, ClinicalTrials.gov, and PsycINFO. Screening, full-text review, data extraction, and risk of bias assessments were performed by two independent reviewers following PRISMA guidelines. Findings in patients and healthy controls were compared and summarized using random-effects analyses and assessment of publication bias, subgroup and sensitivity analyses were performed. 145 studies, covering 197 biomarkers, were included, of which 163 biomarkers have not previously been investigated in meta-analyses. All studies showed some degree of bias. 55 biomarkers measured in CSF were associated with psychosis and of these were 15 biomarkers measured in ≥2 studies. Patients showed increased levels of noradrenaline (standardized mean difference/SMD, 0.53; 95% confidence interval/CI, 0.16 to 0.90) and its metabolite 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol (SMD, 0.30; 95% CI: 0.05 to 0.55), the serotonin metabolite 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (SMD, 0.11; 95% CI: 0.01 to 0.21), the pro-inflammatory neurotransmitter kynurenic acid (SMD, 1.58; 95% CI: 0.34 to 2.81), its precursor kynurenine (SMD,0.99; 95% CI: 0.60 to 1.38), the cytokines interleukin-6 (SMD, 0.58; 95% CI: 0.39 to 0.77) and interleukin-8 (SMD, 0.43; 95% CI: 0.24 to 0.62), the endocannabinoid anandamide (SMD, 0.78; 95% CI: 0.53 to 1.02), albumin ratio (SMD, 0.40; 95% CI: 0.08 to 0.72), total protein (SMD, 0.29; 95% CI: 0.16 to 0.43), immunoglobulin ratio (SMD, 0.45; 95% CI: 0.06 to 0.85) and glucose (SMD, 0.48; 95% CI: 0.01 to 0.94). Neurotensin (SMD, -0.67; 95% CI: -0.89 to -0.46) and γ-aminobutyric acid (SMD, -0.29; 95% CI: -0.50 to -0.09) were decreased. Most biomarkers showed no significant differences, including the dopamine metabolites homovanillic acid and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid. These findings suggest that dysregulation of the immune and adrenergic system as well as blood-brain barrier dysfunction are implicated in the pathophysiology of psychotic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Troels Boldt Rømer
- Biological and Precision Psychiatry, Copenhagen Research Center for Mental Health, Mental Health Centre Copenhagen, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Rose Jeppesen
- Biological and Precision Psychiatry, Copenhagen Research Center for Mental Health, Mental Health Centre Copenhagen, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Rune Haubo Bojesen Christensen
- Biological and Precision Psychiatry, Copenhagen Research Center for Mental Health, Mental Health Centre Copenhagen, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Michael Eriksen Benros
- Biological and Precision Psychiatry, Copenhagen Research Center for Mental Health, Mental Health Centre Copenhagen, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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3
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Tsoporis JN, Ektesabi AM, Gupta S, Izhar S, Salpeas V, Rizos IK, Kympouropoulos SP, Dos Santos CC, Parker TG, Rizos E. A longitudinal study of alterations of circulating DJ-1 and miR203a-3p in association to olanzapine medication in a sample of first episode patients with schizophrenia. J Psychiatr Res 2022; 146:109-117. [PMID: 34971908 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2021.12.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Among different proposed pathophysiological mechanisms, redox imbalance has been suggested to be a potential contributor in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. DJ-1 is a redox-sensitive protein that has been shown to have neuroprotective function in the brain in Parkinson's disease and other neurodegenerative diseases. However, a role for DJ-1 in schizophrenia is unknown. Bioinformatic analysis suggested that microRNA (miR)-203a-3p could target the 3' untranslated region (UTR) of DJ-1. In whole blood and blood-derived exosomes of 11 first episode antipsychotic naïve schizophrenia patients, DJ-1 protein and mRNA demonstrated decreased DJ-1 mRNA and protein and increased miR203a-3p levels compared to healthy controls. In whole blood, antipsychotic monotherapy with olanzapine for 6 weeks increased DJ-1 and attenuated miR203a-3p levels, whereas in blood derived exosomes, olanzapine returned DJ-1 and miR203a-3p to levels seen healthy controls. Consistent with this finding, we showed that human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVACs) transfected with a DJ-1-3' UTR luciferase reporter construct displayed reduced gene expression when subjected to the oxidative stressor H2O2. Transfection of a miR203a-3p mimic into HUVACs reduced DJ-1-3 'UTR reporter gene expression, while transfection of an anti miR-203a-3p prevented the H2O2-induced downregulation of the reporter gene. We conclude that miR-203a-3p is an essential mediator of oxidative stress in schizophrenia via its ability to target the 3' UTR of DJ-1 and antipsychotic monotherapy restores DJ-1 antioxidant levels by regulating miR203a-3p expression. miR-203a-3p and DJ-1 might represent attractive targets for the treatment of pathologies such as schizophrenia that has underlying oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- James N Tsoporis
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Amin M Ektesabi
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Sahil Gupta
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Shehla Izhar
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Vasileios Salpeas
- 2(nd) Department of Cardiology, University General Hospital "ATTIKON", School of Medicine National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Ioannis K Rizos
- 2(nd) Department of Cardiology, University General Hospital "ATTIKON", School of Medicine National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Stylianos P Kympouropoulos
- 2(nd) Department of Psychiatry, University General Hospital "ATTIKON", School of Medicine, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece
| | - Claudia C Dos Santos
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Thomas G Parker
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Emmanouil Rizos
- 2(nd) Department of Psychiatry, University General Hospital "ATTIKON", School of Medicine, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece.
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Potanin SS, Morozova MA. [Oxidative stress in schizophrenia as a promising target for psychopharmacotherapy]. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova 2021; 121:131-138. [PMID: 34693701 DOI: 10.17116/jnevro2021121091131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Until now, only dopamine receptor blockers are used for psychopharmacotherapy of schizophrenia, despite the active search for alternative pharmacological agents and a lot of research. However, most of these studies concerned molecules that somehow affect various neurotransmitter receptors. In addition, various anti-inflammatory drugs have been studied quite actively. At the same time, attempts to correct oxidative stress are given significantly less attention, although the emergence of the latter is facilitated by completely different pathophysiological processes and environmental factors associated with the development of schizophrenia. NMDA receptor blockage, vitamin D deficiency, social isolation, chronic stress in adolescence, inflammation, perinatal infection etc. - all this can ultimately lead to the occurrence of oxidative stress. However, there is a significant difference in the severity of this process depending on the stage of the course of schizophrenia, which probably partially explains the heterogeneity of results of the studies on the oxidative stress biomarkers in this disorder. In order to overcome these methodological problems, it seems promising to conduct double-blind studies of the effectiveness of antioxidants in schizophrenia with the selection of groups of patients taking into account the stage of the disorder and the level of certain biomarkers of oxidative stress (F2-isoprostanes, 8-oxodG, 8-oxoGuo). The optimal pharmacological agents for such studies are N-acetylcysteine due to the positive results of previous studies, and melatonin as an antioxidant with a unique activity profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- S S Potanin
- Mental Health Research Center, Moscow, Russia
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Extracellular free water and glutathione in first-episode psychosis-a multimodal investigation of an inflammatory model for psychosis. Mol Psychiatry 2021; 26:761-771. [PMID: 31138893 PMCID: PMC6881530 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-019-0428-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Revised: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Evidence has been accumulating for an immune-based component to the etiology of psychotic disorders. Advancements in diffusion magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) have enabled estimation of extracellular free water (FW), a putative biomarker of neuroinflammation. Furthermore, inflammatory processes may be associated with altered brain levels of metabolites, such as glutathione (GSH). Consequently, we sought to test the hypotheses that FW is increased and associated with decreased GSH in patients with first-episode schizophrenia (SZ) compared with healthy controls (HC). SZ (n = 36) and HC (n = 40) subjects underwent a multi-shell diffusion MRI scan on a Siemens 3T scanner. 1H-MR spectroscopy data were acquired using a GSH-optimized MEGA-PRESS editing sequence and GSH/creatine ratios were calculated for DLPFC (SZ: n = 33, HC: n = 37) and visual cortex (SZ: n = 29, HC: n = 35) voxels. Symptoms and functioning were measured using the SANS, SAPS, BPRS, and GSF/GRF. SZ demonstrated significantly elevated FW in whole-brain gray (p = .001) but not white matter (p = .060). There was no significant difference between groups in GSH in either voxel. However, there was a significant negative correlation between DLPFC GSH and both whole-brain and DLPFC-specific gray matter FW in SZ (r = -.48 and -.47, respectively; both p < .05), while this relationship was nonsignificant in HC and in both groups in the visual cortex. These data illustrate an important relationship between a metabolite known to be important for immune function-GSH-and the diffusion extracellular FW measure, which provides additional support for these measures as neuroinflammatory biomarkers that could potentially provide tractable treatment targets to guide pharmacological intervention.
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Mahootchi E, Raasakka A, Luan W, Muruganandam G, Loris R, Haavik J, Kursula P. Structure and substrate specificity determinants of the taurine biosynthetic enzyme cysteine sulphinic acid decarboxylase. J Struct Biol 2020; 213:107674. [PMID: 33253877 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2020.107674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Pyridoxal 5́-phosphate (PLP) is an important cofactor for amino acid decarboxylases with many biological functions, including the synthesis of signalling molecules, such as serotonin, dopamine, histamine, γ-aminobutyric acid, and taurine. Taurine is an abundant amino acid with multiple physiological functions, including osmoregulation, pH regulation, antioxidative protection, and neuromodulation. In mammalian tissues, taurine is mainly produced by decarboxylation of cysteine sulphinic acid to hypotaurine, catalysed by the PLP-dependent cysteine sulphinic acid decarboxylase (CSAD), followed by oxidation of the product to taurine. We determined the crystal structure of mouse CSAD and compared it to other PLP-dependent decarboxylases in order to identify determinants of substrate specificity and catalytic activity. Recognition of the substrate involves distinct side chains forming the substrate-binding cavity. In addition, the backbone conformation of a buried active-site loop appears to be a critical determinant for substrate side chain binding in PLP-dependent decarboxylases. Phe94 was predicted to affect substrate specificity, and its mutation to serine altered both the catalytic properties of CSAD and its stability. Using small-angle X-ray scattering, we further showed that CSAD presents open/close motions in solution. The structure of apo-CSAD indicates that the active site gets more ordered upon internal aldimine formation. Taken together, the results highlight details of substrate recognition in PLP-dependent decarboxylases and provide starting points for structure-based inhibitor design with the aim of affecting the biosynthesis of taurine and other abundant amino acid metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Arne Raasakka
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Weisha Luan
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Gopinath Muruganandam
- VIB-VUB Center for Structural Biology, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie, Brussels, Belgium; Structural Biology Brussels, Department of Bioengineering Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Remy Loris
- VIB-VUB Center for Structural Biology, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie, Brussels, Belgium; Structural Biology Brussels, Department of Bioengineering Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jan Haavik
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Bergen Center of Brain Plasticity, Division of Psychiatry, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway.
| | - Petri Kursula
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland; Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
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Metabolomics approach revealed robust changes in amino acid and biogenic amine signatures in patients with schizophrenia in the early course of the disease. Sci Rep 2020; 10:13983. [PMID: 32814830 PMCID: PMC7438522 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-71014-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The primary objective of this study was to evaluate how schizophrenia (SCH) spectrum disorders and applied antipsychotic (AP) treatment affect serum level of amino acids (AAs) and biogenic amines (BAs) in the early course of the disorder. We measured 21 different AAs and 10 BAs in a sample of antipsychotic (AP)-naïve first-episode psychosis (FEP) patients (n = 52) at baseline, after 0.6-year as well as after 5.1-year treatment compared to control subjects (CSs, n = 37). Serum levels of metabolites were determined with AbsoluteIDQ p180 kit using flow injection analysis tandem mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography technique. Elevated level of taurine and reduced level of proline and alpha-aminoadipic acid (alpha-AAA) were established as metabolites with significant change in AP-naïve FEP patients compared to CSs. The following 0.6-year treatment restored these alterations. However, further continuous 5.1-year AP treatment changed the metabolic profile substantially. Significantly elevated levels of asparagine, glutamine, methionine, ornithine and taurine, alongside with decreased levels of aspartate, glutamate and alpha-AAA were observed in the patient group compared to CSs. These biomolecule profile alterations provide further insights into the pathophysiology of SCH spectrum disorders and broaden our understanding of the impact of AP treatment in the early stages of the disease.
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Cao B, Wang D, Pan Z, McIntyre RS, Brietzke E, Subramanieapillai M, Nozari Y, Wang J. Metabolic profiling for water-soluble metabolites in patients with schizophrenia and healthy controls in a Chinese population: A case-control study. World J Biol Psychiatry 2020; 21:357-367. [PMID: 31161852 DOI: 10.1080/15622975.2019.1615639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Objectives: Objective measures integrated with clinical symptoms may improve early prevention and detection of schizophrenia. Herein we aim to evaluate potential water-soluble metabolic biomarkers in schizophrenia.Methods: We recruited adults with schizophrenia (n = 113) who had not received pharmacological treatment for at least 1 month prior to enrollment and 111 age- and sex-matched healthy subjects from Weifang, Shandong province, China. All serum samples were analysed using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry coupled with a hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography column.Results: Eleven metabolites, namely carnitines (oleoylcarnitine, l-palmitoylcarnitine, 9-decenoylcarnitine and 2-trans,4-cis-decadienoylcarnitine), polar lipids (lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC)(P-16:0), LPC (16:0), LPC (15:0) and LPC(14:0)), amino acids (taurine and l-arginine), and organic acid (2,5-dichloro-4-oxohex-2-enedioate), separated the patients and healthy controls. Compared with healthy controls, taurine, l-palmitoylcarnitine and oleoylcarnitine levels were higher, whereas the remaining eight metabolites were lower in patients with schizophrenia. A combination of four metabolites, i.e., oleoylcarnitine, 9-decenoylcarnitine, LPC (15:0) and LPC (14:0), provided the most robust between-group separation.Conclusions: This study appears to distinguish between groups of patients and controls, which should be considered as a contribution to putative potential biomarkers. The water-soluble metabolites were determined to be significantly different between the groups in the current study, and were primarily related to cellular bioenergetics, notably oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Cao
- Department of Laboratorial Science and Technology, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | | | - Zihang Pan
- Mood Disorders Psychopharmacology Unit, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Roger S McIntyre
- Mood Disorders Psychopharmacology Unit, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Brain and Cognition Discovery Foundation, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Elisa Brietzke
- Mood Disorders Psychopharmacology Unit, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Mehala Subramanieapillai
- Mood Disorders Psychopharmacology Unit, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Yasaman Nozari
- Mood Disorders Psychopharmacology Unit, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jingyu Wang
- Department of Laboratorial Science and Technology, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, P. R. China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Toxicological Research, Risk Assessment for Food Safety, Beijing, P. R. China.,Peking University Medical and Health Analysis Center, Peking University, Beijing, P. R. China
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Franscescon F, Müller TE, Bertoncello KT, Rosemberg DB. Neuroprotective role of taurine on MK-801-induced memory impairment and hyperlocomotion in zebrafish. Neurochem Int 2020; 135:104710. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2020.104710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Tsugawa S, Noda Y, Tarumi R, Mimura Y, Yoshida K, Iwata Y, Elsalhy M, Kuromiya M, Kurose S, Masuda F, Morita S, Ogyu K, Plitman E, Wada M, Miyazaki T, Graff-Guerrero A, Mimura M, Nakajima S. Glutathione levels and activities of glutathione metabolism enzymes in patients with schizophrenia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Psychopharmacol 2019; 33:1199-1214. [PMID: 31039654 DOI: 10.1177/0269881119845820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glutathione is among the important antioxidants to prevent oxidative stress. However, the relationships between abnormality in the glutathione system and pathophysiology of schizophrenia remain uncertain due to inconsistent findings on glutathione levels and/or glutathione-related enzyme activities in patients with schizophrenia. METHODS A systematic literature search was conducted using Embase, Medline, PsycINFO, and PubMed. Original studies, in which three metabolite levels (glutathione, glutathione disulfide, and total glutathione (glutathione+glutathione disulfide)) and five enzyme activities (glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase, glutamate-cysteine ligase, glutathione synthetase, and glutathione S-transferase) were measured with any techniques in both patients with schizophrenia and healthy controls, were included. Standardized mean differences were calculated to determine the group differences in the glutathione levels with a random-effects model. RESULTS We identified 41, 9, 15, 38, and seven studies which examined glutathione, glutathione disulfide, total glutathione, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione reductase, respectively. Patients with schizophrenia had lower levels of both glutathione and total glutathione and decreased activity of glutathione peroxidase compared to controls. Glutathione levels were lower in unmedicated patients with schizophrenia than those in controls while glutathione levels did not differ between patients with first-episode psychosis and controls. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggested that there may be glutathione deficits and abnormalities in the glutathione redox cycle in patients with schizophrenia. However, given the small number of studies examined the entire glutathione system, further studies are needed to elucidate a better understanding of disrupted glutathione function in schizophrenia, which may pave the way for the development of novel therapeutic strategies in this disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakiko Tsugawa
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Noda
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Tarumi
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yu Mimura
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazunari Yoshida
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Pharmacogenetic Research Clinic, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Yusuke Iwata
- Multimodal Imaging Group, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Muhammad Elsalhy
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Minori Kuromiya
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shin Kurose
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Fumi Masuda
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinji Morita
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kamiyu Ogyu
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Eric Plitman
- Multimodal Imaging Group, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Masataka Wada
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takahiro Miyazaki
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Masaru Mimura
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinichiro Nakajima
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Multimodal Imaging Group, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Bertoncello KT, Müller TE, Fontana BD, Franscescon F, Filho GLB, Rosemberg DB. Taurine prevents memory consolidation deficits in a novel alcohol-induced blackout model in zebrafish. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2019; 93:39-45. [PMID: 30880191 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2019.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Revised: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Ethanol is one of the most consumed substance worldwide that impairs learning and memory processes, resulting in amnesia or blackout. Due to the genetic conservation, rich behavioral repertoire, and high pharmacological tractability, the zebrafish (Danio rerio) has emerged as a powerful model organism for assessing preventive strategies against the noxious effects of ethanol in vertebrates. Here, we used an inhibitory avoidance apparatus to investigate the potential preventive effects of taurine in a novel ethanol-induced amnesia model in zebrafish. The experimental tank consisted of two compartments of the same size, one dark and another white, which were separated by a guillotine-type door. Three parallel metal bars coupled to an electrical stimulator were connected on each lateral wall of the dark compartment as electrical stimulus source. Differences on the latency to enter the dark compartment were used as retention indexes. A mild electric shock (125 mA, 3 ± 0.2 V) at 10 and 1000 Hz did not promote significant learning, while 100 Hz facilitated memory retention. Posttraining administration of MK-801 blocked this response, reinforcing the predictive validity of the test. Treatments were performed immediately after the training session using the 100 Hz frequency. Animals were exposed to water (control), taurine (42, 150, 400 mg/L), ethanol (0.25%, 1.0% v/v) or taurine plus ethanol to assess the effects on memory consolidation. Test session was performed 24 h following training. Ethanol at 0.25% did not affect memory consolidation, but 1.0% impaired memory without changing locomotion. Although taurine alone did not modulate learning, all concentrations tested exerted prevented ethanol-induced memory impairment. Overall, we describe a novel ethanol-induced blackout model, where a high ethanol concentration acutely impairs memory consolidation in zebrafish. Moreover, since taurine showed a protective role, we reinforce the growing utility of zebrafish models for assessing the deleterious effects of ethanol and potential therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanandra T Bertoncello
- Laboratory of Experimental Neuropsychobiology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Natural and Exact Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Maria, 1000 Roraima Avenue, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil; Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Toxicological Biochemistry, Federal University of Santa Maria. 1000 Roraima Avenue, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil.
| | - Talise E Müller
- Laboratory of Experimental Neuropsychobiology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Natural and Exact Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Maria, 1000 Roraima Avenue, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil; Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Toxicological Biochemistry, Federal University of Santa Maria. 1000 Roraima Avenue, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Barbara D Fontana
- Laboratory of Experimental Neuropsychobiology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Natural and Exact Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Maria, 1000 Roraima Avenue, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil; Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Toxicological Biochemistry, Federal University of Santa Maria. 1000 Roraima Avenue, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Francini Franscescon
- Laboratory of Experimental Neuropsychobiology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Natural and Exact Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Maria, 1000 Roraima Avenue, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil; Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Toxicological Biochemistry, Federal University of Santa Maria. 1000 Roraima Avenue, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Gilvan L B Filho
- Department of Biomedical Equipment. Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology. s/n BR 406, Km 145. Ceará-Mirim, RN 59570-000, Brazil
| | - Denis B Rosemberg
- Laboratory of Experimental Neuropsychobiology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Natural and Exact Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Maria, 1000 Roraima Avenue, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil; Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Toxicological Biochemistry, Federal University of Santa Maria. 1000 Roraima Avenue, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil; The International Zebrafish Neuroscience Research Consortium (ZNRC), 309 Palmer Court, Slidell, LA 70458, USA.
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12
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Cao B, Wang D, Brietzke E, McIntyre RS, Pan Z, Cha D, Rosenblat JD, Zuckerman H, Liu Y, Xie Q, Wang J. Characterizing amino-acid biosignatures amongst individuals with schizophrenia: a case-control study. Amino Acids 2018; 50:1013-1023. [PMID: 29796929 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-018-2579-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Amino acids and derivatives participate in the biosynthesis and downstream effects of numerous neurotransmitters. Variations in specific amino acids have been implicated in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Herein, we sought to compare levels of amino acids and derivatives between subjects with schizophrenia and healthy controls (HC). Two hundred and eight subjects with Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition criteria (DSM-IV)-defined schizophrenia and 175 age- and sex-matched HC were enrolled. The levels of twenty-five amino acids and seven related derivatives were measured in plasma samples using hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS). After controlling for age, sex and body mass index (BMI), four amino acids and derivatives (i.e., cysteine, GABA, glutamine and sarcosine) were observed to be higher in the schizophrenia group when compared with HC; seven amino acids and derivatives were lower in the schizophrenia group (i.e., arginine, L-ornithine, threonine, taurine, tryptophan, methylcysteine, and kynurenine). Statistically significant differences in plasma amino-acid profiles between subjects with first-episode vs. recurrent schizophrenia for aspartate and glutamine were also demonstrated using generalized linear models controlling for age, sex, and BMI. The differences in amino acids and derivatives among individuals with schizophrenia when compared to HC may represent underlying pathophysiology, including but not limited to dysfunctional proteinogenic processes, alterations in excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmission, changes in ammonia metabolism and the urea cycle. Taken together, amino-acid profiling may provide a novel stratification approach among individuals with schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Cao
- Department of Laboratorial Science and Technology, School of Public Health, Peking University, 38 Xue-Yuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongfang Wang
- Department of Laboratorial Science and Technology, School of Public Health, Peking University, 38 Xue-Yuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Elisa Brietzke
- Mood Disorders Psychopharmacology Unit, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Roger S McIntyre
- Mood Disorders Psychopharmacology Unit, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Brain and Cognition Discovery Foundation, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Zihang Pan
- Mood Disorders Psychopharmacology Unit, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Danielle Cha
- Mood Disorders Psychopharmacology Unit, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Faculty of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Joshua D Rosenblat
- Mood Disorders Psychopharmacology Unit, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Hannah Zuckerman
- Mood Disorders Psychopharmacology Unit, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Yaqiong Liu
- Department of Laboratorial Science and Technology, School of Public Health, Peking University, 38 Xue-Yuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100191, People's Republic of China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Toxicological Research and Risk Assessment for Food Safety, Beijing, 100191, People's Republic of China.,Peking University Medical and Health Analysis Center, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing Xie
- Department of Laboratorial Science and Technology, School of Public Health, Peking University, 38 Xue-Yuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100191, People's Republic of China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Toxicological Research and Risk Assessment for Food Safety, Beijing, 100191, People's Republic of China.,Peking University Medical and Health Analysis Center, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingyu Wang
- Department of Laboratorial Science and Technology, School of Public Health, Peking University, 38 Xue-Yuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100191, People's Republic of China. .,Beijing Key Laboratory of Toxicological Research and Risk Assessment for Food Safety, Beijing, 100191, People's Republic of China. .,Peking University Medical and Health Analysis Center, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, People's Republic of China.
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13
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Leppik L, Kriisa K, Koido K, Koch K, Kajalaid K, Haring L, Vasar E, Zilmer M. Profiling of Amino Acids and Their Derivatives Biogenic Amines Before and After Antipsychotic Treatment in First-Episode Psychosis. Front Psychiatry 2018; 9:155. [PMID: 29740359 PMCID: PMC5928450 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia (SCH) is a heterogeneous disorder, deriving from a potential multitude of etiopathogenetic factors. During the past few years there has been an increasing interest in the role of circulating amino acids (AAs) and biogenic amines (BAs) in the pathophysiology of SCH. In the present study, we aimed to provide an insight into the potential role of alterations in levels of AAs and BAs as well as examine their more specific metabolic shifts in relation to early stage of SCH. We measured 21 AAs and 17 BAs in serum samples of patients with first-episode psychosis (FEP) before and after 7-month antipsychotic treatment in comparison to control subjects (CSs). According to multivariate analysis, antipsychotic-naïve FEP patients had significantly higher levels of taurine and spermine, whereas values of proline (Pro), alpha-aminoadipic acid (alpha-AAA), kynurenine (Kyn), valine (Val), tyrosine (Tyr), citrulline (Citr), tryptophan (Trp), and histidine (His) were diminished compared to CSs. Increased levels of taurine and spermine, as well as reduced levels of alpha-AAA and Kyn probably reflect the compromised function of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors in patients. The decreased levels of Pro (AA modulating the function of glutamate decarboxylase) likely reflect the imbalanced function of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) system in the brain of FEP patients. The alterations in ratio between Tyr and phenylalanine (Phe) can be taken as a sign of compromised function of dopaminergic system. These metabolic shifts were reinstated by 7-month antipsychotic treatment. Serum metabolic profiles can be regarded as important indicators to investigate clinical course of SCH and treatment response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liisa Leppik
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Psychiatry Clinic of Tartu University Hospital, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Kärt Kriisa
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Kati Koido
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Kadri Koch
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Psychiatry Clinic of Tartu University Hospital, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Kärolin Kajalaid
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Psychiatry Clinic of Tartu University Hospital, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Liina Haring
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Psychiatry Clinic of Tartu University Hospital, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Eero Vasar
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Mihkel Zilmer
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
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14
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Betaine in the Brain: Characterization of Betaine Uptake, its Influence on Other Osmolytes and its Potential Role in Neuroprotection from Osmotic Stress. Neurochem Res 2017; 42:3490-3503. [PMID: 28918494 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-017-2397-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Revised: 07/15/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Betaine (N-trimethylglycine), a common osmolyte, has received attention because of the number of clinical reports associating betaine supplementation with improved cognition, neuroprotection and exercise physiology. However, tissue analyses report little accumulation of betaine in brain tissue despite the presence of betaine/GABA transporters (BGT1) at the blood brain barrier and in nervous tissue, calling into question whether betaine influences neuronal function directly or indirectly. Therefore, the focus of this study was to determine what capacity nervous tissue has to accumulate betaine, specifically in the hippocampus, a region of the brain associated with learning and memory and one that is particularly susceptible to damage (e.g., seizure activity). Here we report that hippocampal slices actively accumulate betaine in a time, dose and osmolality dependent manner, resulting in peak intracellular concentrations four times extracellular concentrations within 8 h. Our data also indicate that betaine uptake differentially influences the accumulation of other osmolytes. Under isosmotic conditions, betaine uptake minimally impacted some osmolytes (e.g., glycerylphosphorylcholine and glutamate) while significantly reducing others (taurine, creatine, and myo-inositol). Under osmotic stress (hyperosmotic) conditions, we observed dramatic changes in osmolytes like glycine and glutamine-key players in inhibitory neurotransmission-and little change in osmolytes such as taurine, creatine and myo-inositol when betaine was available. These data suggest that betaine may influence pathways of inhibitory neurotransmitter production/recycling in addition to serving as an osmolyte and metabolic intermediate. In sum, our data provide detailed characterization of betaine uptake in the hippocampus that implicates betaine in the modulation of hippocampal neurophysiology and neuroprotection.
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15
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Nucifora LG, Tanaka T, Hayes LN, Kim M, Lee BJ, Matsuda T, Nucifora Jr FC, Sedlak T, Mojtabai R, Eaton W, Sawa A. Reduction of plasma glutathione in psychosis associated with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder in translational psychiatry. Transl Psychiatry 2017; 7:e1215. [PMID: 28892069 PMCID: PMC5611744 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2017.178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Revised: 06/02/2017] [Accepted: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The establishment of mechanism-driven peripheral markers is important for translational psychiatry. Many groups, including ours, have addressed molecular alterations in peripheral tissues in association with symptomatic changes in major illnesses. Oxidative stress is implicated in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia (SZ) and bipolar disorder (BP) through studies of patient peripheral tissues and animal models. Although the relationship between peripheral changes and brain pathology remain elusive, oxidative stress may bridge such translational efforts. Nonetheless, the molecular substrates of oxidative stress are not well defined in mental conditions. Glutathione (GSH) is a non-enzymatic antioxidant that eliminates free radicals, and has been suggested to have a role in SZ. We performed a cross-sectional study of 48 healthy controls (CON), 52 SZ patients and 62 BP patients to compare the levels of peripheral GSH by a biochemical enzyme assay. We show a significant reduction of plasma GSH in both SZ and BP patients compared with CON. We evaluated possible influences of clinical characteristics on the level of GSH in SZ and BP. A decrease in GSH level correlated with Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) total and positive scores for SZ and correlated with the PANSS general for BP. Taken together, we provide evidence that SZ and BP display a common molecular signature in the reduction of peripheral GSH in the psychosis dimension.
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Affiliation(s)
- L G Nucifora
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - T Tanaka
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - L N Hayes
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - M Kim
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - B J Lee
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - T Matsuda
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - F C Nucifora Jr
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - T Sedlak
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - R Mojtabai
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - W Eaton
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - A Sawa
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA,Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 North Wolfe Street, Meyer 3-166A, Baltimore, MD 21287 USA. E-mail:
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16
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Choi IY, Lee P, Adany P, Hughes AJ, Belliston S, Denney DR, Lynch SG. In vivo evidence of oxidative stress in brains of patients with progressive multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler 2017; 24:1029-1038. [PMID: 28569645 DOI: 10.1177/1352458517711568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The oxidative stress hypothesis links neurodegeneration in the later, progressive stages of multiple sclerosis (MS) to the loss of a major brain antioxidant, glutathione (GSH). OBJECTIVE We measured GSH concentrations among major MS subtypes and examined the relationships with other indices of disease status including physical disability and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) measures. METHODS GSH mapping was performed on the fronto-parietal region of patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS, n = 21), primary progressive multiple sclerosis (PPMS, n = 20), secondary progressive multiple sclerosis (SPMS, n = 20), and controls ( n = 28) using GSH chemical shift imaging. Between-group comparisons were performed on all variables (GSH, T2-lesion, atrophy, Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS)). RESULTS Patients with MS had substantially lower GSH concentrations than controls, and GSH was lower in progressive MS (PPMS and SPMS) compared with RRMS. GSH concentrations were not significantly different between PPMS and SPMS, or between RRMS and controls. Brain atrophy was significant in both RRMS and progressive MS compared with controls. CONCLUSION Markedly lower GSH in progressive MS than RRMS indicates more prominent involvement of oxidative stress in the progressive stage of MS than the inflammatory stage. The association between GSH and brain atrophy suggests the important role of oxidative stress contributing to neurodegeneration in progressive MS, as suggested in other neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- In-Young Choi
- Hoglund Brain Imaging Center, Department of Neurology, Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Phil Lee
- Hoglund Brain Imaging Center, Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Peter Adany
- Hoglund Brain Imaging Center, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Abbey J Hughes
- Department of Psychology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | - Scott Belliston
- Department of Neurology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Douglas R Denney
- Department of Psychology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | - Sharon G Lynch
- Department of Neurology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
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17
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Koga M, Serritella AV, Sawa A, Sedlak TW. Implications for reactive oxygen species in schizophrenia pathogenesis. Schizophr Res 2016; 176:52-71. [PMID: 26589391 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2015.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Revised: 06/20/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress is a well-recognized participant in the pathophysiology of multiple brain disorders, particularly neurodegenerative conditions such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. While not a dementia, a wide body of evidence has also been accumulating for aberrant reactive oxygen species and inflammation in schizophrenia. Here we highlight roles for oxidative stress as a common mechanism by which varied genetic and epidemiologic risk factors impact upon neurodevelopmental processes that underlie the schizophrenia syndrome. While there is longstanding evidence that schizophrenia may not have a single causative lesion, a common pathway involving oxidative stress opens the possibility for intervention at susceptible phases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minori Koga
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 North Wolfe Street, Meyer 3-166, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Anthony V Serritella
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 North Wolfe Street, Meyer 3-166, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Akira Sawa
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 North Wolfe Street, Meyer 3-166, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Thomas W Sedlak
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 North Wolfe Street, Meyer 3-166, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.
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18
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Koido K, Innos J, Haring L, Zilmer M, Ottas A, Vasar E. Taurine and Epidermal Growth Factor Belong to the Signature of First-Episode Psychosis. Front Neurosci 2016; 10:331. [PMID: 27471446 PMCID: PMC4945631 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2016.00331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
This study evaluated the levels of two amino acid derivatives taurine and spermine in first-episode psychosis (FEP) patients and their response to antipsychotic treatment. The levels of taurine and spermine were significantly up-regulated in antipsychotic-naïve FEP patients compared to control subjects (CS). Treatment of FEP patients with antipsychotic drugs significantly reduced the positive symptoms of schizophrenia. This positive effect was accompanied by a significant reduction of taurine and spermine to the levels measured in CS. General linear model was used to establish associations of taurine and spermine with the levels of cytokines and growth factors, measured in our previous experiments using the same study sample. There was a strong association between taurine and epidermal growth factor (EGF). Both biomarkers significantly correlated with the disease symptoms as well as with the effectiveness of antipsychotic treatment. Accordingly one can conclude that taurine and EGF belong to the signature of FEP. Most probably they reflect altered oxidative stress and corrupted function of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors in FEP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kati Koido
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of TartuTartu, Estonia
- Centre of Excellence for Genomics and Translational Medicine, University of TartuTartu, Estonia
| | - Jürgen Innos
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of TartuTartu, Estonia
- Centre of Excellence for Genomics and Translational Medicine, University of TartuTartu, Estonia
| | - Liina Haring
- Centre of Excellence for Genomics and Translational Medicine, University of TartuTartu, Estonia
- Psychiatry Clinic, Tartu University HospitalTartu, Estonia
| | - Mihkel Zilmer
- Centre of Excellence for Genomics and Translational Medicine, University of TartuTartu, Estonia
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of TartuTartu, Estonia
| | - Aigar Ottas
- Centre of Excellence for Genomics and Translational Medicine, University of TartuTartu, Estonia
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of TartuTartu, Estonia
| | - Eero Vasar
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of TartuTartu, Estonia
- Centre of Excellence for Genomics and Translational Medicine, University of TartuTartu, Estonia
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19
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Zhang L, Yuan Y, Tong Q, Jiang S, Xu Q, Ding J, Zhang L, Zhang R, Zhang K. Reduced plasma taurine level in Parkinson's disease: association with motor severity and levodopa treatment. Int J Neurosci 2015; 126:630-6. [PMID: 26004911 DOI: 10.3109/00207454.2015.1051046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to evaluate the level of taurine in plasma, and its association with the severity of motor and non-motor symptoms (NMS) and chronic levodopa treatment in Parkinson's disease (PD). PATIENTS AND METHODS Plasma taurine level was measured in treated PD (tPD), untreated PD (ntPD) and control groups. Motor symptoms and NMS were assessed using the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale, the short form of the McGill Pain Questionnaire, the Hamilton Depression Scale, the Scale for Outcomes in Parkinson's disease for Autonomic Symptoms and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index. Longtime exposure to levodopa was indicated by its approximate cumulative dosage. RESULTS The plasma taurine levels of PD patients were decreased when compared with controls and negatively associated with motor severity but not NMS. Moreover, tPD patients exhibited lower levels of plasma taurine than ntPD patients. Interestingly, plasma taurine levels negatively correlated with cumulative levodopa dosage in tPD. After controlling for potential confounders, the association between taurine and levodopa remained significant. CONCLUSION Our study supports that taurine may play important roles in the pathophysiology of PD and the disturbances caused by chronic levodopa administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhang
- a 1 Department of Neurology , The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University , Nanjing , China
| | - Yongsheng Yuan
- a 1 Department of Neurology , The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University , Nanjing , China
| | - Qing Tong
- a 1 Department of Neurology , The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University , Nanjing , China
| | - Siming Jiang
- a 1 Department of Neurology , The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University , Nanjing , China
| | - Qinrong Xu
- a 1 Department of Neurology , The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University , Nanjing , China
| | - Jian Ding
- a 1 Department of Neurology , The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University , Nanjing , China
| | - Lian Zhang
- a 1 Department of Neurology , The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University , Nanjing , China
| | - Rui Zhang
- b 2 Department of Neurosurgery , Nanjing Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University , Nanjing , China
| | - Kezhong Zhang
- a 1 Department of Neurology , The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University , Nanjing , China
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