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Villacura-Herrera C, Pérez J, Jones PB, Núñez D. Internal consistency and temporal stability of the Community Assessment of Psychic Experiences (CAPE): A reliability generalization meta-analysis. Psychiatry Res 2024; 338:115988. [PMID: 38850889 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2024.115988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2024] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/10/2024]
Abstract
Psychotic experiences (PE) are prevalent in general and clinical populations and can increase the risk for mental disorders in young people. The Community Assessment of Psychic Experiences (CAPE) is a widely used measure to assess PE in different populations and settings. However, the current knowledge on their overall reliability is limited. We examined the reliability of the CAPE-42 and later versions, testing the role of age, sex, test scores, and clinical status as moderators. A systematic search was conducted on the Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed, EBSCOhost, ProQuest, and GoogleScholar databases. Internal consistency and temporal stability indices were examined through reliability generalization meta-analysis (RGMA). Moderators were tested through meta-regression analysis. From a pool of 1,015 records, 90 independent samples were extracted from 71 studies. Four versions showed quantitative evidence for inclusion: CAPE-42, CAPE-20, CAPE-P15, and CAPE-P8. Internal consistency indices were good (α/ω≈.725-0.917). Temporal stability was only analyzed for the CAPE-P15, yielding a moderate but not-significant effect (r=0.672). The evidence for temporal stability is scant due to the limited literature, and definitive conclusions cannot be drawn. Further evidence on other potential moderators such as adverse experiences or psychosocial functioning is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- César Villacura-Herrera
- Centro de Investigación en Ciencias Cognitivas, Faculty of Psychology, Universidad de Talca, Chile
| | - Jesús Pérez
- Prevention and Early Intervention (PRINT) in Mental Health, Neuroscience Division, Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), University of Salamanca, Spain; Cambridgeshire and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust, UK; Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, UK
| | - Peter B Jones
- Cambridgeshire and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust, UK; Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, UK
| | - Daniel Núñez
- Centro de Investigación en Ciencias Cognitivas, Faculty of Psychology, Universidad de Talca, Chile; Millennium Science Initiative Program, Millennium Nucleus to Improve the Mental Health of Adolescents and Youths, Imhay, Chile.
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2
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Lucjan P, Bird T, Murray C, Lorimer A. Loneliness and psychotic-like experiences in middle-aged and older adults: the mediating role of selective attention to threat and external attribution biases. Aging Ment Health 2024:1-8. [PMID: 38938159 DOI: 10.1080/13607863.2024.2372072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Loneliness has been associated with psychotic-like experiences (PLEs) in the general population, but the mechanisms underlying this association are poorly understood. Theoretical models, corroborated by empirical findings, signify the key role of biased cognition in both loneliness and psychosis. This study tested whether two cognitive biases - Selective Attention to Threat (ATB) and External Attribution Bias (EAB) - account for the association between loneliness and PLEs. METHOD A convenience sample (n = 357) of middle-aged and older adults (aged 40+) was recruited online from the UK population. The parallel mediation model with two the aforementioned cognitive biases as mediators was tested. RESULTS A mediation effect between loneliness and PLEs via ATB (ab1 = 0.441, 95% CI = [0.264, 0.646]) and EAB (ab2 = 0.354, 95% CI [0.124, 0.627] was established. This model remained significant after controlling for the current symptoms of anxiety and depression. CONCLUSION Greater loneliness was associated with a higher rate of PLEs in the sample of middle-aged and older adults. This association was fully explained by ATB and EAB, independent of the current symptoms of anxiety and depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawel Lucjan
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Older Adult Mental Health Service, NHS Grampian, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Timothy Bird
- School of Health and Social Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Caroline Murray
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Older Adult Mental Health Service, NHS Grampian, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Angus Lorimer
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Older Adult Mental Health Service, NHS Grampian, Aberdeen, UK
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3
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Antosz-Rekucka R, Prochwicz K. Depression and anxiety mediate the relationship between the retrospectively measured symptoms of premenstrual disorders and negative but not positive psychotic-like experiences. Sci Rep 2023; 13:17711. [PMID: 37853110 PMCID: PMC10584974 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-44573-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between retrospectively measured premenstrual symptoms and subclinical forms of positive and negative psychotic symptoms (psychotic-like experiences; PLEs). It was hypothesised that subjective intensity of the symptoms of premenstrual disorders predicts PLEs frequency and that this relationship is mediated by anxiety and depression. The study sample comprised 108 non-clinical subjects. Study variables were assessed with self-report questionnaires: the Premenstrual Symptoms Screening Tool (PSST); the Beck Depression Inventory Second Edition (BDI-II); the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI; trait sub-scale); the Community Assessment of Psychic Experiences (CAPE). Regression and mediation analyses were performed. The PSST scores were significantly and positively associated with psychotic-like experiences frequency. The relation was stronger for positive PLEs. Anxiety and depression partially mediated the relationship between premenstrual symptoms and negative PLEs, but not between premenstrual symptoms and positive PLEs. Although the design of the study does not allow to infer causality, it demonstrates strong, positive relationship between the symptoms of premenstrual disorders and psychotic-like experiences. The relationship between premenstrual disorders and negative PLEs seems to be partially based on a general psychopathological factor. Further longitudinal studies are needed to test whether premenstrual disturbances increase risk of psychotic symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachela Antosz-Rekucka
- Doctoral School in the Social Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland.
- Institute of Psychology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland.
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4
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First episode psychosis during the Covid-19 pandemic in Milan, Italy: Diagnostic outcomes at 1-year follow-up. Psychiatry Res 2023; 321:115068. [PMID: 36724649 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2023.115068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
An influence of the Covid-19 pandemic on First Episode Psychosis (FEP) has been hypothesized. We previously reported an increase of FEP during the early stages of the pandemic in Milan, Italy. Here we report a 1-year follow-up of the same cohort and comparison with a FEP cohort from 2019. The higher proportion of non-chronic psychoses observed during the pandemic (58.62% in 2020 vs 43,75% in 2019) should be confirmed in larger cohorts over a longer follow-up period.
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5
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Pena-Garijo J, Palop-Grau A, Masanet MJ, Lacruz M, Plaza R, Hernández-Merino A, Edo-Villamón S, Valllina O. Self-reported cognitive biases in psychosis: Validation of the Davos Assessment of Cognitive Biases Scale (DACOBS) in a Spanish sample of psychotic patients and healthy controls. J Psychiatr Res 2022; 155:526-533. [PMID: 36191521 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2022.09.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2022] [Revised: 09/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Cognitive biases have been demonstrated to be important in developing and maintaining psychosis. However, self-report measures for everyday clinical practice have been developed only recently. We aimed to study one of these instruments for assessing cognitive biases: the Davos Assessment of Cognitive Biases Scale (DACOBS). In a Spanish sample of 84 patients diagnosed with schizophrenia-spectrum disorders and 152 healthy controls, we examined a) the factor structure using Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) to test the original one-, three- and seven-factor solutions, b) the reliability (Cronbach's alpha), c) the discriminative power (Multivariate Analysis of Covariance - MANCOVA) and d) the relationships of cognitive biases with positive psychotic-like experiences (PPLEs) in healthy individuals and with psychotic symptoms in schizophrenia-spectrum patients. The CFA revealed that the seven-factor solution achieved the best fit. The DACOBS overall scale (Cronbach's alpha = .92) and subscales obtained good internal consistencies. MANCOVA, controlling for age and education, demonstrated that all subscales differentiated between healthy controls and psychotic patients (Wilks' Lambda = 0.87; F7, 226 = 4.70; p < .000; partial eta squared = 0.13). In addition, the DACOBS showed high correlations with PPLEs (controls) and moderate correlations with positive and general symptoms (patients), demonstrating its predictive validity. Concluding, the DACOBS proved to be a psychometrically suitable instrument for assessing cognitive biases in psychosis and adequately differentiated between patients and healthy individuals within the Spanish population. Norm scores are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - María Lacruz
- University Hospital Doctor Peset, Valencia, Spain
| | - Rut Plaza
- University Hospital Doctor Peset, Valencia, Spain
| | | | - Silvia Edo-Villamón
- Consorcio Hospitalario Provincial of Castellon, Castellon de La Plana, Spain
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6
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Devoisin-Lagarde C, Trémolière B, Charbonnier E, Caparos S. Effects of a Cognitive Schema Account on the Stigma of Schizophrenia: A Study in a French University Student Sample. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.5406/19398298.135.3.03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Among people with psychiatric disorders, those with schizophrenia are subject to high levels of stigmatization. Research is necessary to identify new strategies that may help reduce the stigma of schizophrenia. Educational strategies using cognitive accounts, particularly early maladaptive schemas (EMSs), have shown promising results in the context of depression, but they have not been evaluated in the context of schizophrenia. The present study compared the effect on the stigma of three different educational strategies, based on cognitive distortions, biogenetics, and EMSs. A total of 378 students were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 groups. Three experimental groups were presented with a vignette that introduced 1 of 3 different etiological accounts of schizophrenia (cognitive distortions, EMSs, or biogenetics). The fourth group was presented with a text unrelated to schizophrenia. The participants completed questionnaires that measured their attitudes, empathic concern, and social distance toward people with schizophrenia, before and after reading the text. The intervention using the EMS etiology account for schizophrenia was the only one that led to a significant decrease in stigma. The latter effect was driven mainly by an increase in the level of empathic concern toward people with schizophrenia. Given that similar results have been observed for depression and that the role of EMSs in many psychiatric disorders has been demonstrated, studying the effects of EMS explanations for other stigmatized disorders may be promising for reducing the stigma of psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Serge Caparos
- Université Paris and Institut Universitaire de France
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7
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Sugiura M. Adaptability, supernaturalness, and the neurocognitive basis of the self-transcendence trait: Toward an integrated framework through disaster psychology and a self-agency model. Front Behav Neurosci 2022; 16:943809. [PMID: 36062259 PMCID: PMC9435587 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2022.943809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Motoaki Sugiura
- Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
- International Research Institute of Disaster Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
- *Correspondence: Motoaki Sugiura
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8
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Coleman EP, Croft RJ, Barkus E. The profile of unusual beliefs associated with metacognitive thinking and attributional styles. Psych J 2022; 11:296-309. [PMID: 35168296 PMCID: PMC9305741 DOI: 10.1002/pchj.528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 12/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cognitive interpretations of daily events may differ in people from the general population who hold unusual beliefs. It is also important to understand whether different belief profiles exist to appreciate which patterns of beliefs are less psychologically healthy. Cluster analysis was used to form unusual belief profiles in a general population sample (n = 578; Mage = 22 years, SD = 6.98; 80% female) across paranoid, paranormal, and magical ideation beliefs, and we assessed whether they differed in attribution style and metacognitive beliefs about worry. Four clusters were formed: low on all measures (low all); high on all measures (high all); comparably higher on paranormal beliefs (paranormal group); and comparably higher on paranoid beliefs (paranoid group). For total Metacognitions Questionnaire‐30, the high all and high paranoid clusters did not differ, and both clusters scored higher than the high paranormal group, who all scored higher than the low all cluster. For attributional styles (Attributional Styles Questionnaire), lower scores on internal positive attribution were found for the high all and high paranoid clusters compared to the low all and high paranormal clusters. The high paranormal cluster had higher scores than the high paranoid cluster on self‐serving bias. Differences in attributional style appeared to be driven by mental health diagnosis. Our results suggest different profiles of unusual beliefs are detectable in the general population that differ in their metacognitive beliefs and perceived causation of events in their environment. Future studies investigating delusional proneness need to consider multiple unusual beliefs as well as assessing mood state and distress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elle P Coleman
- School of Psychology, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia.,Illawarra Health & Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Rodney J Croft
- School of Psychology, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia.,Illawarra Health & Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Emma Barkus
- Department of Psychology, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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9
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Pionke-Ubych R, Frydecka D, Cechnicki A, Krężołek M, Nelson B, Gawęda Ł. Integrating trauma, self-disturbances, cognitive biases, and personality into a model for the risk of psychosis: a longitudinal study in a non-clinical sample. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2022; 272:1073-1085. [PMID: 34859297 PMCID: PMC9388435 DOI: 10.1007/s00406-021-01355-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The hypothesis of the psychosis continuum enables to study the mechanisms of psychosis risk not only in clinical samples but in non-clinical as well. The aim of this longitudinal study was to investigate self-disturbances (SD), a risk factor that has attracted substantial interest over the last two decades, in combination with trauma, cognitive biases and personality, and to test whether SD are associated with subclinical positive symptoms (PS) over a 12-month follow-up period. Our study was conducted in a non-clinical sample of 139 Polish young adults (81 females, age M = 25.32, SD = 4.51) who were selected for frequent experience of subclinical PS. Participants completed self-report questionnaires for the evaluation of SD (IPASE), trauma (CECA.Q), cognitive biases (DACOBS) and personality (TCI), and were interviewed for subclinical PS (CAARMS). SD and subclinical PS were re-assessed 12 months after baseline measurement. The hypothesized model for psychosis risk was tested using path analysis. The change in SD and subclinical PS over the 12-month period was investigated with non-parametric equivalent of dependent sample t-tests. The models with self-transcendence (ST) and harm avoidance (HA) as personality variables were found to be well-fitted and explained 34% of the variance in subclinical PS at follow-up. Moreover, we found a significant reduction of SD and subclinical PS after 12 months. Our study suggests that combining trauma, cognitive biases, SD and personality traits such as ST and HA into one model can enhance our understanding of appearance as well as maintenance of subclinical PS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Pionke-Ubych
- Experimental Psychopathology Lab, Institute of Psychology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Jaracza 1, 00-378 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Dorota Frydecka
- Department of Psychiatry, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Andrzej Cechnicki
- Department of Community Psychiatry, Chair of Psychiatry, Medical College Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Martyna Krężołek
- II Department of Psychiatry, The Medical University of Warsaw, Warszaw, Poland
| | - Barnaby Nelson
- Orygen, Parkville, VIC Australia ,Centre for Youth Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC Australia
| | - Łukasz Gawęda
- Experimental Psychopathology Lab, Institute of Psychology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Jaracza 1, 00-378, Warsaw, Poland.
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10
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Liu J, Yang T, Zhou L, Gong J, He Y, Cui X, Luo X, Wu J. Association between schizotypal personality traits and emotional instability: mediation and moderation analysis among Chinese college students. J Affect Disord 2021; 291:83-92. [PMID: 34023751 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2021.04.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies identified an association between schizophrenia and emotional instability. However, the relationship between schizotypal personality traits and emotional instability has not been explored to date. Furthermore, both mediating and moderating factors need to be identified. METHODS A total of 2936 students completed the Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire (SPQ), the Affective Lability Scale-Short Form (ALS-SF), and the Davos Assessment of Cognitive Biases Scale (DACOBS). RESULTS 1) The total scores of DACOBS (and all dimensions) and ALS-SF (and all dimensions) in the high schizotypal personality trait group were higher than in the low schizotypal personality trait group (all P < 0.05). 2) SPQ score and DACOBS social cognition problems, subjective cognitive problems, jumping to conclusions bias, and external attribution bias subscale scores positively predicted the total score of ALS-SF (or the dimensions of ALS-SF) in both male and female populations (all P < 0.05). 3) In the male population, DACOBS social cognition problems, subjective cognitive problems, jumping to conclusions bias, and external attribution bias subscale scores mediated the relationship between SPQ score and ALS-SF total score (or its subscales). In the female population, DACOBS attention for threat bias, external attribution bias, jumping to conclusions bias, social cognition problems, and subjective cognitive problems subscale scores mediated the relationship between SPQ score and ALS-SF total score (or its subscales). 4) Gender exerted a moderating effect on this relationship between SPQ score and ALS-SF total/anxiety-depression score (all P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Schizotypal personality traits might influence emotional instability through cognitive biases, and the degree of this influence varies depending on gender.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianbo Liu
- Department of Child Psychiatry of Shenzhen Kangning Hospital, Shenzhen Mental Health Center; Shenzhen University, Mental Health School, Shenzhen 518020, China
| | - Tingyu Yang
- National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, and Department of Psychiatry, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Lihua Zhou
- College of Education Science, Hengyang Normal University, Hengyang 421002, China
| | - Jingbo Gong
- Department of Applied Psychology, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 41000, China
| | - Yuqiong He
- National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, and Department of Psychiatry, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Xilong Cui
- National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, and Department of Psychiatry, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Xuerong Luo
- National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, and Department of Psychiatry, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan, China.
| | - Junduan Wu
- Department of Psychology, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530000, China.
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11
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Kotowicz K, Frydecka D, Gawęda Ł, Prochwicz K, Kłosowska J, Rymaszewska J, Samochowiec A, Samochowiec J, Szczygieł K, Pawlak-Adamska E, Szmida E, Cechnicki A, Misiak B. Effects of traumatic life events, cognitive biases and variation in dopaminergic genes on psychosis proneness. Early Interv Psychiatry 2021; 15:248-255. [PMID: 31889426 DOI: 10.1111/eip.12925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Revised: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Recent studies have provided evidence that interactions between variation in dopaminergic genes and stressful experiences might impact risk of psychosis. However, it remains unknown whether these interactions impact the development of subclinical symptoms, including psychotic-like experiences (PLEs). In this study, we aimed to test the effects of interactions between variation in dopaminergic genes and traumatic life events (TLEs) on a severity of PLEs. METHODS We assessed TLEs, cognitive biases, PLEs as well as the catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) rs4680 and the dopamine D2 receptor (DRD2) rs6277 gene polymorphisms in 445 university students at three urban areas. RESULTS There was a significant effect of the interaction between the COMT rs4680 and a history of any type of TLEs on a severity of PLEs. Among the COMT rs4680 Met allele carriers, a severity of PLEs was higher in individuals with a history of any type of TLEs. Further stratification of the sample revealed that this effect appears only in the group of participants with a high level of cognitive biases. The DRD2 rs6277 C allele was independently associated with a higher level of PLEs. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that decreased dopamine catabolism related to the COMT gene polymorphism might increase psychosis proneness in individuals with a history of TLEs and high levels of cognitive biases. Variation in the DRD2 gene might exert independent effects on psychosis proneness. These findings imply that there are various levels of complexity in the models of interactions between genetic and environmental factors explaining the mechanisms underlying psychosis proneness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamila Kotowicz
- Department of Psychiatry, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Dorota Frydecka
- Department of Psychiatry, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Łukasz Gawęda
- Experimental Psychopathology Lab, Institute of Psychology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Joanna Kłosowska
- Institute of Psychology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | | | - Agnieszka Samochowiec
- Institute of Psychology, Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Jerzy Samochowiec
- Department of Psychiatry, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | | | - Edyta Pawlak-Adamska
- Department of Experimental Therapy, Laboratory of Immunopathology, Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Szmida
- Department of Genetics, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Andrzej Cechnicki
- Department of Community Psychiatry, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Cracow, Poland
| | - Błażej Misiak
- Department of Genetics, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
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12
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Pionke-Ubych R, Frydecka D, Cechnicki A, Nelson B, Gawęda Ł. The Indirect Effect of Trauma via Cognitive Biases and Self-Disturbances on Psychotic-Like Experiences. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:611069. [PMID: 33854448 PMCID: PMC8039125 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.611069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Although self-disturbances (SD) are considered to be a core psychopathological feature of schizophrenia spectrum disorders, there is still insufficient empirical data on the mechanisms underlying these anomalous self-experiences. The aim of the present study was to test a hypothesized model in which cognitive biases and exposure to traumatic life events are related to the frequency of SD which, in turn, contribute to the frequency of psychotic-like experiences (PLEs). Our sample consisted of 193 Polish young adults from the general population (111 females; 18-35 years of age, M = 25.36, SD = 4.69) who experience frequent PLEs. Participants were interviewed for PLEs, SD and social functioning as well as completed self-reported questionnaires and behavioral tasks that measure cognitive biases (e.g., safety behaviors, attention to threat, external attribution, jumping to conclusion, source monitoring, overperceptualization). The model was tested using path analysis with structural equation modeling. All of the hypothesized relationships were statistically significant and our model fit the data well [χ2(23) = 31.201; p = 0.118; RMSEA = 0.043 (90% CI = 0.00-0.078), CFI = 0.985, SRMR = 0.041, TLI = 0.976]. The results revealed a significant indirect effect of traumatic life events on PLEs through SD and self-reported cognitive biases. However, performance-based cognitive biases measured with three behavioral tasks were unrelated to SD and PLEs. The frequency of SD explained a substantial part (43.1%) of the variance in PLEs. Further studies with longitudinal designs and clinical samples are required to verify the predictive value of the model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Pionke-Ubych
- Experimental Psychopathology Lab, Institute of Psychology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Dorota Frydecka
- Department of Psychiatry, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Andrzej Cechnicki
- Department of Community Psychiatry, Chair of Psychiatry, Medical College Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Barnaby Nelson
- Orygen, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Centre for Youth Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Łukasz Gawęda
- Experimental Psychopathology Lab, Institute of Psychology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland.,Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
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13
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Schudy A, Żurek K, Wiśniewska M, Piejka A, Gawȩda Ł, Okruszek Ł. Mental Well-Being During Pandemic: The Role of Cognitive Biases and Emotion Regulation Strategies in Risk Perception and Affective Response to COVID-19. Front Psychiatry 2020; 11:589973. [PMID: 33240136 PMCID: PMC7678487 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.589973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Both cognitive appraisals of risks associated with the specific disease and affective response to crisis situations have been shown to shape an individual response to pandemics. COVID-19 pandemic and measures introduced to contain it present an unparalleled challenge to mental well-being worldwide. Here, we examine the relationship between self-reported cognitive biases (CB) and emotion regulation skills (ER), COVID-19 risk perception and affective response, and mental well-being (MWB). Five Hundred and Eleven individuals completed General Health Questionnaire, Emotion Regulation Questionnaire, Davos Assessment of Cognitive Biases Scale (DACOBS) as well as scales measuring COVID-19 risk perception and affective response during the initial days of the epidemic in Poland. We used path and bootstrapping analyses to examine the hypothesis that CB may shape MWB during COVID-19 pandemic both directly and indirectly by (i) decreasing ER capacity and (ii) by increasing COVID-19 risk perception and affective response. Negative effect of CB and positive effect of ER via cognitive reappraisal on MWB were observed in participants. Furthermore, in line with our hypothesis, we observed indirect effects of CB via increased COVID-19 risk perception and affective response and decreased use of reappraisal strategy, which all, in turn, were related to MWB. Finally, we found an indirect effect of CB on MWB through double mediation of suppression strategies and COVID-19 affective response. Results of the current study suggest that CB, which have been shown to be linked to a variety of mental health symptoms in non-clinical populations, may exacerbate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on mental health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Schudy
- Department of Cognitive Psychology and Neurocognition, Faculty of Psychology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Karolina Żurek
- Social Neuroscience Laboratory, Institute of Psychology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marcelina Wiśniewska
- Social Neuroscience Laboratory, Institute of Psychology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Piejka
- Social Neuroscience Laboratory, Institute of Psychology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Łukasz Gawȩda
- Experimental Psychopathology Laboratory, Institute of Psychology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Łukasz Okruszek
- Social Neuroscience Laboratory, Institute of Psychology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
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Kielan-Cebo J, Krężołek M, Pionke R, Gawęda Ł. The role of insecure attachment and cognitive biases in the social functioning of schizophrenia spectrum patients. J Clin Psychol 2020; 77:846-854. [PMID: 33051868 DOI: 10.1002/jclp.23072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The study investigates the relationship between cognitive biases and attachment styles and social functioning. METHOD Fifty-three patients (28 females, age M = 41.73, SD = 11.71) with the diagnosis of schizophrenia participated in the study. We measured attachment styles, cognitive biases, and social functioning using self-report questionnaires. Relationships among variables were investigated with correlational and regression analyses. RESULTS Correlation analysis indicated that social engagement, interpersonal behavior, pro-social activities, and independence-performance significantly correlate with both attachment styles and cognitive biases. However, in regression analysis, after controlling for attachment styles, only subjective cognitive problems turned out to be a significant predictor of social functioning. CONCLUSIONS These preliminary findings might suggest that both attachment styles and cognitive biases are associated with social functioning. Nonetheless, when considered together it might suggest attachment styles have a higher contribution than cognitive biases to social engagement, interpersonal behavior, and pro-social activities decline in schizophrenia spectrum disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Kielan-Cebo
- Psychopathology and Early Intervention Lab, II Department of Psychiatry, The Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Martyna Krężołek
- Psychopathology and Early Intervention Lab, II Department of Psychiatry, The Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Renata Pionke
- Psychopathology and Early Intervention Lab, II Department of Psychiatry, The Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Łukasz Gawęda
- Experimental Psychopathology Lab, Institute of Psychology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
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Ahuir M, Crosas JM, Estrada F, Zabala W, Pérez-Muñoz S, González-Fernández A, Tost M, Aguayo R, Montalvo I, Miñano MJ, Gago E, Pàmias M, Monreal JA, Palao D, Labad J. Cognitive biases are associated with clinical and functional variables in psychosis: A comparison across schizophrenia, early psychosis and healthy individuals. REVISTA DE PSIQUIATRIA Y SALUD MENTAL 2020; 14:4-15. [PMID: 32950409 DOI: 10.1016/j.rpsm.2020.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We investigated the presence of cognitive biases in people with a recent-onset psychosis (ROP), schizophrenia and healthy adolescents and explored potential associations between these biases and psychopathology. METHODS Three groups were studied: schizophrenia (N=63), ROP (N=43) and healthy adolescents (N=45). Cognitive biases were assessed with the Cognitive Biases Questionnaire for Psychosis (CBQ). Positive, negative and depressive symptoms were assessed with the PANSS and Calgary Depression Scale (ROP; schizophrenia) and with the CAPE-42 (healthy adolescents). Cannabis use was registered. The association between CBQ and psychopathology scales was tested with multiple linear regression analyses. RESULTS People with schizophrenia reported more cognitive biases (46.1±9.0) than ROP (40±5.9), without statistically significant differences when compared to healthy adolescents (43.7±7.3). Cognitive biases were significantly associated with positive symptoms in both healthy adolescents (Standardized β=0.365, p=0.018) and people with psychotic disorders (β=0.258, p=0.011). Cognitive biases were significantly associated with depressive symptoms in healthy adolescents (β=0.359, p=0.019) but in patients with psychotic disorders a significant interaction between schizophrenia diagnosis and CBQ was found (β=1.804, p=0.011), which suggests that the pattern differs between ROP and schizophrenia groups (positive association only found in the schizophrenia group). Concerning CBQ domains, jumping to conclusions was associated with positive and depressive symptoms in people with schizophrenia and with cannabis use in ROP individuals. Dichotomous thinking was associated with positive and depressive symptoms in all groups. CONCLUSIONS Cognitive biases contribute to the expression of positive and depressive symptoms in both people with psychotic disorders and healthy individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maribel Ahuir
- Department of Mental Health, Parc Taulí Hospital Universitari, I3PT, Sabadell, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Psychiatry and Legal Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain; Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology Service, Institute of Neuroscience, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josep Maria Crosas
- Department of Mental Health, Parc Taulí Hospital Universitari, I3PT, Sabadell, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francesc Estrada
- Department of Mental Health, Parc Taulí Hospital Universitari, I3PT, Sabadell, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Wanda Zabala
- Department of Mental Health, Parc Taulí Hospital Universitari, I3PT, Sabadell, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sara Pérez-Muñoz
- Department of Mental Health, Parc Taulí Hospital Universitari, I3PT, Sabadell, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alba González-Fernández
- Department of Mental Health, Parc Taulí Hospital Universitari, I3PT, Sabadell, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Meritxell Tost
- Department of Mental Health, Parc Taulí Hospital Universitari, I3PT, Sabadell, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Psychiatry and Legal Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Raquel Aguayo
- Department of Mental Health, Parc Taulí Hospital Universitari, I3PT, Sabadell, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Itziar Montalvo
- Department of Mental Health, Parc Taulí Hospital Universitari, I3PT, Sabadell, Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Spain
| | - Maria José Miñano
- Department of Mental Health, Parc Taulí Hospital Universitari, I3PT, Sabadell, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Estefania Gago
- Department of Mental Health, Parc Taulí Hospital Universitari, I3PT, Sabadell, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Psychiatry and Legal Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Montserrat Pàmias
- Department of Mental Health, Parc Taulí Hospital Universitari, I3PT, Sabadell, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Psychiatry and Legal Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Spain
| | - José Antonio Monreal
- Department of Mental Health, Parc Taulí Hospital Universitari, I3PT, Sabadell, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Psychiatry and Legal Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Spain
| | - Diego Palao
- Department of Mental Health, Parc Taulí Hospital Universitari, I3PT, Sabadell, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Psychiatry and Legal Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Spain
| | - Javier Labad
- Department of Mental Health, Parc Taulí Hospital Universitari, I3PT, Sabadell, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Psychiatry and Legal Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Spain; Department of Mental Health, Consorci Sanitari del Maresme, Mataró, Barcelona, Spain.
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Prochwicz K, Kłosowska J. Attentional focus moderates the relationship between attention to threat bias and delusion-like experiences in healthy adults. Eur Psychiatry 2020; 39:27-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpsy.2016.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2016] [Revised: 06/23/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractBackgroundThe role of cognitive biases in delusion and delusion-like experiences has been widely investigated in recent years. However, little is known about individual differences, which may influence association between cognitive biases and formation of delusional beliefs. The aim of this study was to examine the moderating effect of self-reported attentional control on the relationship between attention to threat bias (ATB) and delusion-like experiences (DLEs) in healthy adults.MethodsParticipants (n = 138) completed the Davos Assessment of the Cognitive Biases Scale (DACOBS), the Attentional Control Scale (ACS) and the Peters et al. Delusions Inventory (PDI). The moderation analysis was performed to check the influence of different components of attentional control (i.e. general ability to allocate attention, focusing, shifting and divide attention) on the interplay between ATB and DLEs.ResultsThe results supported the moderation model. Specifically, we found that a higher level of ability to focus attention is associated with a stronger effect of attention to threat bias on the overall frequency of DLEs. Our results indicate that ATB contributes to the number of DLEs only in individuals with high and moderate capacity to focus attention, whereas in those who scored low on the ACS focusing attention subscale, the presence of attentional bias does not influence the frequency of DLEs.ConclusionsOur findings show that the individual difference variable, such as ability to voluntarily focus attention, may moderate the relationship between attention to threat bias and delusion-like experiences in healthy adults.
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Pionke R, Gidzgier P, Nelson B, Gawęda Ł. Prevalence, dimensionality and clinical relevance of self-disturbances and psychotic-like experiences in Polish young adults: a latent class analysis approach. Int J Methods Psychiatr Res 2020; 29:e1809. [PMID: 31808220 PMCID: PMC7051838 DOI: 10.1002/mpr.1809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Revised: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We aimed to investigate latent classes of psychotic-like experiences (PLEs) and self-disturbances (SD) and to explore mutual overlapping between derived subgroups. Further, our goal was to investigate class membership relationship with an exposure to childhood trauma and different psychopathological factors such as cognitive biases, depression, insomnia, psychiatric diagnosis and lifetime suicidality. METHODS Participants consist of 3167 non-clinical adults. We performed two latent class analyses (LCA), for PLEs and SD separately, to identify subgroups of individuals with different profiles on PLEs and SD. Associations between psychopathological factors and latent class membership were examined using multinomial logistic regression analysis. RESULTS LCA produced 5 classes within SD and 3 classes within PLEs. Class of the highest endorsement of SD showed 53% overlap with class of the highest endorsement of PLEs. The highest risk of belonging to High Class for both SD and PLEs was associated in particular with depression, cognitive biases and insomnia. Trauma emerged as a significant predictor only for PLEs classes. CONCLUSIONS Our findings confirm that high PLEs and SD co-occur and are concentrated in a relatively small number of individuals, at least in the general population. Their combination may capture the highest risk of psychosis in the general population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Pionke
- Psychopathology and Early Intervention Lab, II Department of Psychiatry, The Medical University of Warsaw, Poland
| | - Piotr Gidzgier
- Center for Interdisciplinary Addiction Research, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Barnaby Nelson
- Orygen, The National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Centre for Youth Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Łukasz Gawęda
- Clinical Neuroscience Lab, Institute of Psychology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
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Scheunemann J, Gawęda Ł, Reininger KM, Jelinek L, Hildebrandt H, Moritz S. Advice weighting as a novel measure for belief flexibility in people with psychotic-like experiences. Schizophr Res 2020; 216:129-137. [PMID: 31924370 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2019.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Jumping to conclusions and bias against disconfirmatory evidence are two cognitive biases common in people with psychotic-like experiences and psychosis. However, many participants show comprehension problems doing traditional tasks; new paradigms with additional applied scenarios are thus needed. A large MTurk community sample (N = 1422) was recruited and subdivided into participants with high levels of psychotic-like experiences (at least 2 SD above the mean, n = 79) and participants with low levels of psychotic-like experiences (maximum 0.5 SD above the mean, n = 1110), based on the positive subscale of the Community Assessment of Psychic Experiences (CAPE). In the context of a judge-advisor system, participants made an initial estimate and then received advice that was either confirmatory or disconfirmatory. Participants then gave a new, possibly revised estimate and were allowed to seek additional advice. Participants with high levels of psychotic-like experiences gave their final assessment after receiving significantly less advice and were significantly more confident in their decision than participants with low psychotic-like experiences, in line with previous studies on jumping to conclusions and overconfidence. Contrary to the hypothesis and earlier studies, however, no deficit in belief revision was found. In fact, participants with high psychotic-like experiences weighted advice significantly higher in the condition with disconfirmatory advice, but only for the first advice they received. The increased weighting of a single piece of disconfirmatory advice can be explained by the hypersalience of evidence-hypothesis matches theory, according to which more weight is attached to the most recently available information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Scheunemann
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Łukasz Gawęda
- Institute of Psychology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Klaus-Michael Reininger
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Lena Jelinek
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Helmut Hildebrandt
- Department of Psychology, University of Oldenburg, Ammerländer Heerstraße 114-118, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Steffen Moritz
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
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Prochwicz K, Kłosowska J, Dembińska A. The Mediating Role of Stress in the Relationship Between Attention to Threat Bias and Psychotic-Like Experiences Depends on Coping Strategies. Front Psychiatry 2020; 11:307. [PMID: 32411023 PMCID: PMC7200982 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Recent studies have provided evidence that enhanced stress level is associated with the increase of psychotic symptoms in both clinical and non-clinical populations. It has also been demonstrated that cognitive biases contribute to psychotic experiences. However, it remains unclear whether the effect of cognitive biases and perceived stress on psychotic-like experiences (PLEs) is influenced by coping methods. In the present study we examined whether the relationship linking cognitive biases with PLEs is mediated by the level of stress and whether particular coping methods modify the relationship between stress and PLEs. METHODS The study sample consisted of 290 non-clinical subjects; study variables were assessed by questionnaires. Moderated mediation analyses were conducted. RESULTS Perceived stress was found to serve as a partial mediator in the relationship linking attention to threat (ATB) and external attribution biases (ETB) with psychotic-like experiences. Also, moderated mediation analysis revealed that the indirect effect of attention to threat bias on positive and depressive symptoms of psychotic-like experiences via perceived stress was stronger at higher levels of distraction seeking coping. Moreover, the indirect effect of ATB on depressive symptoms was moderated by task-oriented coping and emotion-oriented coping. Task-oriented coping also moderated the indirect effect of ETB on depression. CONCLUSION The findings imply that both perceived stress and coping styles are important factors affecting the association between cognitive biases and psychotic-like experiences.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joanna Kłosowska
- Institute of Psychology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
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20
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Le TP, Fedechko TL, Cohen AS, Allred S, Pham C, Lewis S, Barkus E. Stress and cognitive biases in schizotypy: A two-site study of bias
against disconfirmatory evidence and jumping to conclusions. Eur Psychiatry 2020; 62:20-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpsy.2019.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Revised: 08/17/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
The dysfunctional cognitive and reasoning biases which underpin
psychotic symptoms are likely to present prior to the onset of a diagnosable
disorder and should therefore be detectable along the psychosis continuum in
individuals with schizotypal traits. Two reasoning biases, Bias Against
Disconfirmatory Evidence (BADE) and Jumping to Conclusions (JTC), describe
how information is selected and weighed under conditions of uncertainty
during decision making. It is likely that states such as elevated stress
exacerbates JTC and BADE in individuals with high schizotypal traits
vulnerable to displaying these information gathering styles. Therefore, we
evaluated whether stress and schizotypy interacted to predict these
reasoning biases using separate samples from the US (JTC) and England
(BADE). Generally speaking, schizotypal traits and stress were not
independently associated with dysfunctional reasoning biases. However,
across both studies, the interaction between schizotypy traits and stress
significantly predicted reasoning biases such that increased stress was
associated with increased reasoning biases, but only for individuals low in
schizotypal traits. These patterns were observed for positive schizotypal
traits (in both samples), for negative traits (in the England sample only),
but not for disorganization traits. For both samples, our findings suggest
that the presence of states such as stress is associated with, though not
necessarily dysfunctional, reasoning biases in individuals with low
schizotypy. These reasoning biases seemed, in some ways, relatively
immutable to stress in individuals endorsing high levels of positive
schizotypal traits.
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Gawęda Ł, Pionke R, Arciszewska A, Prochwicz K, Frydecka D, Misiak B, Cechnicki A, Cicero DC, Nelson B. A combination of self-disturbances and psychotic-like experiences. A cluster analysis study on a non-clinical sample in Poland. Psychiatry Res 2019; 273:394-401. [PMID: 30684785 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2019.01.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Revised: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
We aimed to perform a cluster analysis to investigate the group structure of a combination of psychotic-like experiences (PLEs) and self-disturbances in a non-clinical sample. Non-clinical adults (n = 677) were assessed with the Community Assessment of Psychic Experiences (CAPE), the Davos Assessment of Cognitive Biases Scale (DACOBS) and the Inventory of Psychotic-Like Anomalous Self-Experiences (IPASE). Cluster analysis was conducted based on the positive and negative dimension of CAPE and a total score of IPASE. Four distinct groups were revealed by the cluster analysis. The High Profile group had the highest means, and the Low Profile had the lowest scores of positive and negative subscales of the CAPE and IPASE. The Positive Profile group had a significantly higher level of self-disturbances (in 'Cognition', 'Consciousnesses and 'Somatization' dimensions) from participants with the 'Negative Profile'. The High Profile group had more cognitive biases (i.e., inadequate cognitive inference about internal and external events) related to psychosis as assessed with DACOBS, had the highest means on each IPASE subscale and had a higher level of emotional distress. A combination of high level of PLEs and self-disturbances may capture the highest risk of psychosis in the general population associated with cognitive biases characteristic for psychosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Łukasz Gawęda
- Psychopathology and Early Intervention Lab, II Department of Psychiatry, The Medical University of Warsaw, Poland, Rychlińskiego 1, 05-901 Ząbki, Poland.
| | - Renata Pionke
- Psychopathology and Early Intervention Lab, II Department of Psychiatry, The Medical University of Warsaw, Poland, Rychlińskiego 1, 05-901 Ząbki, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Arciszewska
- SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Sopot, Poland; Department of Community Psychiatry, Chair of Psychiatry, Medical College, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | | | - Dorota Frydecka
- Department of Psychiatry, Wroclaw Medical University, Poland
| | - Błażej Misiak
- Department of Genetics, Wroclaw Medical University, Poland
| | - Andrzej Cechnicki
- Department of Community Psychiatry, Chair of Psychiatry, Medical College, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - David C Cicero
- Department of Psychology, University of Hawai'i at Manoa, Honolulu, United States
| | - Barnaby Nelson
- Orygen, The National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Australia; Centre for Youth Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Australia
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Gawęda Ł, Krężołek M. Cognitive mechanisms of alexithymia in schizophrenia: Investigating the role of basic neurocognitive functioning and cognitive biases. Psychiatry Res 2019; 271:573-580. [PMID: 30554105 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2018.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Revised: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Alexithymia is an important but poorly understood emotional deficit in schizophrenia. We aimed at investigating the role of basic cognitive functions, cognitive biases, and symptom severity in alexithymia among patients with schizophrenia. Sixty patients (31 females) with schizophrenia were assessed with standardized clinical interviews for symptom severity. Cognitive functioning was assessed with neuropsychological tests. A self-report scale (Davos Assessment of Cognitive Biases, DACOBS), as well as two experimental tasks assessing jumping to conclusions (the Fish task) and source monitoring (Action memory task), were used to investigate cognitive biases. Alexithymia was assessed with the Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-20). Alexithymia was related to the severity of hallucinations but not delusions. Patients with a lifetime history of more psychotic symptoms had higher alexithymia. Alexithymia has broad relationships with different cognitive biases, especially in the self-reported measure. These relationships were not affected by neurocognition and symtpoms severity. In particular, difficulties in identification of feelings were related to various cognitive biases. Dysfunctional information processing can thus be considered as potential psychological correlates of alexithymia. The theoretical and clinical implications of our findings are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Łukasz Gawęda
- II Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Warsaw, Kondratowicza 8, 03-242 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Martyna Krężołek
- II Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Warsaw, Kondratowicza 8, 03-242 Warsaw, Poland
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Mansueto G, Palmieri S, Faravelli C. Parental style and Cloninger's model in psychosis. Psychiatry Res 2018; 269:221-228. [PMID: 30153600 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2018.08.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Revised: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Parental style and Cloninger's dimensions are associated with psychosis, but it is still unclear whether temperament, character and parenting variables are linked to specific psychotic symptoms. This study extends previous research exploring these issues. 78 patients with psychosis and 156 control subjects were recruited. Parental style was evaluated using the Measure of Parental Style. Temperament and character were evaluated using the Temperament and Character Inventory-Revised. Psychotic symptoms were assessed using the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale. T-tests, correlations and moderation and mediation analyses were performed. Patients reported dysfunctional parenting and had higher scores for harm avoidance (HA) and self transcendence (ST), and lower scores for self directedness (SD) and cooperativeness (CO) than controls. Maternal indifference, abuse and overcontrol were correlated with positive symptoms (PS). Novelty seeking (NS), reward dependence, SD, CO were correlated with PS; HA and ST were correlated with negative symptoms. After adjusting for age, gender and family history of psychopathology lower CO partially mediated the relationship between maternal abuse and PS; the positive NS-maternal abuse interaction was associated with PS. Different parenting and personality variables may be associated with different psychotic symptoms. NS and CO may be part of a pathway between maternal abuse and PS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Mansueto
- Department of Health Sciences, Psychology and Psychiatry Unit, University of Florence, Italy; Maastricht University Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry & Psychology, School for Mental Health & Neuroscience, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - Sara Palmieri
- Department of Health Sciences, Psychology and Psychiatry Unit, University of Florence, Italy
| | - Carlo Faravelli
- Department of Health Sciences, Psychology and Psychiatry Unit, University of Florence, Italy
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Blair MA, Nitzburg G, DeRosse P, Karlsgodt KH. Relationship between executive function, attachment style, and psychotic like experiences in typically developing youth. Schizophr Res 2018; 197:428-433. [PMID: 29510927 PMCID: PMC6120806 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2018.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Revised: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Psychotic like experiences (PLE's) are common in the general population, particularly during adolescence, which has generated interest in how PLE's emerge, and the extent to which they reflect either risk for, or resilience to, psychosis. The "attachment-developmental-cognitive" (ADC) model is one effort to model the effect of risk factors on PLEs. The ADC model proposes attachment insecurity as an early environmental insult that can contribute to altered neurodevelopment, increasing the likelihood of PLE's and psychosis. In particular, early-life attachment disruptions may negatively impact numerous aspects of executive function (EF), including behavioral inhibition and emotion regulation. Yet despite the relationship of disrupted attachment to EF impairments, no studies have examined how these factors may combine to contribute to PLE's in adolescents. Here, we examined the relative contributions of daily-life EF and attachment difficulties (avoidance and anxiety) to PLEs in typically developing youth (N=52; ages 10-21). We found that EF deficits and high attachment insecurity both accounted for a significant proportion of the variance in PLE's, and interacted to predict PLE manifestation. Specifically, positive PLEs were predicted by greater trouble monitoring behavioral impact, less difficulty completing tasks, greater difficulty regulating emotional reactions, greater difficulty controlling impulses and higher attachment anxiety. Negative PLEs were predicted by greater difficulty in alternating attention, transitioning across situations, and regulating emotional reactions as well as higher attachment anxiety. These results are consistent with the ADC model, providing evidence that early-life attachment disruptions may impact behavioral regulation and emotional control, which together may contribute to PLEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie A. Blair
- Graduate Center—City University of New York, New York, NY, United States,Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, United States,Division of Psychiatry Research, The Zucker Hillside Hospital, Division of the Northwell Health System, Glen Oaks, NY, United States
| | - George Nitzburg
- Teachers College, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States,Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, United States,Division of Psychiatry Research, The Zucker Hillside Hospital, Division of the Northwell Health System, Glen Oaks, NY, United States
| | - Pamela DeRosse
- Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, United States,Division of Psychiatry Research, The Zucker Hillside Hospital, Division of the Northwell Health System, Glen Oaks, NY, United States,Hofstra Northwell School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Hempstead, NY, United States
| | - Katherine H. Karlsgodt
- Depts of Psychology and Psychiatry & Biobehavioral Sciences, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States,Corresponding author at: Dept of Psychology, UCLA, 1285 Franz Hall, Box 951563, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States, (K.H. Karlsgodt)
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Prochwicz K, Kłosowska J. The moderating role of cognitive biases on the relationship between negative affective states and psychotic-like experiences in non-clinical adults. Psychiatry Res 2018; 265:118-127. [PMID: 29702303 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2018.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Revised: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Negative emotions and cognitive biases are important factors underlying psychotic symptoms and psychotic-like experiences (PLEs); however, it is not clear whether these factors interact when they influence psychotic phenomena. The aim of our study was to investigate whether psychosis-related cognitive biases moderate the relationship between negative affective states, i.e. anxiety and depression, and psychotic-like experiences. The study sample contains 251 participants who have never been diagnosed with psychiatric disorders. Anxiety, depression, cognitive biases, and psychotic-like experiences were assessed with self-report questionnaires. A moderation analysis was performed to examine the relationship between the study variables. The analyses revealed that the link between anxiety and positive PLEs is moderated by External Attribution bias, whereas the relationship between depression and positive PLEs is moderated by Attention to Threat bias. Attributional bias was also found to moderate the association between depression and negative subclinical symptoms; Jumping to Conclusions bias served as a moderator in the link between anxiety and depression and negative PLEs. Further studies in clinical samples are required to verify the moderating role of individual cognitive biases on the relationship between negative emotional states and full-blown psychotic symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joanna Kłosowska
- Jagiellonian University, Institute of Psychology, Krakow, Poland
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Prochwicz K, Kłosowska J, Sznajder D. The role of expressive suppression in hallucinatory-like and delusion-like experiences. Findings in a non-clinical sample. Compr Psychiatry 2018; 82:121-127. [PMID: 29477704 DOI: 10.1016/j.comppsych.2018.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2017] [Revised: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Previous works concerning emotion regulation in psychosis highlighted the relationship between expressive suppression and negative psychotic symptoms, as well as between expressive suppression and auditory hallucinations. However, a direct association between suppression and delusions has not been observed. In the study we examined whether expressive suppression is associated with psychotic-like experiences and whether it may influence delusion-like experiences by changing the impact of cognitive biases on delusional beliefs. METHODS Two hundred and twenty-one healthy individuals never diagnosed with psychiatric disorders completed self-report questionnaires measuring: delusion-like experiences, hallucinatory-like experiences, cognitive biases and expressive suppression. Regression and moderation analyses were performed. RESULTS Regression analyses revealed that the overall level of suppression predicts hallucinatory-like experiences, but not delusion-like experiences. Suppression of anxiety and suppression of sadness were significant predictors of hallucinatory-like experiences, whereas suppression of anxiety predicted delusion-like experiences. A moderation analysis indicated that both the overall level of suppression and suppression of sadness moderate the relationship between belief inflexibility and delusion-like experiences in such a way that belief inflexibility increases delusion-like experiences only among individuals reporting a low level of suppression. CONCLUSIONS Our findings confirmed that expressive suppression has a direct impact on hallucinatory-like experiences and suggest that the use of suppression may influence delusion-like experiences by moderating the impact of belief inflexibility on delusional thinking.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joanna Kłosowska
- Jagiellonian University, Institute of Psychology, Krakow, Poland
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Gawęda Ł, Prochwicz K, Adamczyk P, Frydecka D, Misiak B, Kotowicz K, Szczepanowski R, Florkowski M, Nelson B. The role of self-disturbances and cognitive biases in the relationship between traumatic life events and psychosis proneness in a non-clinical sample. Schizophr Res 2018; 193:218-224. [PMID: 28712969 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2017.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Revised: 07/08/2017] [Accepted: 07/09/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Traumatic life events have been established as an environmental risk factor for psychosis. However, the exact mechanisms by which traumatic life events increase risk for psychosis are unknown. In the present study we tested an integrative model of traumatic life events being related to psychosis proneness via self-disturbances and cognitive biases. METHODS The sample consisted of 653 healthy people. Traumatic life events, self-disturbances, cognitive biases and psychosis proneness were assessed with self-report questionnaires. The direct and an indirect model of the relationship between traumatic life events and psychosis proneness were compared using path analyses with structural equation modelling in a cross-sectional study. RESULTS There was a significant direct effect of traumatic life events on psychosis proneness. However, path analysis suggested better fit of the indirect model including paths from trauma to psychosis proneness via cognitive biases and self-disturbances. There were significant paths from traumatic life events to cognitive biases and self-disorders. Self-disorders significantly predicted cognitive biases. Finally, cognitive biases and self-disorders significantly predicted psychosis proneness. Exclusion of any paths, apart from direct path in the model, significantly reduced model fitness. DISCUSSION The results revealed that a direct relationship between trauma and psychosis proneness became insignificant when taking into account the influence of self-disorders and cognitive biases. This suggests that the interactions between disrupted self-experience, impaired information processing and traumatic life events are of importance in psychosis proneness. This model should be further tested in a longitudinal study on a clinical sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Łukasz Gawęda
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; II Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Warsaw, Poland.
| | | | - Przemysław Adamczyk
- Department of Community Psychiatry, Chair of Psychiatry, Medical College, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland; Psychophysiology Laboratory, Institute of Psychology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Dorota Frydecka
- Department of Psychiatry, Wroclaw Medical University, Poland
| | - Błażej Misiak
- Department of Genetics, Wroclaw Medical University, Poland
| | - Kamila Kotowicz
- Department of Psychiatry, Wroclaw Medical University, Poland
| | - Remigiusz Szczepanowski
- Faculty of Psychology in Wroclaw, SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marcin Florkowski
- Faculty of Education, Psychology and Sociology, University of Zielona Gora, Poland
| | - Barnaby Nelson
- Orygen, The National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Australia; Centre for Youth Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Australia
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Saarinen A, Rosenström T, Hintsanen M, Hakulinen C, Pulkki-Råback L, Lehtimäki T, Raitakari OT, Cloninger CR, Keltikangas-Järvinen L. Longitudinal associations of temperament and character with paranoid ideation: A population-based study. Psychiatry Res 2018; 261:137-142. [PMID: 29304427 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2017.12.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine (a) the associations of temperament and character dimensions with paranoid ideation over a 15-year follow-up in the general population (b) the associations of explosive temperament and organized character profiles with paranoid ideation. 2137 subjects of the Young Finns Study completed the Temperament and Character Inventory and the Paranoid Ideation Scale of the Symptom Checklist-90 Revised in 1997, 2001, and 2012. Temperament dimensions of high novelty seeking, high harm avoidance, low reward dependence and explosive temperament profile were associated with the development of higher paranoid ideation. Regarding character, high self-directedness, high cooperativeness, and low self-transcendence and organized character profile were associated with lower paranoid ideation. These associations sustained after controlling for age, gender, and socioeconomic factors. However, the associations between temperament and paranoia mostly disappeared after taking character into account. Our study supported the hypothesis that personality dimensions contribute to the development of paranoid ideation. Temperament and character might combine a variety of single previously found risk factors into a more comprehensive framework for the developmental etiology of paranoia. Our findings provide evidence for psychotherapeutic interventions that support the self-regulation of temperamental vulnerabilities by internalizing mature concepts about the self and social relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aino Saarinen
- Department of Psychology and Logopedics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tom Rosenström
- Department of Psychology and Logopedics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Christian Hakulinen
- Department of Psychology and Logopedics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Laura Pulkki-Råback
- Department of Psychology and Logopedics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Finland; Helsinki Collegium for Advanced Studies, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Terho Lehtimäki
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories and Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Finland
| | - Olli T Raitakari
- Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Finland; Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Finland
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Gawęda Ł, Prochwicz K, Krężołek M, Kłosowska J, Staszkiewicz M, Moritz S. Self-reported cognitive distortions in the psychosis continuum: A Polish 18-item version of the Davos Assessment of Cognitive Biases Scale (DACOBS-18). Schizophr Res 2018; 192:317-326. [PMID: 28601498 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2017.05.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Revised: 05/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIM The aim of this study was to provide a short version of the Davos Assessment of Cognitive Biases Scale (DACOBS), which is a self-report tool to assess cognitive distortions related to psychosis. METHODS A principal component analysis (PCA) was conducted on a large non-clinical sample (n=1207) and cross-validated with a confirmatory factor analysis on an independent non-clinical sample (n=653). Discriminative validity was performed by contrasting the high risk for psychosis non-clinical sample (n=63), low risk for psychosis non-clinical sample (n=152), patients with schizophrenia (n=105), and patients with depression (n=56). Correlations between symptoms, cognitive functions, source monitoring deficits, and jumping to conclusions were performed among a subgroup of patients with schizophrenia. RESULTS An 18-item scale (DACOBS-18) with a four-factor solution was established. Internal consistency (α=0.84) and test-retest reliability (r=0.84, p<0.001) were good. The DACOBS-18 has satisfactory discriminative power, with 99.1% sensitivity and 74.3% specificity in discriminating low risk for psychosis from schizophrenia patients. The DACOBS-18 subscales correlate significantly with psychotic symptoms and psychotic-like experiences. After Bonferroni correction, significant correlations between Safety Behaviors and neuropsychological functioning were found. CONCLUSIONS The DACOBS-18 is a reliable scale with satisfactory discriminative power and thus may be a valuable self-report screening tool for use in everyday clinical practice with psychotic patients and with people at risk for psychosis. Further research on its relationship to objective cognitive measures is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Łukasz Gawęda
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; II Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Warsaw, Poland.
| | | | - Martyna Krężołek
- II Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Warsaw, Poland
| | - Joanna Kłosowska
- Pedagogical University, Department of Psychology, Krakow, Poland
| | | | - Steffen Moritz
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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Self-Reported Cognitive Biases Are Equally Present in Patients Diagnosed With Psychotic Versus Nonpsychotic Disorders. J Nerv Ment Dis 2018; 206:122-129. [PMID: 29256979 DOI: 10.1097/nmd.0000000000000763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the relation between subjective cognitive biases measured with the Dutch Davos Assessment of Cognitive Biases (DACOBS-NL) and (1) the presence of a psychotic versus nonpsychotic psychiatric disorder, (2) the current dose of antipsychotic medication and current psychotic symptoms, and (3) the Personality Inventory for the DSM-5 (PID-5) Psychoticism personality trait. Results showed that DACOBS-NL subjective cognitive biases (1) were equally present in patients diagnosed with nonpsychotic disorders compared with patients with a psychotic disorder, (2) could not be explained by the current dose of antipsychotic medication, nor by current psychotic symptoms, and (3) significantly correlated with all PID-5 Personality domains. Moreover, in predicting membership of the psychotic versus nonpsychotic psychiatric disorder group, the addition of the PID-5 domains in step 2 rendered the contribution of the DACOBS-NL subjective cognitive biases in step 1 nonsignificant. Further research is needed to clarify the interplay between cognitive biases and aberrant salience in the prediction of psychotic disorders.
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Barberia I, Tubau E, Matute H, Rodríguez-Ferreiro J. A short educational intervention diminishes causal illusions and specific paranormal beliefs in undergraduates. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0191907. [PMID: 29385184 PMCID: PMC5792014 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0191907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cognitive biases such as causal illusions have been related to paranormal and pseudoscientific beliefs and, thus, pose a real threat to the development of adequate critical thinking abilities. We aimed to reduce causal illusions in undergraduates by means of an educational intervention combining training-in-bias and training-in-rules techniques. First, participants directly experienced situations that tend to induce the Barnum effect and the confirmation bias. Thereafter, these effects were explained and examples of their influence over everyday life were provided. Compared to a control group, participants who received the intervention showed diminished causal illusions in a contingency learning task and a decrease in the precognition dimension of a paranormal belief scale. Overall, results suggest that evidence-based educational interventions like the one presented here could be used to significantly improve critical thinking skills in our students.
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Affiliation(s)
- Itxaso Barberia
- Departament de Cognició, Desenvolupament y Psicologia de la Educació, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elisabet Tubau
- Departament de Cognició, Desenvolupament y Psicologia de la Educació, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Helena Matute
- Departamento de Fundamentos y Métodos de la Psicología, Universidad de Deusto, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Javier Rodríguez-Ferreiro
- Departament de Cognició, Desenvolupament y Psicologia de la Educació, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- * E-mail:
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Gawęda Ł, Pionke R, Krężołek M, Prochwicz K, Kłosowska J, Frydecka D, Misiak B, Kotowicz K, Samochowiec A, Mak M, Błądziński P, Cechnicki A, Nelson B. Self-disturbances, cognitive biases and insecure attachment as mechanisms of the relationship between traumatic life events and psychotic-like experiences in non-clinical adults - A path analysis. Psychiatry Res 2018; 259:571-578. [PMID: 29195191 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2017.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Revised: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Although traumatic life events have been linked to psychotic-like experiences, the mechanisms of the relationship remain unclear. We investigated whether insecure (anxious and avoidant) attachment styles, cognitive biases and self-disturbances serve as significant mediators in the relationship between traumatic life events and psychotic-like experiences in non-clinical sample. Six-hundred and ninety healthy participants (522 females) who have not ever been diagnosed with psychiatric disorders took part in the study. Participants completed self-report scales that measure traumatic life events, psychotic-like experiences, cognitive biases, attachment styles and self-disturbances. Our model was tested with path analysis. Our integrated model fit to the data with excellent goodness-of-fit indices. The direct effect was significantly reduced after the mediators were included. Significant pathways from traumatic life events to psychotic-like experiences were found through self-disturbances and cognitive biases. Traumatic life events were associated with anxious attachment through cognitive biases. Self-disturbances, cognitive biases and anxious attachment had a direct effect on psychotic-like experiences. The results of our study tentatively suggest that traumatic life events are related with psychotic-like experiences through cognitive biases and self-disturbances. Further studies in clinical samples are required to verify our model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Łukasz Gawęda
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; II Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Renata Pionke
- Institute of Psychology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Martyna Krężołek
- II Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Joanna Kłosowska
- Institute of Psychology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Dorota Frydecka
- Department of Psychiatry, Wroclaw Medical University, Poland
| | - Błażej Misiak
- Department of Geneticts, Wroclaw Medical University, Poland
| | - Kamila Kotowicz
- Department of Psychiatry, Wroclaw Medical University, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Samochowiec
- Institute of Psychology, Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Szczecin, Poland
| | - Monika Mak
- Department of Psychiatry, Pomeranian Medical University, Poland
| | - Piotr Błądziński
- Department of Community Psychiatry, Chair of Psychiatry, Medical College, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Andrzej Cechnicki
- Department of Community Psychiatry, Chair of Psychiatry, Medical College, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Barnaby Nelson
- Orygen, The National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Australia; Centre for Youth Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Australia
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Prochwicz K, Kłosowska J. The interplay between trait anxiety, cognitive biases and attentional control in healthy individuals with psychotic-like experiences. Psychiatry Res 2018; 259:44-50. [PMID: 29028523 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2017.09.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Revised: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Although both anxiety and cognitive biases contribute to psychosis, it is still unclear whether these factors interact in their influence on psychotic symptoms. The aim of the study was to examine the interactions between trait anxiety, cognitive biases and delusion-like experiences (PLEs) in a non-clinical sample; the moderational role of attentional control on this relationship was also considered in the study. Two subgroups of participants, 92 individuals (M=24.76; SD=6.33) with heightened (HA) trait anxiety and 78 individuals (M=23.09; SD=5.66) with lowered (LA) trait anxiety took part in the study. Anxiety, cognitive biases and attentional control were measured using self-report questionnaires. Regression analyses and moderation analyses were performed. External attribution bias predicted psychotic-like experiences in both groups, whereas attention to threat bias and belief inflexibility predicted PLEs within LA group. Further moderation analyses revealed that in LA group attention to threat bias increases PLEs only among individuals with a high and moderate ability to focus attention. The results indicated that trait anxiety is an important factor influencing the relationship between cognitive biases and PLEs, and that the ability to voluntarily focus attention is a significant moderator of the linkage between attention to threat bias and delusion-like experiences among low-anxious healthy individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joanna Kłosowska
- Pedagogical University, Department of Psychology, Krakow, Poland.
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Prochwicz K, Gawęda Ł. Depression and anxiety mediate the relationship between temperament and character and psychotic-like experiences in healthy subjects. Psychiatry Res 2016; 246:195-202. [PMID: 27718469 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2016.09.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Revised: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In this study we examined the hypothesis that depression and anxiety may mediate the relationship between personality traits and both positive and negative psychotic-like experiences (PLEs) in healthy adults. The Community Assessment of Psychic Experiences (CAPE) scale, Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and State and Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) were administered to 492 healthy individuals. Multiple stepwise regression and mediation analyses were performed to examine whether depressive and anxiety symptoms influence the relationship between the TCI dimensions and positive and negative PLEs. Self-transcendence, persistence, novelty-seeking and self-directedness significantly predicted positive PLEs; self-directedness and harm avoidance were predictable for negative PLEs. Self-transcendence, self-directedness, persistence and harm avoidance also predicted the distress caused by positive PLEs, whereas self-directedness and harm avoidance predicted distress raised by negative PLEs. Depressive symptoms and the state of anxiety partially mediated the linkage between self-directedness and positive PLEs, and between self-directedness, harm avoidance and negative PLEs. Our findings confirm that the personality pattern influences both positive and negative PLEs as well as distress caused by experiencing positive and negative PLEs, and they indicate that certain personality traits may influence the development of PLEs via the emotional pathway of heightened depression and anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Łukasz Gawęda
- II Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
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35
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Nitzburg GC, Gopin CB, Peters BD, Karlsgodt KH, Malhotra AK, DeRosse P. The relationship between temperament and character and psychotic-like experiences in healthy children and adolescents. Eur Psychiatry 2016; 31:60-5. [PMID: 26381692 DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpsy.2015.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Revised: 07/08/2015] [Accepted: 07/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prior work by our group identified personality profiles associated with psychotic-like experiences (PLE's) in healthy adults that were strikingly similar to those found in schizophrenia patients, with the exception of two key differences. Specifically, higher levels of PLE's were linked to higher persistence and cooperativeness, suggesting that these characteristics might represent personality-based resilience factors. Notably, age and personality were significantly correlated in these data, raising questions about whether healthy children and adolescents would show similar results. To date, no study has examined personality profiles associated with both positive and negative PLE's in healthy children and adolescents using Cloninger's Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI). Thus, this study examined the relationship between TCI dimensions and PLE's in healthy children and adolescents. METHOD The TCI and the Community Assessment of Psychic Experiences (CAPE) were administered to 123 healthy children and adolescents aged 8-18. Multiple regression models were used to examine personality dimensions associated with overall severity of PLE's as well as severity of positive and negative PLE's separately. RESULTS Positive, negative, and overall PLE severity were all associated with a personality pattern of higher harm avoidance and lower self-directedness. Negative PLE severity was also associated with lower persistence. CONCLUSIONS Personality correlates of PLE's in healthy children and adolescents were largely consistent with our past work on PLE's in healthy adults. However, our previously identified resilience factors were notably absent in this sample. These findings may suggest that these personality characteristics have not yet crystallized or emerged to aid in coping with PLE's.
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Affiliation(s)
- G C Nitzburg
- Division of Psychiatry Research, The Zucker Hillside Hospital, Division of the North Shore - Long Island Jewish Health System, Glen Oaks, NY, USA.
| | - C B Gopin
- Division of Psychiatry Research, The Zucker Hillside Hospital, Division of the North Shore - Long Island Jewish Health System, Glen Oaks, NY, USA; Weill-Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - B D Peters
- Division of Psychiatry Research, The Zucker Hillside Hospital, Division of the North Shore - Long Island Jewish Health System, Glen Oaks, NY, USA
| | - K H Karlsgodt
- Division of Psychiatry Research, The Zucker Hillside Hospital, Division of the North Shore - Long Island Jewish Health System, Glen Oaks, NY, USA
| | - A K Malhotra
- Center for Translational Psychiatry, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, USA; Division of Psychiatry Research, The Zucker Hillside Hospital, Division of the North Shore - Long Island Jewish Health System, Glen Oaks, NY, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Yeshiva University, Bronx, NY, USA; Hofstra North Shore - LIJ School of Medicine, Departments of Psychiatry and Molecular Medicine, Hempstead, NY, USA
| | - P DeRosse
- Center for Translational Psychiatry, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, USA; Division of Psychiatry Research, The Zucker Hillside Hospital, Division of the North Shore - Long Island Jewish Health System, Glen Oaks, NY, USA
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Fervaha G, Zakzanis KK, Foussias G, Agid O, Remington G. Distress related to subclinical negative symptoms in a non-clinical sample: Role of dysfunctional attitudes. Psychiatry Res 2015; 230:249-54. [PMID: 26365687 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2015.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2015] [Revised: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Negative symptoms are a prominent feature of schizophrenia that are intimately linked to poor outcomes characterizing the illness. One mechanistic model suggests that these symptoms are produced and maintained, at least in part, through maladaptive attitudes. Beyond mechanisms, it remains phenomenologically unclear if these symptoms are particularly distressing. In the present study we examined whether subclinical negative symptoms evaluated in a non-clinical sample of young adults (N=370) were distressful or bothersome to participants and, further, whether these symptoms were associated with dysfunctional attitudes. We found that greater severity of subclinical negative symptoms such as amotivation and anhedonia were associated with higher ratings of distress specifically attributable to these symptoms. This relationship held even after controlling for severity of depressive symptoms. Moreover, greater negative symptom burden was associated with greater endorsement of defeatist performance beliefs. Negative symptoms expressed in the general population were found to be particularly distressing. Maladaptive cognitive schemas are implicated in the expression of these symptoms, as well as the amount of distress these symptoms instil. A greater understanding of the mechanisms underlying negative symptoms, including both neurobiological and cognitive, is needed in order to effectively develop treatment strategies for these disabling symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gagan Fervaha
- Schizophrenia Division, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada; Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | | | - George Foussias
- Schizophrenia Division, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada; Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Ofer Agid
- Schizophrenia Division, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada; Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Gary Remington
- Schizophrenia Division, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada; Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Gawęda Ł, Cichoń E, Szczepanowski R. Dysfunctional meta-cognitive beliefs mediate the relation between temperament traits and hallucination-proneness in non-clinical population. Psychiatry Res 2015; 229:1047-51. [PMID: 26296753 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2015.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2014] [Revised: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 08/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
We investigated whether dysfunctional metacognitive beliefs (negative beliefs about uncontrollability and danger of thoughts) mediate the relationship between temperamental characteristics of behavior and hallucinatory-like experiences in healthy subjects (n=137). Our analyses showed that four temperamental traits (emotional reactivity, perseveration, endurance and briskness) were mediated by negative beliefs about uncontrollability and danger of thoughts in relation to hallucination proneness. Our research tentatively suggests that temperament affects hallucination proneness via metacognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Łukasz Gawęda
- II Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ewelina Cichoń
- University for Social Sciences and Humanities, Faculty in Wroclaw, Poland
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A comparison of cognitive biases between schizophrenia patients with delusions and healthy individuals with delusion-like experiences. Eur Psychiatry 2015; 30:943-9. [PMID: 26647870 DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpsy.2015.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Revised: 08/08/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The role of psychosis-related cognitive biases (e.g. jumping to conclusions) in a delusion continuum is well-established. Little is known about the role of types of cognitive biases. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of psychosis-related and "Beckian" (i.e. anxiety- and depression-related) cognitive biases assessed with a clinical questionnaire in the delusion continuum and its dimensions. METHODS Schizophrenia patients with (n=57) and without (n=35) delusions were compared to healthy subjects who had a low (n=53) and high (n=57) level of delusion-like experiences (DLEs) on the Cognitive Biases Questionnaire for Psychosis (CBQp). Delusion dimensions in the clinical sample were assessed with the semi-structured interview PSYRATS. DLEs were measured with the Peters Delusion Inventory (PDI). RESULTS High DLEs participants scored significantly higher than low DLEs, and patients with delusions scored higher than patients without delusions on the total scores of the CBQp. High DLEs participants scored significantly higher than low DLEs on catastrophisation and JTC. Schizophrenia patients with delusions scored significantly higher when compared to patients without delusions on intentionalising, dichotomous thinking, JTC and emotional reasoning. Patients with delusions and high DLEs participants scored similarly on JTC. Stepwise regression analysis revealed that catastrophising predicted total severity of clinical delusions and JTC predicted the cognitive dimension of clinical delusions. Both JTC and catastrophisation predicted the frequency and conviction associated with DLEs. CONCLUSIONS Both "Beckian" and psychosis-related cognitive biases may underlie delusions. Different aspects of clinical delusions and delusion-like experiences may be related to different cognitive biases.
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