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Cottini M, Palladino P, Basso D. From the lab to the classroom: Improving children's prospective memory in a natural setting. BRITISH JOURNAL OF EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY 2024; 94:809-823. [PMID: 38616307 DOI: 10.1111/bjep.12682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Laboratory-based studies have shown that children's ability to remember intentions (i.e., prospective memory; PM) can be improved by asking them to imagine performing the PM task beforehand (i.e., episodic future thinking; EFT) or to predict their PM performance. Moreover, combining the two strategies resulted in an additional improvement in children's PM performance. However, the effectiveness of these encoding strategies on real-life PM tasks is still unknown. AIMS The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of EFT instructions, performance predictions, and of their combination on children's PM in a natural setting, namely in the classroom. SAMPLE Twelve classes composed by a total of 121 children (53% females) aged between seven and 9 years participated to the study. METHODS As a PM task, children were asked by their teachers to deliver a letter to their parents and to bring it back to school the next day. Children were divided into four groups: control, prediction, EFT, and the EFT + prediction group. Parent reports on children's everyday prospective and retrospective memory failures were also collected. RESULTS Results showed that encoding strategies were effective in enhancing children's PM performance. However, differences compared to previous laboratory-based findings emerged since predicting PM performance resulted to be most effective in enhancing real-life PM performance. Moreover, parent reports were related to children's PM performance. CONCLUSIONS These novel findings highlight the importance of studying PM interventions in natural settings in order to increase their ecological validity and inform educational practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milvia Cottini
- Free University of Bolzano-Bozen, Bressanone-Brixen, Italy
| | | | - Demis Basso
- Free University of Bolzano-Bozen, Bressanone-Brixen, Italy
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2
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Gromisch ES, Turner AP, Neto LO, Haselkorn JK, Raskin SA. Improving prospective memory in persons with multiple sclerosis via telehealth: A randomized feasibility study. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2024; 88:105718. [PMID: 38878624 DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2024.105718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Revised: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 06/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/29/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Persons with multiple sclerosis (PwMS) can experience deficits in prospective memory (PM) or "remembering to remember," which are associated with functional difficulties. However, no cognitive rehabilitation intervention has specifically addressed improving PM in PwMS. The Telehealth PM Intervention (TPMI) provides a novel combination of two strategies-visual imagery and implementation intentions-that have each been beneficial in other populations. This study aimed to evaluate the feasibility of TPMI and its preliminary efficacy, which could be used to inform future trials. METHODS Participants (n = 35) were PwMS who were pre-screened and endorsed experiencing problems "remembering places they have to be" and "things they have to do." After completing a baseline evaluation, which included objective (Memory for Intentions Test; MIST) and subjective (Perceived Deficits Questionnaire; PDQ-PM) measures of PM, participants were randomized to either the active treatment (TPMI; n = 17) or active control group (Control; n = 18). TPMI was offered through remote one-on-one sessions twice a week over a four-week period. Participants were asked about treatment credibility and expectancy during the first session. The MIST and PDQ-PM were repeated at post-treatment, where treatment satisfaction was also captured. Mann-Whitney U and chi-square tests were used to examine the feasibility measures, while repeated measures ANOVAs were used to examine changes in the PM outcomes. RESULTS A total of 88.2 % of the TPMI group completed all eight sessions, with moderate-to-high (≥7 out of 10) treatment credibility/expectancy and satisfaction reported by 93.3 % and 86.7 %, respectively. While there were no significant effects on overall PM, the TPMI group had an improvement in objective time-based PM after adjusting for baseline differences (F(1,29) = 4.61, p = 0.040; d = 0.80). Furthermore, the TPMI group had a significant reduction in the number of time-based loss of content errors compared to the Control group, which remained significant after covariate adjustment (F(1,25) = 4.29, p = 0.049; d = 0.83). CONCLUSIONS TPMI is a feasible intervention, with high completion rates and moderate-to-high treatment ratings, that can be delivered remotely. Early evidence shows its potential benefit for improving time-based PM, a particular concern for PwMS, which should be further evaluated in a larger clinical trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth S Gromisch
- Mandell Center for Multiple Sclerosis, Mount Sinai Rehabilitation Hospital, Trinity Health Of New England, 490 Blue Hills Avenue, Hartford, CT, 06112, USA; Department of Rehabilitative Medicine, Frank H. Netter MD School of Medicine at Quinnipiac University, 370 Bassett Road, North Haven, CT 06473, USA; Department of Medical Sciences, Frank H. Netter MD School of Medicine at Quinnipiac University, 370 Bassett Road, North Haven, CT 06473, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA.
| | - Aaron P Turner
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Washington, 325 Ninth Avenue, Seattle, WA, 98104, USA; Multiple Sclerosis Center of Excellence West, Veterans Affairs, 1660 South Columbian Way, Seattle, WA, 98108, USA; Rehabilitation Care Service, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, 1660 South Columbian Way, Seattle, WA, 98108, USA
| | - Lindsay O Neto
- Mandell Center for Multiple Sclerosis, Mount Sinai Rehabilitation Hospital, Trinity Health Of New England, 490 Blue Hills Avenue, Hartford, CT, 06112, USA; Department of Rehabilitative Medicine, Frank H. Netter MD School of Medicine at Quinnipiac University, 370 Bassett Road, North Haven, CT 06473, USA
| | - Jodie K Haselkorn
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Washington, 325 Ninth Avenue, Seattle, WA, 98104, USA; Multiple Sclerosis Center of Excellence West, Veterans Affairs, 1660 South Columbian Way, Seattle, WA, 98108, USA; Rehabilitation Care Service, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, 1660 South Columbian Way, Seattle, WA, 98108, USA; Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, 325 Ninth Avenue, Seattle, WA, 98104, USA
| | - Sarah A Raskin
- Neuroscience Program, Trinity College, 300 Summit Street, Hartford, CT, 06106, USA; Department of Psychology, Trinity College, 300 Summit Street, Hartford, CT, 06106, USA
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Guo Y, Gan J, Li Y. The effect of impulsive personality traits on prospective memory under different task importance conditions. BMC Psychol 2024; 12:318. [PMID: 38816781 PMCID: PMC11141011 DOI: 10.1186/s40359-024-01815-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prospective memory (PM) refers to the ability to perform planned activities in the appropriate future situations. It needs to be planned in advance and processed through multiple stages such as encoding, retention, retrieval, and execution, which usually require more attention resources. Impulsivity trait individuals are usually characterized by lack of consideration, premature expression, excessive risk-taking and easy to make inappropriate reaction, so they are more likely to show disadvantages in PM. Nevertheless, increasing the importance of PM tasks can promote more adequate and effective cue encoding, and encourage individuals to devote attention to PM tasks, which may change the disadvantage of impulsivity individuals in PM performance. METHODS In this study, the between-subjects design of 2 (trait type: high-impulsivity trait, low-impulsivity trait) ×2 (task importance: important, unimportant) was adopted in the experiment, the 2-back task was used for the ongoing task, and the focal cues were used for the PM task cues. RESULTS The results showed that the PM accuracy of high-impulsivity trait individuals was lower than that of low-impulsivity trait individuals under the task unimportant condition, but there was no difference between the two traits groups under the task important condition. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study suggested that high-impulsivity trait individuals had a deficit in PM performance, but emphasizing the importance of PM tasks can compensate for their disadvantage in PM performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunfei Guo
- Institute of Psychology and Behavior, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Jiaqun Gan
- Institute of Psychology and Behavior, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Yongxin Li
- Institute of Psychology and Behavior, Henan University, Kaifeng, China.
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4
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Huber BN, Fulton EK. Meta-prospective memory accuracy in older adults with and without suspected Mild Cognitive Impairment (sMCI). APPLIED NEUROPSYCHOLOGY. ADULT 2024:1-16. [PMID: 38564814 DOI: 10.1080/23279095.2024.2334892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
This study examined if the relationship between generalized and task-specific appraisals of prospective memory (PM) and actual PM performance (i.e., meta-PM accuracy) differed between healthy and suspected Mild Cognitive Impairment (sMCI) older adults. Older adults recruited included 50 healthy and 31 sMCI participants from the community and an outpatient neuropsychology clinic. Data collected consisted of self-reported appraisals and task-specific predictions/postdictions of PM performance, objective PM performance, and executive functioning (EF). The sMCI group had significantly lower scores on objective PM and EF measures related to simple and complex task-switching. Moreover, sMCI participants displayed lower task-specific meta-PM accuracy in the direction of overconfidence, but they displayed relatively equivalent generalized meta-PM accuracy when compared to the healthy group. Notably, the sMCI group's task-specific inaccuracies became non-significant in relation to the healthy group on the final long-term PM tasks after exposure to metacognitive reflection on the first two PM tasks. Despite lower scores on EF measures, EF performance did not explain task-specific meta-PM differences between groups beyond neurocognitive status. Based on these data, sMCI patients may be better assisted by metacognitive calibration strategies, EF protocols, and the implementation of general compensatory memory strategies as targets for early intervention and prevention of neurocognitive decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Becca N Huber
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Psychology, Idaho State University, Pocatello, ID, USA
| | - Erika K Fulton
- Department of Psychology, Idaho State University, Pocatello, ID, USA
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Abel JW, Anderson RJ, Dean GM, Dewhurst SA. Isolating the effects of visual imagery on prospective memory. Memory 2024; 32:476-483. [PMID: 38547354 DOI: 10.1080/09658211.2024.2335302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Two experiments investigated the role of visual imagery in prospective memory (PM). In experiment 1, 140 participants completed a general knowledge quiz which included a PM task of writing a letter "X" next to any questions that referred to space. Participants either visualised themselves performing this task, verbalised an implementation intention about the task, did both, or did neither. Performance on the PM task was enhanced in both conditions involving visual imagery but not by implementation intentions alone. In experiment 2, 120 participants imagined themselves writing a letter "X" next to questions about space, or in a bizarre imagery condition imagined themselves drawing an alien next to those questions. Relative to the control condition, PM was significantly enhanced when participants imagined writing a letter "X" next to the target questions, but not by the bizarre imagery task. The findings indicate that the robust effects of imagery observed in retrospective memory also extend to PM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph W Abel
- School of Psychology & Social Work, University of Hull, Cottingham Road, Hull HU6 7RX, UK
| | - Rachel J Anderson
- School of Psychology & Social Work, University of Hull, Cottingham Road, Hull HU6 7RX, UK
| | | | - Stephen A Dewhurst
- School of Psychology & Social Work, University of Hull, Cottingham Road, Hull HU6 7RX, UK
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Cottini M. Improving children's ability to remember intentions: a literature review on strategies to improve prospective memory during childhood. PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2023; 87:2317-2335. [PMID: 37231119 PMCID: PMC10497694 DOI: 10.1007/s00426-023-01834-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Children often fail to remember executing intentions because prospective memory (PM) does not completely develop until late adolescence or young adulthood. PM failures are often observed in children and can have negative consequences on their everyday lives. Thus, in the last 50 years, various strategies to support children's PM have been designed and evaluated, such as prompting children to use different encoding modalities, such as verbal, visual, and enacted modalities, or encoding strategies, such as implementation intentions, episodic future thinking (EFT), and performance predictions, as well as providing children with verbal and visual reminders. However, not all these interventions have shown to efficiently enhance PM performance during childhood. The present literature review is aimed at summarizing these interventions and critically examining their effectiveness from a developmental perspective and by considering underlying mechanisms. The type of PM task (event-, time-, and activity-based), cognitive resource demands, and processing overlaps are also considered. Finally, directions for future research and possible applications in everyday life will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milvia Cottini
- Cognitive and Educational Sciences (CES) Lab, Faculty of Education, Free University of Bolzano-Bozen, Regensburger Allee 16, 39042, Bressanone-Brixen, Italy.
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Studer-Luethi B, Boesch V, Lusti S, Meier B. Fostering cognitive performance in older adults with a process- and a strategy-based cognitive training. NEUROPSYCHOLOGY, DEVELOPMENT, AND COGNITION. SECTION B, AGING, NEUROPSYCHOLOGY AND COGNITION 2023; 30:837-859. [PMID: 35912438 DOI: 10.1080/13825585.2022.2105298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The present study investigates the impact of process-based and strategy-based cognitive training to boost performance in healthy older adults. Three groups trained with either a dichotic listening training (process-based training, n = 25), an implementation intention strategy training (strategy-based training, n = 23), or served as a non-contact control group (n = 30). Our results demonstrated that training participants improved their performance in the trained tasks (process-based training: d = 3.01, strategy-based training: d = 2.6). For untrained tasks, the process-based training group showed significant working memory (d = .58) as well as episodic memory task improvement (d = 1.19) compared to the strategy-based training and to the non-contact control group (all d < .03). In contrast, in the strategy-based training group there was a tendency towards some performance gain in a fluid intelligence test (d = .92). These results indicate that cognitive training can be tailored to improve specific cognitive abilities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Valérie Boesch
- Institute for Psychology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Beat Meier
- Institute for Psychology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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8
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Guo Y, Gan J, Ding Y, Li Y. The Effect of Implementation Intentions on Prospective Memory Commission Errors under Different Cognitive Loads. Behav Sci (Basel) 2023; 13:602. [PMID: 37504049 PMCID: PMC10375946 DOI: 10.3390/bs13070602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Prospective memory (PM) refers to the ability to remember to perform a planned event or activity at a specific time or situation in the future. Implementation intentions can promote a connection between PM cues and intended actions, thus improving an individual's PM performance. However, this simple and effective encoding strategy may also have negative effects. For example, an implementation intention may result in PM commission errors that occur when an individual makes a false PM response to repeated PM cues that are no longer relevant as the PM task has been completed. Existing studies have explored the effect of implementation intentions on PM commission errors under low cognitive load. However, the role of implementation intentions in promoting linkages between PM cues and actions tends to disintegrate under high cognitive loads. Therefore, this study aimed to explore the effect of implementation intentions on PM commission errors under different cognitive load conditions. In this study, 58 college students participated in a mixed experimental design of 2 (encoding methods: implementation intention, standard) × 2 (cognitive load conditions: low, high). The results showed that implementation intentions promoted PM commission errors under the low-cognitive-load condition only, and there was no difference in the performance of ongoing tasks between the implementation intention encoding and the standard encoding conditions. However, individuals in the implementation intention condition reacted more slowly when encountering previous PM cues. The results suggest that the effect of implementation intentions on PM commission errors relies upon automated processing as a whole. However, individuals in the implementation intention condition required more attentional resources to suppress the no-longer-relevant intended actions when previous PM cues appeared, supporting the dual-mechanism theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunfei Guo
- Institute of Psychology and Behavior, Henan University, Kaifeng 475000, China
| | - Jiaqun Gan
- Institute of Psychology and Behavior, Henan University, Kaifeng 475000, China
| | - Yi Ding
- Institute of Psychology and Behavior, Henan University, Kaifeng 475000, China
| | - Yongxin Li
- Institute of Psychology and Behavior, Henan University, Kaifeng 475000, China
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Yang TX, Zhang SY, Wang Y, Su XM, Yuan CW, Lui SSY, Chan RCK. The effect of implementation intentions on event-, time-, and activity-based prospective memory in typically developing children. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BEHAVIORAL DEVELOPMENT 2023. [DOI: 10.1177/01650254221146420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Prospective memory (PM) refers to the ability to remember and complete planned tasks in the future, which relies on working memory (WM) for encoding and maintaining the intention. Implementation intention is a useful strategy for improving PM function in adults. Yet the effect of implementation intentions in children, and whether factors such as age, gender, and WM capacity could modulate its effect remains unclear. In this study, we examined the effect of implementation intentions on PM in 154 children at 7–11 years of age. The standard group received standard instructions on PM task, whereas the implementation intention group received additional PM instruction, which comprised the “if . . . then . . .” format and guided visual imagery of the PM scenario. Participants completed the computer-based PM tasks (tapping into focal event-, time-, and activity-based PM) and the WM tests. The results showed that the two groups exhibited similar focal event-, time-, and activity-based PM performance. Although age and gender did not modulate the effect of implementation intentions on PM, WM capacity moderated the implementation intention effect on time-based PM. Specifically, higher WM capacity predicted higher implementation intention benefit. These findings suggest that children with higher WM capacity may have higher chance to benefit from the implementation intention strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Xiao Yang
- Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
| | - Shi-Yu Zhang
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
| | - Ya Wang
- Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
| | - Xiao-Min Su
- Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
| | - Chen-Wei Yuan
- Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
| | | | - Raymond C. K. Chan
- Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
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10
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Prospective memory performance and its improvement in individuals with high schizotypal traits: Evidence from eye-tracking studies. Clin Neurophysiol 2022; 143:133-142. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2022.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2022] [Revised: 08/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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11
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Where Is My Mind…? The Link between Mind Wandering and Prospective Memory. Brain Sci 2022; 12:brainsci12091139. [PMID: 36138875 PMCID: PMC9497275 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12091139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Mind wandering (MW) is a common feature of the human experience occurring when our attention shifts from the task at hand to inner thoughts. MW seems to be often future-oriented and could be used to help people to carry out their planned actions (Prospective Memory PM). Here, we tested the link between MW and the ability to perform PM intentions. We assessed MW and PM over 15 days using experience-sampling probes via mobile phone (226 participants) associated with a naturalistic PM task. We confirmed that MW occupies a significant proportion of our mental activity (40%). This time seems to be mainly used to project ourselves into the future (64%), whether to anticipate and imagine the long term (20%) or to plan daily obligations (44%). Intriguingly, only past-oriented thoughts (9%) predict the PM performance. We discuss the possible functional role played by MW in maintaining intentions in mind.
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12
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Koo YW, Neumann DL, Ownsworth T, Shum DHK. The effects of implementation intentions on prospective memory in young and older adults. Front Psychol 2022; 13:905860. [PMID: 35837619 PMCID: PMC9274250 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.905860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Prospective memory (PM) is the ability to perform a planned action at a future time, while carrying on with other unrelated tasks. Implementation Intentions (II) is a promising metacognitive strategy for improving PM in older adults, though its generalization and longer-term effects are not well-understood. We examined the effects of II on PM in 48 community-dwelling older adults (77% female, Mage = 71.52) and 59 young adults (75% female, Mage = 19.86). Participants were randomly allocated to a conventional instruction or II group and administered a laboratory-based PM task in the first session. In the second session, participants returned to complete a similar but new laboratory-based PM task and an ecological PM task without prompts to use a strategy. We found strong age effects on PM performance whereby older adults performed worse than young adults across all PM tasks. While the overall facilitation effect of II was not statistically significant, there was a trend that this strategy facilitated PM performance on the laboratory-based PM task in the first session for older adults with a medium sized effect (d = 0.37). The generalization and longer-term effect of II were not significant for either the similar laboratory-based or the ecological PM task. These results suggest that a single-session II intervention may not be sufficient to elicit transfer to other similar new PM tasks in healthy populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wen Koo
- School of Applied Psychology, Griffith University, Mt Gravatt, QLD, Australia
- *Correspondence: Yu Wen Koo
| | - David L. Neumann
- School of Applied Psychology, Griffith University, Mt Gravatt, QLD, Australia
| | - Tamara Ownsworth
- School of Applied Psychology, Griffith University, Mt Gravatt, QLD, Australia
- The Hopkins Centre, Menzies Health Institute of Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
| | - David H. K. Shum
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Research Institute of Smart Ageing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
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13
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Tse ZCK, Cao Y, Ogilvie JM, Chau BKH, Ng DHC, Shum DHK. Prospective Memory Training in Older Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Neuropsychol Rev 2022; 33:347-372. [PMID: 35543836 PMCID: PMC10148783 DOI: 10.1007/s11065-022-09536-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Prospective memory (PM), which enables one to remember to carry out delayed intentions, is crucial for everyday functioning. PM commonly deteriorates upon cognitive decline in older adults, but several studies have shown that PM in older adults can be improved by training. The current study aimed to summarise this evidence by conducting a qualitative systematic analysis and quantitative meta-analysis of the effects of PM training in older adults, for which systematic searches were conducted across seven databases (Cochrane Library, Embase, PubMed, PsycInfo, Web of Science, CINAHL and Scopus). Forty-eight studies were included in the qualitative analysis, and 43% of the assessed PM training interventions showed positive gains in enhancing PM. However, the methodological quality varied across the studies, with 41% of the non-randomised control trials (non-RCTs) rated as having either serious or critical risk of bias. Therefore, only 29 RCTs were included in the subsequent quantitative meta-analysis. We found a significant and moderate immediate efficacy (Hedges' g = 0.54) of PM training in enhancing PM performance in older adults, but no significant long-term efficacy (Hedges' g = 0.21). Two subgroup analyses also revealed a robust training efficacy across the study population (i.e., healthy and clinical population) and the number of training sessions (i.e., single session and programme-based). Overall, this study provided positive evidence to support PM training in older adults. Further studies are warranted to explore the mechanisms by which PM training exerts its effects, and better-quality RCTs are needed to provide more robust evidence supporting our findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zita C K Tse
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Yuan Cao
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, Hong Kong.,Research Institute for Smart Ageing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, Hong Kong.,Mental Health Research Centre, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - James M Ogilvie
- Grififth Criminology Institute, Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Bolton K H Chau
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, Hong Kong.,University Research Facility in Behavioral and Systems Neuroscience, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Daphne H C Ng
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - David H K Shum
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, Hong Kong. .,Research Institute for Smart Ageing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
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Ren Z, Liang X, Sun F, Wang L. The effect of EF on PM performance in school-age children. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/17405629.2022.2049752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Ren
- School of Psychology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Xiao Liang
- School of Psychology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Fanhui Sun
- School of Psychology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Lijuan Wang
- School of Psychology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin, China
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15
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Chen Y, Zhang M, Xin C, Guo Y, Lin Q, Ma Z, Hu J, Huang W, Liao Q. Effect of Encoding on Prospective Memory. Front Psychol 2022; 12:701281. [PMID: 35140643 PMCID: PMC8818949 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.701281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Event-based prospective memory (ProM) refers to remembering to execute planned actions in response to a target ProM cues. Encoding modality influences ProM performance; visual encoding has been studied more than auditory encoding. Further, it has not yet been examined whether different encoding may influence ProM performance in different encoding modalities. This study examines the effects of encoding modality (visual vs. auditory), cue-encoding specificity (specific cue vs. non-specific cue), and encoding modes (standard vs. implementation intention) on event-based ProM tasks. In Experiment 1, cue specificity and encoding modality were manipulated as a within-groups encoding of visual cues is more commonly and between-groups variable. Results revealed the facilitative effect of cue specificity on ProM performance. Also, with respect to encoding modality, participants showed better performance when receiving auditory instructions compared with the visual encoding condition. In Experiment 2, as in Experiment 1, cue specificity and encoding modality were manipulated. Encoding mode was added as a new between-group variable. Result revealed that there was a significant interaction between encoding modality and encoding modes. Visual implementation intention encoding was a more effective method for improving ProM performance compared with visual standard encoding. Furthermore, there was a significant interaction between cue-encoding specificity and encoding modes. Implementation intention encoding enhances ProM performance in non-specific cue-encoding conditions. Overall, the present study found that (1) auditory encoding modality showed superior ProM performance compared with visual encoding, although implementation intention had facilitative on ProM performance regardless of the encoding modalities, and (2) there was better ProM performance under specific encoding compared with non-specific encoding, and implementation intention had a facilitative effect on ProM performance in the non-specific condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youzhen Chen
- Department of Psychology, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Manman Zhang
- Department of Psychology, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Cong Xin
- School of Psychology, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yunfei Guo
- Department of Education, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Qin Lin
- Department of Psychology, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Zhujun Ma
- Department of Psychology, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jinhui Hu
- Department of Psychology, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Weiting Huang
- Department of Psychology, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Qianfang Liao
- Department of Psychology, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
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16
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Bugg JM, Streeper E, Yang NY. How to let go of the past: Lessons from research on aging and prospective memory. PSYCHOLOGY OF LEARNING AND MOTIVATION 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.plm.2022.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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17
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Hogan C, Fleming J, Cornwell P, Shum DHK. The impact of using implementation intentions as task instructions on prospective memory performance after stroke. Neuropsychol Rehabil 2021; 33:239-254. [PMID: 34753411 DOI: 10.1080/09602011.2021.1997766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Prospective Memory (PM), the ability to remember to carry out intentions in the future, is often impaired after stroke. Little is known about rehabilitation of PM post-stroke with literature limited by small sample sizes and reliance on self-reported memory performance. Implementation intentions may make prospective remembering more automatic and follow a simple if-then structure (if X occurs, then I will do Y), focusing on the cue rather than the task. We aimed to investigate the effect of implementation intentions on PM post-stroke. Twenty-eight individuals with stroke and 27 controls were randomly allocated to a standard instruction or implementation intention condition and completed an assessment battery over two sessions. Implementation intention instructions were provided for PM tasks on the Delayed Message Task, Lexical Decision Prospective Memory Task (LDPMT), and the Virtual Reality Prospective Memory Shopping Task. The implementation intention groups performed better on all PM tasks compared to the standard instruction group, but no results reached statistical significance, likely due to the small sample size. In addition, the implementation intentions group monitored the time significantly more on the LDPMT than those in the standard instruction group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christy Hogan
- School of Applied Psychology and The Hopkins Centre, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Nathan, Australia
| | - Jennifer Fleming
- School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Queensland, Saint Lucia, Australia
| | - Petrea Cornwell
- School of Health Sciences and Social Work, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Nathan, Australia.,The Prince Charles Hospital Metro North Hospital and Health Service, Brisbane, Australia
| | - David H K Shum
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong.,School of Applied Psychology, Griffith University, Nathan, Australia
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18
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Sugden N, Thomas M, Kiernan M, Wilesmith M. Validation of the Prospective Memory Concerns Questionnaire (PMCQ). Front Hum Neurosci 2021; 15:686850. [PMID: 34512292 PMCID: PMC8427764 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2021.686850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Prospective memory (PM), the ability to remember to complete intended tasks, is essential for successfully completing activities of daily living. PM impairments are common in people with neuropathology such as acquired brain injury and dementia. These PM impairments affect individuals’ capabilities in key aspects of daily living including their health, safety, and independence. The Prospective Memory Concerns Questionnaire (PMCQ) was designed as a self-report measure to understand individuals’ concerns about their memory. This questionnaire may help identify issues with PM which in turn may assist clinicians in the targeted implementation of memory compensation strategies. The PMCQ was developed using Rasch and classical test methodologies, with subscales measuring frequency of forgetting behaviors, memory concerns, and retrieval failures. The current study aimed to confirm the factor structure of the PMCQ for use in adults in the general population. The study also aimed to examine relationships between the PMCQ and naturalistic performance-based measures of PM to determine how the self-report PMCQ could be used in conjunction with performance-based measures. A community dwelling sample of 558 adults completed the PMCQ, an event-based naturalistic PM task, and time-based naturalistic PM task. Confirmatory factor analyses (CFAs) indicated that a higher order model with three subscales containing 35 items produced acceptable fit [RMSEA = 0.056 (90% CI 0.054, 0.060), SRMR = 0.062, CFI = 0.915, TLI = 0.909] The PMCQ demonstrated good internal consistency (total α = 0.95, subscales: α = 0.88–0.89). The Forgetting Behaviors subscale significantly correlated with performance on the event-based naturalistic PM task (r = −0.14, p < 0.01). The Memory Concerns and Retrieval Failures subscales did not correlate significantly with performance-based PM tasks. These findings suggest that the PMCQ may be best suited for assessing individuals’ concerns about their forgetting behaviors and identifying appropriate compensation strategies or support services. It is recommended that the PMCQ be used alongside performance-based PM tasks and other cognitive measures to comprehensively assess PM. It was concluded that the PMCQ is a suitable measure for use in adults in the general population. Further validation research of the PMCQ in general population and clinical samples will determine the measures’ sensitivity and specificity in identifying PM impairments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Sugden
- School of Psychology, Charles Sturt University, Bathurst, NSW, Australia
| | - Matt Thomas
- School of Psychology, Charles Sturt University, Bathurst, NSW, Australia.,Marathon Health, Bathurst, NSW, Australia.,Western New South Wales Local Health District, Bathurst, NSW, Australia
| | - Michael Kiernan
- School of Psychology, Charles Sturt University, Bathurst, NSW, Australia
| | - Michele Wilesmith
- School of Psychology, Charles Sturt University, Bathurst, NSW, Australia
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19
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Vinding MC, Lindeløv JK, Xiao Y, Chan RCK, Sørensen TA. Volition in prospective Memory: Evidence against differences between free and fixed target events. Conscious Cogn 2021; 94:103175. [PMID: 34343787 DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2021.103175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Volition is the extent to which actions are generated as a result of internal states in contrast to responses to external conditions or dictated by external events. Delayed intentions about future action are stored in prospective memory until the intended action has to be formed at a later point in time. It is unknown how voluntary choice affects prospective memory. We compared the difference between freely chosen and fixed targets on the reaction times and task performance in the ongoing task and for the target stimuli in a prospective memory task. The task performance and the reaction time was modelled using a Bayesian hierarchical drift-diffusion model. The analysis showed no differences between self-chosen and fixed prospective memory cues on task responses. The result suggests that volition in choosing the cue to act upon or given a fixed cue does not make a difference for prospective memory task performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikkel C Vinding
- NatMEG, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Jonas Kristoffer Lindeløv
- CNRU, CFIN, Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Communication and Psychology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Yahui Xiao
- Sino-Danish Center for Education and Research, Aarhus, Denmark & Beijing, China; Neuropsychology and Applied Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Raymond C K Chan
- Sino-Danish Center for Education and Research, Aarhus, Denmark & Beijing, China; Neuropsychology and Applied Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Thomas Alrik Sørensen
- CNRU, CFIN, Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Communication and Psychology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark; Sino-Danish Center for Education and Research, Aarhus, Denmark & Beijing, China
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20
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Woods SP, Morgan EE, Loft S, Matchanova A, Verduzco M, Cushman C. Enhancing cue salience improves aspects of naturalistic time-based prospective memory in older adults with HIV disease. Neuropsychology 2021; 35:111-122. [PMID: 33393805 DOI: 10.1037/neu0000644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Older persons living with HIV (PLWH) disease commonly experience failures of time-based prospective memory (PM) in their daily lives. This study examined the benefits of providing strategic supports at encoding, monitoring, and cue detection for naturalistic time-based PM among older PLWH. METHOD Participants included 116 older PLWH and 48 seronegatives who completed a baseline neuropsychological evaluation (see Woods et al., 2020), including a laboratory PM experiment that paralleled the design of the current naturalistic study. The naturalistic time-based PM task required participants to press a button on a portable PM response box 4 times per day for 1 month. PLWH were randomly assigned to an unsupported control condition or to an experimental group in which strategic processing was supported at encoding (implementation intentions and visualization), monitoring (content-free cuing), and/or cue detection (auditory alarm). The seronegative participants were all assigned to the unsupported control group. RESULTS In a model adjusting for age and affective disorders, PLWH who received all three supports in combination demonstrated moderately better naturalistic time-based PM accuracy as compared with PLWH controls. Both the cue detection and combination conditions were associated with markedly more precise response timing on the naturalistic time-based PM task. Supported PM accuracy as measured in the laboratory was positively associated with naturalistic PM accuracy among PLWH in the experimental groups. CONCLUSIONS Providing strategic supports to enhance the cue salience of naturalistic time-based PM tasks may improve both the accuracy and timing with which older PLWH remember to perform time-based intentions. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Erin E Morgan
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego
| | - Shayne Loft
- School of Psychological Science, University of Western Australia
| | | | | | - Clint Cushman
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego
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21
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Thürmer JL, Wieber F, Gollwitzer PM. How can we master the 2020 Coronavirus pandemic? The role of planning at social levels. EUROPEAN REVIEW OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/10463283.2020.1852699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J. Lukas Thürmer
- Department of Psychology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Frank Wieber
- Research Institute Health Sciences, Zurich University of Applied Sciences, Winterthur, Switzerland
- Department of Psychology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Peter M. Gollwitzer
- Department of Psychology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
- Department of Psychology, New York University, New York, USA
- Department of Psychology, Leuphana University Lüneburg, Lüneburg, Germany
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22
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Marton G, Bailo L, Pravettoni G. Exploring the possible application of implementation intention on prospective memory of cancer patients. COGENT PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/23311908.2021.1880303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Marton
- Department of Oncology and Hemato-oncology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Applied Research Division for Cognitive and Psychological Science, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Luca Bailo
- Department of Oncology and Hemato-oncology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Applied Research Division for Cognitive and Psychological Science, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Gabriella Pravettoni
- Department of Oncology and Hemato-oncology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Applied Research Division for Cognitive and Psychological Science, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy
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23
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Fine L, Loft S, Bucks RS, Parker D, Laws M, Olaithe M, Pushpanathan M, Rainey Smith SR, Sohrabi HR, Martins RN, Weinborn M. Improving Prospective Memory Performance in Community-dwelling Older Adults: Goal Management Training and Implementation Intentions. Exp Aging Res 2021; 47:414-435. [PMID: 33522444 DOI: 10.1080/0361073x.2021.1876409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Aim: The present study tested a compensatory executive intervention for prospective memory (goal management training) for the first time in older adults. Prospective memory (the ability to remember and execute a task in the future) declines with age, with significant implications for older adults' activities of daily living and quality of life. Prospective memory interventions have focused primarily on the retrospective component of prospective memory (e.g., implementation intentions). However, executive dysfunction is also implicated in age-related prospective memory decline.Methods: Community-dwelling older adults were randomly allocated to receive goal management training, implementation intentions or no intervention. Prospective memory was assessed before and after the intervention with a well-validated laboratory-based prospective memory measure. Results: Contrary to predictions, neither goal management training nor implementation intentions were successful at improving prospective memory in healthy older adults. Participants who received goal management training were more likely to have difficulty comprehending the intervention. Post-hoc analyses suggested implementation intentions improved prospective memory specifically for participants with poorer baseline prospective memory. Conclusions: These results represent important cautionary findings about the possible limitations of goal management training to improve prospective memory in older adults. Future research should also consider the role of baseline prospective memory ability in affecting response to compensatory intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Fine
- School of Psychological Science, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Shayne Loft
- School of Psychological Science, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Romola S Bucks
- School of Psychological Science, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Denise Parker
- School of Psychological Science, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Manuela Laws
- Australian Alzheimer's Research Foundation, Ralph and Patricia Sarich Neuroscience Research Institute, Perth, Australia
| | - Michelle Olaithe
- School of Psychological Science, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Maria Pushpanathan
- School of Psychological Science, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Stephanie R Rainey Smith
- Australian Alzheimer's Research Foundation, Ralph and Patricia Sarich Neuroscience Research Institute, Perth, Australia.,School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Australia
| | - Hamid R Sohrabi
- Australian Alzheimer's Research Foundation, Ralph and Patricia Sarich Neuroscience Research Institute, Perth, Australia.,School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Australia.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Macquarie University, New South Wales, Australia.,Centre for Healthy Ageing, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Australia
| | - Ralph N Martins
- Australian Alzheimer's Research Foundation, Ralph and Patricia Sarich Neuroscience Research Institute, Perth, Australia.,School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Australia.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Macquarie University, New South Wales, Australia.,School of Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Michael Weinborn
- School of Psychological Science, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia.,Australian Alzheimer's Research Foundation, Ralph and Patricia Sarich Neuroscience Research Institute, Perth, Australia.,School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Australia
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24
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Affiliation(s)
- Maik Bieleke
- Department of Developmental and Educational Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Lucas Keller
- Department of Psychology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Peter M. Gollwitzer
- Department of Psychology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
- Department of Psychology, New York University, New York, NY, USA
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25
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Thürmer JL, Wieber F, Gollwitzer PM. Strategic Self-Regulation in Groups: Collective Implementation Intentions Help Cooperate When Cooperation Is Called for. Front Psychol 2020; 11:561388. [PMID: 33329189 PMCID: PMC7732645 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.561388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Groups need contributions that are personally costly to their members. Such cooperation is only adaptive when others cooperate as well, as unconditional cooperation may incur high costs to the individual. We argue that individuals can use We-if-then plans (collective implementation intentions, cIIs) to regulate their group-directed behavior strategically, helping them to cooperate selectively with group members in the situation planned for. In line with this prediction, a cII to consider group earnings increased cooperative decisions in a prisoners' dilemma game when playing against another group member but not when playing against a stranger (i.e., non-group member). Moreover, cIIs to cooperate in the prisoners' dilemma game did not increase cooperation in a structurally similar investment game that participants had not planned for. We discuss the role of collective planning in solving social dilemmas.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Lukas Thürmer
- Department of Psychology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
- Department of Psychology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Frank Wieber
- Department of Psychology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
- Institute of Health Sciences, Zurich University of Applied Sciences, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Peter M. Gollwitzer
- Department of Psychology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
- Department of Psychology, New York University, New York City, NY, United States
- Institute of Psychology, Leuphana University of Lüneburg, Lüneburg, Germany
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26
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Pereira DR, Albuquerque PB, Santos FH. Event‐based prospective remembering in task switching conditions: Exploring the effects of immediate and postponed responses in cue detection. AUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/ajpy.12174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Diana R. Pereira
- Neuropsychophysiology Lab, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal,
| | - Pedro B. Albuquerque
- Human Cognition Lab, CIPsi, School of Psychology, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal,
| | - Flávia H. Santos
- Human Cognition Lab, CIPsi, School of Psychology, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal,
- Laboratory of Neuropsychology, Post‐graduation Program in Developmental Psychology and Learning, UNESP, São Paulo State University, Bauru, Brazil,
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27
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Research thematic and emerging trends of contextual cues: a bibliometrics and visualization approach. LIBRARY HI TECH 2020. [DOI: 10.1108/lht-11-2019-0237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
PurposeThe paper aims to clarify the importance of the psychological processing of contextual cues in the mining of individual attention resources. In recent years, the research of more open spatial perspective, such as spatial and scene perception, has gradually turned to the recognition of contextual cues, accumulating rich literature and becoming a hotspot of interdisciplinary research. Nevertheless, besides the fields of psychology and neuroscience, researchers in other fields lack systematic knowledge of contextual cues. The purpose of this study is to expand the research field of contextual cues.Design/methodology/approachWe retrieved 494 papers on contextual cues from SCI/SSCI core database of the Web of Science in 1992–2019. Then, we used several bibliometric and sophisticated network analysis tools, such as HistCite, CiteSpace, VOSviewe and Pajek, to identify the time-and-space knowledge map, research hotspots, evolution process, emerging trends and primary path of contextual cues.FindingsThe paper found the core scholars, major journals, research institutions, and the popularity of citation to be closely related to the research of contextual cues. In addition, we constructed a co-word network of contextual cues, confirming the concept of behavior implementation intentions and filling in the research gap in the field of behavior science. Then, the quantitative analysis of the burst literature on contextual cues revealed that the research on it that focused more on multi-objective cues. Furthermore, an analysis of the main path helped researchers clearly understand and grasp in the development trend and evolution track of contextual cues.Originality/valueGiven academic research usually lags behind management practice, our systematic review of the literature to a certain extent make a bridge between theory and practice.
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28
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Self-Efficacy for Physical Activity-A Question of Item Framing and Age? J Aging Phys Act 2020; 28:173-179. [PMID: 31715580 DOI: 10.1123/japa.2019-0059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Revised: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Older adults process and remember positive information relatively better than negative information, compared with younger adults; this is known as the positivity effect. This study examined whether older adults compared with younger adults also respond differently to positively and negatively framed questionnaire items. Participants (N = 275; age = 18-81 years) were randomly assigned to a positively or negatively framed version of a self-efficacy for physical activity questionnaire. Self-efficacy, physical activity intentions, and planned physical activity in the following week were regressed on experimental group and age, controlling for baseline physical activity and covariates. A significant Age × Frame interaction showed that item framing made a difference in planned physical activity for the oldest age group (+350 min compared with the youngest group). This study provides initial support for the positivity effect in item framing on physical activity plans, but not on intentions or self-efficacy. Item framing should be taken into consideration for accurate measurement, but could also be a simple intervention approach.
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29
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Abstract
AbstractThis article argues that nudges can often be turned into self-nudges: empowering interventions that enable people to design and structure their own decision environments – that is, to act as citizen choice architects. Self-nudging applies insights from behavioral science in a way that is practicable and cost-effective, but that sidesteps concerns about paternalism or manipulation. It has the potential to expand the scope of application of behavioral insights from the public to the personal sphere (e.g., homes, offices, families). It is a tool for reducing failures of self-control and enhancing personal autonomy; specifically, self-nudging can mean designing one's proximate choice architecture to alleviate the effects of self-control problems, engaging in education to understand the nature and causes of self-control problems and employing simple educational nudges to improve goal attainment in various domains. It can even mean self-paternalistic interventions such as winnowing down one's choice set by, for instance, removing options. Policy-makers could promote self-nudging by sharing knowledge about nudges and how they work. The ultimate goal of the self-nudging approach is to enable citizen choice architects’ efficient self-governance, where reasonable, and the self-determined arbitration of conflicts between their mutually exclusive goals and preferences.
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30
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Liu LL, Wang Y, Cui JF, Li Y, Yang TX, Chen T, Neumann DL, Shum DH, Chan RC. The effect of implementation intentions on prospective memory performance in patients with schizophrenia: A multinomial modeling approach. Schizophr Res 2020; 215:120-125. [PMID: 31784339 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2019.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Revised: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/03/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Patients with schizophrenia (SCZ) consistently show prospective memory (PM) impairments, and the technique of implementation intentions has been shown to improve PM performance in these patients. PM is considered to have prospective and retrospective components. However, it remains unclear which component of PM is impaired in patients with SCZ and which component(s) is facilitated by implementation intentions (II). The present study aimed to examine these two issues. Forty-two patients with SCZ and 42 matched healthy controls were randomly assigned to an II group or a typical instruction group. All participants were administered a color-matching PM task. Results showed that, using a multinomial-modeling approach, patients with SCZ exhibited impairment in the retrospective component of PM. In addition, while II improved the prospective PM component in healthy controls, both prospective and retrospective PM components in patients with SCZ were improved. Together, our results shed light on the mechanism of PM impairment in SCZ patients and the mechanism of II in improving PM performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu-Lu Liu
- Neuropsychology and Applied Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; School of Psychology, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Ya Wang
- Neuropsychology and Applied Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Center, University of Melbourne & Melbourne Health, Melbourne, Australia.
| | - Ji-Fang Cui
- Institute of Educational Information and Statistics, National Institute of Education Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Li
- Neuropsychology and Applied Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Tian-Xiao Yang
- Neuropsychology and Applied Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Tao Chen
- Neuropsychology and Applied Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - David L Neumann
- School of Applied Psychology and Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia
| | - David Hk Shum
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China; Neuropsychology and Applied Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; School of Applied Psychology and Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia
| | - Raymond Ck Chan
- Neuropsychology and Applied Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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31
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Woods SP, Morgan EE, Loft S, Matchanova A, Verduzco M, Cushman C. Supporting strategic processes can improve time-based prospective memory in the laboratory among older adults with HIV disease. Neuropsychology 2019; 34:249-263. [PMID: 31789564 DOI: 10.1037/neu0000602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Older adults with HIV disease demonstrate moderate deficits in time-based prospective memory (PM), which is the strategically demanding ability of remembering to perform a task at a specific time. Using theories from the PM literature, we hypothesized that supporting strategic processes would improve time-based PM in the laboratory among HIV+ older adults. METHOD One hundred forty-five HIV+ participants were randomly assigned to a control condition or an experimental group in which strategic processing was supported at encoding (i.e., implementation intentions and visualization), monitoring (i.e., content-free cuing), and/or cue detection (i.e., auditory alarm). The HIV+ control group and 58 seronegative participants completed two ongoing language tasks with a time-based PM requirement. The HIV+ experimental groups underwent counterbalanced time-based PM trials under both control and strategically supported conditions. RESULTS The HIV+ cue-detection group showed a large within-subjects improvement, which was strongly related to lower scores on separate clinical time-based PM measure and was accompanied by a large reduction in clock-checking behavior. Results also revealed a small within-subjects improvement in time-based PM in the encoding condition. CONCLUSIONS Supporting strategic encoding and cue-detection processes in the laboratory can improve time-based PM deficits in older HIV+ adults, which may inform the development of more naturalistic PM-based interventions to enhance health behaviors. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Erin E Morgan
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego
| | - Shayne Loft
- School of Psychological Science, University of Western Australia
| | | | | | - Clint Cushman
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego
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Cheung EFC, Lui SSY, Wang Y, Liu ACY, Chui WWH, Yeung HKH, Yang TX, Shum DHK, Chan RCK. Prospective memory in individuals with first-episode schizophrenia: A two-year longitudinal study. Early Interv Psychiatry 2019; 13:1099-1104. [PMID: 30175894 DOI: 10.1111/eip.12733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Revised: 07/15/2018] [Accepted: 07/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
AIM The present study aimed to explore the two-year naturalistic trajectory of time- and event-based prospective memory (PM) in patients with first-episode schizophrenia. METHODS We administered a computer-based dual-task PM paradigm to 57 individuals with first-episode schizophrenia at baseline and after 6 months, 12 months and 24 months. Forty-eight healthy controls were also recruited and completed all the measures at baseline. We compared the trajectories between time-based and event-based PM in first-episode schizophrenia patients using repeated measures ANOVAs, and examined the relationship between PM and clinical symptoms using Spearman's correlation. RESULTS PM impairments improved significantly after 24 months of follow-up. However, time-based and event-based PM appeared to run different trajectories. After 24 months, first-episode schizophrenia patient performed poorer than healthy controls in time-based but not event-based PM. PM did not appear to be correlated with clinical symptoms, both cross-sectionally and longitudinally. CONCLUSIONS This is one of the longest follow-up studies investigating PM in first-episode schizophrenia. Our results provide evidence to support that time-based PM is more temporally stable than event-based PM.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Simon S Y Lui
- Castle Peak Hospital, Hong Kong, China.,Neuropsychology and Applied Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Beijing, China
| | - Ya Wang
- Neuropsychology and Applied Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Beijing, China
| | | | | | | | - Tian-Xiao Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Beijing, China
| | - David H K Shum
- Neuropsychology and Applied Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Beijing, China.,Menzies Health Institute Queensland, School of Applied Psychology, Griffith University-Gold Coast, Southport, Queensland, Australia
| | - Raymond C K Chan
- Neuropsychology and Applied Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Beijing, China.,Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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Implementation intention training for prospective memory in schizophrenia: A 3-month follow-up study. Schizophr Res 2019; 206:378-385. [PMID: 30366712 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2018.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Revised: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The beneficial effect of implementation intentions (II) on prospective memory (PM) deficits in patients with schizophrenia has been reported. However, these studies were limited to brief interventions such that the transfer and long-term effects of II training remains unclear. This study examined whether a 10-session II programme could improve PM performance, social functioning and functional capacity in patients with schizophrenia immediately after training and at 3-month follow-up. Patients with schizophrenia (n = 42) recruited from the community were randomly assigned to II training (n = 21) or treatment as usual (TAU) (n = 21). Participants in the II group learned the verbal and imagery component of II and were encouraged to apply these strategies in their daily lives. We found that the II group performed better than the TAU group on computer-based PM tasks and a daily life PM task (telephone call at specified date and time) at post-treatment and at 3-month follow-up. The II group also exhibited better working ability than the TAU group at post-treatment. Our results suggest that the II intervention programme may have lasting beneficial effects in PM performance and significant transfer effects to functional capacity in schizophrenia patients.
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Stewart GL, Courtright SH, Manz CC. Self-Leadership: A Paradoxical Core of Organizational Behavior. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ORGANIZATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY AND ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR 2019. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-012218-015130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
This review focuses on the paradoxical concept of self-leadership—defined as a comprehensive self-influence process capturing how individuals motivate themselves to complete work that is naturally motivating or work that must be done but is not naturally motivating—as a fundamental process that challenges many traditional assumptions in organizational psychology and organizational behavior. We first present a historical review that traces the roots of self-leadership to early psychological theory and research. We next briefly summarize research related to self-leadership at both the individual and team levels of analysis. We then discuss four paradoxes associated with self-leadership: the paradox of self-leadership depletion and strengthening, the paradox of self-leadership through collaboration, the paradox of me-but-not-you self-leadership, and the paradox of needing self-leadership to improve self-leadership. We conclude with guidelines for future research and practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greg L. Stewart
- Tippie College of Business, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
| | | | - Charles C. Manz
- Isenberg School of Management, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, USA
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35
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Chen XJ, Liu LL, Wang Y, Yang TX, Huang J, Li K, Zeng YW, Cheung EFC, Shum DHK, van Amelsvoort T, Chan RCK. Neural correlates of the effect of implementation intention on prospective memory. Psych J 2018; 8:261-270. [PMID: 30520271 DOI: 10.1002/pchj.257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Revised: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Prospective memory (PM) refers to the ability to remember to do something in the future. Implementation intention refers to a self-regulatory strategy in the form of "If …, then …" planning that can improve PM performance. However, the neural basis of the effect of implementation intention on PM remains unclear, as do the phases of PM that are affected by implementation intention. This study aimed to address these issues. Healthy participants were randomly assigned to the implementation intention (n = 18) and typical instruction (n = 20) conditions. All of them underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) scanning when performing a PM task, which differentiated encoding, maintenance, and execution phases. Results demonstrated that participants in the implementation intention group showed different brain activations compared to participants in the typical instruction group. During the encoding phase, the implementation intention group showed increased activations in the inferior frontal gyrus (BA 10) and supramarginal gyrus (BA 40) compared to the typical instruction group; during the maintenance phase, the typical instruction group showed stronger activations in the inferior frontal gyrus (BA 46) than the implementation intention group; during the execution phase, the typical instruction group showed increased activations in the precentral gyrus (BA 6) and middle frontal gyrus (BA 8) than the implementation intention group. These results demonstrated the neural correlates of implementation intention on PM in different phases, and support the conclusion of our previous review based on fMRI evidence that implementation intention's improvement of PM performance is not fully automatic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing-Jie Chen
- Neuropsychology and Applied Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Beijing, China.,Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Lu-Lu Liu
- Neuropsychology and Applied Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Beijing, China.,Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ya Wang
- Neuropsychology and Applied Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Beijing, China.,Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Tian-Xiao Yang
- Neuropsychology and Applied Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Beijing, China.,Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jia Huang
- Neuropsychology and Applied Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Beijing, China.,Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ke Li
- MRI Division, Beijing 306 Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Ya-Wei Zeng
- MRI Division, Beijing 306 Hospital, Beijing, China
| | | | - David H K Shum
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland and School of Applied Psychology, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia
| | - Therese van Amelsvoort
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Raymond C K Chan
- Neuropsychology and Applied Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Beijing, China.,Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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36
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Gatzounis R, Crombez G, S Schrooten MG, S Vlaeyen JW. A break from pain! Interruption management in the context of pain. Pain Manag 2018; 9:81-91. [PMID: 30516435 DOI: 10.2217/pmt-2018-0038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Activity interruptions, namely temporary suspensions of an ongoing task with the intention to resume it later, are common in pain. First, pain is a threat signal that urges us to interrupt ongoing activities in order to manage the pain and its cause. Second, activity interruptions are used in chronic pain management. However, activity interruptions by pain may carry costs for activity performance. These costs have recently started to be systematically investigated. We review the evidence on the consequences of activity interruptions by pain for the performance of the interrupted activity. Further, inspired by literature on interruptions from other research fields, we suggest ways to improve interruption management in the field of pain, and provide a future research agenda.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rena Gatzounis
- Research Group Experimental Health Psychology, Department of Clinical Psychological Science, Maastricht University, The Netherlands.,Research Group Health Psychology, Faculty of Psychology & Educational Sciences, University of Leuven, Belgium
| | - Geert Crombez
- Department of Experimental-Clinical & Health Psychology, Faculty of Psychology & Educational Sciences, Ghent University, Belgium
| | - Martien G S Schrooten
- Research Group Health Psychology, Faculty of Psychology & Educational Sciences, University of Leuven, Belgium.,Centre for Health & Medical Psychology, School of Law, Psychology & Social Work, Örebro University, Sweden
| | - Johan W S Vlaeyen
- Research Group Experimental Health Psychology, Department of Clinical Psychological Science, Maastricht University, The Netherlands.,Research Group Health Psychology, Faculty of Psychology & Educational Sciences, University of Leuven, Belgium
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Liu LL, Gan MY, Cui JF, Chen T, Tan SP, Neumann DL, Shum DHK, Wang Y, Chan RCK. The general facilitation effect of implementation intentions on prospective memory performance in patients with schizophrenia. Cogn Neuropsychiatry 2018; 23:350-363. [PMID: 30269636 DOI: 10.1080/13546805.2018.1528143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Prospective memory (PM) refers to remembering to execute a planned intention in the future. It can be divided into event- and time-based, according to the nature of the PM cue. Event-based PM cues can be classified as focal or non-focal. Patients with schizophrenia (SCZ) have been found to be impaired in both event- and time-based PM. PM has been found to be improved by implementation intentions, which is an encoding strategy in the format of "if X then Y". This study examined the effect of implementation intentions on a non-focal event-based and a time-based PM task in patients with SCZ. METHODS Forty-two patients with SCZ and 42 healthy controls were allocated to either an implementation intention or a control PM instruction condition and were asked to complete two PM tasks. RESULTS Implementation intentions was found to improve performance in both the non-focal event-based and time-based PM tasks in patients with SCZ and healthy controls, with no costs to the ongoing task. The improvement in time-based PM performance in the implementation intentions condition was partially mediated by the frequency of clock checking behaviour. CONCLUSIONS Implementation intentions can facilitate PM performance in patients with SCZ and has the potential to be used as a clinical intervention tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu-Lu Liu
- a Neuropsychology and Applied Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health , Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , China.,b Department of Psychology , University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , China
| | | | - Ji-Fang Cui
- d Institute of Educational Information and Statistics , National Institute of Education Sciences , Beijing , China
| | - Tao Chen
- a Neuropsychology and Applied Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health , Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , China.,b Department of Psychology , University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , China
| | - Shu-Ping Tan
- c Beijing Huilongguan Hospital , Beijing , China
| | - David L Neumann
- e Menzies Health Institute Queensland and School of Applied Psychology , Griffith University , Gold Coast , Australia
| | - David H K Shum
- a Neuropsychology and Applied Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health , Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , China.,e Menzies Health Institute Queensland and School of Applied Psychology , Griffith University , Gold Coast , Australia
| | - Ya Wang
- a Neuropsychology and Applied Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health , Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , China.,b Department of Psychology , University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , China
| | - Raymond C K Chan
- a Neuropsychology and Applied Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health , Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , China.,b Department of Psychology , University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , China
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38
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Loprinzi PD, Edwards MK, Frith E. Exercise and Prospective Memory. J Lifestyle Med 2018; 8:51-59. [PMID: 30474001 PMCID: PMC6239140 DOI: 10.15280/jlm.2018.8.2.51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 06/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this paper was to review the literature to evaluate the potential effects of exercise on prospective memory (PM). A narrative review was employed. In this review, we provide a brief description of PM; indicate the effects of PM on health; evaluate the effects of age and neurological impairment on PM; examine the neural correlates of PM; provide a description of specific components that subserve PM; identify non-behavioral strategies used to enhance PM; and evaluate the literature and plausibility through which exercise behavior may influence PM. Regarding the latter, this paper aims to burgeon the development of a new research paradigm that will play a critical role in patient health, given that memory function, and in particular, the prospective (vs. retrospective) component of memory, is highly sensitive to aging and is critically associated with health status. This is an emerging line of research that has critical implications for patient health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul D Loprinzi
- Department of Health, Exercise Science and Recreation Management, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA
| | - Meghan K Edwards
- Department of Health, Exercise Science and Recreation Management, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA
| | - Emily Frith
- Department of Health, Exercise Science and Recreation Management, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA
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Brewer NT, Chapman GB, Rothman AJ, Leask J, Kempe A. Increasing Vaccination: Putting Psychological Science Into Action. Psychol Sci Public Interest 2018; 18:149-207. [DOI: 10.1177/1529100618760521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 483] [Impact Index Per Article: 80.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Vaccination is one of the great achievements of the 20th century, yet persistent public-health problems include inadequate, delayed, and unstable vaccination uptake. Psychology offers three general propositions for understanding and intervening to increase uptake where vaccines are available and affordable. The first proposition is that thoughts and feelings can motivate getting vaccinated. Hundreds of studies have shown that risk beliefs and anticipated regret about infectious disease correlate reliably with getting vaccinated; low confidence in vaccine effectiveness and concern about safety correlate reliably with not getting vaccinated. We were surprised to find that few randomized trials have successfully changed what people think and feel about vaccines, and those few that succeeded were minimally effective in increasing uptake. The second proposition is that social processes can motivate getting vaccinated. Substantial research has shown that social norms are associated with vaccination, but few interventions examined whether normative messages increase vaccination uptake. Many experimental studies have relied on hypothetical scenarios to demonstrate that altruism and free riding (i.e., taking advantage of the protection provided by others) can affect intended behavior, but few randomized trials have tested strategies to change social processes to increase vaccination uptake. The third proposition is that interventions can facilitate vaccination directly by leveraging, but not trying to change, what people think and feel. These interventions are by far the most plentiful and effective in the literature. To increase vaccine uptake, these interventions build on existing favorable intentions by facilitating action (through reminders, prompts, and primes) and reducing barriers (through logistics and healthy defaults); these interventions also shape behavior (through incentives, sanctions, and requirements). Although identification of principles for changing thoughts and feelings to motivate vaccination is a work in progress, psychological principles can now inform the design of systems and policies to directly facilitate action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noel T. Brewer
- Department of Health Behavior, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina
| | | | | | - Julie Leask
- Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, University of Sydney
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Sydney
| | - Allison Kempe
- Adult and Child Consortium for Health Outcomes Research and Delivery Science (ACCORDS), University of Colorado School of Medicine
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus
- Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado
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Ihle A, Albiński R, Gurynowicz K, Kliegel M. Four-Week Strategy-Based Training to Enhance Prospective Memory in Older Adults: Targeting Intention Retention Is More Beneficial than Targeting Intention Formation. Gerontology 2018; 64:257-265. [DOI: 10.1159/000485796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: So far, training of prospective memory (PM) focused on very short instances (single sessions) and targeted the intention-formation phase only. Objective: We aimed to compare the effectiveness of 2 different 4-week strategy-based PM training types, namely imagery training (targeting the encoding of the PM intention in the intention-formation phase) versus rehearsal training (targeting the maintenance of the PM intention in the intention-retention phase) in older adults. Methods: We used a 4-week training protocol (8 sessions in total, 2 sessions per week). From the 44 participants, 21 were randomly assigned to the imagery training (vividly imagining a mental picture to memorize the connection between the PM cue words and related actions during intention formation) and 23 to the rehearsal training (rehearsing the PM cue words during intention retention). The criterion PM task was assessed before and after the training. Results: Comparing the effectiveness of both training types, we found a significant time by training type interaction on PM accuracy in terms of PM cue detection, F(1, 42) = 6.07, p = 0.018, η2p = 0.13. Subsequent analyses revealed that the rehearsal training was more effective in enhancing PM accuracy in terms of PM cue detection than the imagery training. Conclusion: Strategy-based PM training in older adults targeting the maintenance of the PM intention in the intention-retention phase may be more effective in enhancing PM accuracy in terms of PM cue detection than the strategy targeting the encoding of the PM intention in the intention-formation phase. This suggests that for successful prospective remembering, older adults may need more support to keep the PM cues active in memory while working on the ongoing task than to initially encode the PM intention.
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Goedeken S, Potempa C, Prager EM, Foster ER. Encoding strategy training and self-reported everyday prospective memory in people with Parkinson disease: a randomized-controlled trial. Clin Neuropsychol 2017; 32:1282-1302. [PMID: 29029571 DOI: 10.1080/13854046.2017.1387287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Objective To compare the effects of laboratory-based training in implementation intentions (II; experimental strategy) and verbal rehearsal (VR; control strategy) on self-reported everyday prospective memory among people with Parkinson disease (PD) and to investigate potential correlates of change in self-reported everyday prospective memory in response to this training. Method This was a randomized-controlled trial. Participants with mild to moderate PD without dementia underwent one session of training in either II (n = 25) or VR (n = 27). Then they were instructed to use their strategy as much as possible in their everyday lives to help them remember to do things. The Prospective and Retrospective Memory Questionnaire Prospective Scale (PRMQ-Pro) administered at baseline and one month after training assessed training-related change in self-reported everyday prospective memory. Baseline depressive symptoms, perceptions of the strategy (credibility, expectancy), prospective memory-related awareness, global cognition, and disease severity were correlated to PRMQ-Pro Change scores (post minus pre) to determine their association with response to training. Results The VR group's PRMQ-Pro scores declined from pre to post training, while the II group's remained stable (p = .03). This effect was driven by change in self-cued everyday prospective memory tasks. Higher baseline depressive symptoms, treatment expectancy, and global cognition related to better response to training in the II group (rs ≤ -.40, ps ≤ .05). Conclusions II training may prevent everyday prospective memory decline among people with PD. In addition, people with higher depression, stronger expectations of improvement from strategy training, or better global cognition may benefit the most from II training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Goedeken
- a Program in Occupational Therapy , Washington University School of Medicine , St. Louis , MO , USA
| | - Cathryne Potempa
- a Program in Occupational Therapy , Washington University School of Medicine , St. Louis , MO , USA
| | - Eliza M Prager
- b Occupational Therapy Program , Maryville University College of Health Professions , St. Louis , MO , USA
| | - Erin R Foster
- a Program in Occupational Therapy , Washington University School of Medicine , St. Louis , MO , USA.,c Department of Neurology , Washington University School of Medicine , St. Louis , MO , USA.,d Department of Psychiatry , Washington University School of Medicine , St. Louis, MO , USA
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Abstract
Prospective memory (PM) is the ability to remember to carry out a planned intention at an appropriate moment in the future. Research on PM in ASD has produced mixed results. We aimed to establish the extent to which two types of PM (event-based/time-based) are impaired in ASD. In part 1, a meta-analysis of all existing studies indicates a large impairment of time-based, but only a small impairment of event-based PM in ASD. In Part 2, a critical review concludes that time-based PM appears diminished in ASD, in line with the meta-analysis, but that caution should be taken when interpreting event-based PM findings, given potential methodological limitations of several studies. Clinical implications and directions for future research are discussed.
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He W, Fan C, Li L. Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Reveals Executive Control Dissociation in the Rostral Prefrontal Cortex. Front Hum Neurosci 2017; 11:464. [PMID: 28970790 PMCID: PMC5609102 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2017.00464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Although previous studies have shown that the rostral prefrontal cortex (rPFC) plays a crucial role in executive tasks, the various functions of the rPFC in the humans are still understudied. Here we used transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) with continuous theta burst stimulation (cTBS) to interfere with the executive control functions of the right rostrolateral PFC (RLPFC) or the right rostromedial PFC (RMPFC). Subjects performed a task-switching paradigm, which included spatial detection (SD), prospective memory (PM) and working memory (WM) tasks, after cTBS. The performance of 18 healthy volunteers was evaluated on different days after cTBS over the right RLPFC, the right RMPFC, and the vertex (serving as a control site). The application of cTBS over the RLPFC significantly increased the switching costs (SCs) of the error rates (ERs) when switching to the PM task, while RMPFC-cTBS decreased SCs of ERs when switching to the WM task, compared with the control vertex site. These findings provide evidence for a differential role of the RLPFC and the RMPFC in executive functions, with a specific involvement of the RLPFC and the RMPFC in PM, and WM, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijiang He
- Key Laboratory for NeuroInformation of Ministry of Education, High-Field Magnetic Resonance Brain Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Center for Information in Medicine, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of ChinaChengdu, China
| | - Chenggui Fan
- Key Laboratory for NeuroInformation of Ministry of Education, High-Field Magnetic Resonance Brain Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Center for Information in Medicine, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of ChinaChengdu, China
| | - Ling Li
- Key Laboratory for NeuroInformation of Ministry of Education, High-Field Magnetic Resonance Brain Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Center for Information in Medicine, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of ChinaChengdu, China
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Smith-Spark JH. A review of prospective memory impairments in developmental dyslexia: evidence, explanations, and future directions. Clin Neuropsychol 2017; 32:816-835. [DOI: 10.1080/13854046.2017.1369571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- James H. Smith-Spark
- Division of Psychology, School of Applied Sciences, London South Bank University, London, UK
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Shelton JT, Scullin MK. The Dynamic Interplay Between Bottom-Up and Top-Down Processes Supporting Prospective Remembering. CURRENT DIRECTIONS IN PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2017. [DOI: 10.1177/0963721417700504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Like many dual process theories in the psychological sciences, existing models of prospective memory (i.e., remembering to execute future intentions) emphasize the role of singular top-down or bottom-up processes that act in isolation. We argue that top-down and bottom-up processes are interconnected and dynamically interact to support prospective memory. We elaborate on this dynamic multiprocess framework by focusing on recent behavioral, neuroimaging, and eye-tracking research that demonstrated the dynamic nature of monitoring (top-down) and spontaneous retrieval (bottom-up) processes in relation to contextual factors, metacognition, and individual differences. We conclude that identifying how dual processes interact with environmental and individual difference factors is crucial for advancing understanding of cognition and behavior.
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Scullin MK, Kurinec CA, Nguyen K. The effects of implementation intention strategies on prospective memory cue encoding. JOURNAL OF COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/20445911.2017.1329205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael K. Scullin
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA
| | | | - Khuyen Nguyen
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
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Foster ER, McDaniel MA, Rendell PG. Improving Prospective Memory in Persons With Parkinson Disease: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Neurorehabil Neural Repair 2017; 31:451-461. [PMID: 28176547 PMCID: PMC5393947 DOI: 10.1177/1545968317690832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prospective memory (PM) is essential for productive and independent living and necessary for compliance with prescribed health behaviors. Parkinson disease (PD) can cause PM deficits that are associated with activity limitations and reduced quality of life. Forming implementation intentions (IIs) is an encoding strategy that may improve PM in this population. OBJECTIVE To determine the effect of IIs on PM performance in PD. METHODS This was a laboratory-based randomized controlled trial. Participants with mild to moderate PD without dementia (n = 62) performed a computerized PM test (Virtual Week) under standard instructions. One week later they were randomly allocated to perform it again while using either IIs or a rehearsal (RR) encoding strategy. RESULTS PM performance was better with the use of both strategies relative to standard instructions. This effect was larger for tasks with event-based compared with time-based cues. In addition, IIs resulted in a larger effect than RR for the nonrepeated tasks. CONCLUSIONS Strategies that support full encoding of PM cues and actions can improve PM performance among people with PD, particularly for tasks with cues that are readily available in the environment. IIs may be more effective than RR for nonrepeated tasks, but this finding warrants verification. Future work should address transfer of strategy use from the laboratory to everyday life. Targeted strategies to manage PM impairment could improve function and quality of life and significantly affect clinical care for people with PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin R. Foster
- Program in Occupational Therapy, Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine
| | - Mark A. McDaniel
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis
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Chen XJ, Liu LL, Cui JF, Gan MY, Li CQ, Neumann DL, Shum DHK, Wang Y, Chan RCK. The effect and mechanisms of implementation intention in improving prospective memory performance in schizophrenia patients. Psychiatry Res 2016; 244:86-93. [PMID: 27474857 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2016.07.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Revised: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
People with schizophrenia (SCZ) have been shown to have prospective memory (PM) deficits. PM refers to the ability to remember to perform delayed intentions in the future and plays an important role in everyday independent functioning in SCZ. To date, few studies have investigated methods to improve PM in SCZ. This study aimed to examine whether implementation intention can improve PM performance and to explore its underlying mechanisms. Fifty people with SCZ and 50 demographically matched healthy controls (HC) participated in this study. Participants were randomly assigned to an implementation intention condition or a control instruction condition. Participants were required to make PM responses when PM cue words appeared while they were undertaking an ongoing task with two levels of cognitive load (1-back or 2-back). Results showed that people with SCZ were impaired in PM, and implementation intention improved PM performances for both SCZ and HC. Implementation intention improved PM performance in SCZ in both the low and the high cognitive load conditions without ongoing task cost, suggesting that implementation intention improved PM remembering in an automatic way. These results indicate that implementation intention may be a beneficial technique for improving PM performances in people with SCZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing-Jie Chen
- Neuropsychology and Applied Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Lu-Lu Liu
- Neuropsychology and Applied Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ji-Fang Cui
- Information Center, National Institute of Education Sciences, Beijing, China
| | | | - Chun-Qiu Li
- Beijing Huilongguan Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - David L Neumann
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland and School of Applied Psychology, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia
| | - David H K Shum
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland and School of Applied Psychology, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia
| | - Ya Wang
- Neuropsychology and Applied Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Raymond C K Chan
- Neuropsychology and Applied Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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Abstract
The aim of this paper was to review the limited, but growing, literature on prospective memory (PM) following stroke using a scoping study methodology. Multiple databases were systematically searched and yielded 11 studies that were classified as observational (n = 7) or intervention studies (n = 4) and reviewed for quality. PM impairment after stroke was more commonly identified using behavioural measures compared to self-report measures. There were mixed findings regarding the extent and nature of PM impairment poststroke; however, more studies reported impairment for time-based PM, compared to both event- and activity-based PM. Studies examining rehabilitative techniques for PM resulted in mixed findings and were limited as most were case studies of poor methodological quality. Overall previous research in this area was limited as most studies were often underpowered due to small sample sizes, or used single-item measures which may not be robust enough to reliably measure PM impairment. Additionally, the methods used to measure PM were varied and many studies did not control for retrospective memory impairment, which could impact the results, as PM has both a retrospective (remembering both the action and when it needs to be completed) and prospective component (remembering to perform the action when appropriate). In conclusion, PM impairment is apparent poststroke, specifically for time-based PM. However, more research is needed to determine why PM impairment occurs, and how it can be improved.
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Lee JH, Shelton JT, Scullin MK, McDaniel MA. An implementation intention strategy can improve prospective memory in older adults with very mild Alzheimer's disease. BRITISH JOURNAL OF CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY 2016; 55:154-66. [PMID: 25994043 PMCID: PMC4654698 DOI: 10.1111/bjc.12084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2014] [Revised: 04/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study tested whether (1) very mild Alzheimer's disease (AD) is associated with impaired prospective memory (PM) for tasks that are supported by either spontaneous retrieval (focal PM) or strategic monitoring (non-focal PM) and (2) implementation intention (II) encoding could improve PM performance in very mild AD. DESIGN Thirty-eight healthy older adults and 34 with very mild AD were randomly assigned to perform two PM tasks in either the standard or the II encoding condition. METHOD All participants performed blocks of category decision in which they were asked to respond to a focal PM target (e.g., the word 'orange') and a non-focal PM target (e.g., words that begin with the letter 'o'). Half of the participants encoded PM instructions in the standard manner, while the other half had a stronger encoding by forming IIs. PM accuracy and category decision accuracy and reaction times were measured. RESULTS Participants with very mild AD showed deficits in both focal and non-focal PM performance compared to the healthy controls, reflecting deficits in both spontaneous retrieval and strategic monitoring. Participants with very mild AD in the II encoding condition showed better focal PM performance relative to those in the standard encoding condition. CONCLUSIONS Deficits in both focal and non-focal PM are associated with very mild AD and IIs may be a helpful behavioural intervention for the focal PM deficits. PRACTITIONER POINTS Multiple deficits in PM are observable in very mild AD. Implementation intentions may enhance focal PM in very mild AD. Future research using larger samples is needed to better understand the effect of II on non-focal PM tasks in healthy older adults and those with very mild AD. The use of simple laboratory PM tasks may limit the generality of our findings. Future research is needed to investigate whether IIs improve PM over a range of more realistic tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Hae Lee
- Department of Psychology, Washington University in St. Louis
| | - Jill T. Shelton
- Department of Psychology, Washington University in St. Louis
- Department of Psychology, University of Tennessee at Chattanooga
| | - Michael K. Scullin
- Department of Psychology, Washington University in St. Louis
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Baylor University
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