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McCormack K, Bramlett S, Morin EL, Siebert ER, Guzman D, Howell B, Sanchez MM. Long-Term Effects of Adverse Maternal Care on Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) Axis Function of Juvenile and Adolescent Macaques. BIOLOGY 2025; 14:204. [PMID: 40001972 PMCID: PMC11851656 DOI: 10.3390/biology14020204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2025] [Revised: 02/07/2025] [Accepted: 02/11/2025] [Indexed: 02/27/2025]
Abstract
Early life adversity (ELA) is a known risk factor for psychopathology, including stress-related anxiety and depressive disorders. The underlying mechanisms and developmental changes remain poorly understood. A likely underpinning is the impact of ELA on the development of stress response systems, including the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. Our group studied a translational ELA model of spontaneous infant maltreatment by the mother in rhesus macaques, where we used a cross-fostering design to randomly assign infant macaques to either Control or Maltreating (MALT) foster mothers at birth to examine the impact of adverse caregiving on the development of the HPA axis, while controlling for the confounding effects of heritable and prenatal factors. We previously reported higher levels of plasma and hair cortisol (CORT) across the first 6 postnatal months (equivalent to the first 2 years of life in humans) in the MALT than in the Control infants. Here, we followed the same cohort of infants longitudinally to assess the long-term developmental impact of this adverse experience on HPA axis function during the juvenile (12, 18 months) and late adolescent (~5 years) periods. For this, we collected measurements of diurnal CORT rhythm and glucocorticoid negative feedback using the dexamethasone suppression test (DST). At 12 months, we found higher diurnal CORT secretion in MALT females compared to Control females, and impaired negative feedback in response to the DST in both sexes in the MALT group. However, ELA group differences in the HPA axis function disappeared by 18 months and late adolescence, while sex differences in diurnal CORT rhythm emerged or became stronger. These results suggest that infant maltreatment causes dysregulation of the HPA axis during the first year of life, with HPA axis function normalizing later, during the pre-pubertal juvenile period and adolescence. This suggests that the impact of maltreatment on HPA axis function may be transient, at least if the adverse experience stops. Our findings are consistent with human evidence of recalibration/normalization of HPA axis function during adolescence in children that switch from adverse/deprived environments to supportive adoptive families. This research has broad implications regarding the biological processes that translate ELA to psychopathology during development and the pathways to resiliency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai McCormack
- Department of Psychology, Spelman College, 350 Spelman Lane, Atlanta, GA 30314, USA
- Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA; (S.B.)
| | - Sara Bramlett
- Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA; (S.B.)
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Elyse L. Morin
- Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA; (S.B.)
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Erin R. Siebert
- Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA; (S.B.)
| | - Dora Guzman
- Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA; (S.B.)
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Brittany Howell
- Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA; (S.B.)
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at VTC, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA 24016, USA
- Department of Human Development and Family Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Mar M. Sanchez
- Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA; (S.B.)
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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Chen B, Xie M, Zhang Y, Zhang H, Yu NX, Lin D. Who still suffers? Effects of COVID-19 stressful experiences on somatic symptoms and anxious mood moderated by diurnal cortisol: A daily diary study. Appl Psychol Health Well Being 2025; 17:e12638. [PMID: 39686580 DOI: 10.1111/aphw.12638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2024] [Accepted: 11/29/2024] [Indexed: 12/18/2024]
Abstract
This daily diary study drew on the allostatic load model to examine the predictive effect of COVID-19 stressful experiences (CSE) on somatic symptoms and anxious mood, as well as applying the biological sensitivity to context model to explore whether diurnal cortisol moderated the above associations. A total of 101 Chinese college students retrospectively reported CSE in October 2020, followed by 5-day diary reports on somatic symptoms and anxious mood in November 2020, with salivary cortisol collected on Days 2 to 4 to measure cortisol awakening response (CAR), diurnal cortisol slope (DCS), and daily cortisol output (area under the curve with respect to ground, AUCg). Results of multilevel models showed that greater CSE predicted more somatic symptoms but not anxious mood, which was only observed at flatter CAR, flatter DCS, or low AUCg. Furthermore, three-way interactions of CSE, CAR, and AUCg significantly predicted both somatic symptoms and anxious mood. Specifically, greater CSE predicted more somatic symptoms at flatter CAR with low AUCg, while predicting higher anxious mood at flatter CAR with high AUCg. Our findings demonstrate the long-term consequences following the prior pandemic, especially highlighting the biological vulnerability related to the synergetic effects of diurnal cortisol rhythms and daily cortisol output.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bowen Chen
- Department of Social and Behavioural Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Mingjun Xie
- Institute of Developmental Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Yanjia Zhang
- Institute of Developmental Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Hongfeng Zhang
- Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Macao Polytechnic University, Macao, China
| | - Nancy Xiaonan Yu
- Department of Social and Behavioural Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Danhua Lin
- Institute of Developmental Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
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Strumila R, Lengvenyte A, Zdanavicius L, Badaras R, Dlugauskas E, Lesinskiene S, Matiekus E, Marcinkevicius M, Venceviciene L, Utkus A, Kaminskas A, Petrenas T, Songailiene J, Vitkus D, Ambrozaityte L. Higher levels of plasma Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) are associated with lower suicidal ideation in depressed patients compared to controls and suicide attempters, independently from depression severity. COMPREHENSIVE PSYCHONEUROENDOCRINOLOGY 2024; 19:100235. [PMID: 38737407 PMCID: PMC11087924 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpnec.2024.100235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Suicidal ideation, an important risk factor for suicide attempts, has an unclear neurobiological basis and is potentially linked to the dysregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and immune-inflammatory systems. While inflammatory markers have been associated with suicide attempts and, to a lower extent suicidal ideation, the data on the role of a stress-response system is less robust, with most studies carried out with cortisol showing inconsistent results. The present study extends on the previous studies implicating stress-response and immune-inflammatory systems in suicidal thoughts and behaviours, focusing on the associations of several stress-response (adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), cortisol, and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)) and immune-inflammatory (C-reactive protein (CRP),interle ukin-6 (IL-6), and tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha)) with suicidal ideation severity in recent suicide attempters, patients with major depressive disorder, and non-psychiatric controls. Methods This observational study included 156 adults from three Vilnius hospitals, recruited into one of the three groups in equal parts: recent suicide attempters, patients with major depressive disorder in current depressive episode, and non-psychiatric controls. Measures included the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS-17) and the Beck Scale for Suicide Ideation/Suicide Severity Index (BSS/SSI), alongside sociodemographic data, alcohol, tobacco use, and morning blood samples, measuring plasma ACTH, cortisol, DHEA, CRP, and IL-6. Data were analysed with non-parametric tests, Kendall's tau correlation, and multivariate linear regression adjusted for confounders. Results We found a negative correlation between the plasma ACTH levels and suicidal ideation severity (tau = -0.130, p = 0.033), which was driven by the patients with major depressive disorder (tau = -0.237, p = 0.031). Suicidal ideation severity was also negatively correlated with TNF-alpha (tau = -0.231; p < 0.001), positively correlated with IL-6 (tau = 0.154, p = 0.015), and CRP levels (tau = 0.153, p = 0.015), but no differences were observed in group-stratified analyses. The association between plasma ACTH levels and suicidal ideation severity in patients with major depressive disorder remained robust to adjustment for major confounders (adjusted for age, sex, education years, body mass index, smoking status, plasma CRP and PEth concentration (measuring chronic alcohol exposure), and antidepressant use) in the linear regression model (t = -2.71, p = 0.011), as well as additionally adjusting for depression severity (t = -2.99, p = 0.006). Discussion The present study shows an association between plasma ACTH levels and suicidal ideation severity in patients with major depressive disorder, robust to adjustment for antidepressant use and depression severity. This finding highlights the potential role of ACTH, in elucidating the effects of stress and mental health disorders. Our findings underscore the importance of the HPA axis in the diagnosis and treatment of suicidal ideation in major depressive disorder and invite further research on interventions targeting this pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robertas Strumila
- Department of Urgent and Post Urgent Psychiatry, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- Institute of Functional Genomics, CNRS, INSERM, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- Clinic of Psychiatry, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Aiste Lengvenyte
- Department of Urgent and Post Urgent Psychiatry, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- Institute of Functional Genomics, CNRS, INSERM, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- Clinic of Psychiatry, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Linas Zdanavicius
- Centre for Toxicology, Clinic of Anaesthesiology, Reanimatology and Critical Care Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Robertas Badaras
- Centre for Toxicology, Clinic of Anaesthesiology, Reanimatology and Critical Care Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Edgaras Dlugauskas
- Clinic of Psychiatry, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Sigita Lesinskiene
- Clinic of Psychiatry, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | | | | | - Lina Venceviciene
- Centre for Family Medicine, Vilnius University Hospital Santaros Klinikos, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Algirdas Utkus
- Department of Human and Medical Genetics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Andrius Kaminskas
- Department of Human and Medical Genetics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Tomas Petrenas
- Department of Human and Medical Genetics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Jurgita Songailiene
- Department of Human and Medical Genetics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Dalius Vitkus
- Centre of Laboratory Medicine, Vilnius University Hospital Santaros Klinikos, Vilnius, Lithuania
- Department of Physiology, Biochemistry, Microbiology and Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Laima Ambrozaityte
- Department of Human and Medical Genetics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius, Lithuania
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Qin N, Yi S, Dai C, Liu X, Duan Y, Zhou Y, Wan Z, Kang Y, Zhou X, Xie J, Cheng ASK. Associations of serum cortisol and inflammatory marker features with depression and anxiety in young women with gynecologic cancer. Support Care Cancer 2023; 31:674. [PMID: 37930490 DOI: 10.1007/s00520-023-08145-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Serum cortisol and inflammatory markers may play a role in depression and anxiety, but little is known about whether various features of serum cortisol and inflammatory markers have different associations with depression and anxiety. This study examines the associations of serum cortisol and inflammatory marker features with depression and anxiety in young women with gynecologic cancer. METHODS Sixty-four young women with gynecologic cancer, aged 15-39 years, were recruited in a tertiary general hospital and a tertiary hospital specializing in oncology in China from May to December 2021. The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale was used to evaluate depression and anxiety. Blood samples were taken at 8 am, 4 pm, and 10 pm on the same day to examine the various features (average, variability, and diurnal patterns) of serum cortisol and inflammatory markers, namely C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α). RESULTS Young women with gynecologic cancer who reported depression/anxiety had significantly higher average levels of serum cortisol, IL-6 and TNF-α than those who did not. The dysregulations in the diurnal patterns of serum cortisol and IL-6 were associated with depression and anxiety. Serum cortisol levels were significantly higher in the depression/anxiety group at 10 pm. Depression and anxiety were associated with elevated levels of IL-6 and TNF-α at each time point. CONCLUSION This study revealed various associations of serum cortisol and inflammatory marker features with depression and anxiety in young women with gynecologic cancer. Further research is needed to understand the role of serum cortisol and inflammatory marker features in the progression of depression and anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Qin
- Nursing Department, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Xiangya Nursing School, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Shuijing Yi
- Department of Gynecology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Chanyuan Dai
- Department of Gynecology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xiangyu Liu
- Hunan Cancer Hospital, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yinglong Duan
- Nursing Department, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yi Zhou
- Xiangya Nursing School, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Ziyu Wan
- Xiangya Nursing School, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yue Kang
- Xiangya Nursing School, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xing Zhou
- Xiangya Nursing School, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jianfei Xie
- Nursing Department, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
| | - Andy S K Cheng
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
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Bate G, Buscemi J, Greenley RN, Tran S, Miller SA. Salivary cortisol levels and appraisals of daily hassles across dimensions of the tripartite model of anxiety and depression in emerging adults. Biol Psychol 2023; 176:108469. [PMID: 36460125 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2022.108469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate how cortisol levels and appraisals of daily hassles differ across tripartite dimensions of depression and anxiety in emerging adults. Data collected from a sample of undergraduate students at a large Midwestern university was used to investigate these aims. This included salivary cortisol data collected over four days, scores on a measure of the tripartite model of anxiety and depression, and scores on a measure of daily hassles administered everyday for two weeks. Generalized estimating equations and multilevel modeling techniques were used to analyze data. Elevated cortisol levels during the awakening period and the evening period, lower total levels across the day, steeper diurnal slopes, and elevated levels of negative affect and physiological hyperarousal predicted experiences of daily hassles. Tripartite dimensions were unrelated to cortisol indices. The present study demonstrates the utility of modeling multiple cortisol indices and provides evidence of differential associations between physiological and phenomenological indices of stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Bate
- Department of Psychology, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, USA.
| | | | - Rachel Neff Greenley
- Department of Psychology, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, USA
| | - Susan Tran
- Department of Psychology, DePaul University, USA
| | - Steven A Miller
- Department of Psychology, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, USA
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Fekri Azgomi H, Hahn JO, Faghih RT. Closed-Loop Fuzzy Energy Regulation in Patients With Hypercortisolism via Inhibitory and Excitatory Intermittent Actuation. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:695975. [PMID: 34434085 PMCID: PMC8381152 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.695975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypercortisolism or Cushing's disease, which corresponds to the excessive levels of cortisol hormone, is associated with tiredness and fatigue during the day and disturbed sleep at night. Our goal is to employ a wearable brain machine interface architecture to regulate one's energy levels in hypercortisolism. In the present simulation study, we generate multi-day cortisol profile data for ten subjects both in healthy and disease conditions. To relate an internal hidden cognitive energy state to one's cortisol secretion patterns, we employ a state-space model. Particularly, we consider circadian upper and lower bound envelopes on cortisol levels, and timings of hypothalamic pulsatile activity underlying cortisol secretions as continuous and binary observations, respectively. To estimate the hidden cognitive energy-related state, we use Bayesian filtering. In our proposed architecture, we infer one's cognitive energy-related state using wearable devices rather than monitoring the brain activity directly and close the loop utilizing fuzzy control. To model actuation in the real-time closed-loop architecture, we simulate two types of medications that result in increasing and decreasing the energy levels in the body. Finally, we close the loop using a knowledge-based control approach. The results on ten simulated profiles verify how the proposed architecture is able to track the energy state and regulate it using hypothetical medications. In a simulation study based on experimental data, we illustrate the feasibility of designing a wearable brain machine interface architecture for energy regulation in hypercortisolism. This simulation study is a first step toward the ultimate goal of managing hypercortisolism in real-world situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Fekri Azgomi
- Computational Medicine Lab, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Jin-Oh Hahn
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Rose T Faghih
- Computational Medicine Lab, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States
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Sousa-Lima J, Moreira PS, Raposo-Lima C, Sousa N, Morgado P. Relationship between obsessive compulsive disorder and cortisol: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2019; 29:1185-1198. [PMID: 31540796 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2019.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Revised: 07/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Altered stress response and consequent elevated levels of circulating glucocorticoids have been found in neuropsychiatric disorders such as depression or anxiety disorders and proposed to also play a role in the pathophysiology of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Despite the observation that stressful events may precede the disease onset or even exacerbate its symptoms, studies in this field do not always report consistent results regarding the cortisol profile of OCD patients. As such, a systematic review and meta-analysis was developed to clarify this issue. This systematic review and meta-analysis was elaborated according to the PRISMA method. The analytical procedures were implemented using Metafor package in R software. Nineteen studies were included in the systematic review and 18 were included in the meta-analysis. The meta-analytic results demonstrated that OCD patients had significantly higher cortisol levels compared to controls (d = 0.76, SE = 0.146, p < 0.001). For studies using the average of multiple assessments, the standardized coefficient was significantly higher when compared to studies focusing on single measurements. Both the systematic review and meta-analysis suggest that cortisol levels are significantly higher in OCD patients than healthy individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Sousa-Lima
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; ICVS-3Bs PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Pedro Silva Moreira
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; ICVS-3Bs PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Catarina Raposo-Lima
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; ICVS-3Bs PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Nuno Sousa
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; ICVS-3Bs PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Pedro Morgado
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; ICVS-3Bs PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal.
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Crowe E, Daly M, Delaney L, Carroll S, Malone KM. The intra-day dynamics of affect, self-esteem, tiredness, and suicidality in Major Depression. Psychiatry Res 2019; 279:98-108. [PMID: 29661498 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2018.02.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Revised: 12/02/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Despite growing interest in the temporal dynamics of Major Depressive Disorder (MDD), we know little about the intra-day fluctuations of key symptom constructs. In a study of momentary experience, the Experience Sampling Method captured the within-day dynamics of negative affect, positive affect, self-esteem, passive suicidality, and tiredness across clinical MDD (N= 31) and healthy control groups (N= 33). Ten symptom measures were taken per day over 6 days (N= 2231 observations). Daily dynamics were modeled via intra-day time-trends, variability, and instability in symptoms. MDD participants showed significantly increased variability and instability in negative affect, positive affect, self-esteem, and suicidality. Significantly different time-trends were found in positive affect (increased diurnal variation and an inverted U-shaped pattern in MDD, compared to a positive linear trend in controls) and tiredness (decreased diurnal variation in MDD). In the MDD group only, passive suicidality displayed a negative linear trend and self-esteem displayed a quadratic inverted U trend. MDD and control participants thus showed distinct dynamic profiles in all symptoms measured. As well as the overall severity of symptoms, intra-day dynamics appear to define the experience of MDD symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eimear Crowe
- UCD School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Ireland; Behavioural Science Centre, Stirling Management School, University of Stirling, United Kingdom; Institute of Health and Wellbeing, College of Veterinary, Medical and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom.
| | - Michael Daly
- Behavioural Science Centre, Stirling Management School, University of Stirling, United Kingdom; UCD Geary Institute, University College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Liam Delaney
- Behavioural Science Centre, Stirling Management School, University of Stirling, United Kingdom; UCD Geary Institute, University College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Susan Carroll
- UCD School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Ireland; Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin M Malone
- UCD School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Ireland
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van der Voorn B, Hollanders JJ, Kieviet N, Dolman KM, de Rijke YB, van Rossum EF, Rotteveel J, Honig A, Finken MJ. Maternal Stress During Pregnancy Is Associated with Decreased Cortisol and Cortisone Levels in Neonatal Hair. Horm Res Paediatr 2019; 90:299-307. [PMID: 30541006 PMCID: PMC6492510 DOI: 10.1159/000495007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hair glucocorticoids (GCs) offer a retrospective view on chronic GC exposure. We assessed whether maternal pre- and postnatal stress was associated with neonatal and maternal hair GCs postpartum (pp). METHODS On the first day pp 172 mother-infant pairs donated hair, of whom 67 had consulted a centre of expertise for psychiatric disorders during pregnancy. Maternal stress was scored on the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale during the first/second (n = 46), third trimester (n = 57), and pp (n = 172). Hair cortisol and cortisone levels were determined by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, and associations with maternal hospital anxiety subscale (HAS) and hospital depression subscale (HDS) scores, and antidepressant use were analyzed with linear regression. RESULTS Neonatal hair GCs were negatively associated with elevated HAS-scores during the first/second trimester, log 10 (β [95% CI]) cortisol -0.19 (-0.39 to 0.02) p = 0.07, cortisone -0.10 (-0.25 to 0.05) p = 0.17; third trimester, cortisol -0.17 (-0.33 to 0.00) p = 0.05, cortisone -0.17 (-0.28 to -0.05) p = 0.01; and pp, cortisol -0.14 (-0.25 to -0.02) p = 0.02, cortisone -0.07 (-0.16 to 0.02) p = 0.10. A similar pattern was observed for elevated HDS-scores. Maternal hair GCs were positively associated with elevated HAS-scores pp (cortisol 0.17 [0.01 to 0.32] p = 0.04, cortisone 0.18 [0.06 to 0.31] p = 0.01), but not prenatally or with elevated HDS-scores. Antidepressant use was associated with elevated maternal hair GCs (p ≤ 0.05), but not with neonatal hair GCs. CONCLUSION Exposure to excessive pre- and perinatal maternal stress was associated with a decrease in neonatal hair GCs, while elevated stress-scores around birth were associated with increased maternal hair GCs and elevated stress-scores earlier in gestation were not associated with maternal hair GCs pp. Further studies are needed to test associations with infant neurodevelopment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bibian van der Voorn
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands,
| | - Jonneke J. Hollanders
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Noera Kieviet
- Department of Pediatrics, Psychiatry Obstetrics Pediatrics Expert Center, OLVG West, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Koert M. Dolman
- Department of Pediatrics, Psychiatry Obstetrics Pediatrics Expert Center, OLVG West, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Yolanda B. de Rijke
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Elisabeth F.C. van Rossum
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Joost Rotteveel
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Adriaan Honig
- Department of Pediatrics, Psychiatry Obstetrics Pediatrics Expert Center, OLVG West, Amsterdam, The Netherlands,Department of Psychiatry, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Martijn J.J. Finken
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Labad J, Soria V, Salvat-Pujol N, Segalàs C, Real E, Urretavizcaya M, de Arriba-Arnau A, Ferrer A, Crespo JM, Jiménez-Murcia S, Soriano-Mas C, Alonso P, Menchón JM. Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activity in the comorbidity between obsessive-compulsive disorder and major depression. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2018; 93:20-28. [PMID: 29684711 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2018.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Revised: 03/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is the most common psychiatric comorbidity in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis abnormalities have been described in both disorders and might play a role in the association between them. We aimed to study the role of HPA axis activity in the comorbidity between OCD and MDD, while controlling for psychopathological dimensions such as anxiety and depressive symptoms. We studied 324 participants belonging to four diagnostic groups: 1) MDD (n = 101), 2) OCD with comorbid MDD (n = 33), 3) OCD without MDD (n = 52), and 4) healthy subjects (n = 138). State anxiety, trait anxiety and depressive symptoms were assessed. Three HPA axis measures were analyzed in saliva: cortisol awakening response (CAR), diurnal cortisol slope (calculated using two formulas: [1] awakening to 11 p.m. [AWE diurnal slope]; [2] considering fixed time points [FTP diurnal slope] from 10 a.m. to 11 p.m.), and dexamethasone suppression test ratio after 0.25 mg of dexamethasone (DSTR). Multiple linear regression analyses were conducted to explore the contribution of clinical diagnosis and symptom dimensions to each HPA axis measure. A more flattened FTP diurnal cortisol slope was observed for OCD patients with comorbid MDD. Regarding the CAR and DSTR, a significant interaction was found between trait anxiety and OCD, as OCD patients with greater trait anxiety showed an increased CAR and reduced cortisol suppression after dexamethasone administration. Our results suggest that trait anxiety plays an important role in the relationship between HPA axis measures and OCD/MDD comorbidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Labad
- Department of Mental Health, Parc Taulí Hospital Universitari, Institut d'Investigació i Innovació Parc Taulí (I3PT), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Sabadell, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Carlos III Health Institute, Spain
| | - Virginia Soria
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Carlos III Health Institute, Spain; Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Neurosciences Group - Psychiatry and Mental Health. Barcelona, Spain; Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Neus Salvat-Pujol
- Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Neurosciences Group - Psychiatry and Mental Health. Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cinto Segalàs
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Carlos III Health Institute, Spain; Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Neurosciences Group - Psychiatry and Mental Health. Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eva Real
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Carlos III Health Institute, Spain; Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Neurosciences Group - Psychiatry and Mental Health. Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mikel Urretavizcaya
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Carlos III Health Institute, Spain; Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Neurosciences Group - Psychiatry and Mental Health. Barcelona, Spain; Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Aida de Arriba-Arnau
- Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Neurosciences Group - Psychiatry and Mental Health. Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alex Ferrer
- Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Neurosciences Group - Psychiatry and Mental Health. Barcelona, Spain
| | - José M Crespo
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Carlos III Health Institute, Spain; Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Neurosciences Group - Psychiatry and Mental Health. Barcelona, Spain; Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Susana Jiménez-Murcia
- Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Neurosciences Group - Psychiatry and Mental Health. Barcelona, Spain; Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Carlos III Health Institute, Spain
| | - Carles Soriano-Mas
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Carlos III Health Institute, Spain; Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Neurosciences Group - Psychiatry and Mental Health. Barcelona, Spain; Department of Psychobiology and Methodology of Health Sciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pino Alonso
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Carlos III Health Institute, Spain; Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Neurosciences Group - Psychiatry and Mental Health. Barcelona, Spain; Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - José M Menchón
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Carlos III Health Institute, Spain; Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Neurosciences Group - Psychiatry and Mental Health. Barcelona, Spain; Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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Smith MA, Riccalton VC, Kelly-Hughes DH, Craw OA, Allen SF, O'Connor DB, Wetherell MA. The relationship between Type D personality and physical health complaints is mediated by perceived stress and anxiety but not diurnal cortisol secretion. Stress 2018; 21:229-236. [PMID: 29402161 DOI: 10.1080/10253890.2018.1435637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Type D personality has been associated with minor health complaints in the general population and dysregulation of basal cortisol secretion in coronary patients. The aims of the present study were to investigate (i) whether there is an association between Type D personality and basal cortisol secretion in the general population, and (ii) whether subjective measures of stress and anxiety, as well as indices of basal cortisol secretion, mediate the relationship between Type D personality and self-reported physical symptoms in this group. Self-report measures of stress, trait anxiety and physical symptoms were provided by 101 individuals aged 18-45 years. Saliva samples were also provided over two consecutive "typical" days, to enable indices of the cortisol awakening response and diurnal cortisol profile to be determined. There was a significant relationship between Type D personality and self-reported physical symptoms, which was fully mediated by subjective stress and anxiety. However, there were no significant relationships between Type D personality and the basal cortisol indices. These findings suggest that the association between Type D personality and minor health complaints in the general population can be explained by feelings of stress and anxiety, but a precise biological mechanism for this link is yet to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Smith
- a Department of Psychology, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences , Northumbria University , Newcastle upon Tyne , UK
- b Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences , University of Western Australia , Perth , Australia
| | - Victoria C Riccalton
- a Department of Psychology, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences , Northumbria University , Newcastle upon Tyne , UK
| | - Denise H Kelly-Hughes
- a Department of Psychology, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences , Northumbria University , Newcastle upon Tyne , UK
| | - Olivia A Craw
- a Department of Psychology, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences , Northumbria University , Newcastle upon Tyne , UK
- c Institute of Health and Society , Newcastle University , Newcastle Upon Tyne , UK
| | - Sarah F Allen
- a Department of Psychology, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences , Northumbria University , Newcastle upon Tyne , UK
| | - Daryl B O'Connor
- d School of Psychology, Faculty of Medicine and Health , University of Leeds , Leeds , UK
| | - Mark A Wetherell
- a Department of Psychology, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences , Northumbria University , Newcastle upon Tyne , UK
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12
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Yang CJ, Liu D, Xu ZS, Shi SX, Du YJ. The pro-inflammatory cytokines, salivary cortisol and alpha-amylase are associated with generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) in patients with asthma. Neurosci Lett 2017; 656:15-21. [PMID: 28716529 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2017.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Revised: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) is common in patients with asthma. High levels of GAD may lead both to exacerbation of the condition and poor management. However, the physiological mechanisms of GAD in asthma patient is unclear. This study investigated the associations between the diurnal rhythm of sputum cytokines, salivary cortisol, α-amylase and GAD in asthma patients. Patients with co-morbid GAD and asthma showed higher sputum IL-1 AUC, sputum IL-6 AUC and sAA AUC. And there were positive correlations between Hamilton anxiety scale (HAMA) scores and sputum IL-1 AUC concentrations (r=0.37, P=0.002), HAMA scores and sputum IL-6 AUC (r=0.56, P<0.001), HAMA scores and sAA AUC (r=0.75, P<0.001). Also, there were positive correlations between Sputum IL-1 AUC and sAA AUC (r=0.40, P<0.001), between Sputum IL-6 AUC and sAA AUC. Stepwise multiple regression analyses showed the combination of sputum sAA AUC, IL-1 AUC, IL-6 AUC and cortisol AUC was the best predictor of HAMA scores (ΔR2=0.439, F(4,63)=14.086, p<0.001). Therefore, pro-inflammatory cytokines, salivary cortisol and alpha-amylase may all be involved in the occurrence of GAD in asthma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Jiang Yang
- Faculty of Education, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Di Liu
- Faculty of Education, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Zhen-Sheng Xu
- The medical examination center of Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shen-Xun Shi
- Department of Psychiatry, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi-Jie Du
- Lab of Integrative Medicine for Lung, Inflammation and Cancers, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
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Cortisol awakening response is blunted and pain perception is increased during menses in cyclic women. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2017; 77:158-164. [PMID: 28064085 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2016.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Revised: 12/18/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The incidence of menstrual symptoms is reported to be as high as 90% in cyclic women. These symptoms, including anxiety and pain, might be associated with cortisol, as its receptors are widely distributed in the brain areas associated with behavior. Therefore, the current study aimed to assess the cortisol awakening response (CAR) throughout the menstrual cycle and correlate it with pain perception and trait anxiety. MATERIALS AND METHODS CAR was assessed by measuring salivary cortisol at 0, 15, 30, and 60min following awakening in the same women (n=59, age 22.2±0.37years) at various stages of the menstrual cycle (menses, midcycle, luteal and premenstrual phases). Progesterone and estradiol concentrations were also determined in saliva samples to assess cyclic changes. Self-reported pain, trait anxiety, and menstrual symptoms were assessed by visual analog scale (VAS), state-trait anxiety inventory (STAI-T), and the Daily Record of Severity of Problems (DRSP), respectively. RESULTS Estradiol was significantly elevated during the midcycle period and remained high during the early luteal phase (p<0.05). Progesterone was increased during the luteal phase (p<0.05). Post-awakening cortisol values increased during midcycle, luteal phase, and premenstrual phase (p<0.05, classical CAR), but not during the menses (p>0.05, blunted or flat CAR). Positive and significant correlations were found between cortisol and estradiol (R2=0.322; p=0.000), cortisol and progesterone (R2=0.156; p=0.000), and estradiol and progesterone (R2=0.349; p=0.001). Premenstrual symptom scores were higher in the menses and premenstrual phases than in the midcycle and luteal phases (p<0.001). Pain perception was the highest during the menses followed by the premenstrual phase (p<0.01). CONCLUSIONS CAR was blunted during the menses, suggesting that cortisol might play a phase-specific role in the regulation of the cycle. Additionally, premenstrual symptoms, including pain, were more severe when ovarian steroid levels reduced (i.e., menses and the premenstrual phase).
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Sveinsdottir V, Eriksen HR, Ursin H, Hansen ÅM, Harris A. Cortisol, Health, and Coping in Patients with Nonspecific Low Back Pain. Appl Psychophysiol Biofeedback 2016; 41:9-16. [PMID: 26287577 DOI: 10.1007/s10484-015-9300-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Subjective health complaints (SHC), including nonspecific low back pain (LBP) as the most common single complaint, are the main reasons for long-term sick leave in many western countries. These complaints are often attributed to "stress". Cortisol has frequently been considered a biomarker reflecting sustained physiological HPA-axis activity, and is characterized by a high cortisol awakening response (CAR) and low evening values. The aim of the study was to investigate whether LBP patients had a normal characteristic cortisol profile, and whether possible deviations were related to coping and health. 305 patients on long-term sick leave for LBP participated in the study, and saliva cortisol profiles were compared to a reference population consisting of Danish workers. Cortisol was measured upon awakening, after 30 min, and in the evening. Additionally, patients answered questionnaires about SHC, fatigue, pain, coping, and social support. The patients showed a seemingly normal cortisol profile. However, CAR was larger among patients compared to the reference population. Patients with low cortisol reactivity had more SHC, pain, and fatigue, and those with higher evening cortisol reported higher scores on coping. The results are discussed in terms of theory, practical considerations, and possible mechanisms for the association between cortisol, health, and coping.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hege R Eriksen
- Uni Research Health, Uni Research, POB 7810, 5020, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Health Promotion and Development, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Holger Ursin
- Uni Research Health, Uni Research, POB 7810, 5020, Bergen, Norway
| | - Åse M Hansen
- Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anette Harris
- Uni Research Health, Uni Research, POB 7810, 5020, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Health Promotion and Development, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
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15
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Altered diurnal pattern of steroid hormones in relation to various behaviors, external factors and pathologies: A review. Physiol Behav 2016; 164:68-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2016.05.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2016] [Revised: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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O'Mahony SM, Clarke G, Dinan TG, Cryan JF. Early-life adversity and brain development: Is the microbiome a missing piece of the puzzle? Neuroscience 2015; 342:37-54. [PMID: 26432952 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.09.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2015] [Revised: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The prenatal and postnatal early-life periods are both dynamic and vulnerable windows for brain development. During these important neurodevelopmental phases, essential processes and structures are established. Exposure to adverse events that interfere with this critical sequence of events confers a high risk for the subsequent emergence of mental illness later in life. It is increasingly accepted that the gastrointestinal microbiota contributes substantially to shaping the development of the central nervous system. Conversely, several studies have shown that early-life events can also impact on this gut community. Due to the bidirectional communication between the gut and the brain, it is possible that aberrant situations affecting either organ in early life can impact on the other. Studies have now shown that deviations from the gold standard trajectory of gut microbiota establishment and development in early life can lead not only to disorders of the gastrointestinal tract but also complex metabolic and immune disorders. These are being extended to disorders of the central nervous system and understanding how the gut microbiome shapes brain and behavior during early life is an important new frontier in neuroscience.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M O'Mahony
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Laboratory of Neurogastroenterology, Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.
| | - G Clarke
- Laboratory of Neurogastroenterology, Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - T G Dinan
- Laboratory of Neurogastroenterology, Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - J F Cryan
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Laboratory of Neurogastroenterology, Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.
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Assari S, Moghani Lankarani M, Caldwell CH, Zimmerman M. Anxiety Symptoms During Adolescence Predicts Salivary Cortisol in Early Adulthood Among Blacks; Sex differences. Int J Endocrinol Metab 2015; 13:e18041. [PMID: 26633980 PMCID: PMC4659335 DOI: 10.5812/ijem.18041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2014] [Revised: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 09/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although the link between psychological distress and altered cortisol level has been already shown; very limited information exists about this association among Black youth. OBJECTIVES We tested sex differences in predictive role of symptoms of anxiety during adolescence on annual decline in morning salivary cortisol levels in early adulthood among Black youth. PATIENTS AND METHODS Data came from wave 1 (year 1994), wave 6 (year 2000), and wave 7 (year 2001) of the Flint adolescent study. In this study 176 Black youth (85 males and 91 females) were followed for 7 years from mean age of 15 at baseline to 22 at the end of follow up. Linear regression was used for data analysis with change in salivary cortisol from 2000 to 2001 as the dependent variable, symptoms of anxiety, at 1994 as independent variable, age, number of employed parents, depressive symptoms and alcohol use at 1994 as controls, and sex as the moderator. RESULTS Higher level of anxiety symptoms at 1994 was predictive of a higher decline in morning salivary cortisol from 2000 to 2001 for all youths, while the effects of baseline socio-economics, depressive symptoms, and alcohol use were controlled. Among female participants, anxiety symptoms at 1994 were predictive of a greater decline in morning salivary cortisol level from 2000 to 2001. The association was not found among males. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest sex differences in the predictive role of anxiety symptoms during adolescence on the annual decline in cortisol level during early adulthood. While most research on this topic is among White middle class individuals, our findings shed more light on the longitudinal links between psychological distress and the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis function among Black youth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shervin Assari
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA
- Center for Research on Ethnicity Culture and Health, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA
- Corresponding author: Shervin Assari, Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA. Tel: +1-7342320445, Fax: +1-7346158739, E-mail:
| | - Maryam Moghani Lankarani
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA
- Medicine and Health Promotion Institute, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Cleopatra Howard Caldwell
- Center for Research on Ethnicity Culture and Health, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA
| | - Marc Zimmerman
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA
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