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Liu S, Wang M, Xiao H, Ye J, Cao L, Li W, Sun G. Advancements in research on the effects of panax notoginseng saponin constituents in ameliorating learning and memory disorders. Heliyon 2024; 10:e28581. [PMID: 38586351 PMCID: PMC10998096 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e28581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Learning and memory disorder is a cluster of symptoms caused by neuronal aging and other diseases of the central nervous system (CNS). Panax notoginseng saponins (PNS) are a series of saponins derived from the natural active ingredients of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) that have neuroprotective effects on the central nervous system. In this paper, we review the ameliorative effects and mechanisms of Panax notoginseng saponin-like components on learning and memory disorders to provide valuable references and insights for the development of new drugs for the treatment of learning and memory disorders. Our summary results suggest that Panax ginseng saponins have significant effects on improving learning and memory disorders, and these effects and potential mechanisms are mediated by their anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, antioxidant, β-amyloid lowering, mitochondrial homeostasis in vivo, neuronal structure and function improving, neurogenesis promoting, neurotransmitter release regulating, and probiotic homeostasis in vivo activities. These findings suggest the potential of Panax notoginseng saponin-like constituents as drug candidates for improving learning and memory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shusen Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Discovery of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Natural Medicine) and Translational Medicine, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
- School of Pharmacy, Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin, 150076, China
| | - Min Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Discovery of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Natural Medicine) and Translational Medicine, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Haiyan Xiao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Discovery of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Natural Medicine) and Translational Medicine, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jingxue Ye
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Discovery of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Natural Medicine) and Translational Medicine, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Li Cao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Discovery of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Natural Medicine) and Translational Medicine, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Wenlan Li
- School of Pharmacy, Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin, 150076, China
| | - Guibo Sun
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Discovery of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Natural Medicine) and Translational Medicine, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
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Liu S, Chen W, Zhao Y, Zong Y, Li J, He Z. Research Progress on Effects of Ginsenoside Rg2 and Rh1 on Nervous System and Related Mechanisms. Molecules 2023; 28:7935. [PMID: 38067664 PMCID: PMC10708332 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28237935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurological-related disorders are diseases that affect the body's neurons or peripheral nerve tissue, such as Parkinson's disease (PD) and Alzheimer's disease (AD). The development of neurological disorders can cause serious harm to the quality of life and functioning of the patient. The use of traditional therapeutic agents such as dopamine-promoting drugs, anticholinergic drugs, cholinesterase inhibitors, and NMDA receptor antagonists is often accompanied by a series of side effects such as drug resistance, cardiac arrhythmia, liver function abnormalities, and blurred vision. Therefore, there is an urgent need to find a therapeutic drug with a high safety profile and few side effects. Herbal medicines are rich in active ingredients that are natural macromolecules. Ginsenoside is the main active ingredient of ginseng, which has a variety of pharmacological effects and is considered to have potential value in the treatment of human diseases. Modern pharmacological studies have shown that ginsenosides Rg2 and Rh1 have strong pharmacological activities in the nervous system, with protective effects on nerve cells, improved resistance to neuronal injury, modulation of neural activity, resistance to cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury, improvement of brain damage after eclampsia hemorrhage, improvement of memory and cognitive deficits, treatment of AD and vascular dementia, alleviation of anxiety, pain, and inhibition of ionic-like behavior. In this article, we searched the pharmacological research literature of Rg2 and Rh1 in the field of neurological diseases, summarized the latest research progress of the two ginsenosides, and reviewed the pharmacological effects and mechanisms of Rg2 and Rh1, which provided a new way of thinking for the research of the active ingredients in ginseng anti-neurological diseases and the development of new drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silu Liu
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China; (S.L.); (W.C.); (Y.Z.); (Y.Z.); (J.L.)
| | - Weijia Chen
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China; (S.L.); (W.C.); (Y.Z.); (Y.Z.); (J.L.)
| | - Yan Zhao
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China; (S.L.); (W.C.); (Y.Z.); (Y.Z.); (J.L.)
| | - Ying Zong
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China; (S.L.); (W.C.); (Y.Z.); (Y.Z.); (J.L.)
| | - Jianming Li
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China; (S.L.); (W.C.); (Y.Z.); (Y.Z.); (J.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Animal Production, Product Quality and Security, Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Zhongmei He
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China; (S.L.); (W.C.); (Y.Z.); (Y.Z.); (J.L.)
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Yang S, Zhu G. Phytotherapy of abnormality of fear memory: A narrative review of mechanisms. Fitoterapia 2023; 169:105618. [PMID: 37482307 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2023.105618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
It is generally believed that in post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), the high expression of fear memory is mainly determined by amygdala hyperactivity and hippocampus hypoactivity. In this review, we firstly updated the mechanisms of fear memory, and then searched the experimental evidence of phytotherapy for fear memory in the past five years. Based on the summary of those experimental studies, we further discussed the future research strategies of plant medicines, including the study of the mechanism of specific brain regions, the optimal time for the prevention and treatment of fear memory-related diseases such as PTSD, and the development of new drugs with active components of plant medicines. Accordingly, plant medicines play a clear role in improving fear memory abnormalities and have the drug development potential in the treatment of fear-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaojie Yang
- The Second Affiliation Hospital of Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui 230061, China; Key Laboratory of Xin'an Medicine, The Ministry of Education and Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology (Brain diseases), Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui 230012, China
| | - Guoqi Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Xin'an Medicine, The Ministry of Education and Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology (Brain diseases), Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui 230012, China.
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Gao B, Qu YC, Cai MY, Zhang YY, Lu HT, Li HX, Tang YX, Shen H. Phytochemical interventions for post-traumatic stress disorder: A cluster co-occurrence network analysis using CiteSpace. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE MEDICINE 2023:S2095-4964(23)00048-1. [PMID: 37380564 DOI: 10.1016/j.joim.2023.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study investigated trends in the study of phytochemical treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). METHODS The Web of Science database (2007-2022) was searched using the search terms "phytochemicals" and "PTSD," and relevant literature was compiled. Network clustering co-occurrence analysis and qualitative narrative review were conducted. RESULTS Three hundred and one articles were included in the analysis of published research, which has surged since 2015 with nearly half of all relevant articles coming from North America. The category is dominated by neuroscience and neurology, with two journals, Addictive Behaviors and Drug and Alcohol Dependence, publishing the greatest number of papers on these topics. Most studies focused on psychedelic intervention for PTSD. Three timelines show an "ebb and flow" phenomenon between "substance use/marijuana abuse" and "psychedelic medicine/medicinal cannabis." Other phytochemicals account for a small proportion of the research and focus on topics like neurosteroid turnover, serotonin levels, and brain-derived neurotrophic factor expression. CONCLUSION Research on phytochemicals and PTSD is unevenly distributed across countries/regions, disciplines, and journals. Since 2015, the research paradigm shifted to constitute the mainstream of psychedelic research thus far, leading to the exploration of botanical active ingredients and molecular mechanisms. Other studies focus on anti-oxidative stress and anti-inflammation. Please cite this article as: Gao B, Qu YC, Cai MY, Zhang YY, Lu HT, Li HX, Tang YX, Shen H. Phytochemical interventions for post-traumatic stress disorder: A cluster co-occurrence network analysis using CiteSpace. J Integr Med. 2023; Epub ahead of print.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biao Gao
- Department of Naval Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China; Teaching and Research Support Center, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yi-Cui Qu
- Department of Naval Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Meng-Yu Cai
- Department of Naval Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yin-Yin Zhang
- Department of Naval Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Hong-Tao Lu
- Department of Naval Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Hong-Xia Li
- Department of Naval Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yu-Xiao Tang
- Department of Naval Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Hui Shen
- Department of Naval Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China.
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Yang M, Ren W, Cui H, Qin Q, Wang Q, Zhu W, Wu X, Pan C, Qi X, Wu A. Ginsenoside Rk1-Loaded Manganese-Doped Hollow Titania for Enhancing Tumor Sonodynamic Therapy via Upregulation of Intracellular Reactive Oxygen Species. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:20800-20810. [PMID: 37078779 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c03476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Amplifying the intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) level remains an urgent challenge for efficient sonodynamic therapy (SDT) of tumors. Herein, by loading ginsenoside Rk1 with manganese-doped hollow titania (MHT), a Rk1@MHT sonosensitizer was conceived to strengthen the outcome of tumor SDT. The results verify that manganese-doping remarkably elevates the UV-visible absorption and decreases the bandgap energy of titania from 3.2 to 3.0 eV, which improves ROS production under ultrasonic irradiation. Immunofluorescence and Western blot analysis demonstrate that ginsenoside Rk1 can block the critical protein of the glutathione synthesis pathway, glutaminase, thus enhancing intracellular ROS by eliminating the endogenous glutathione-depleted pathway of ROS. Manganese-doping confers the nanoprobe T1-weighted MRI function (r2/r1 = 1.41). Moreover, the in vivo tests confirm that Rk1@MHT-based SDT eradicates liver cancer in tumor-bearing mice via dual upregulation of intracellular ROS production. In summary, our study provides a new strategy for designing high-performance sonosensitizer to achieve noninvasive cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Yang
- Faculty of Materials Metallurgy and Chemistry, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Ganzhou 341000, P. R. China
- Cixi Institute of Biomedical Engineering, International Cooperation Base of Biomedical Materials Technology and Application, Chinese Academy of Science (CAS) Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices and Zhejiang Engineering Research Center for Biomedical Materials, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, CAS, 1219 ZhongGuan West Road, Ningbo 315201, P. R. China
| | - Wenzhi Ren
- Cixi Institute of Biomedical Engineering, International Cooperation Base of Biomedical Materials Technology and Application, Chinese Academy of Science (CAS) Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices and Zhejiang Engineering Research Center for Biomedical Materials, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, CAS, 1219 ZhongGuan West Road, Ningbo 315201, P. R. China
- Advanced Energy Science and Technology Guangdong Laboratory, Huizhou 516000, P. R. China
| | - Haijing Cui
- Cixi Institute of Biomedical Engineering, International Cooperation Base of Biomedical Materials Technology and Application, Chinese Academy of Science (CAS) Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices and Zhejiang Engineering Research Center for Biomedical Materials, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, CAS, 1219 ZhongGuan West Road, Ningbo 315201, P. R. China
| | - Qiongyu Qin
- Cixi Institute of Biomedical Engineering, International Cooperation Base of Biomedical Materials Technology and Application, Chinese Academy of Science (CAS) Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices and Zhejiang Engineering Research Center for Biomedical Materials, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, CAS, 1219 ZhongGuan West Road, Ningbo 315201, P. R. China
| | - Qiuye Wang
- Cixi Institute of Biomedical Engineering, International Cooperation Base of Biomedical Materials Technology and Application, Chinese Academy of Science (CAS) Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices and Zhejiang Engineering Research Center for Biomedical Materials, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, CAS, 1219 ZhongGuan West Road, Ningbo 315201, P. R. China
| | - Weihao Zhu
- Cixi Institute of Biomedical Engineering, International Cooperation Base of Biomedical Materials Technology and Application, Chinese Academy of Science (CAS) Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices and Zhejiang Engineering Research Center for Biomedical Materials, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, CAS, 1219 ZhongGuan West Road, Ningbo 315201, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoxia Wu
- Cixi Institute of Biomedical Engineering, International Cooperation Base of Biomedical Materials Technology and Application, Chinese Academy of Science (CAS) Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices and Zhejiang Engineering Research Center for Biomedical Materials, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, CAS, 1219 ZhongGuan West Road, Ningbo 315201, P. R. China
| | - Chunshu Pan
- Cixi Institute of Biomedical Engineering, International Cooperation Base of Biomedical Materials Technology and Application, Chinese Academy of Science (CAS) Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices and Zhejiang Engineering Research Center for Biomedical Materials, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, CAS, 1219 ZhongGuan West Road, Ningbo 315201, P. R. China
- Department of Radiology, Ningbo No. 2 Hospital, Ningbo 315010, P. R. China
| | - Xiaopeng Qi
- Faculty of Materials Metallurgy and Chemistry, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Ganzhou 341000, P. R. China
| | - Aiguo Wu
- Cixi Institute of Biomedical Engineering, International Cooperation Base of Biomedical Materials Technology and Application, Chinese Academy of Science (CAS) Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices and Zhejiang Engineering Research Center for Biomedical Materials, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, CAS, 1219 ZhongGuan West Road, Ningbo 315201, P. R. China
- Advanced Energy Science and Technology Guangdong Laboratory, Huizhou 516000, P. R. China
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Han GJ, Min XZ, Ma SS, Ding C, Wang XQ. Xuesaitong Combined with Dexmedetomidine Improves Cerebral Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury in Rats by Activating Keap1/Nrf2 Signaling and Mitophagy in Hippocampal Tissue. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:5126042. [PMID: 36531207 PMCID: PMC9750788 DOI: 10.1155/2022/5126042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 08/02/2024]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is the most common type of cerebrovascular disease with high mortality and poor prognosis, and cerebral ischemia-reperfusion (CI/R) injury is the main murderer. Here, we attempted to explore the effects and mechanism of Xuesaitong (XST) combined with dexmedetomidine (Dex) on CI/R injury in rats. First, a rat model of CI/R injury was constructed via the middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) method and treated with XST and Dex alone or in combination. Then, on the 5th and 10th days of treatment, the neurological impairment was assessed using the modified neurological severity scores (mNSS), the 8-arm radial maze test (8ARMT), novel object recognition test (NORT), and fear conditioning test (FCT). H&E staining was performed to observe the pathological changes of the hippocampus. ELISA and related kits were used to assess the monoamine neurotransmitters and antioxidant enzyme activities in the hippocampus. The ATP, mitochondrial membrane potential levels, and qRT-PCR of genes related to mitochondrial function were determined to assess mitochondrial functions in the hippocampus and western blot to determine Keap1/Nrf2 signaling pathway and mitophagy-related protein expression. The results showed that XST combined with Dex significantly reduced mNSS, improved spatial memory and learning deficits, and enhanced fear memory and cognitive memory ability in CI/R rats, which was superior to single-drug treatment. Moreover, XST combined with Dex treatment improved hippocampal histopathological damage; significantly increased the levels of monoamine neurotransmitters, neurotrophic factors, ATP, and mitochondrial membrane potential; and upregulated the activities of antioxidant enzymes and the expression of mitophagy-related proteins in the hippocampus of CI/R rats. XST combined with Dex treatment also activated the Keap1/Nrf2 signaling and upregulated the protein expression of downstream antioxidant enzymes HO-1 and NQ. Altogether, this study showed that a combination of XST and Dex could activate the Keap1/Nrf2 signaling and mitophagy to protect rats from CI/R-related neurological impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Jie Han
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University (Shandong Academy of Medical Science), Jinan, 250117 Shandong, China
| | - Xiang-Zhen Min
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University (Shandong Academy of Medical Science), Jinan, 250117 Shandong, China
| | - Shuang-Shuang Ma
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University (Shandong Academy of Medical Science), Jinan, 250117 Shandong, China
| | - Chuan Ding
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University (Shandong Academy of Medical Science), Jinan, 250117 Shandong, China
| | - Xiu-Qin Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University (Shandong Academy of Medical Science), Jinan, 250117 Shandong, China
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Sur B, Lee B. Luteolin reduces fear, anxiety, and depression in rats with post-traumatic stress disorder. Anim Cells Syst (Seoul) 2022; 26:174-182. [PMID: 36046028 PMCID: PMC9423864 DOI: 10.1080/19768354.2022.2104925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to severe stress can lead to the development of neuropsychiatric disorders, including post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The cause of PTSD is dysregulation of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis and an imbalance of monoamines. Fruits and vegetables contain large amounts of luteolin (LU; 3′,4′,5,7-tetrahydroxylflavone), which has various pharmacological activities such as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-allergic effects. We investigated the effects of LU on fear, depression, and anxiety following monoamine imbalance and hyperactivation of the HPA axis in rats exposed to single prolonged stress (SPS). Male rats were dosed with LU (10 and 20 mg/kg) once daily for 14 days after exposure to SPS. Administration of LU reduced fear freezing responses to extinction recall and depression- and anxiety-like behaviors, and suppressed increases in plasma corticosterone and adrenocorticotropic hormone levels. Also, administration of LU restored the increased norepinephrine and decreased serotonin levels in the structures within the fear circuit, medial prefrontal cortex, and hippocampus. Our results showed that administration of LU improved freezing behavior according in a situation-dependent manner, and showed anti-depressant and anxiolytic effects. Thus, LU may be a useful therapeutic agent to prevent traumatic stress such as PTSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bongjun Sur
- Acupuncture and Meridian Science Research Center, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Bombi Lee
- Acupuncture and Meridian Science Research Center, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Center for Converging Humanities, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Sur B, Kwon S, Hahm DH, Lee B. The Anxiolytic-Like Effects of Protocatechuic Acid in an Animal Model of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder. J Med Food 2022; 25:495-502. [PMID: 35561272 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2021.k.0172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a serious psychiatric disorder characterized by impaired fear extinction, depression, and anxiety caused by dysregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and an imbalance of monoamines. Protocatechuic acid (PCA; 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid), a major polyphenol metabolite, has various pharmacological effects, such as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-apoptotic, and neuroprotective activities. In this study, the efficacy of PCA for fear extinction, antidepressant, and anxiolytic effects in PTSD-mediated psychiatric disorders, were evaluated by exposing rats to single prolonged stress (SPS). Male rats were administered PCA (100 or 200 mg/kg) once daily for 14 days after exposure to SPS. PCA significantly decreased situational fear, depressive and anxiety-like behaviors, and corticosterone levels. In addition, PCA regulated the imbalance of serotonin and norepinephrine in the fear circuit region (i.e., the medial prefrontal cortex and hippocampus [Hipp]), and suppressed the decrease in brain-derived neurotrophic factor mRNA expression in the Hipp. The results showed that PCA administration improves freezing behavior and has antidepressant and anti-anxiety effects through modulation of the serotonergic nervous system and monoamines in rats. These results indicated that PCA may be useful as a food ingredient to prevent PTSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bongjun Sur
- Acupuncture and Meridian Science Research Center, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunoh Kwon
- Herbal Medicine Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Dae-Hyun Hahm
- Acupuncture and Meridian Science Research Center, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Bombi Lee
- Acupuncture and Meridian Science Research Center, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Center for Converging Humanities, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Mohammadi-Farani A, Taghadosi M, Raziee S, Samimi Z. In vivo blockade of 5HT3 receptors in the infralimbic medial prefrontal cortex enhances fear extinction in a rat model of PTSD. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF BASIC MEDICAL SCIENCES 2021; 24:776-786. [PMID: 34630955 PMCID: PMC8487606 DOI: 10.22038/ijbms.2021.54299.12197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Objectives Treatments that reverse deficits in fear extinction are promising for the management of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). 5-Hydroxytryptamine type 3 (5-HT3) receptor is involved involved in the extinction of fear memories. The present work aims to investigate the role of 5HT3 receptors in the infralimbic part of the medial prefrontal cortex (IL-mPFC) in extinction of conditioned fear in the single prolonged stress (SPS) model of PTSD in rats. Materials and Methods The effect of SPS administration was evaluated on the freezing behavior in contextual and cued fear conditioning models. After the behavioral tests, levels of 5HT3 transcription in IL-mPFC were also measured in the same animals using the real-time RT-PCR method. To evaluate the possible role of local 5HT3 receptors on fear extinction, conditioned freezing was evaluated in another cohort of animals that received local microinjections of ondansetron (a 5HT3 antagonist) and ondansetron plus a 5HT3 agonist (SR 57227A) after extinction sessions. Results Our findings showed that exposure to SPS increased the freezing response in both contextual and cued fear models. We also found that SPS is associated with increased expression of 5HT3 receptors in the IL-mPFC region. Ondansetron enhanced the fear of extinction in these animals and the enhancement was blocked by the 5HT3 agonist, SR 57227A. Conclusion It seems that up-regulation of 5HT3 receptors in IL-mPFC is an important factor in the neurobiology of PTSD and blockade of these receptors could be considered a potential treatment for this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Mohammadi-Farani
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Centre, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Mahdi Taghadosi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Sara Raziee
- Student Research Committee, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Zahra Samimi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
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Cai L, Hu F, Fu W, Yu X, Zhong W, Liu F, Wang T, Sui D. Ginsenoside Rg2 Ameliorates Brain Injury After Intracerebral Hemorrhage in a Rat Model of Preeclampsia. Reprod Sci 2021; 28:3431-3439. [PMID: 34270001 DOI: 10.1007/s43032-021-00692-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The incidence of maternal hemorrhagic stroke is elevated in women with preeclampsia during pregnancy. Panax ginseng is a traditional medicinal herb with numerous applications, and ginsenosides are the key bioactive compounds in Panax ginseng. This study aims to evaluate the effects of ginsenoside Rg2 on pregnancy outcomes and brain injury after intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) in a rat model of preeclampsia. Preeclampsia was induced in rats by N(ω)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester. Then, an ICH model was prepared by intrastriatal injection of bacterial collagenase. Ginsenoside Rg2 markedly elevated the survival ratio of fetuses. The placental and body weights were increased in the ginsenoside Rg2 group. Compared with the preeclampsia group, the Garcia test score of ginsenoside Rg2-treated rats was significantly increased. Ginsenoside Rg2 treatment ameliorated the ICH-induced augmentation of Evans blue extravasation, inhibited the ICH-induced elevation of brain water content, and reduced the interleukin-1β and tumor necrosis factor-α levels in the hemorrhagic hemisphere after ICH in preeclampsia model rats. Furthermore, ginsenoside Rg2 treatment not only inhibited augmentation of TLR-4, MyD88, p-IκBα, and p-NF-κB expression but also abated the reduction of occludin and claudin-5 expression in the hemorrhagic hemisphere. The findings indicated that ginsenoside Rg2 improved pregnancy outcomes in a rat model of preeclampsia without decreasing the blood pressure and urine protein level. The findings also demonstrated that ginsenoside Rg2 ameliorated ICH-induced neurological disorder and blood-brain barrier dysfunction in an animal model of preeclampsia by regulating the TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liying Cai
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, 23 Youzheng Street, Nangang District, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150001, People's Republic of China
| | - Feifei Hu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, 23 Youzheng Street, Nangang District, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150001, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenwen Fu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaofeng Yu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, People's Republic of China
| | - Weijie Zhong
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, 23 Youzheng Street, Nangang District, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150001, People's Republic of China
| | - Fangcong Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, 23 Youzheng Street, Nangang District, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150001, People's Republic of China
| | - Tian Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai, Shandong, 264005, People's Republic of China.
| | - Dayuan Sui
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, People's Republic of China.
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Chen S, Gao L, Li X, Ye Y. Allopregnanolone in mood disorders: Mechanism and therapeutic development. Pharmacol Res 2021; 169:105682. [PMID: 34019980 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The neuroactive steroid allopregnanolone (ALLO) is an endogenous positive allosteric modulator of GABA type A receptor (GABAAR), and the down-regulation of its biosynthesis have been attributed to the development of mood disorders, such as depression, anxiety and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). ALLO mediated depression/anxiety involves GABAergic mechanisms and appears to be related to brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), dopamine receptor, glutamate neurotransmission, and Ca2+ channel. In the clinical, brexanolone, as a newly developed intravenous ALLO preparation, has been approved for the treatment of postpartum depression (PPD). In addition, traditional antidepressants such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) could reverse ALLO decline. Recently, the translocation protein (TSPO, 18 kDa), which involves in the speed-limiting step of ALLO synthesis, and ALLO derivatization have been identified as new directions for antidepressant therapy. This review provides an overview of ALLO researches in animal model and patients, discusses its role in the development and treatment of depression/anxiety, and directs its therapeutic potential in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyi Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Medical College (Zhejiang Academy of Medical Sciences), Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Drug Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.
| | - Lijuan Gao
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Medical College (Zhejiang Academy of Medical Sciences), Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Drug Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiaoyu Li
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Medical College (Zhejiang Academy of Medical Sciences), Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Drug Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yiping Ye
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Medical College (Zhejiang Academy of Medical Sciences), Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Drug Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.
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12
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Cui J, Shan R, Cao Y, Zhou Y, Liu C, Fan Y. Protective effects of ginsenoside Rg2 against memory impairment and neuronal death induced by Aβ25-35 in rats. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 266:113466. [PMID: 33049344 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.113466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 10/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Ginsenoside Rg2 is an important ingredient of Panax ginseng which often appears in ancient prescriptions for forgetfulness. Ginsenoside Rg2 exert neuroprotective effects and could be a new potential medicine to treat AD. In our previous study, we reported that ginsenoside Rg2 appears protect PC12 cells against Amyloid β-fragment (25-35) (Aβ25-35)-induced apoptosis via the PI3K/Akt pathway. However, there are no in vivo studies on the protective effects of ginsenoside Rg2 on Aβ-induced neurotoxicity. AIM OF THE STUDY The present study was performed to investigate the protective effects of ginsenoside Rg2 against Aβ25-35-induced memory impairment, and its underlying mechanisms in rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS An Alzheimer's Disease (AD) rat model was established by injecting the rats with Aβ25-35 (1 μg/μl). Cognitive performance was evaluated by the Morris Water Maze test (MWM). The brain sections were processed and neuronal apoptosis in the hippocampus was evaluated by Hematoxylin and Eosin staining (H&E). To explore the anti-neuronal apoptosis mechanism of ginsenoside Rg2, we analyzed the protein expression of Bcl-2/Bax, caspase-3, and phospho-protein kinase B/protein kinase B (p-Akt/Akt) via western blot. RESULTS A significant improvement in cognitive function was observed in administrated ginsenoside Rg2 AD rats. The histological injury in hippocampus CA1 induced by Aβ25-35 was inhibited following administration of the ginsenoside Rg2. Ginsenoside Rg2 increase the Bcl-2/Bax ratio, attenuate the cleavage of caspase-3, and enhance the phosphorylation of Akt. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that ginsenoside Rg2 could ameliorate Aβ25-35-induced cognitive dysfunction by activating the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B (PI3K/Akt) signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Cui
- Central Laboratory, Changchun Normal University, Changchun Jilin, 130032, PR China; School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun Jilin, 130024, PR China
| | - Rui Shan
- Central Laboratory, Changchun Normal University, Changchun Jilin, 130032, PR China
| | - Yanqi Cao
- Central Laboratory, Changchun Normal University, Changchun Jilin, 130032, PR China
| | - Yifa Zhou
- School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun Jilin, 130024, PR China
| | - Chunming Liu
- Central Laboratory, Changchun Normal University, Changchun Jilin, 130032, PR China.
| | - Yuying Fan
- School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun Jilin, 130024, PR China.
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13
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From the perspective of Traditional Chinese Medicine: Treatment of mental disorders in COVID-19 survivors. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 132:110810. [PMID: 33053508 PMCID: PMC7524684 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 09/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study is to explore the possible benefits of traditional Chinese medicine on the pathogenesis of psychological and mental health of COVID-19 survivors. METHODS A literature search was conducted to confirm the effects of COVID-19 on psychological and mental health of survivors. In addition to this, on the basis of signs and symptoms, TCM were used on treat mental disorder as per suggested clinical and animal experimental data plus relevant records in classical Chinese medicine books written by Zhang Zhongiing during Han Dynasty. A series of treatment plans were prescribed for COVID-19 survivors with psychological and mental disorders. RESULTS According to previous extensive studies focusing on effects on mental health of survivors, high incidence was observed in severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) survivors. During investigations of mental health of COVID-19 patients and survivors, it is observed that they also had symptoms of mental disorders and immune dysfunction. Furthermore, it was also proposed that depression, anxiety and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) were most common mental disorders requiring special attention after the recovery from COVID-19. The symptoms of COVID-19 were analyzed, and the TCM syndrome of the depression, anxiety and PTSD after recovered from COVID19 was interpreted as internal heat and Yin deficiency. These three mental disorders pertains the category of "Lily disease", "hysteria" and "deficient dysphoria" in TCM. CONCLUSION Lily Bulb, Rhizoma Anemarrhena Decoction and Ganmai Dazao Decoction were used to treat depression. Suanzaoren Decoction, Huanglian Ejiao Decoction and Zhizi Chi Decoction were suggested for anxiety. Moreover, Lily Bulb, Rehmannia Decoction and Guilu Erxian Decoction were the formula for PTSD.
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14
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Zhang B, Pan W, Deng Y, He H, Gou J, Wang Y, Zhang Y, Yin T, Liu D, Tang X. Panax quinquefolium saponin liposomes prepared by passive drug loading for improving intestinal absorption. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2020; 46:1684-1694. [PMID: 32996345 DOI: 10.1080/03639045.2020.1820036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Panax quinquefolium saponin (PQS) composed of 45% pseudo-ginsenoside F11 (PF11), is a natural mixture of sterol compounds obtained from the American ginseng plant, having numerous promising benefits for health. However, low solubility and permeability limit the development of PQS as a therapeutic agent for oral administration. In this study, PQS liposomes (PQS-Lips) were prepared by thin layer hydration, an in situ single-pass intestinal perfusion (SPIP) model was used to verify the improvement of membrane permeability of PQS-Lips. PQS-Lips had a high encapsulation efficiency (EE) of 65%∼70%, a particle size about 100.0 nm, and a zeta potential of -60 mV with regular spherical surface. FTIR and DSC showed the PQS in liposomes were amorphous, indicating that hydrogen bonds formed between one or several hydroxyl groups in PQS and C-O group at the phospholipid polar terminal. In addition, PQS-Lips showed sustained release in vitro than PQS at pH 1.2 and pH 6.8, and PQS-Lips had good stability in simulated gastric and intestinal fluid. Then, the absorption rate (K a) and effective permeability coefficient (P eff) of PQS-Lips in the whole small intestine were significantly higher than those in PQS solution (PQS-Sol), which proved that the PQS-Lips could significantly increase the membrane permeability of PQS and promote its absorption in the small intestine. From the experimental results, it could be known that liposome technology could effectively improve the absorption of PQS in the small intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Zhang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Pharmaceutics, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, PR China
| | - Wenli Pan
- Department of Traditional Chinese Pharmaceutics, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, PR China
| | - Yaxin Deng
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, PR China
| | - Haibing He
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, PR China
| | - Jingxin Gou
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, PR China
| | - Yanjiao Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, PR China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, PR China
| | - Tian Yin
- School of Functional Food and Wine, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, PR China.,Jiangsu Kanion Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Lianyungang, PR China
| | - Dongchun Liu
- Department of Traditional Chinese Pharmaceutics, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, PR China
| | - Xing Tang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, PR China
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15
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Kim BK, Fonda JR, Hauger RL, Pinna G, Anderson GM, Valovski IT, Rasmusson AM. Composite contributions of cerebrospinal fluid GABAergic neurosteroids, neuropeptide Y and interleukin-6 to PTSD symptom severity in men with PTSD. Neurobiol Stress 2020; 12:100220. [PMID: 32435669 PMCID: PMC7231970 DOI: 10.1016/j.ynstr.2020.100220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Given that multiple neurobiological systems, as well as components within these systems are impacted by stress, and may interact in additive, compensatory and synergistic ways to promote or mitigate PTSD risk, severity, and recovery, we thought that it would be important to consider the collective, as well as separate effects of these neurobiological systems on PTSD risk. With this goal in mind, we conducted a proof-of-concept study utilizing cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) collected from unmedicated, tobacco- and illicit substance-free men with PTSD (n = 13) and trauma-exposed healthy controls (TC) (n = 17). Thirteen neurobiological factors thought to contribute to PTSD risk or severity based on previous studies were assayed. As the small but typical sample size of this lumbar puncture study limited the number of factors that could be considered in a hierarchical regression model, we included only those five factors with at least a moderate correlation (Spearman rho > 0.30) with total Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS-IV) scores, and that did not violate multicollinearity criteria. Three of the five factors meeting these criteria—CSF allopregnanolone and pregnanolone (Allo + PA: equipotent GABAergic metabolites of progesterone), neuropeptide Y (NPY), and interleukin-6 (IL-6)—were found to account for over 75% of the variance in the CAPS-IV scores (R2 = 0.766, F = 8.75, p = 0.007). CSF Allo + PA levels were negatively associated with PTSD severity (β = −0.523, p = 0.02) and accounted for 47% of the variance in CAPS-IV scores. CSF NPY was positively associated with PTSD severity (β = 0.410, p = 0.04) and accounted for 14.7% of the CAPS-IV variance. There was a trend for a positive association between PTSD severity and CSF IL-6 levels, which accounted for 15.3% of the variance in PTSD severity (β = 0.423, p = 0.05). Z-scores were then computed for each of the three predictive factors and used to depict the varying relative degrees to which each contributed to PTSD severity at the individual PTSD patient level. This first of its kind, proof-of-concept study bears replication in larger samples. However, it highlights the collective effects of dysregulated neurobiological systems on PTSD symptom severity and the heterogeneity of potential biological treatment targets across individual PTSD patients—thus supporting the need for precision medicine approaches to treatment development and prescribing in PTSD.
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Key Words
- 3α-HSD, 3α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase
- Allo + PA, sum of allopregnanolone and pregnanolone
- EIA, enzyme immunoassay
- GC-MS, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry
- HPLC, high pressure liquid chromatography
- LP, lumbar puncture
- PE, prolonged exposure therapy
- PFC, prefrontal cortex
- RIA, radioimmunoassay
- TC, trauma-exposed control
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Affiliation(s)
- Byung Kil Kim
- VA Boston Healthcare System, 150 South Huntington Ave., Boston, MA, 02130, USA
| | - Jennifer R Fonda
- VA Boston Healthcare System, 150 South Huntington Ave., Boston, MA, 02130, USA.,Translational Research Center for TBI and Stress Disorders (TRACTS) and Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), 150 South Huntington Ave., Boston, MA, 02130, USA.,Boston University School of Medicine, 72 E. Concord Street, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - Richard L Hauger
- Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health, VA San Diego Healthcare System, 3350 La Jolla Village Drive, San Diego, CA, 92161, USA.,Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging, Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Graziano Pinna
- The Psychiatric Institute, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1601 W Taylor St. MC912 Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - George M Anderson
- Child Study Center and Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine S. Frontage Rd. New Haven, CT, 06519, USA
| | - Ivan T Valovski
- VA Boston Healthcare System, 150 South Huntington Ave., Boston, MA, 02130, USA.,Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck St. Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Ann M Rasmusson
- VA Boston Healthcare System, 150 South Huntington Ave., Boston, MA, 02130, USA.,Boston University School of Medicine, 72 E. Concord Street, Boston, MA, 02118, USA.,VA National Center for PTSD Women's Health Science Division, 150 South Huntington Ave., Boston, MA, 02130, USA
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