1
|
de Brum GF, Bochi GV. Are Advanced Oxidation Protein Products (AOPPs) Levels Altered in Neuropsychiatric Disorders? An Integrative Review. Mol Neurobiol 2024:10.1007/s12035-024-04122-7. [PMID: 38580854 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-024-04122-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
Neuropsychiatric disorders such as major depressive disorder (MDD), bipolar disorder (BD), and schizophrenia (SZ) are considered a public health problem since it interferes in personal relationships and at work. The pathophysiological mechanisms of these mental disorders are still not completely understood. The variety and heterogeneity of symptoms, as well as the absence of biomarkers, make the diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of these disorders difficult. However, oxidative stress appears to play a role in the pathophysiology of these diseases. In this context, advanced oxidation protein products (AOPPs) are considered a biomarker of protein oxidative damage and have been associated with neuroinflammatory diseases. In patients with neuropsychiatric disorders, increased levels of AOPPs were associated with the severity of symptoms and decreased quality of life. Thus, the objective of this integrative review is to investigate and discuss the relationship between AOPPs levels and MDD, BD, and SZ. Different databases were consulted and approximately 112 scientific articles were found relating AOPPs and psychiatric disorders. In the majority of studies, the blood levels of AOPPs were increased in MDD, BD, and SZ and associated with the severity of the disorders. Although the association of this marker with the risk of developing one of these mental disorders is more uncertain, some studies have suggested this relationship. Of the twenty-four studies highlighted, only four did not find significant differences in AOPPs levels in patients with the disorders mentioned. In summary, it may be suggested that the assessment of AOPPs levels can be a useful tool in the evaluation of neuropsychiatric disorders, at least for prognostic evaluation. However, the role of this biomarker in the pathophysiology of mental disorders is still unclear, as well as whether reducing its levels represents a potential therapeutic strategy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gerson Fernandes de Brum
- Center of Health Sciences, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
- Center of Health Sciences, Postgraduate Program in Pharmacology, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Vargas Bochi
- Center of Health Sciences, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
- Center of Health Sciences, Postgraduate Program in Pharmacology, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Yang H, Zhang C, Yang M, Liu J, Zhang Y, Liu D, Zhang X. Variations of plasma oxidative stress levels in male patients with chronic schizophrenia. Correlations with psychopathology and matrix metalloproteinase-9: a case-control study. BMC Psychiatry 2024; 24:20. [PMID: 38172869 PMCID: PMC10765744 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-023-05479-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Accumulating evidence has indicated that oxidative stress (OS) and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) may contribute to the mechanism of schizophrenia. In the present study, we aimed to evaluate the associations of OS parameters and MMP-9 levels with psychopathological symptoms in male chronic schizophrenia patients. METHODS This study was an observational, cross-sectional, retrospective case-control study. Plasma hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), serum matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases-1 (TIMP-1) levels were assayed in 80 male patients with chronic schizophrenia and 80 matched healthy controls. Schizophrenia symptoms were assessed by the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS). Multivariate regression was used to analyze relationships between OS parameters and MMP-9, and clinical symptoms. RESULTS Our results demonstrated that levels of antioxidant enzymes, SOD, GSH-Px, H2O2, and MDA were significantly decreased, whereas CAT and MMP-9 levels were increased in patients with schizophrenia, when compared with healthy controls (all P < 0.05). In schizophrenia patients, correlation analyses showed that H2O2 levels were significantly and positively correlated with PANSS positive scores, CAT and MDA levels were significant negatively correlated with PANSS negative scores and PANSS total scores, and MDA levels were significantly positively correlated with MMP-9 levels (all P < 0.05). However, we did not find that MMP-9 played an interaction role between OS parameters and PANSS total scores and subscales scores (all P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Our results showed that alterations of plasma OS parameters in male patients with chronic schizophrenia were associated with psychopathology and MMP-9, suggesting that OS and neuroinflammation may play important role in the mechanism of schizophrenia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haidong Yang
- Medical College of Soochow University, 215137, Suzhou, PR China
- Department of Psychiatry, The Fourth People's Hospital of Lianyungang, The Affiliated KangDa College of Nanjing Medical University, 222003, Lianyungang, P.R. China
- Suzhou Psychiatric Hospital, Institute of Mental Health, The Affiliated Guangji Hospital of Soochow University, 215137, Suzhou, P.R. China
| | - Caiyi Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry, The Affiliated Xuzhou Oriental Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, 221004, Xuzhou, China
| | - Man Yang
- Department of Psychiatry, The Fourth People's Hospital of Lianyungang, The Affiliated KangDa College of Nanjing Medical University, 222003, Lianyungang, P.R. China
| | - Junjun Liu
- Medical College of Soochow University, 215137, Suzhou, PR China
| | - Yuting Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry, The Fourth People's Hospital of Lianyungang, The Affiliated KangDa College of Nanjing Medical University, 222003, Lianyungang, P.R. China
| | - Dongliang Liu
- Department of Psychiatry, The Fourth People's Hospital of Lianyungang, The Affiliated KangDa College of Nanjing Medical University, 222003, Lianyungang, P.R. China
| | - Xiaobin Zhang
- Suzhou Psychiatric Hospital, Institute of Mental Health, The Affiliated Guangji Hospital of Soochow University, 215137, Suzhou, P.R. China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Yazla E, Cetin I, Kayadibi H. Assessing the relationship between antipsychotic drug use and prolidase enzyme activity and oxidative stress in schizophrenia patients: a case-control study. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 2023; 38:394-401. [PMID: 37490605 DOI: 10.1097/yic.0000000000000491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The relationship between proline, its association with oxidative stress, and its connection to schizophrenia is a subject that has not been sufficiently investigated. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study is to evaluate the possible effects of atypical and combined (typical and atypical) antipsychotic use on serum prolidase enzyme activity (SPEA) and serum oxidative stress parameters, and to assess the relationship between SPEA and oxidative stress in patients with schizophrenia. METHODS A total of 57 patients with schizophrenia, of which 34 were using atypical (AAPG) and 23 were using combined (typical and atypical) (CAPG) antipsychotic therapy, and 28 healthy volunteers (control group) were included in this case-control study. RESULTS SPEA levels of AAPG and CAPG were significantly lower than that of control group ( P = 0.003). The oxidative stress index (OSI) value of AAPG was significantly higher than the other two groups ( P = 0.001). SPEA (<1860 U/l) and OSI (≥0.54) could discriminate schizophrenia patients with antipsychotic therapy from control groups ( P = 0.001 and P = 0.007, respectively). Lower SPEA levels were associated with antipsychotic use ( P = 0.007). CONCLUSION The SPEA values of patients with schizophrenia on antipsychotics were significantly lower compared to controls. OSI values were significantly higher in atypical antipsychotic recipients compared to those on combined antipsychotics and healthy controls.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ece Yazla
- Department of Psychiatry, Hitit University Faculty of Medicine
| | - Ihsan Cetin
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Hitit University Faculty of Medicine, Corum
| | - Huseyin Kayadibi
- Department of Biochemistry, Eskisehir Osmangazi University Faculty of Medicine, Eskisehir, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Carletti B, Banaj N, Piras F, Bossù P. Schizophrenia and Glutathione: A Challenging Story. J Pers Med 2023; 13:1526. [PMID: 38003841 PMCID: PMC10672475 DOI: 10.3390/jpm13111526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia (SZ) is a devastating mental illness with a complex and heterogeneous clinical state. Several conditions like symptoms, stage and severity of the disease are only some of the variables that have to be considered to define the disorder and its phenotypes. SZ pathophysiology is still unclear, and the diagnosis is currently relegated to the analysis of clinical symptoms; therefore, the search for biomarkers with diagnostic relevance is a major challenge in the field, especially in the era of personalized medicine. Though the mechanisms implicated in SZ are not fully understood, some processes are beginning to be elucidated. Oxidative stress, and in particular glutathione (GSH) dysregulation, has been demonstrated to play a crucial role in SZ pathophysiology. In fact, glutathione is a leading actor of oxidative-stress-mediated damage in SZ and appears to reflect the heterogeneity of the disease. The literature reports differing results regarding the levels of glutathione in SZ patients. However, each GSH state may be a sign of specific symptoms or groups of symptoms, candidating glutathione as a biomarker useful for discriminating SZ phenotypes. Here, we summarize the literature about the levels of glutathione in SZ and analyze the role of this molecule and its potential use as a biomarker.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Carletti
- Laboratory of Neuropsychiatry, Clinical Neuroscience and Neurorehabilitation Department, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Via Ardeatina 306, 00179 Rome, Italy; (N.B.); (F.P.)
| | - Nerisa Banaj
- Laboratory of Neuropsychiatry, Clinical Neuroscience and Neurorehabilitation Department, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Via Ardeatina 306, 00179 Rome, Italy; (N.B.); (F.P.)
| | - Fabrizio Piras
- Laboratory of Neuropsychiatry, Clinical Neuroscience and Neurorehabilitation Department, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Via Ardeatina 306, 00179 Rome, Italy; (N.B.); (F.P.)
| | - Paola Bossù
- Laboratory of Experimental Neuropsychobiology, Clinical Neuroscience and Neurorehabilitation Department, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Via del Fosso di Fiorano 64, 00143 Rome, Italy;
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Xie W, Jiang J, Shu D, Zhang Y, Yang S, Zhang K. Recent Progress in the Rational Design of Biothiol-Responsive Fluorescent Probes. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28104252. [PMID: 37241992 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28104252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Biothiols such as cysteine, homocysteine, and glutathione play significant roles in important biological activities, and their abnormal concentrations have been found to be closely associated with certain diseases, making their detection a critical task. To this end, fluorescent probes have become increasingly popular due to their numerous advantages, including easy handling, desirable spatiotemporal resolution, high sensitivity, fast response, and favorable biocompatibility. As a result, intensive research has been conducted to create fluorescent probes for the detection and imaging of biothiols. This brief review summarizes recent advances in the field of biothiol-responsive fluorescent probes, with an emphasis on rational probe design, including the reaction mechanism, discriminating detection, reversible detection, and specific detection. Furthermore, the challenges and prospects of fluorescence probes for biothiols are also outlined.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenzhi Xie
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Cytochemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha 410114, China
| | - Jinyu Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Dunji Shu
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology &Traditional Chinese Medicine Research, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China
| | - Yanjun Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Sheng Yang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Cytochemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha 410114, China
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology &Traditional Chinese Medicine Research, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China
| | - Kai Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology &Traditional Chinese Medicine Research, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Thiol disulfide homeostasis in psychiatric disorders: A comprehensive review. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2023; 123:110719. [PMID: 36634809 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2023.110719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Thiol-disulfide couple maintains an intracellular redox status. Dynamic thiol-disulfide homeostasis acts crucial parts in metabolic processes involving signal mechanisms, inflammation, antioxidant defense. Thiol-disulfide homeostasis have been implicated in numerous diseases. In this comprehensive review we identified the studies that examined the thiol-disulfide homeostasis in psychiatric disorders. Most cases demonstrated alterations in thiol-disulfide homeostasis and in most of them the thiol-disulfide balance tended to change direction to the disulfide side, that is, to the oxidative side. Currently, the fact that N-acetylcysteine, a thiol-containing compound, is of great interest as a new treatment approach in psychiatric disorders and the role of glutathione, the most abundant thiol, in the brain highlights the importance of evaluating the thiol-disulfide balance in psychiatric disorders.
Collapse
|
7
|
Więdłocha M, Zborowska N, Marcinowicz P, Dębowska W, Dębowska M, Zalewska A, Maciejczyk M, Waszkiewicz N, Szulc A. Oxidative Stress Biomarkers among Schizophrenia Inpatients. Brain Sci 2023; 13:brainsci13030490. [PMID: 36979300 PMCID: PMC10046541 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13030490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2023] [Revised: 03/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background. Finding the associations between schizophrenia symptoms and the biomarkers of inflammation, oxidative stress and the kynurenine pathway may lead to the individualization of treatment and increase its effectiveness. Methods. The study group included 82 schizophrenia inpatients. The Positive and Negative Symptoms Scale (PANSS), the Brief Assessment of Cognition in Schizophrenia (BACS) and the Calgary Depression in Schizophrenia Scale were used for symptom evaluation. Biochemical analyses included oxidative stress parameters and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). Results. Linear models revealed the following: (1) malondiadehyde (MDA), N-formylkynurenine (N-formKYN), advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP), advanced glycation end-products of proteins (AGE) and total oxidative status (TOS) levels are related to the PANSS-total score; (2) MDA, reduced glutathione (GSH) and BDNF levels are related to the PANSS-negative score; (3) TOS and kynurenine (KYN) levels are related to the PANSS-positive score; (4) levels of total antioxidant status (TAS) and AOPP along with the CDSS score are related to the BACS-total score; (5) TAS and N-formKYN levels are related to the BACS-working memory score. Conclusions. Oxidative stress biomarkers may be associated with the severity of schizophrenia symptoms in positive, negative and cognitive dimensions. The identification of biochemical markers associated with the specific symptom clusters may increase the understanding of biochemical profiles in schizophrenia patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Więdłocha
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland; (N.Z.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Natalia Zborowska
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland; (N.Z.)
| | - Piotr Marcinowicz
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland; (N.Z.)
| | - Weronika Dębowska
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland; (N.Z.)
| | - Marta Dębowska
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland; (N.Z.)
| | - Anna Zalewska
- Experimental Dentistry Laboratory, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-089 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Mateusz Maciejczyk
- Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Ergonomics, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-089 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Napoleon Waszkiewicz
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Bialystok, 16-070 Choroszcz, Poland
| | - Agata Szulc
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland; (N.Z.)
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Yang M, Wang C, Zhao G, Kong D, Liu L, Yuan S, Chen W, Feng C, Li Z. Comparative Analysis of the Pre- and Post-Medication Effects of Antipsychotic Agents on the Blood-Based Oxidative Stress Biomarkers in Patients with Schizophrenia: A Meta-Analysis. Curr Neuropharmacol 2023; 21:340-352. [PMID: 35794775 PMCID: PMC10190148 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x20666220706101021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Studies have shown that oxidative stress (OS) is related to the pathophysiology of schizophrenia (SCZ), but whether antipsychotics can induce OS has not been investigated well. Moreover, antipsychotics have differential effects on the OS level modulation, i.e., different types of antipsychotics have different effects on the cellular antioxidants or pro-oxidants. METHODS We followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines and investigated the OS indicators including both enzymatic and nonenzymatic markers, such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione (GSH), vitamin C, etc., of SCZ patients at baseline and follow-up of mono-medication. RESULTS Twenty studies met the inclusion criteria, with a total of 1162 patients enrolled at baseline, and 1105 patients completed the follow-up. OS markers were changed after a period of antipsychotic treatment in SCZ patients. The GPx activity and MDA level decreased in the whole blood (P<0.05), also the serum MDA level decreased (P<0.05). For the first-episode SCZ patients, the activity of GPx and the level of MDA decreased, while the level of vitamin C increased (all P<0.05). The levels of MDA in patients receiving atypical antipsychotics decreased (P<0.05), while the level of GSH in patients with typical antipsychotics decreased (P=0.05). CONCLUSION Antipsychotic medication may cause changes in the levels of OS markers in different blood samples of SCZ patients. However, the available studies might not be sufficient to reveal the underlying facts accurately due to the poor quality of experimental designs in the published literature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mi Yang
- Department of Psychiatry, The Fourth People's Hospital of Chengdu, Chengdu, China
| | - Chunzhi Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, Qingdao Mental Health Center, Qingdao, China
| | - Guocheng Zhao
- Department of Psychiatry, The Fourth People's Hospital of Chengdu, Chengdu, China
| | - Di Kong
- Department of Psychiatry, The Fourth People's Hospital of Chengdu, Chengdu, China
| | - Liju Liu
- Department of Psychiatry, The Fourth People's Hospital of Chengdu, Chengdu, China
| | - Shuai Yuan
- Department of Psychiatry, The Fourth People's Hospital of Chengdu, Chengdu, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, The Fourth People's Hospital of Chengdu, Chengdu, China
| | - Can Feng
- Department of Psychiatry, The Fourth People's Hospital of Chengdu, Chengdu, China
| | - Zezhi Li
- Department of Psychiatry, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Psychiatry, Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for Translational Medicine of Mental Disorders, Guangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Al-Hakeim HK, Altufaili MF, Almulla AF, Moustafa SR, Maes M. Increased Lipid Peroxidation and Lowered Antioxidant Defenses Predict Methamphetamine Induced Psychosis. Cells 2022; 11:cells11223694. [PMID: 36429122 PMCID: PMC9688750 DOI: 10.3390/cells11223694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND a significant percentage of methamphetamine (MA) dependent patients develop psychosis. The associations between oxidative pathways and MA-induced psychosis (MIP) are not well delineated. OBJECTIVE the aim of this study is to delineate whether acute MA intoxication in MA dependent patients is accompanied by increased nitro-oxidative stress and whether the latter is associated with MIP. METHOD we recruited 30 healthy younger males and 60 acutely intoxicated males with MA dependence and assessed severity of MA use and dependence and psychotic symptoms during intoxication, and serum oxidative toxicity (OSTOX) biomarkers including oxidized high (oxHDL) and low (oxLDL)-density lipoprotein, myeloperoxidase (MPO), malondialdehyde (MDA), and nitric oxide (NO), and antioxidant defenses (ANTIOX) including HDL-cholesterol, zinc, glutathione peroxidase (GPx), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), and catalase-1. RESULTS a large part (50%, n = 30) of patients with MA dependence could be allocated to a cluster characterized by high psychosis ratings including delusions, suspiciousness, conceptual disorganization and difficulties abstract thinking and an increased OSTOX/ANTIOX ratio. Partial Least Squares analysis showed that 29.9% of the variance in MIP severity (a first factor extracted from psychosis, hostility, excitation, mannerism, and formal thought disorder scores) was explained by HDL, TAC and zinc (all inversely) and oxLDL (positively). MA dependence and dosing explained together 44.7% of the variance in the OSTOX/ANTIOX ratio. CONCLUSIONS MA dependence and intoxication are associated with increased oxidative stress and lowered antioxidant defenses, both of which increase risk of MIP during acute intoxication. MA dependence is accompanied by increased atherogenicity due to lowered HDL and increased oxLDL and oxHDL.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Abbas F. Almulla
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
- Medical Laboratory Technology Department, College of Medical Technology, The Islamic University, Najaf 54001, Iraq
| | - Shatha Rouf Moustafa
- Clinical Analysis Department, College of Pharmacy, Hawler Medical University, Erbil 44001, Iraq
| | - Michael Maes
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Plovdiv, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria
- School of Medicine, Barwon Health, IMPACT, The Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, Deakin University, Geelong VIC 3216, Australia
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Guidara W, Messedi M, Naifar M, Charfi N, Grayaa S, Maalej M, Maalej M, Ayadi F. Predictive value of oxidative stress biomarkers in drug-free patients with bipolar disorder. Nord J Psychiatry 2022; 76:539-550. [PMID: 34965843 DOI: 10.1080/08039488.2021.2016954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Oxidative stress is one of the primary etiological mechanisms of bipolar disorder (BD). METHODS The present study was conducted over a period of 24 months on Tunisian on 34 drug‑free male patients with BD (mean age: 34.5 years) and 101 age and gender matched controls (mean age: 34.20 years) were enrolled in the study. RESULTS Plasma reduced glutathione (GSH) and total thiols levels were significantly decreased in patients compared to controls (respectively p < .001; p = .009). In addition, malondialdehyde (MDA), advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP), protein carbonyls (PC) and homocysteine (Hcys) concentrations and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity were significantly increased in patients compared to controls (p = .002; p < .001; p = .001; p < .001 and p = .016, respectively). The binary logistic regression analysis revealed that MDA, AOPP and Hcys could be considered as independent risk factors for BD. When using CombiROC analysis, a remarkable increase in the area under the curve (AUC) with higher sensitivity (Se) and specificity (Sp) for MDA, AOPP, PC, GSH-Px and Hcys combined markers was observed. CONCLUSIONS Overall, the identification of the predictive value of these five selected biomarkers related to oxidative stress in drug free patients should lead to a better identification of the etiological mechanism of BD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wassim Guidara
- Laboratory of Research "Molecular Basis of Human Diseases", LR19ES13, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Meriam Messedi
- Laboratory of Research "Molecular Basis of Human Diseases", LR19ES13, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Manel Naifar
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, University of Sfax & Habib Bourguiba Hospital, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Nada Charfi
- Psychiatry C- department, Hedi Chaker University Hospital, University of Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Sahar Grayaa
- Laboratory of Research "Molecular Basis of Human Diseases", LR19ES13, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Mohamed Maalej
- Psychiatry C- department, Hedi Chaker University Hospital, University of Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Manel Maalej
- Psychiatry C- department, Hedi Chaker University Hospital, University of Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Fatma Ayadi
- Laboratory of Research "Molecular Basis of Human Diseases", LR19ES13, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia.,Laboratory of Biochemistry, University of Sfax & Habib Bourguiba Hospital, Sfax, Tunisia
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Oxidative Stress and Emergence of Psychosis. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11101870. [PMID: 36290593 PMCID: PMC9598314 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11101870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Treatment and prevention strategies for schizophrenia require knowledge about the mechanisms involved in the psychotic transition. Increasing evidence suggests a redox imbalance in schizophrenia patients. This narrative review presents an overview of the scientific literature regarding blood oxidative stress markers’ evolution in the early stages of psychosis and chronic patients. Studies investigating peripheral levels of oxidative stress in schizophrenia patients, first episode of psychosis or UHR individuals were considered. A total of 76 peer-reviewed articles published from 1991 to 2022 on PubMed and EMBASE were included. Schizophrenia patients present with increased levels of oxidative damage to lipids in the blood, and decreased levels of non-enzymatic antioxidants. Genetic studies provide evidence for altered antioxidant functions in patients. Antioxidant blood levels are decreased before psychosis onset and blood levels of oxidative stress correlate with symptoms severity in patients. Finally, adjunct treatment of antipsychotics with the antioxidant N-acetyl cysteine appears to be effective in schizophrenia patients. Further studies are required to assess its efficacy as a prevention strategy. Redox imbalance might contribute to the pathophysiology of emerging psychosis and could serve as a therapeutic target for preventive or adjunctive therapies, as well as biomarkers of disease progression.
Collapse
|
12
|
Guidara W, Messedi M, Naifar M, Maalej M, Khrouf W, Grayaa S, Maalej M, Bonnefont-Rousselot D, Lamari F, Ayadi F. Plasma oxysterols in drug-free patients with schizophrenia. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2022; 221:106123. [PMID: 35550868 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2022.106123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Evidence from clinical, genetic, and medical studies has shown the neuronal developmental disorder aspect of schizophrenia (SZ). Whereas oxysterols are vital factors in neurodevelopment, it is still unknown whether they are involved in the pathophysiology of SZ. The current study aims to explore the profile of oxysterols in plasma, ratio to total cholesterol (Tchol) and the association with clinical factors in patients with SZ. Forty men diagnosed with SZ and forty healthy controls matched for age and sex were included in the study. The ratios of cholestane-3β,5α,6β-triol, 27-hydroxycholesterol (27-OHC) and Cholestanol to Tchol increased in the schizophrenic group compared to controls. However, levels of 24S-hydroxycholesterol (24-OHC) were not significantly different between patients and controls. For the SZ patients, the plasma 24-OHC levels were positively correlated with the positive and negative syndrome total scores (PANSS) but negatively correlated with the Montreal Cognitive Assessment scores (MOCA). Moreover, the ratio Cholestanol to Tchol was negatively correlated with MOCA scores and positively correlated with PANSS general. The binary logistic regression analysis revealed that the ratio Cholestane-3β,5α,6β-triol/TChol could be considered as an independent risk factor for SZ. On the other hand, the receiver's operating characteristics analysis corresponding to potential biomarkers on SZ showed Areas Under the Curve (AUCs) of 82.1%; 69.7% and 77.6% for the ratio of Cholestane-3β,5α,6β-triol/TChol, 27-OHC/TChol and Cholestanol/TChol respectively. The relevance of Cholestane-3β,5α,6β-triol, 27-OHC and Cholestanol assays as biomarkers of this disease deserves further investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wassim Guidara
- Research Laboratory "Molecular Basis of Human Diseases", LR19ES13, Sfax Medicine School, University of Sfax, Tunisia.
| | - Meriam Messedi
- Research Laboratory "Molecular Basis of Human Diseases", LR19ES13, Sfax Medicine School, University of Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Manel Naifar
- Research Laboratory "Molecular Basis of Human Diseases", LR19ES13, Sfax Medicine School, University of Sfax, Tunisia; Biochemistry Laboratory, Habib Bourguiba Hospital, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Manel Maalej
- Psychiatry C-department, Hédi Chaker Hospital, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Walid Khrouf
- Service de Biochimie Métabolique, AP-HP.Sorbonne Université, Hôpitaux Universitaires Pitié-Salpêtrière-Charles Foix, DMU BioGeM, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Sahar Grayaa
- Research Laboratory "Molecular Basis of Human Diseases", LR19ES13, Sfax Medicine School, University of Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Mohamed Maalej
- Psychiatry C-department, Hédi Chaker Hospital, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Dominique Bonnefont-Rousselot
- Service de Biochimie Métabolique, AP-HP.Sorbonne Université, Hôpitaux Universitaires Pitié-Salpêtrière-Charles Foix, DMU BioGeM, F-75013 Paris, France; Université de Paris, CNRS, Inserm, UTCBS, F-75006 Paris, France
| | - Foudil Lamari
- Service de Biochimie Métabolique, AP-HP.Sorbonne Université, Hôpitaux Universitaires Pitié-Salpêtrière-Charles Foix, DMU BioGeM, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Fatma Ayadi
- Research Laboratory "Molecular Basis of Human Diseases", LR19ES13, Sfax Medicine School, University of Sfax, Tunisia; Biochemistry Laboratory, Habib Bourguiba Hospital, Sfax, Tunisia
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Messedi M, Guidara W, Grayaa S, Khrouf W, Snoussi M, Bahloul Z, Bonnefont-Rousselot D, Lamari F, Ayadi F. Selected plasma oxysterols as a potential multi-marker biosignature panel for Behçet's Disease. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2022; 221:106122. [PMID: 35588947 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2022.106122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Clinical, genetic, and medical evidence has shown the inflammatory vasculitis aspect of Behçet's Disease (BD). Whereas oxysterols are vital factors in inflammation and oxidative stress, it is still unknown whether they are involved in the pathophysiology of BD. The current study aims to explore the profile of oxysterols in plasma of BD patients. Thirty patients diagnosed with BD and forty healthy controls matched for age and gender were included. Results showed that the cholestane-3β,5α,6β-triol, 27-hydroxycholesterol (27-OHC) and cholestanol levels were higher in BD than controls. In addition, plasma levels of 7-ketocholesterol (7-KC) and 25-hydroxycholesterol (25-OHC) were lower in BD patient. However, levels of 24S-hydroxycholesterol (24-OHC) did not significantly differ. For BD patients, the plasma 7-KC level was negatively correlated with the BD activity index (BDAI) while 27-OHC was positively correlated with high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) in patients with active course of the disease. According to ROC analysis, a remarkable increase in the area under the curve (AUC) with a higher sensitivity (Se) and specificity (Sp) for 7-KC, 25-OHC and 27-OHC combined markers was observed. The present study indicated that the identification of the predictive value of these three-selected biomarkers related to oxidative stress and inflammation in patients should lead to a better identification of the etiological mechanism of BD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meriam Messedi
- Research Laboratory "Molecular Basis of Human Diseases", LR19ES13, Sfax Medicine School, University of Sfax, Tunisia.
| | - Wassim Guidara
- Research Laboratory "Molecular Basis of Human Diseases", LR19ES13, Sfax Medicine School, University of Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Sahar Grayaa
- Research Laboratory "Molecular Basis of Human Diseases", LR19ES13, Sfax Medicine School, University of Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Walid Khrouf
- Service de Biochimie Métabolique, AP-HP.Sorbonne Université, Hôpitaux Universitaires Pitié-Salpêtrière-Charles Foix, DMU BioGeM, Paris F-75013, France
| | - Mouna Snoussi
- Internal medicine department, Hedi Chaker Hosptital, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Zouhir Bahloul
- Internal medicine department, Hedi Chaker Hosptital, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Dominique Bonnefont-Rousselot
- Service de Biochimie Métabolique, AP-HP.Sorbonne Université, Hôpitaux Universitaires Pitié-Salpêtrière-Charles Foix, DMU BioGeM, Paris F-75013, France; Université de Paris, CNRS, Inserm, UTCBS, Paris F-75006, France
| | - Foudil Lamari
- Service de Biochimie Métabolique, AP-HP.Sorbonne Université, Hôpitaux Universitaires Pitié-Salpêtrière-Charles Foix, DMU BioGeM, Paris F-75013, France
| | - Fatma Ayadi
- Research Laboratory "Molecular Basis of Human Diseases", LR19ES13, Sfax Medicine School, University of Sfax, Tunisia
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Pandolfo G, Genovese G, Bruno A, Campolo D, Tigano V, Cristani M, Casciaro M, Pioggia G, Gangemi S. Advanced glycation end-products and advanced oxidation protein products in schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res 2022; 311:114527. [PMID: 35344686 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2022.114527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia pathophysiology is still not well understood. Genetic factors involving biochemical systems are key players and oxidative stress takes part to the development and worsening of SZ. Oxidative stress led to the permanent production of oxidation products such as advanced glycation end products (AGEs) and advanced oxidation protein products (AOPPs). These proteins interact with their receptor amplifying ROS production and pro-inflammatory cytokines sustaining a permanent loop. We tested plasma levels of AGEs and AOPPs in 30 SZ patients. Their levels were statistically higher than controls confirming their involvement in mental disorders. Antioxidant nutraceuticals and a healthy lifestyle could diminish oxidative stress and ameliorate SZ symptoms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gianluca Pandolfo
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences, Morphological and Functional Images, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy.
| | - Giovanni Genovese
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences, Morphological and Functional Images, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy.
| | - Antonio Bruno
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences, Morphological and Functional Images, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy.
| | - Domenica Campolo
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences, Morphological and Functional Images, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy.
| | - Valeria Tigano
- School and Operative Unit of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Policlinico "G. Martino", Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy.
| | - Mariateresa Cristani
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy.
| | - Marco Casciaro
- School and Operative Unit of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Policlinico "G. Martino", Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy.
| | - Giovanni Pioggia
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation (IRIB), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), 98125 Messina, Italy.
| | - Sebastiano Gangemi
- School and Operative Unit of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Policlinico "G. Martino", Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Effects of antipsychotics on antioxidant defence system in patients with schizophrenia: A meta-analysis. Psychiatry Res 2022; 309:114429. [PMID: 35150976 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2022.114429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Theory of oxidative stress is suggested in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. To determine the cause of impaired antioxidant defense system in schizophrenia, a meta-analysis was performed by selecting studies published from 1964 to 2021 from Pubmed and Scopus databases. Data were analysed using Comprehensive Meta-Analysis version 2 and calculated effect sizes were compared between unmedicated and medicated patients with schizophrenia and healthy controls. Heterogeneity, publication bias assessments and subgroup analyses of drug-free and drug-naïve patients, and patients treated with atypical and typical antipsychotics were conducted. Subgroup analysis of confounding factors including age, gender, illness duration and patient status was also conducted. We found that glutathione peroxidase (GPx) was significantly decreased in all patients. Significantly lower catalase (CAT), glutathione (GSH) and albumin (ALB) were found in unmedicated patients only. Both groups showed significantly weakened non-enzymatic antioxidant capacity. Subgroup analyses indicated that weakened non-enzymatic antioxidant capacity may be associated with schizophrenia. Antioxidant status was more impaired in drug-free patients compared with other subgroups. This indicated that antipsychotics may improve antioxidant defense system. Although effect sizes were smaller, future studies may focus on the effect of antipsychotic discontinuation. In overall, schizophrenia was associated with impaired antioxidant defense system especially the non-enzymatic antioxidant system.
Collapse
|
16
|
Goh XX, Tang PY, Tee SF. Blood-based oxidation markers in medicated and unmedicated schizophrenia patients: A meta-analysis. Asian J Psychiatr 2022; 67:102932. [PMID: 34839098 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajp.2021.102932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Increased reactive species due to the effect of antipsychotics on oxidative stress may be involved in the development of schizophrenia. However, antipsychotics may have different direct antioxidant effects due to their chemical structures. The present meta-analysis aimed to investigate whether the cause increased oxidant status in schizophrenia patients is due to the illness or induction by antipsychotics. Studies published from 1964 to 2021 were selected from Pubmed and Scopus databases. Data were analysed using Comprehensive Meta-Analysis version 2. Effect sizes were calculated and compared between unmedicated and medicated patients and healthy controls. Heterogeneity and publication bias were assessed. Subgroup analyses were conducted on drug-free and drug-naïve patients, and patients treated with atypical and typical antipsychotics. We found that medicated patients had significantly higher malondialdehyde (MDA), thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and total oxidant status (TOS). Meanwhile, significantly increased plasma/serum MDA and nitric oxide (NO) were observed in unmedicated patients only. Higher lipid peroxidation in the drug-naïve group may be associated schizophrenia. However, both atypical and typical antipsychotics may worsen lipid peroxidation. Antipsychotic discontinuation in the drug-free group led to significantly increased plasma/serum NO, with larger effect size than the atypical antipsychotic group. In conclusion, medicated schizophrenia patients were more suffered from increased oxidative stress. Therefore, future study may focus on the mechanism of action of specific antipsychotic on oxidative stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xue Xin Goh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Lee Kong Chian Faculty of Engineering and Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Bandar Sungai Long, Cheras, 43000 Kajang, Malaysia
| | - Pek Yee Tang
- Department of Mechatronics and Biomedical Engineering, Lee Kong Chian Faculty of Engineering and Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Bandar Sungai Long, Cheras, 43000 Kajang, Malaysia
| | - Shiau Foon Tee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Lee Kong Chian Faculty of Engineering and Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Bandar Sungai Long, Cheras, 43000 Kajang, Malaysia.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Juchnowicz D, Dzikowski M, Rog J, Waszkiewicz N, Zalewska A, Maciejczyk M, Karakuła-Juchnowicz H. Oxidative Stress Biomarkers as a Predictor of Stage Illness and Clinical Course of Schizophrenia. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:728986. [PMID: 34867519 PMCID: PMC8636114 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.728986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Pro/antioxidant imbalance has been reported in schizophrenia (SZ). However, the results of studies are inconsistent and usually do not include other factors that are highly affected by oxidative stress (OS).This cross-sectional study aimed to determine the serum levels of OS markers and their potential connection with schizophrenia. The total sample comprised 147: 98 individuals with SZ -47 first-episode (FS) and 49 chronic patients (CS)-and 49 healthy individuals (HC) as a control group. The examination included clinical variables and serum levels of antioxidants and oxidative damage products. The significant changes were observed in concentrations of all examined markers, without any specific direction of the pro/antioxidant balance shift between SZ and HC. In the regression model adjusted for cofounders, catalase: OR = 0.81 (95%CI: 0.74-0.88); glutathione peroxidase: OR = 1.06 (95%CI: 1.02-1.10); total antioxidant capacity: OR = 0.85 (95%CI: 0.75-0.98); oxidative stress index: OR = 1.25 (95%CI: 1.03-1.52); ferric reducing ability of plasma: OR = 0.79 (95%CI: 0.69-0.89); advanced glycation end products: OR = 1.03 (95%CI: 1.01-1.04); and advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP): OR = 1.05 (95%CI: 1.03-1.07) turned out to be significant predictors of schizophrenia. In the multiple stepwise regression model, pro/antioxidant status and their interaction with the duration of illness-related factors affected schizophrenia symptoms: positive symptoms (FRAPxKYN), negative (DITYR, FRAP, CAT), general (KYN), and over-all psychopathology (KYNxNFK). The results confirm differences in serum levels of oxidative biomarkers between SZ patients and healthy individuals. The pro/antioxidant status could be considered a predictor of schizophrenia and the factor affects patients' symptom severity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dariusz Juchnowicz
- Department of Psychiatric Nursing, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Michał Dzikowski
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Early Intervention, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Joanna Rog
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Early Intervention, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | | | - Anna Zalewska
- Experimental Dentistry Laboratory and Department of Restorative Dentistry, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Mateusz Maciejczyk
- Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Ergonomics, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Hanna Karakuła-Juchnowicz
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Early Intervention, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Juchnowicz D, Dzikowski M, Rog J, Waszkiewicz N, Karakuła KH, Zalewska A, Maciejczyk M, Karakula-Juchnowicz H. Pro/Antioxidant State as a Potential Biomarker of Schizophrenia. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10184156. [PMID: 34575267 PMCID: PMC8466193 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10184156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
To allow better diagnosis and management of psychiatric illnesses, the use of easily accessible biomarkers are proposed. Therefore, recognition of some diseases by a set of related pathogenesis biomarkers is a promising approach. The study aims to assess the usefulness of examining oxidative stress (OS) in schizophrenia as a potential biomarker of illness using the commonly used data mining decision tree method. The study group was comprised of 147 participants: 98 patients with schizophrenia (SZ group), and the control group (n = 49; HC). The patients with schizophrenia were divided into two groups: first-episode schizophrenia (n = 49; FS) and chronic schizophrenia (n = 49; CS). The assessment included the following biomarkers in sera of patients: catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), superoxide dismutase-1 (SOD-1), glutathione reductase (GR), reduced glutathione (GSH), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP), advanced glycation end products (AGEs), advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP), dityrosine (DITYR), kynurenine (KYN), N-formylkynurenine (NFK), tryptophan (TRY), total oxidant status (TOS), nitric oxide (NO) and total protein. Maximum accuracy (89.36%) for distinguishing SZ from HC was attained with TOS and GPx (cut-off points: 392.70 and 15.33). For differentiating between FS and CS, the most promising were KYN, AOPP, TAC and NO (100%; cut-off points: 721.20, 0.55, 64.76 and 2.59). To distinguish FS from HC, maximum accuracy was found for GSH and TOS (100%; cut-off points: 859.96 and 0.31), and in order to distinguish CS from HC, the most promising were GSH and TOS (100%; cut-off points: 0.26 and 343.28). Using redox biomarkers would be the most promising approach for discriminating patients with schizophrenia from healthy individuals and, in the future, could be used as an add-on marker to diagnose and/or respond to treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dariusz Juchnowicz
- Department of Psychiatric Nursing, Medical University of Lublin, 20-124 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Michał Dzikowski
- 1st Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Early Intervention, Medical University of Lublin, 20-439 Lublin, Poland; (M.D.); (K.H.K.); (H.K.-J.)
| | - Joanna Rog
- 1st Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Early Intervention, Medical University of Lublin, 20-439 Lublin, Poland; (M.D.); (K.H.K.); (H.K.-J.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Napoleon Waszkiewicz
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Bialystok, 16-070 Choroszcz, Poland;
| | - Kaja Hanna Karakuła
- 1st Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Early Intervention, Medical University of Lublin, 20-439 Lublin, Poland; (M.D.); (K.H.K.); (H.K.-J.)
| | - Anna Zalewska
- Experimental Dentistry Laboratory and Department of Restorative Dentistry, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-437 Bialystok, Poland;
| | - Mateusz Maciejczyk
- Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Ergonomics, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-089 Bialystok, Poland;
| | - Hanna Karakula-Juchnowicz
- 1st Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Early Intervention, Medical University of Lublin, 20-439 Lublin, Poland; (M.D.); (K.H.K.); (H.K.-J.)
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Molina JD, Avila S, Rubio G, López-Muñoz F. Metabolomic connections between schizophrenia, antipsychotic drugs and metabolic syndrome: A variety of players. Curr Pharm Des 2021; 27:4049-4061. [PMID: 34348619 DOI: 10.2174/1381612827666210804110139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diagnosis of schizophrenia lacks of reliable medical diagnostic tests and robust biomarkers applied to clinical practice. Schizophrenic patients undergoing treatment with antipsychotics suffer a reduced life expectancy due to metabolic disarrangements that co-exist with their mental illness and predispose them to develop metabolic syndrome, also exacerbated by medication. Metabolomics is an emerging and potent technology able to accelerate this biomedical research. <P> Aim: This review focus on a detailed vision of the molecular mechanisms involved both in schizophrenia and antipsychotic-induced metabolic syndrome, based on innovative metabolites that consistently change in nascent metabolic syndrome, drug-naïve, first episode psychosis and/or schizophrenic patients compared to healthy subjects. <P> Main lines: Supported by metabolomic approaches, although not exclusively, noteworthy variations are reported mainly through serum samples of patients and controls in several scenes: 1) alterations in fatty acids, inflammatory response indicators, amino acids and biogenic amines, biometals and gut microbiota metabolites (schizophrenia); 2) alterations in metabolites involved in carbohydrate and gut microbiota metabolism, inflammation and oxidative stress (metabolic syndrome), some of them shared with the schizophrenia scene; 3) alterations of cytokines secreted by adipose tissue, phosphatidylcholines, acylcarnitines, Sirtuin 1, orexin-A and changes in microbiota composition (antipsychotic-induced metabolic syndrome). <P> Conclusion: Novel insights into the pathogenesis of schizophrenia and metabolic side-effects associated to its antipsychotic treatment, represent an urgent request for scientifics and clinicians. Leptin, carnitines, adiponectin, insulin or interleukin-6 represent some examples of candidate biomarkers. Cutting-edge technologies like metabolomics have the power of strengthen research for achieving preventive, diagnostic and therapeutical solutions for schizophrenia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juan D Molina
- Clinical Management Area of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Psychiatric Service, 12 de Octubre University Hospital, Madrid. Spain
| | - Sonia Avila
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid. Spain
| | - Gabriel Rubio
- Clinical Management Area of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Psychiatric Service, 12 de Octubre University Hospital, Madrid. Spain
| | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Murray AJ, Rogers JC, Katshu MZUH, Liddle PF, Upthegrove R. Oxidative Stress and the Pathophysiology and Symptom Profile of Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:703452. [PMID: 34366935 PMCID: PMC8339376 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.703452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia is associated with increased levels of oxidative stress, as reflected by an increase in the concentrations of damaging reactive species and a reduction in anti-oxidant defences to combat them. Evidence has suggested that whilst not the likely primary cause of schizophrenia, increased oxidative stress may contribute to declining course and poor outcomes associated with schizophrenia. Here we discuss how oxidative stress may be implicated in the aetiology of schizophrenia and examine how current understanding relates associations with symptoms, potentially via lipid peroxidation induced neuronal damage. We argue that oxidative stress may be a good target for future pharmacotherapy in schizophrenia and suggest a multi-step model of illness progression with oxidative stress involved at each stage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alex J. Murray
- Institute for Mental Health, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Jack C. Rogers
- Institute for Mental Health, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Mohammad Zia Ul Haq Katshu
- Institute of Mental Health, Division of Mental Health and Neurosciences University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
- Nottinghamshire Healthcare National Health Service Foundation Trust, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Peter F. Liddle
- Institute of Mental Health, Division of Mental Health and Neurosciences University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Rachel Upthegrove
- Institute for Mental Health, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- Early Intervention Service, Birmingham Women's and Children's National Health Service Foundation Trust, Centre for Human Brain Health, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Potential Novel Therapies for Neurodevelopmental Diseases Targeting Oxidative Stress. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021; 2021:6640206. [PMID: 34336109 PMCID: PMC8321748 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6640206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2020] [Revised: 06/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Neurodevelopmental disorders are a category of diseases that is not yet fully understood. Due to their common traits and pathways, often it is difficult to differentiate between them based on their symptoms only. A series of hypotheses are trying to define their etiology, such as neuroinflammation, neurodegeneration, and immunology, but none have managed to explain their multifactorial manifestation. One feature that may link all theories is that of oxidative stress, with a redox imbalance as well as several other markers of oxidative damage (on lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids) being observed in both postmortem samples of the brain of patients with schizophrenia and autism spectrum disorders. However, the implication of oxidative stress in pathology is still distrustfully looked upon. For this purpose, in the current paper, we were interested in reviewing the implications of oxidative stress in these disorders as well as the impact of N-acetylcysteine on the oxidative status with a focus on the glutathione level and N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor. We were also interested in finding papers targeting the use of antioxidant properties of different plant extracts.
Collapse
|
22
|
Maes M, Vojdani A, Sirivichayakul S, Barbosa DS, Kanchanatawan B. Inflammatory and Oxidative Pathways Are New Drug Targets in Multiple Episode Schizophrenia and Leaky Gut, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and C1q Immune Complexes Are Additional Drug Targets in First Episode Schizophrenia. Mol Neurobiol 2021; 58:3319-3334. [PMID: 33675500 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-021-02343-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Breakdown of paracellular and vascular pathways and activated neuroimmune and oxidative pathways was established in (deficit) schizophrenia. The aim of this study was to delineate (a) the differences in these pathways between stable-phase, first (FES) and multiple (MES) episode schizophrenia and (b) the pathways that determine the behavioral-cognitive-physical-psychosocial (BCPS) deterioration in FES/MES. This study included 21 FES and 58 FES patients and 40 healthy controls and measured indicants of serum C1q circulating immune complexes (CIC), leaky gut, immune activation, and oxidative stress toxicity (OSTOX). We constructed a BCPS-worsening index by extracting a latent vector from symptomatic, neurocognitive, and quality of life data. FES was associated with higher IgA CIC-C1q, IgA directed to cadherin, catenin, and plasmalemma vesicle-associated protein, and IgA/IgM to Gram-negative bacteria as compared with FES and controls. In FES patients, the BCPS-worsening score was predicted (48.7%) by IgA to Klebsiella pneumoniae and lowered paraoxonase 1 activity. In MES patients, the BCPS-worsening score was explained (42.7%) by increased tumor necrosis factor-α, OSTOX, and number of episodes. In schizophrenia, 34.0% of the variance in the BCPS-worsening score was explained by IgA to K. pneumoniae, OSTOX, and number of episodes. Increased IgA to K. pneumoniae was the single best predictor of residual psychotic symptoms in FES and MES. This study delineated different mechanistic processes in FES, including breakdown of adherens junctions, bacterial translocation, and IgA CIC-C1q formation, and MES, including immune and oxidative neurotoxic pathways. FES and MES comprise different staging subtypes, i.e., FES and MES with and without worsening.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Maes
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Plovdiv, Plovdiv, Bulgaria.
- IMPACT Strategic Research Center, Deakin University, Vic, Geelong, Australia.
| | - Aristo Vojdani
- Immunosciences Lab., Inc., Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Cyrex Labs, LLC, Phoenix, AZ, USA
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | | | - Decio S Barbosa
- Health Sciences Graduate Program, Health Sciences Center, State University of Londrina, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Buranee Kanchanatawan
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Determinants of Schizophrenia Endophenotypes Based on Neuroimaging and Biochemical Parameters. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9040372. [PMID: 33916324 PMCID: PMC8066217 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9040372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite extensive research, there is no convincing evidence of a reliable diagnostic biomarker for schizophrenia beyond clinical observation. Disorders of glutamatergic neurotransmission associated with N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor insufficiency, neuroinflammation, and redox dysregulation are the principal common mechanism linking changes in the periphery with the brain, ultimately contributing to the emergence of negative symptoms of schizophrenia that underlie differential diagnosis. The aim of the study was to evaluate the influence of these systems via peripheral and cerebral biochemical indices in relation to the patient's clinical condition. Using neuroimaging diagnostics, we were able to define endophenotypes of schizophrenia based on objective laboratory data that form the basis of a personalized approach to diagnosis and treatment. The two distinguished endophenotypes differed in terms of the quality of life, specific schizophrenia symptoms, and glutamatergic neurotransmission metabolites in the anterior cingulate gyrus. Our results, as well as further studies of the excitatory or inhibitory balance of microcircuits, relating the redox systems on the periphery with the distant regions of the brain might allow for predicting potential biomarkers of neuropsychiatric diseases, including schizophrenia. To the best of our knowledge, our study is the first to identify an objective molecular biomarker of schizophrenia outcome.
Collapse
|