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Bründl E, Proescholdt M, Schödel P, Rosengarth K, Störr EM, Bele S, Kieninger M, Malsy M, Schmidt NO, Schebesch KM. Both coiling and clipping induce the time-dependent release of endogenous neuropeptide Y into serum. Front Neurol 2024; 14:1325950. [PMID: 38425753 PMCID: PMC10902915 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2023.1325950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Background The vaso- and psychoactive endogenous Neuropeptide Y (NPY) has repeatedly been shown to be excessively released after subarachnoid hemorrhage and in numerous psychiatric disorders. NPY is stored in sympathetic perivascular nerve fibers around the major cerebral arteries. This prospective study was designed to analyze the impact of microsurgical and endovascular manipulation of the cerebral vasculature versus cranio- and durotomy alone on the serum levels of NPY. Methods 58 patients (drop-out n = 3; m:f = 26:29; mean age 52.0 ± 14.1 years) were prospectively enrolled. The vascular group underwent repair for unruptured intracranial aneurysms (UIA) of the anterior circulation [endovascular aneurysm occlusion (EV) n = 13; microsurgical clipping (MS) n = 17]; in the non-vascular group, 14 patients received microsurgical resection of a small-sized convexity meningioma (CM), and 11 patients with surgically treated degenerative lumbar spine disease (LD) served as control. Plasma was drawn (1) before treatment (t0), (2) periprocedurally (t1), (3) 6 h postprocedurally (t2), (4) 72 h postprocedurally (t3), and (5) at the 6-week follow-up (FU; t4) to determine the NPY levels via competitive enzyme immunoassay in duplicate serum samples. We statistically evaluated differences between groups by calculating one-way ANOVA and for changes along the time points using repeated measure ANOVA. Results Except for time point t0, the serum concentrations of NPY ranged significantly higher in the vascular than in the non-vascular group (p < 0.001), with a slight decrease in both vascular subgroups 6 h postprocedurally, followed by a gradual increase above baseline levels until FU. At t3, the EV subgroup showed significantly higher NPY levels (mean ± standard deviation) than the MS subgroup (0.569 ± 0.198 ng/mL vs. 0.415 ± 0.192 ng/mL, p = 0.0217). The highest NPY concentrations were measured in the EV subgroup at t1, t3, and t4, reaching a climax at FU (0.551 ± 0.304 ng/mL). Conclusion Our study reveals a first insight into the short-term dynamics of the serum levels of endogenous NPY in neurosurgical and endovascular procedures, respectively: Direct manipulation within but also next to the major cerebral arteries induces an excessive release of NPY into the serum. Our findings raise the interesting question of the potential capacity of NPY in modulating the psycho-behavioral outcome of neurovascular patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Bründl
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Martin Proescholdt
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Petra Schödel
- Department of Orthopedics, Trauma and Hand Surgery, Section Neurosurgery, Medical Center St. Elisabeth, Straubing, Germany
| | - Katharina Rosengarth
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Eva-Maria Störr
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Sylvia Bele
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Martin Kieninger
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Medical Center Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Manuela Malsy
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Medical Center Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Nils Ole Schmidt
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Karl-Michael Schebesch
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
- Department of Neurosurgery, Paracelsus Medical Private University, Nuremberg, Germany
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Ding K, Wang F, Wang K, Feng X, Yang M, Han B, Li G, Li S. Environmental stress during adolescence promotes depression-like behavior and endocrine abnormalities in rats. Behav Brain Res 2024; 457:114710. [PMID: 37832605 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2023.114710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the ability of environmental stress (ES) during adolescence on depression-like behaviors and endocrinology in rats. METHODS Male and female Sprague-Dawley rats before or during puberty were divided into three groups: control group (CON), low-frequency ES group (LF), and high-frequency ES group (HF). ES included water/food deprivation and reversal of day and night. After 4 weeks of ES, the behavioral tests were performed. Plasma concentrations of hormones and peptides were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). RESULTS ES induced a significant decrease in sucrose preference value in female adolescent rats but not males. In prepubertal rats, the reductions in sucrose preference upon ES were observed without a sex-specific effect. Compared with the CON group, female adolescent rats showed a significant increase, while male adolescent rats showed a significant decrease in plasma corticosterone (CORT) after ES. Also, ES significantly increased plasma leptin in female and male adolescent rats. Moreover, ES significantly increased plasma cholecystokinin (CCK), neuropeptide Y (NPY), and testosterone (TS) levels in adolescent female rats but not in males. No significant differences were found in plasma progesterone and E2 among adolescent rats. The prepubertal male rats showed significant plasma E2 and TS increase after ES, while there were no significant differences between groups in plasma CORT, leptin, CCK, NPY, and progesterone. CONCLUSIONS ES may cause depression-like behaviors in adolescent female rats. Our findings supplement the scientific basis for formulating strategies to treat and prevent adolescent depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaimo Ding
- National Institute on Drug Dependence and Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Dependence, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China; Zhenjiang Mental Health Center, Jiangsu 212000, China
| | - Fei Wang
- National Institute on Drug Dependence and Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Dependence, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China; The First Clinical Medical College, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, China
| | - Ke Wang
- National Institute on Drug Dependence and Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Dependence, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Xuezhu Feng
- National Institute on Drug Dependence and Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Dependence, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Min Yang
- Army Medical Center of PLA, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, No.10 Changjiang Branch Road, Daping, Yuzhong, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Bai Han
- The First Clinical Medical College, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, China
| | - Guohai Li
- Zhenjiang Mental Health Center, Jiangsu 212000, China.
| | - Suxia Li
- National Institute on Drug Dependence and Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Dependence, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China.
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Burback L, Brémault-Phillips S, Nijdam MJ, McFarlane A, Vermetten E. Treatment of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: A State-of-the-art Review. Curr Neuropharmacol 2024; 22:557-635. [PMID: 37132142 PMCID: PMC10845104 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x21666230428091433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 02/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023] Open
Abstract
This narrative state-of-the-art review paper describes the progress in the understanding and treatment of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). Over the last four decades, the scientific landscape has matured, with many interdisciplinary contributions to understanding its diagnosis, etiology, and epidemiology. Advances in genetics, neurobiology, stress pathophysiology, and brain imaging have made it apparent that chronic PTSD is a systemic disorder with high allostatic load. The current state of PTSD treatment includes a wide variety of pharmacological and psychotherapeutic approaches, of which many are evidence-based. However, the myriad challenges inherent in the disorder, such as individual and systemic barriers to good treatment outcome, comorbidity, emotional dysregulation, suicidality, dissociation, substance use, and trauma-related guilt and shame, often render treatment response suboptimal. These challenges are discussed as drivers for emerging novel treatment approaches, including early interventions in the Golden Hours, pharmacological and psychotherapeutic interventions, medication augmentation interventions, the use of psychedelics, as well as interventions targeting the brain and nervous system. All of this aims to improve symptom relief and clinical outcomes. Finally, a phase orientation to treatment is recognized as a tool to strategize treatment of the disorder, and position interventions in step with the progression of the pathophysiology. Revisions to guidelines and systems of care will be needed to incorporate innovative treatments as evidence emerges and they become mainstream. This generation is well-positioned to address the devastating and often chronic disabling impact of traumatic stress events through holistic, cutting-edge clinical efforts and interdisciplinary research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Burback
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | | | - Mirjam J. Nijdam
- ARQ National Psychotrauma Center, Diemen, The Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Eric Vermetten
- Department of Psychiatry, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, USA
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Sabban EL, Serova L, Nahvi RJ, Liu X. Potential benefits of intranasal neuropeptide Y include sustained extinction of fear memory. J Neuroendocrinol 2023; 35:e13279. [PMID: 37157881 DOI: 10.1111/jne.13279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Compelling evidence in animals and humans from a variety of approaches demonstrate that neuropeptide Y (NPY) in the brain can provide resilience to development of many stress-elicited symptoms. Preclinical experiments demonstrated that delivery of NPY by intranasal infusion to rats shortly after single exposure to traumatic stress in the single prolonged stress (SPS) rodent model of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) can prevent development of many relevant behavioral alterations weeks later, including heightened anxiety and depressive-like behavior. Here, we examined responses to intranasal NPY in the absence of stress to evaluate the safety profile. Rats were administered intranasal NPY (150 μg/rat) or equal volume of vehicle (distilled water), and 7 days later they were tested on the elevated plus maze (EPM) and forced swim test (FST). There was no significant difference in the number of entries or duration in the open or closed arms, or in their anxiety index. Defecation on the EPM and immobility on the FST, measures of anxiety and depressive-like behavior respectively, were similar in both groups. To further characterize potential benefits of intranasal NPY, its effect on fear memory and extinction, important features of PTSD, were examined. Intranasal administration of NPY at the time of the traumatic stress had a profound effect on fear conditioning a week later. It prevented the SPS-triggered impairment in the retention of extinguished behavior, both contextual and cued. The findings support the translation of non-invasive intranasal NPY delivery to the brain for PTSD-behaviors including impairments in sustained extinction of fear memories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther L Sabban
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, USA
| | - Lidia Serova
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, USA
| | - Roxanna J Nahvi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, USA
| | - Xiaoping Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, USA
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Al Jowf GI, Ahmed ZT, Reijnders RA, de Nijs L, Eijssen LMT. To Predict, Prevent, and Manage Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD): A Review of Pathophysiology, Treatment, and Biomarkers. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065238. [PMID: 36982313 PMCID: PMC10049301 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) can become a chronic and severely disabling condition resulting in a reduced quality of life and increased economic burden. The disorder is directly related to exposure to a traumatic event, e.g., a real or threatened injury, death, or sexual assault. Extensive research has been done on the neurobiological alterations underlying the disorder and its related phenotypes, revealing brain circuit disruption, neurotransmitter dysregulation, and hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis dysfunction. Psychotherapy remains the first-line treatment option for PTSD given its good efficacy, although pharmacotherapy can also be used as a stand-alone or in combination with psychotherapy. In order to reduce the prevalence and burden of the disorder, multilevel models of prevention have been developed to detect the disorder as early as possible and to reduce morbidity in those with established diseases. Despite the clinical grounds of diagnosis, attention is increasing to the discovery of reliable biomarkers that can predict susceptibility, aid diagnosis, or monitor treatment. Several potential biomarkers have been linked with pathophysiological changes related to PTSD, encouraging further research to identify actionable targets. This review highlights the current literature regarding the pathophysiology, disease development models, treatment modalities, and preventive models from a public health perspective, and discusses the current state of biomarker research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghazi I. Al Jowf
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNs), Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University Medical Centre, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Department of Public Health, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
- European Graduate School of Neuroscience, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Correspondence: (G.I.A.J.); (L.M.T.E.)
| | - Ziyad T. Ahmed
- College of Medicine, Sulaiman Al Rajhi University, Al-Bukairyah 52726, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rick A. Reijnders
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNs), Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University Medical Centre, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
- European Graduate School of Neuroscience, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Laurence de Nijs
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNs), Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University Medical Centre, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
- European Graduate School of Neuroscience, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Lars M. T. Eijssen
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNs), Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University Medical Centre, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
- European Graduate School of Neuroscience, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Department of Bioinformatics—BiGCaT, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Correspondence: (G.I.A.J.); (L.M.T.E.)
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Kienast C, Biere K, Coker RH, Genov NN, Jörres M, Maggioni MA, Mascarell-Maricic L, Schalt A, Genov M, Gunga HC, Steinach M. Adiponectin, leptin, cortisol, neuropeptide Y and profile of mood states in athletes participating in an ultramarathon during winter: An observational study. Front Physiol 2022; 13:970016. [PMID: 36579027 PMCID: PMC9791263 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.970016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The Montane® Yukon Arctic Ultra (YAU) is one of the longest (690 km) and coldest (+10.6°C-43.9°C) ultramarathons worldwide. Taking part in an ultramarathon is associated with great physiological and psychological stress, which can affect one's mood, level of hormones, and peptides. The current study aimed to identify relationships between peptides, hormones, and mood states in participants during this ultramarathon. Methods: The study cohort consisted of 36 participants (19 men, 17 women, 38.64 ± 9.12 years) split into a finisher (n = 10), non-finisher (n = 19), and control group (n = 7). Data were collected at four time points: baseline (PRE), during (D1 after 277 km, D2 after 383 km), and after the race (POST). Questionnaires were used to assess ratings of perceived exertion (RPE), total quality of recovery (TQR), and profile of mood states (POMS-SF). Serum NPY, leptin, adiponectin, and cortisol were measured. Results: Among non-finishers, scores for confusion, anger, depression, and tension-anxiety (PRE vs. D2, p < 0.05) increased, while vigor decreased (PRE vs. D1, p < 0.05). In contrast, finishers' tension-anxiety scores decreased (PRE vs. D1, p < 0.05). Fatigue increased in finishers (PRE vs. POST, p < 0.05) and non-finishers (PRE vs. D1, p < 0.05). In non-finishers, depressive mood correlated positively with leptin, anger, and confusion at several time points (p < 0.001). In finishers, NPY correlated with TQR at PRE (p < 0.05), while leptin correlated negatively with TQR at POST (p < 0.05). Tension-anxiety correlated highly with perceived exertion in non-finishers (p < 0.001) and with cortisol in finishers (p < 0.05) and non-finishers (p < 0.001). In finishers, confusion correlated negatively with NPY (p < 0.01). Conclusion: The study reveals an essential interplay between hormones and mood states affecting performance: Leptin was associated with anger and a depressive mood state in non-finishers and worse recovery in finishers. In contrast, NPY appeared linked to a lower confusion score and heightened recovery in finishers. A simultaneous increase in depressed mood, anger, tension-anxiety, and confusion might harm performance and lead to race failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Kienast
- Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Institute of Physiology, Center for Space Medicine and Extreme Environments Berlin, Berlin, Germany,*Correspondence: Camilla Kienast,
| | - Katharina Biere
- Laboratory of Translational Research “Stress and Immunity”, Department of Anaesthesiology, University Hospital LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Robert H. Coker
- Montana Center for Work Physiology and Exercise Metabolism, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, United States
| | | | - Marc Jörres
- Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Institute of Physiology, Center for Space Medicine and Extreme Environments Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Martina Anna Maggioni
- Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Institute of Physiology, Center for Space Medicine and Extreme Environments Berlin, Berlin, Germany,Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Lea Mascarell-Maricic
- Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Clinic for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Berlin, Germany
| | - Adriane Schalt
- Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Institute of Physiology, Center for Space Medicine and Extreme Environments Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Magdalena Genov
- Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Institute of Physiology, Center for Space Medicine and Extreme Environments Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hanns-Christian Gunga
- Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Institute of Physiology, Center for Space Medicine and Extreme Environments Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Mathias Steinach
- Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Institute of Physiology, Center for Space Medicine and Extreme Environments Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Swanberg KM, Campos L, Abdallah CG, Juchem C. Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy in Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder-Updated Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. CHRONIC STRESS (THOUSAND OAKS, CALIF.) 2022; 6:24705470221128004. [PMID: 36237981 PMCID: PMC9551353 DOI: 10.1177/24705470221128004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
A stressor-related disorder wherein traumatic experience precipitates protracted
disruptions to mood and cognition, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is
associated with wide-ranging abnormalities across the body. While various
methods have investigated these deviations, only proton magnetic resonance
spectroscopy (1H MRS) enables noninvasive measurement of
small-molecule metabolites in the living human. 1H MRS has
correspondingly been employed to test hypotheses about the composition and
function of multiple brain regions putatively involved in PTSD. Here we
systematically review methodological considerations and reported findings, both
positive and negative, of the current 1H-MRS literature in PTSD
(N = 32 studies) to communicate the brain regional metabolite alterations
heretofore observed, providing random-effects model meta-analyses for those most
extensively studied. Our review suggests significant PTSD-associated decreases
in N-acetyl aspartate in bilateral hippocampus and anterior cingulate cortex
with less evident effect in other metabolites and regions. Model heterogeneities
diverged widely by analysis (I2 < 0.01% to 90.1%) and suggested
regional dependence on quantification reference (creatine or otherwise). While
observed variabilities in methods and reported findings suggest that
1H-MRS explorations of PTSD could benefit from methodological
standardization, informing this standardization by quantitative assessment of
the existing literature is currently hampered by its small size and limited
scope.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelley M. Swanberg
- Department of Biomedical Engineering,
Columbia
University Fu Foundation School of Engineering and Applied
Science, New York, NY, USA
- Kelley M. Swanberg, Department of
Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University Fu Foundation School of Engineering
and Applied Science, 351 Engineering Terrace, 1210 Amsterdam Avenue, New York,
NY 10027, USA.
| | - Leonardo Campos
- Department of Biomedical Engineering,
Columbia
University Fu Foundation School of Engineering and Applied
Science, New York, NY, USA
| | - Chadi G. Abdallah
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of
Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Clinical Neuroscience Division, Department of Veterans Affairs
National Center for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Veterans Affairs Connecticut
Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, USA
- Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences,
Baylor College
of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Christoph Juchem
- Department of Biomedical Engineering,
Columbia
University Fu Foundation School of Engineering and Applied
Science, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Radiology, Columbia University College of Physicians and
Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
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Raut SB, Marathe PA, van Eijk L, Eri R, Ravindran M, Benedek DM, Ursano RJ, Canales JJ, Johnson LR. Diverse therapeutic developments for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) indicate common mechanisms of memory modulation. Pharmacol Ther 2022; 239:108195. [PMID: 35489438 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2022.108195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), characterized by abnormally persistent and distressing memories, is a chronic debilitating condition in need of new treatment options. Current treatment guidelines recommend psychotherapy as first line management with only two drugs, sertraline and paroxetine, approved by U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for treatment of PTSD. These drugs have limited efficacy as they only reduce symptoms related to depression and anxiety without producing permanent remission. PTSD remains a significant public health problem with high morbidity and mortality requiring major advances in therapeutics. Early evidence has emerged for the beneficial effects of psychedelics particularly in combination with psychotherapy for management of PTSD, including psilocybin, MDMA, LSD, cannabinoids, ayahuasca and ketamine. MDMA and psilocybin reduce barrier to therapy by increasing trust between therapist and patient, thus allowing for modification of trauma related memories. Furthermore, research into the memory reconsolidation mechanisms has allowed for identification of various pharmacological targets to disrupt abnormally persistent memories. A number of pre-clinical and clinical studies have investigated novel and re-purposed pharmacological agents to disrupt fear memory in PTSD. Novel therapeutic approaches like neuropeptide Y, oxytocin, cannabinoids and neuroactive steroids have also shown potential for PTSD treatment. Here, we focus on the role of fear memory in the pathophysiology of PTSD and propose that many of these new therapeutic strategies produce benefits through the effect on fear memory. Evaluation of recent research findings suggests that while a number of drugs have shown promising results in preclinical studies and pilot clinical trials, the evidence from large scale clinical trials would be needed for these drugs to be incorporated in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanket B Raut
- Schools of Psychological Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, TAS 7250, Australia
| | - Padmaja A Marathe
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Seth GS Medical College & KEM Hospital, Parel, Mumbai 400 012, India
| | - Liza van Eijk
- Department of Psychology, College of Healthcare Sciences, James Cook University, QLD 4811, Australia
| | - Rajaraman Eri
- Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, TAS 7250, Australia
| | - Manoj Ravindran
- Medicine, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, TAS 7250, Australia; Department of Psychiatry, North-West Private Hospital, Burnie TAS 7320, Australia
| | - David M Benedek
- Centre for the Study of Traumatic Stress, Department of Psychiatry, Uniformed Services University School of Medicine, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Robert J Ursano
- Centre for the Study of Traumatic Stress, Department of Psychiatry, Uniformed Services University School of Medicine, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Juan J Canales
- Schools of Psychological Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, TAS 7250, Australia
| | - Luke R Johnson
- Schools of Psychological Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, TAS 7250, Australia; Centre for the Study of Traumatic Stress, Department of Psychiatry, Uniformed Services University School of Medicine, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA.
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Acid Sphingomyelinase Is a Modulator of Contextual Fear. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23063398. [PMID: 35328819 PMCID: PMC8954852 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23063398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Acid sphingomyelinase (ASM) regulates a variety of physiological processes and plays an important role in emotional behavior. The role of ASM in fear-related behavior has not been investigated so far. Using transgenic mice overexpressing ASM (ASMtg) and ASM deficient mice, we studied whether ASM regulates fear learning and expression of cued and contextual fear in a classical fear conditioning paradigm, a model used to investigate specific attributes of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). We show that ASM does not affect fear learning as both ASMtg and ASM deficient mice display unaltered fear conditioning when compared to wild-type littermates. However, ASM regulates the expression of contextual fear in a sex-specific manner. While ASM overexpression enhances the expression of contextual fear in both male and female mice, ASM deficiency reduces the expression of contextual fear specifically in male mice. The expression of cued fear, however, is not regulated by ASM as ASMtg and ASM deficient mice display similar tone-elicited freezing levels. This study shows that ASM modulates the expression of contextual fear but not of cued fear in a sex-specific manner and adds a novel piece of information regarding the involvement of ASM in hippocampal-dependent aversive memory.
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Anisman H, Kusnecov AW. Stressors: Psychological and neurobiological processes. Cancer 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-91904-3.00005-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Denny RR, Connelly KL, Ghilotti MG, Meissler JJ, Yu D, Eisenstein TK, Unterwald EM. Artificial Intelligence Identified Resilient and Vulnerable Female Rats After Traumatic Stress and Ethanol Exposure: Investigation of Neuropeptide Y Pathway Regulation. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:772946. [PMID: 34975380 PMCID: PMC8716605 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.772946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is initiated by traumatic-stress exposure and manifests into a collection of symptoms including increased anxiety, sleep disturbances, enhanced response to triggers, and increased sympathetic nervous system arousal. PTSD is highly co-occurring with alcohol use disorder. Only some individuals experiencing traumatic stress develop PTSD and a subset of individuals with PTSD develop co-occurring alcohol use disorder. To investigate the basis of these individual responses to traumatic stress, single prolonged stress (SPS) a rodent model of traumatic stress was applied to young adult female rats. Individual responses to SPS were characterized by measuring anxiety-like behaviors with open field and elevated plus maze tests. Rats were then allowed to drink ethanol under an intermittent two bottle choice procedure for 8 weeks, and ethanol consumption was measured. An artificial intelligence algorithm was built to predict resilient and vulnerable individuals based on data from anxiety testing and ethanol consumption. This model was implemented in a second cohort of rats that underwent SPS without ethanol drinking to identify resilient and vulnerable individuals for further study. Analysis of neuropeptide Y (NPY) levels and expression of its receptors Y1R and Y2R mRNA in the central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA), basolateral amygdala (BLA), and bed nucleus stria terminalis (BNST) were performed. Results demonstrate that resilient rats had higher expression of Y2R mRNA in the CeA compared with vulnerable and control rats and had higher levels of NPY protein in the BNST compared to controls. The results of the study show that an artificial intelligence algorithm can identify individual differences in response to traumatic stress which can be used to predict subsequent ethanol drinking, and the NPY pathway is differentially altered following traumatic stress exposure in resilient and vulnerable populations. Understanding neurochemical alterations following traumatic-stress exposure is critical in developing prevention strategies for the vulnerable phenotype and will help further development of novel therapeutic approaches for individuals suffering from PTSD and at risk for alcohol use disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ray R. Denny
- Center for Substance Abuse Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Krista L. Connelly
- Center for Substance Abuse Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Marco G. Ghilotti
- Center for Substance Abuse Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Joseph J. Meissler
- Center for Substance Abuse Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Daohai Yu
- Center for Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Department of Biomedical Education and Data Science, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Toby K. Eisenstein
- Center for Substance Abuse Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States,Department of Neural Sciences, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Ellen M. Unterwald
- Center for Substance Abuse Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States,Department of Neural Sciences, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States,*Correspondence: Ellen M. Unterwald,
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12
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Cortes MA, Corder KM, Dobrunz LE. Differences between adult and adolescent male mice in approach/avoidance and expression of hippocampal NPY in response to acute footshock. Stress 2021; 24:965-977. [PMID: 34546150 PMCID: PMC8908778 DOI: 10.1080/10253890.2021.1976139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Anxiety disorders are the most common neuropsychiatric disorders diagnosed in adolescence and adulthood. Stress can lead to an increase in anxiety-related behaviors, although the consequences of stress in rodents are typically investigated only in adults. The levels of Neuropeptide Y (NPY), a mediator of stress resilience, are reduced in adult patients with Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder. For rodents, footshock is a physical stressor that increases anxiety-like behavior and reduces NPY in adults, however, the effects in adolescents are unknown. Here we used a 30-min unpredictable footshock protocol to investigate the differences in behavior and stress-relevant molecules between adolescent (6 weeks) and adult (3 months) male C57Bl6/J mice. The protocol resulted in fear expression in both ages as observed by enhanced freezing during footshock and elevation in plasma corticosterone and NPY shortly after exposure. However, effects on approach/avoidance behavior were different between the two ages. One week after footshock exposure, adult mice showed reduced open arm time and entries on elevated plus maze (EPM), whereas adolescent mice showed no effect. Footshock mice in both age groups displayed reduced activity levels in EPM and open field. The hypolocomotion did not relate to motor deficits, as there were no differences between footshock and control groups using rotarod. Surprisingly, we found that the adolescent mice had elevated NPY peptide expression in hippocampus, whereas adults had reduced expression one week after footshock exposure. Together, these results demonstrate that stress differentially affects both behavior and the important stress resilience factor NPY in adolescents compared to adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana A Cortes
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Katelynn M Corder
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Lynn E Dobrunz
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
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13
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Strzelecki D, Kotlicka-Antczak M, Kaczmarek B, Jerczyńska H, Wysokiński A. Serum levels of neuropeptide Y in patients with chronic schizophrenia during treatment augmentation with sarcosine (results of the double-blind randomized controlled PULSAR study). Hum Psychopharmacol 2021; 36:e2770. [PMID: 33245168 DOI: 10.1002/hup.2770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2020] [Revised: 10/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Modulation of glutamatergic neurotransmission in schizophrenia by sarcosine leads to a reduction in primary negative symptoms, while its metabolic profile is safe. In order to extend research in the area, we assessed serum levels of neuropeptide Y (NPY), a hypothalamic hormone related to anxiety and depression, also involved in mechanisms inducing weight gain. Additionally, we analyzed associations between NPY concentrations and its changes with severity of symptoms and metabolic parameters. METHODS A prospective 6-month, randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled trial was completed by 57 subjects with chronic schizophrenia with predominant negative symptoms and stable antipsychotic treatment. The participants received 2 g of sarcosine (n = 28) or placebo (n = 29) daily. We assessed serum NPY concentrations and severity of symptoms (with the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale [PANSS] and Calgary Depression Scale for Schizophrenia) at the beginning of the study, after 6 weeks and 6 months. RESULTS Sarcosine did not affect NPY levels in all time points. The highest decrease in NPY concentrations was observed in the subjects who were initially depressed, who became euthymic at the last visit. We noticed an improvement in the total PANSS score, and negative symptom and general psychopathology subscales in the sarcosine group, however, without any correlation with NPY levels. CONCLUSION The use of sarcosine does not change NPY levels. Peripheral NPY concentrations may be related to depressive symptoms in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Strzelecki
- Department of Affective and Psychotic Disorders, Medical University of Lodz, Łódź, Poland
| | | | - Bartosz Kaczmarek
- Department of Affective and Psychotic Disorders, Medical University of Lodz, Łódź, Poland
| | - Hanna Jerczyńska
- Central Scientific Laboratory (CoreLab), Medical University of Lodz, Łódź, Poland
| | - Adam Wysokiński
- Department of Old Age Psychiatry and Psychotic Disorders, Medical University of Lodz, Łódź, Poland
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14
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Rajkumar RP. Harnessing the Neurobiology of Resilience to Protect the Mental Well-Being of Healthcare Workers During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Front Psychol 2021; 12:621853. [PMID: 33815205 PMCID: PMC8012770 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.621853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Healthcare workers are at a high risk of psychological morbidity in the face of the COVID-19 pandemic. However, there is significant variability in the impact of this crisis on individual healthcare workers, which can be best explained through an appreciation of the construct of resilience. Broadly speaking, resilience refers to the ability to successfully adapt to stressful or traumatic events, and thus plays a key role in determining mental health outcomes following exposure to such events. A proper understanding of resilience is vital in enabling a shift from a reactive to a proactive approach for protecting and promoting the mental well-being of healthcare workers. Research in the past decade has identified six areas that provide promising leads in understanding the biological basis of individual variations in resilience. These are: (1) the key role played by the monoamines noradrenaline and serotonin, (2) the centrality of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in influencing stress vulnerability and resilience, (3) the intimate links between the immune system and stress sensitivity, (4) the role of epigenetic modulation of gene expression in influencing the stress response, (5) the role played by certain neuropeptides as a natural “brake” mechanism in the face of stress, and (6) the neurobiological mechanisms by which environmental factors, such as exercise, diet, and social support, influence resilience to subsequent life events. Though much of this research is still in its early stages, it has already provided valuable information on which strategies – including dietary changes, lifestyle modification, environmental modification, psychosocial interventions, and even pharmacological treatments – may prove to be useful in fostering resilience in individuals and groups. This paper examines the above evidence more closely, with a specific focus on the challenges faced by healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic, and provides suggestions regarding how it may be translated into real-world interventions, as well as how the more tentative hypotheses advanced in this field may be tested during this critical period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi Philip Rajkumar
- Department of Psychiatry, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Pondicherry, India
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15
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Womersley JS, Martin L, van der Merwe L, Seedat S, Hemmings SMJ. Genetic variation in neuropeptide Y interacts with childhood trauma to influence anxiety sensitivity. ANXIETY STRESS AND COPING 2021; 34:450-464. [PMID: 33491492 DOI: 10.1080/10615806.2021.1876225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Anxiety sensitivity (AS) refers to a fear of the negative implications of anxiety, and arises due to gene-environment interactions. We investigated whether genetic variation in two neuropeptides implicated in the stress response, neuropeptide Y (NPY) and pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide receptor 1, interacted with childhood trauma (CT) to influence AS. DESIGN AND METHODS This cross-sectional study examined the CT x genetic variant effects on AS in 951 adolescents who self-identified as Xhosa or South African Colored (SAC) ethnicity. RESULTS In Xhosa females, the NPY rs5573 A allele and rs3037354 deletion variant were associated with increased (p = 0.035) and decreased (p = 0.034) AS, respectively. The interaction of CT and the NPY rs5574 A allele increased AS in SAC female participants (p = 0.043). The rs3037354 deletion variant protected against AS with increased CT in SAC male participants (p = 0.011). CONCLUSIONS The NPY rs5574 A allele and rs3037354 deletion variant interact with CT to act as risk and protective factors, respectively, for AS in an ethnicity- and sex- differentiated manner. Our results reaffirm the role of NPY and gene-environment interactions in anxiety-related behaviors and reinforce the need for psychiatric genetics studies in diverse populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Samantha Womersley
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa.,South African Medical Research Council / Stellenbosch University Genomics of Brain Disorders Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Lindi Martin
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Lize van der Merwe
- Department of Statistics and Population Studies, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Soraya Seedat
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa.,South African Medical Research Council / Stellenbosch University Genomics of Brain Disorders Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Sian Megan Joanna Hemmings
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa.,South African Medical Research Council / Stellenbosch University Genomics of Brain Disorders Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
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16
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Alviña K, Jodeiri Farshbaf M, Mondal AK. Long term effects of stress on hippocampal function: Emphasis on early life stress paradigms and potential involvement of neuropeptide Y. J Neurosci Res 2021; 99:57-66. [PMID: 32162350 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The brain is both central in orchestrating the response to stress, and, a very sensitive target when such response is not controlled. In fact, stress has long been associated with the onset and/or exacerbation of several neuropsychiatric disorders such as anxiety, depression, and drug addiction. The hippocampus is a key brain region involved in the response to stress, not only due to its anatomical connections with the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis but also as a major target of stress mediators. The hippocampal dentate gyrus (DG)-CA3 circuit, composed of DG granule cells axons (mossy fibers) synapsing onto CA3 pyramidal cells, plays an essential role in memory encoding and retrieval, functions that are vulnerable to stress. Although naturally excitatory, this circuit is under the inhibitory control of GABAergic interneurons that maintain the excitation/inhibition balance. One subgroup of such interneurons produces neuropeptide Y (NPY), which has emerged as a promising endogenous stress "resilience molecule" due to its anxiolytic and anti-epileptic properties. Here we examine existing evidence that reveals a potential role for hilar NPY+ interneurons in mediating stress-induced changes in hippocampal function. We will focus specifically on rodent models of early life stress (ELS), defined as adverse conditions during the early postnatal period that can have profound consequences for neurodevelopment. Collectively, these findings suggest that the long-lasting effects of ELS might stem from the loss of GABAergic NPY+ cells, which then can lead to reduced inhibition in the DG-CA3 pathway. Such change might then lead to hyperexcitability and concomitant hippocampal-dependent behavioral deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina Alviña
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | | | - Amit Kumar Mondal
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
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17
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Brockway DF, Crowley NA. Turning the 'Tides on Neuropsychiatric Diseases: The Role of Peptides in the Prefrontal Cortex. Front Behav Neurosci 2020; 14:588400. [PMID: 33192369 PMCID: PMC7606924 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2020.588400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent advancements in technology have enabled researchers to probe the brain with the greater region, cell, and receptor specificity. These developments have allowed for a more thorough understanding of how regulation of the neurophysiology within a region is essential for maintaining healthy brain function. Stress has been shown to alter the prefrontal cortex (PFC) functioning, and evidence links functional impairments in PFC brain activity with neuropsychiatric disorders. Moreover, a growing body of literature highlights the importance of neuropeptides in the PFC to modulate neural signaling and to influence behavior. The converging evidence outlined in this review indicates that neuropeptides in the PFC are specifically impacted by stress, and are found to be dysregulated in numerous stress-related neuropsychiatric disorders including substance use disorder, major depressive disorder (MDD), posttraumatic stress disorder, and schizophrenia. This review explores how neuropeptides in the PFC function to regulate the neural activity, and how genetic and environmental factors, such as stress, lead to dysregulation in neuropeptide systems, which may ultimately contribute to the pathology of neuropsychiatric diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dakota F Brockway
- Neuroscience Curriculum, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Nicole A Crowley
- Neuroscience Curriculum, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States.,The Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
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18
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Stone LA, Girgenti MJ, Wang J, Ji D, Zhao H, Krystal JH, Duman RS. Cortical Transcriptomic Alterations in Association With Appetitive Neuropeptides and Body Mass Index in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2020; 24:118-129. [PMID: 32951025 PMCID: PMC8611677 DOI: 10.1093/ijnp/pyaa072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The molecular pathology underlying posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) remains unclear mainly due to a lack of human PTSD postmortem brain tissue. The orexigenic neuropeptides ghrelin, neuropeptide Y, and hypocretin were recently implicated in modulating negative affect. Drawing from the largest functional genomics study of human PTSD postmortem tissue, we investigated whether there were molecular changes of these and other appetitive molecules. Further, we explored the interaction between PTSD and body mass index (BMI) on gene expression. METHODS We analyzed previously reported transcriptomic data from 4 prefrontal cortex regions from 52 individuals with PTSD and 46 matched neurotypical controls. We employed gene co-expression network analysis across the transcriptomes of these regions to uncover PTSD-specific networks containing orexigenic genes. We utilized Ingenuity Pathway Analysis software for pathway annotation. We identified differentially expressed genes (DEGs) among individuals with and without PTSD, stratified by sex and BMI. RESULTS Three PTSD-associated networks (P < .01) contained genes in signaling families of appetitive molecules: 2 in females and 1 in all subjects. We uncovered DEGs (P < .05) between PTSD and control subjects stratified by sex and BMI with especially robust changes in males with PTSD with elevated vs normal BMI. Further, we identified putative upstream regulators (P < .05) driving these changes, many of which were enriched for involvement in inflammation. CONCLUSIONS PTSD-associated cortical transcriptomic modules contain transcripts of appetitive genes, and BMI further interacts with PTSD to impact expression. DEGs and inferred upstream regulators of these modules could represent targets for future pharmacotherapies for obesity in PTSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren A Stone
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven,
CT,Clinical Neuroscience Division, National Center for PTSD and National PTSD
Brain Bank VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT
| | - Matthew J Girgenti
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven,
CT,Clinical Neuroscience Division, National Center for PTSD and National PTSD
Brain Bank VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT,Correspondence: Matthew J. Girgenti, PhD, Abraham Ribicoff Research
Laboratories, Connecticut Mental Health Center, 34 Park St, New Haven, CT 06510 ()
| | - Jiawei Wang
- Program of Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Yale
University, New Haven, CT
| | - Dingjue Ji
- Program of Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Yale
University, New Haven, CT
| | - Hongyu Zhao
- Program of Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Yale
University, New Haven, CT,Department of Biostatistics, Yale School of Public Health, New
Haven, CT
| | - John H Krystal
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven,
CT,Clinical Neuroscience Division, National Center for PTSD and National PTSD
Brain Bank VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT,Departments of Neuroscience and Psychology, and the Yale Center for Clinical
Investigation, Yale University, New Haven, CT,Department of Psychiatry, Yale New Haven Health System, New
Haven, CT
| | - Ronald S Duman
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven,
CT,Clinical Neuroscience Division, National Center for PTSD and National PTSD
Brain Bank VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT
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19
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Nahvi RJ, Sabban EL. Sex Differences in the Neuropeptide Y System and Implications for Stress Related Disorders. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10091248. [PMID: 32867327 PMCID: PMC7564266 DOI: 10.3390/biom10091248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The neuropeptide Y (NPY) system is emerging as a promising therapeutic target for neuropsychiatric disorders by intranasal delivery to the brain. However, the vast majority of underlying research has been performed with males despite females being twice as susceptible to many stress-triggered disorders such as posttraumatic stress disorder, depression, anorexia nervosa, and anxiety disorders. Here, we review sex differences in the NPY system in basal and stressed conditions and how it relates to varied susceptibility to stress-related disorders. The majority of studies demonstrate that NPY expression in many brain areas under basal, unstressed conditions is lower in females than in males. This could put them at a disadvantage in dealing with stress. Knock out animals and Flinders genetic models show that NPY is important for attenuating depression in both sexes, while its effects on anxiety appear more pronounced in males. In females, NPY expression after exposure to stress may depend on age, timing, and nature and duration of the stressors and may be especially pronounced in the catecholaminergic systems. Furthermore, alterations in NPY receptor expression and affinity may contribute to the sex differences in the NPY system. Overall, the review highlights the important role of NPY and sex differences in manifestation of neuropsychiatric disorders.
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20
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Kim BK, Fonda JR, Hauger RL, Pinna G, Anderson GM, Valovski IT, Rasmusson AM. Composite contributions of cerebrospinal fluid GABAergic neurosteroids, neuropeptide Y and interleukin-6 to PTSD symptom severity in men with PTSD. Neurobiol Stress 2020; 12:100220. [PMID: 32435669 PMCID: PMC7231970 DOI: 10.1016/j.ynstr.2020.100220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Given that multiple neurobiological systems, as well as components within these systems are impacted by stress, and may interact in additive, compensatory and synergistic ways to promote or mitigate PTSD risk, severity, and recovery, we thought that it would be important to consider the collective, as well as separate effects of these neurobiological systems on PTSD risk. With this goal in mind, we conducted a proof-of-concept study utilizing cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) collected from unmedicated, tobacco- and illicit substance-free men with PTSD (n = 13) and trauma-exposed healthy controls (TC) (n = 17). Thirteen neurobiological factors thought to contribute to PTSD risk or severity based on previous studies were assayed. As the small but typical sample size of this lumbar puncture study limited the number of factors that could be considered in a hierarchical regression model, we included only those five factors with at least a moderate correlation (Spearman rho > 0.30) with total Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS-IV) scores, and that did not violate multicollinearity criteria. Three of the five factors meeting these criteria—CSF allopregnanolone and pregnanolone (Allo + PA: equipotent GABAergic metabolites of progesterone), neuropeptide Y (NPY), and interleukin-6 (IL-6)—were found to account for over 75% of the variance in the CAPS-IV scores (R2 = 0.766, F = 8.75, p = 0.007). CSF Allo + PA levels were negatively associated with PTSD severity (β = −0.523, p = 0.02) and accounted for 47% of the variance in CAPS-IV scores. CSF NPY was positively associated with PTSD severity (β = 0.410, p = 0.04) and accounted for 14.7% of the CAPS-IV variance. There was a trend for a positive association between PTSD severity and CSF IL-6 levels, which accounted for 15.3% of the variance in PTSD severity (β = 0.423, p = 0.05). Z-scores were then computed for each of the three predictive factors and used to depict the varying relative degrees to which each contributed to PTSD severity at the individual PTSD patient level. This first of its kind, proof-of-concept study bears replication in larger samples. However, it highlights the collective effects of dysregulated neurobiological systems on PTSD symptom severity and the heterogeneity of potential biological treatment targets across individual PTSD patients—thus supporting the need for precision medicine approaches to treatment development and prescribing in PTSD.
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Key Words
- 3α-HSD, 3α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase
- Allo + PA, sum of allopregnanolone and pregnanolone
- EIA, enzyme immunoassay
- GC-MS, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry
- HPLC, high pressure liquid chromatography
- LP, lumbar puncture
- PE, prolonged exposure therapy
- PFC, prefrontal cortex
- RIA, radioimmunoassay
- TC, trauma-exposed control
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Affiliation(s)
- Byung Kil Kim
- VA Boston Healthcare System, 150 South Huntington Ave., Boston, MA, 02130, USA
| | - Jennifer R Fonda
- VA Boston Healthcare System, 150 South Huntington Ave., Boston, MA, 02130, USA.,Translational Research Center for TBI and Stress Disorders (TRACTS) and Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), 150 South Huntington Ave., Boston, MA, 02130, USA.,Boston University School of Medicine, 72 E. Concord Street, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - Richard L Hauger
- Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health, VA San Diego Healthcare System, 3350 La Jolla Village Drive, San Diego, CA, 92161, USA.,Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging, Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Graziano Pinna
- The Psychiatric Institute, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1601 W Taylor St. MC912 Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - George M Anderson
- Child Study Center and Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine S. Frontage Rd. New Haven, CT, 06519, USA
| | - Ivan T Valovski
- VA Boston Healthcare System, 150 South Huntington Ave., Boston, MA, 02130, USA.,Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck St. Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Ann M Rasmusson
- VA Boston Healthcare System, 150 South Huntington Ave., Boston, MA, 02130, USA.,Boston University School of Medicine, 72 E. Concord Street, Boston, MA, 02118, USA.,VA National Center for PTSD Women's Health Science Division, 150 South Huntington Ave., Boston, MA, 02130, USA
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21
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Nwokafor C, Serova LI, Nahvi RJ, McCloskey J, Sabban EL. Activation of NPY receptor subtype 1 by [D-His 26]NPY is sufficient to prevent development of anxiety and depressive like effects in the single prolonged stress rodent model of PTSD. Neuropeptides 2020; 80:102001. [PMID: 31916978 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2019.102001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Revised: 11/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The neuropeptide Y (NPY) system plays an important role in mediating resilience to the harmful effect of stress in post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). It can mediate its effects via several G-protein coupled receptors: Y1R, Y2R, Y4R and Y5R. To investigate the role of individual NPY receptors in the resilience effects of NPY to traumatic stress, intranasal infusion of either Y1R agonists [D-His26]NPY, [Leu31Pro34]NPY, Y2R agonist NPY (3-36) or NPY were administered to male Sprague-Dawley rats immediately following the last stressor of the single prolonged stress (SPS) protocol, a widely used PTSD animal model. After 7 or 14 days, effects of the treatments were measured on the elevated plus maze (EPM) for anxiety, in forced swim test (FST) for development of depressive-like or re-experiencing behavior, in social interaction (SI) test for impaired social behavior, and acoustic startle response (ASR) for hyperarousal. [D-His26]NPY, but not [Leu31Pro34]NPY nor NPY (3-36) Y2R, was effective in preventing the SPS-elicited development of anxiety. Y1R, but not Y2R agonists prevented development of depressive- feature on FST, with [D-His26]NPY superior to NPY. The results demonstrate that [D-His26]NPY was sufficient to prevent development of anxiety, social impairment and depressive symptoms, and has promise as an early intervention therapy following traumatic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiso Nwokafor
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA
| | - Lidia I Serova
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA
| | - Roxanna J Nahvi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA
| | - Jaclyn McCloskey
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA
| | - Esther L Sabban
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA.
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Tural U, Iosifescu DV. Neuropeptide Y in PTSD, MDD, and chronic stress: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Neurosci Res 2020; 98:950-963. [PMID: 32048334 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have suggested that neuropeptide Y (NPY) levels may be altered in patients with major depressive disorder (MDD), post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and chronic stress. We investigated, through systematic review and meta-analysis, whether the mean levels of NPY are significantly different in patients with MDD, PTSD or chronic stress, compared to controls. The main outcome was the pooled standardized mean difference (SMD) with 95% confidence intervals between cases and controls, using the random-effects model. Heterogeneity and publication bias were evaluated. Thirty-five studies met eligibility criteria. Meta-regression determined that medication and sex could explain 27% of the between-study variance. Females and participants currently prescribed psychotropic medications had significantly higher levels of NPY. NPY levels were significantly lower in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in PTSD patients versus controls. Patients with MDD had significantly lower levels of NPY in plasma compared to controls, but not in the CSF. The magnitudes of the decrease in plasma NPY levels were not significantly different between PTSD and MDD. However, chronic stress patients had significantly higher plasma NPY levels compared to controls, PTSD or MDD. Our findings may imply a shared role of NPY in trauma and depression: nevertheless, it is not clear that the association is specific to these disorders. Psychotropic medications may help restore NPY levels. Further controlled studies are needed to better delineate the contribution of confounding variables such as type of depression, body mass index, appetite or sleep architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umit Tural
- Clinical Research Division, The Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY, USA
| | - Dan V Iosifescu
- Clinical Research Division, The Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY, USA.,Psychiatry Department, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
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Corder KM, Li Q, Cortes MA, Bartley AF, Davis TR, Dobrunz LE. Overexpression of neuropeptide Y decreases responsiveness to neuropeptide Y. Neuropeptides 2020; 79:101979. [PMID: 31708112 PMCID: PMC6960342 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2019.101979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2018] [Revised: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is an endogenous neuropeptide that is abundantly expressed in the central nervous system. NPY is involved in various neurological processes and neuropsychiatric disorders, including fear learning and anxiety disorders. Reduced levels of NPY are reported in Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) patients, and NPY has been proposed as a potential therapeutic target for PTSD. It is therefore important to understand the effects of chronic enhancement of NPY on anxiety and fear learning. Previous studies have shown that acute elevation of NPY reduces anxiety, fear learning and locomotor activity. Models of chronic NPY overexpression have produced mixed results, possibly caused by ectopic NPY expression. NPY is expressed primarily by a subset of GABAergic interneurons, providing specific spatiotemporal release patterns. Administration of exogenous NPY throughout the brain, or overexpression in cells that do not normally release NPY, can have detrimental side effects, including memory impairment. In order to determine the effects of boosting NPY only in the cells that normally release it, we utilized a transgenic mouse line that overexpresses NPY only in NPY+ cells. We tested for effects on anxiety related behaviors in adolescent mice, an age with high incidence of anxiety disorders in humans. Surprisingly, we did not observe the expected reduction in anxiety-like behavior in NPY overexpression mice. There was no change in fear learning behavior, although there was a deficit in nest building. The effect of exogenous NPY on synaptic transmission in acute hippocampal slices was also diminished, indicating that the function of NPY receptors is impaired. Reduced NPY receptor function could contribute to the unexpected behavioral outcomes. We conclude that overexpression of NPY, even in cells that normally express it, can lead to reduced responsiveness of NPY receptors, potentially affecting the ability of NPY to function as a long-term therapeutic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katelynn M Corder
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Department of Neurobiology, 1825 University Blvd, SHEL 971, Birmingham, AL 35294, United States of America; University of Alabama at Birmingham, Department of Biology, 1670 University Blvd., VH G133B, Birmingham, AL 35233, United States of America
| | - Qin Li
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Department of Neurobiology, 1825 University Blvd, SHEL 971, Birmingham, AL 35294, United States of America
| | - Mariana A Cortes
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Department of Neurobiology, 1825 University Blvd, SHEL 971, Birmingham, AL 35294, United States of America
| | - Aundrea F Bartley
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Department of Neurobiology, 1825 University Blvd, SHEL 971, Birmingham, AL 35294, United States of America
| | - Taylor R Davis
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Department of Neurobiology, 1825 University Blvd, SHEL 971, Birmingham, AL 35294, United States of America
| | - Lynn E Dobrunz
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Department of Neurobiology, 1825 University Blvd, SHEL 971, Birmingham, AL 35294, United States of America.
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Xu L, Wang J. Food restriction in adolescence increases emotional disorder-like behaviors in adult rats. J Chem Neuroanat 2019; 104:101731. [PMID: 31862402 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2019.101731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Revised: 12/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/15/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
This study was designed to investigate the neuronal mechanism underlying the influence of early-life food restriction on the central nervous system and subsequent behaviors in adult rats. Several behavioral paradigms were tested in rats, including sucrose negative contrast test, forced swimming test (FST) and elevated plus maze test (EPM). in vivo intracellular electrophysiological recordings were conducted in the lateral nucleus of the amygdala (LAT). Finally, the levels of neuropeptide Y (NPY) were examined using immunohistochemistry. Food restriction during adolescence reduced sucrose preference in adult rats. Adolescent food restriction increased total immobile time in the FST and reduced the latency in rats to the first bout of immobility. In the EPM test, rats that experienced food restriction in adolescence and tested four weeks later spent less time than unrestricted controls in the open arm. In addition, chronic food restriction in adolescence increased in vivo LAT neuronal excitability in adulthood. Finally, NPY immunoreactivity in the LAT was reduced in rats that experienced chronic food restriction in adolescence compared to controls. Our results suggest that food restriction in adolescence increases emotional disorder-like behaviors in adult life, in which NPY production regulates the LAT-dependent behaviors and may underly the vulnerability to emotional disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Xu
- Department of Electrophysiological Examination, Cangzhou Central Hospital, Cangzhou 061001, Hebei Province, China
| | - Jinfeng Wang
- Department of Electrophysiological Examination, Cangzhou Central Hospital, Cangzhou 061001, Hebei Province, China.
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25
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Cheon M, Park H, Rhim H, Chung C. Actions of Neuropeptide Y on Synaptic Transmission in the Lateral Habenula. Neuroscience 2019; 410:183-190. [PMID: 31082535 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2019.04.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Neuropeptide Y is a peptide neuromodulator with protective roles including anxiolytic and antidepressant-like effects in animal models of depression and post-traumatic stress disorder. The lateral habenula (LHb) is a brain region that encodes aversive information and is closely related with mood disorders. Although LHb neurons express NPY receptors, the physiological roles of NPY in this region remain uninvestigated. In this study, we examined the actions of NPY on synaptic transmission in the LHb using whole cell patch clamp recording. We observed that NPY inhibited excitatory neurotransmission in a subset of LHb neurons whereas potentiating in a small population of neurons. Inhibitory transmission remained unchanged by NPY application in a subset of neurons but was reduced in the majority of LHb neurons recorded. The overall outcome of NPY application was a decrease in the spontaneous firing rate of the LHb, leading to hypoactivation of the LHb. Our observations indicate that although NPY has divergent effects on excitatory and inhibitory transmission, NPY receptor activation decreases LHb activity, suggesting that the LHb may partly mediate the protective roles of NPY in the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myunghyun Cheon
- Department of Biological Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, South Korea
| | - Hoyong Park
- Department of Biological Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, South Korea
| | - Hyewon Rhim
- Center for Neuroscience, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 139-791, South Korea
| | - ChiHye Chung
- Department of Biological Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, South Korea.
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26
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Nwokafor C, Serova LI, Sabban EL. Preclinical findings on the potential of intranasal neuropeptide Y for treating hyperarousal features of PTSD. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2019; 1455:149-159. [PMID: 31250475 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Revised: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Acoustic startle response (ASR) assesses hyperarousal, a core symptom of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Intranasal neuropeptide Y (NPY) administration was shown to prevent hyperarousal in single prolonged stress (SPS) rodent PTSD model. However, it is unclear how ASR itself alters responses to stress. Rats (A-S-A) were exposed to acoustic startle (AS) 1 day before SPS (ASR1) and 2 weeks afterward (ASR2). Other groups were exposed in parallel to either AS (A-A) or SPS or neither. SPS enhanced ASR2. In relevant brain areas, mRNA levels were determined by qRT-PCR. In mediobasal hypothalamus, AS or SPS each increased CRH mRNA levels without an additive effect. Exposure to AS appeared to dampen some responses to SPS. The SPS-triggered reduction of GR and FKBP5 gene expression was not observed in A-S-A group. In locus coeruleus, SPS increased CRHR1 and reduced Y2R mRNAs, but not in A-S-A group. In both regions, AS altered NPY receptor gene expression, which may mediate dampening responses to SPS. In second experiment, intranasal NPY administered 2 weeks after SPS reversed hyperarousal symptoms for at least 7 days. This study reveals important effects of AS on the NPY system and demonstrates that intranasal NPY elicits long-lasting reversal of traumatic stress-triggered hyperarousal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiso Nwokafor
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York
| | - Lidia I Serova
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York
| | - Esther L Sabban
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York
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Miles OW, Maren S. Role of the Bed Nucleus of the Stria Terminalis in PTSD: Insights From Preclinical Models. Front Behav Neurosci 2019; 13:68. [PMID: 31024271 PMCID: PMC6461014 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2019.00068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) afflicts approximately 8% of the United States population and represents a significant public health burden, but the underlying neural mechanisms of this and other anxiety- and stressor-related disorders are largely unknown. Within the last few decades, several preclinical models of PSTD have been developed to help elucidate the mechanisms underlying dysregulated fear states. One brain area that has emerged as a critical mediator of stress-related behavioral processing in both clinical and laboratory settings is the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST). The BNST is interconnected with essential emotional processing regions, including prefrontal cortex, hippocampus and amygdala. It is activated by stressor exposure and undergoes neurochemical and morphological alterations as a result of stressor exposure. Stress-related neuro-peptides including corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) and pituitary adenylate cyclase activating peptide (PACAP) are also abundant in the BNST, further implicating an involvement of BNST in stress responses. Behaviorally, the BNST is critical for acquisition and expression of fear and is well positioned to regulate fear relapse after periods of extinction. Here, we consider the role of the BNST in stress and memory processes in the context of preclinical models of PTSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia W. Miles
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences and Institute for Neuroscience, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
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28
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Sabban EL, Serova LI. Potential of Intranasal Neuropeptide Y (NPY) and/or Melanocortin 4 Receptor (MC4R) Antagonists for Preventing or Treating PTSD. Mil Med 2019; 183:408-412. [PMID: 29635611 DOI: 10.1093/milmed/usx228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
There is a great need for effective treatment options for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is associated with resilience to traumatic stress. MC4R antagonists, such as HS014, also reduce response to stress. Both regulate stress-responsive systems - the hypothalamic-pituitary-axis (HPA) and the noradrenergic nervous system and their associated behaviors. Therefore, we examined if their intranasal delivery to brain could attenuate development of PTSD-related symptoms in single prolonged stress (SPS) rodent PTSD model. Three regimens were used: (1) prophylactic treatment 30 min before SPS stressors, (2) early intervention right after SPS stressors, (3) therapeutic treatment when PTSD behaviors are manifested 1 wk or more after the traumatic stress. NPY delivered by regimen 1 or 2 prevented SPS-triggered elevation in anxiety, depressive-like behavior, and hyperarousal and reduced dysregulation of HPA axis. Hypothalamic CRH mRNA and GR in ventral hippocampus were significantly induced in vehicle- but not NPY-treated group. NPY also prevented hypersensitivity of LC/NE system to novel mild stressor and induction of CRH in amygdala. Some of these impairments were also reduced with HS014, alone or together with NPY. When given after symptoms were manifested (regiment 3), NPY attenuated anxiety and depressive behaviors. This demonstrates strong preclinical proof of concept for intranasal NPY, and perhaps MC4R antagonists, for non-invasive early pharmacological interventions for PTSD and comorbid disorders and possibly also as therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther L Sabban
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, New York Medical College, 15 Dana Road, Valhalla, NY 10595
| | - Lidia I Serova
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, New York Medical College, 15 Dana Road, Valhalla, NY 10595
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29
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Koek RJ, Luong TN. Theranostic pharmacology in PTSD: Neurobiology and timing. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2019; 90:245-263. [PMID: 30529001 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2018.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Revised: 11/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Recent reviews and treatment guidelines regard trauma-focused cognitive-behavior therapies as the treatments of choice for chronic post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). However, many patients do not engage in this treatment when it is available, drop out before completion, or do not respond. Medications remain widely used, alone and in conjunction with psychotherapy, although the limitations of traditional monoamine-based pharmacotherapy are increasingly recognized. This article will review recent developments in psychopharmacology for PTSD, with a focus on current clinical data that apply putative neurobiologic mechanisms to medication use-i.e., a theranostic approach. A theranostic approach however, also requires consideration of timing, pre, peri or post trauma in conjunction with underlying dynamic processes affecting synaptic plasticity, the HPA axis, hippocampal activation, PFC-amygdala circuitry and fear memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralph J Koek
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Sepulveda Ambulatory Care Center, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, North Hills, CA, USA.
| | - Tinh N Luong
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Olive View Medical Center, Sylmar, CA, USA
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30
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Yoon S, Kim YK. Neuroendocrinological treatment targets for posttraumatic stress disorder. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2019; 90:212-222. [PMID: 30502374 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2018.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Revised: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is prevalent, disabling, and frequently becomes chronic. Despite this, only two selective serotonergic reuptake inhibitors have been approved to date for its treatment by the United States Food and Drug Administration, and treatment results are often disappointing, with a remission rate of <30%. Certain neuroendocrinological systems are currently gaining attention with respect to their use for PTSD prevention and treatment as standalone options or medication-enhanced psychotherapy due to their involvement in physiological stress reactions, memory consolidation and extinction, cognitive appraisal to stress, and attachment and resilient coping strategies, which are important in the pathogenesis of PTSD. The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis system takes the most important role in stress reactions. Hydrocortisone has been studied for the prevention of PTSD, and some meta-analyses have suggested its possible efficacy; furthermore, it has been considered both as monotherapy and as an augmentation to psychotherapy in PTSD patients, with some positive results. Glucocorticoid receptor antagonists and corticotropin-releasing factor type 1 antagonists have also been considered for clinical use in PTSD treatment. Additionally, other neuroendocrinological systems have been studied in PTSD including the use of oxytocin for PTSD prevention and augmentation to psychotherapy, allopregnanolone, and neuropeptide Y (NPY) for PTSD treatment. For now, however, these studies offer only limited evidence of efficacy, thus it is prudent to study this issue more vigorously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seoyoung Yoon
- Department of Psychiatry, Catholic University of Daegu school of Medicine, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Ku Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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31
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Nahvi RJ, Nwokafor C, Serova LI, Sabban EL. Single Prolonged Stress as a Prospective Model for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Females. Front Behav Neurosci 2019; 13:17. [PMID: 30804766 PMCID: PMC6378310 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2019.00017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Sex plays an important role in susceptibility to stress triggered disorders. Posttraumatic Stress disorder (PTSD), a debilitating psychiatric disorder developed after exposure to a traumatic event, is two times more prevalent in women than men. However, the vast majority of animal models of PTSD, including single prolonged stress (SPS), were performed mostly with males. Here, we evaluated SPS as an appropriate PTSD model for females in terms of anxiety, depressive symptoms and changes in gene expression in the noradrenergic system in the brain. In addition, we examined intranasal neuropeptide Y (NPY) as a possible treatment in females. Female rats were subjected to SPS and given either intranasal NPY or vehicle in two separate experiments. In the first experiment, stressed females were compared to unstressed controls on forced swim test (FST) and for levels of expression of several genes in the locus coeruleus (LC) 12 days after SPS exposure. Using a separate cohort of animals, experiment two examined stressed females and unstressed controls on the elevated plus maze (EPM) and LC gene expression 7 days after SPS stressors. SPS led to increased anxiety-like behavior on EPM and depressive-like behavior on FST. Following FST, the rats displayed elevated tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), CRHR1 and Y1R mRNA levels in the LC, consistent with increased activation of the noradrenergic system. The expression level of these mRNAs was unchanged following EPM, except Y1R. Intranasal NPY at the doses shown to be effective in males, did not prevent development of depressive or anxiety-like behavior or molecular changes in the LC. The results indicate that while SPS could be an appropriate PTSD model for females, sex differences, such as response to NPY, are important to consider.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roxanna J Nahvi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, United States
| | - Chiso Nwokafor
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, United States
| | - Lidia I Serova
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, United States
| | - Esther L Sabban
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, United States
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Single stimulation of Y2 receptors in BNSTav facilitates extinction and dampens reinstatement of fear. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2019; 236:281-291. [PMID: 30443793 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-018-5080-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Return of fear by re-exposure to an aversive event is a major obstacle in the treatment of fear-related disorders. Recently, we demonstrated that local pharmacological stimulation of neuropeptide Y type 2 receptors (Y2R) in anteroventral bed nucleus of stria terminalis (BNSTav) facilitates fear extinction and attenuates retrieval of remote fear with or without concomitant extinction training. Whether Y2R activation could also protect against re-exposure to traumatic events is still unknown. OBJECTIVE Therefore, we investigated reinstatement of remote fear following early Y2R manipulation in BNSTav in relation to concomitant extinction training in mice. METHODS We combined local pharmacological manipulation of Y2Rs in BNSTav with or without extinction training and tested for reinstatement of remote fear 15 days later. Furthermore, we employed immediate early gene mapping to monitor related local brain activation. RESULTS Y2R stimulation by local injection of NPY3-36 into BNSTav facilitated extinction, reduced fear reinstatement at remote stages, and mimicked the influence of extinction in groups without prior extinction training. In contrast, Y2R antagonism (JNJ-5207787) delayed extinction and increased reinstatement. Y2R treatment immediately before remote fear tests had no effect. Concomitantly, Y2R activation at early time points reduced the number of c-Fos positive neurons in BNSTav during testing of reinstated remote fear. CONCLUSION Local Y2R stimulation in BNSTav promotes fear extinction and stabilizes suppression of reinstated fear through a long-term influence, even without extinction training. Thus, Y2Rs in BNST are crucial pharmacological targets for extinction-based remote fear suppression.
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Depression and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are two complex and debilitating psychiatric disorders that result in poor life and destructive behaviors against self and others. Currently, diagnosis is based on subjective rather than objective determinations leading to misdiagnose and ineffective treatments. Advances in novel neurobiological methods have allowed assessment of promising biomarkers to diagnose depression and PTSD, which offers a new means of appropriately treating patients. Areas covered: Biomarkers discovery in blood represents a fundamental tool to predict, diagnose, and monitor treatment efficacy in depression and PTSD. The potential role of altered HPA axis, epigenetics, NPY, BDNF, neurosteroid biosynthesis, the endocannabinoid system, and their function as biomarkers for mood disorders is discussed. Insofar, we propose the identification of a biomarker axis to univocally identify and discriminate disorders with large comorbidity and symptoms overlap, so as to provide a base of support for development of targeted treatments. We also weigh in on the feasibility of a future blood test for early diagnosis. Expert commentary: Potential biomarkers have already been assessed in patients' blood and need to be further validated through multisite large clinical trial stratification. Another challenge is to assess the relation among several interdependent biomarkers to form an axis that identifies a specific disorder and secures the best-individualized treatment. The future of blood-based tests for PTSD and depression is not only on the horizon but, possibly, already around the corner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dario Aspesi
- a The Psychiatric Institute, Department of Psychiatry , University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago , IL , USA
| | - Graziano Pinna
- a The Psychiatric Institute, Department of Psychiatry , University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago , IL , USA
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34
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Bründl E, Proescholdt M, Schödel P, Bele S, Höhne J, Zeman F, Stoerr EM, Brawanski A, Schebesch KM. Excessive release of endogenous neuropeptide Y into cerebrospinal fluid after treatment of spontaneous subarachnoid haemorrhage and its possible impact on self-reported neuropsychological performance - results of a prospective clinical pilot study on good-grade patients. Neurol Res 2018; 40:1001-1013. [PMID: 30213237 DOI: 10.1080/01616412.2018.1508547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Neuropsychological dysfunction after treatment of spontaneous subarachnoid haemorrhage (sSAH) is common but underreported. The vasoconstrictor neuropeptide Y (NPY) is excessively released after sSAH and in psychiatric disorders. We prospectively analysed the treatment-specific differences in the secretion of endogenous cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) NPY during the acute stage after sSAH and its impact on cognitive processing. METHODS A total of 26 consecutive patients (f:m = 13:8; mean age 50.6 years) with good-grade sSAH were enrolled (drop out n = 5): n = 9 underwent endovascular aneurysm occlusion, n = 6 microsurgery, and n = 6 patients with perimesencephalic SAH received standardized intensive medical care. Ventricular CSF was drawn daily from day 1-10. CSF NPY levels were determined with competitive enzyme immunoassay. All patients underwent neuropsychological self-report assessment [36-Item Short Form Health Survey (SF-36) and ICD-10-Symptom-Rating questionnaire (ISR)] after the onset of sSAH (day 11-35; t1) and at the 6-month follow-up (t2). RESULTS At t1, increased mean levels of NPY in CSF significantly correlated with impaired performance in most ISR scores (ISR total p = .018, depression p = .035, anxiety p = .008, nutrition disorder p = .047, supplementary items p = .038) and in several psychological SF-36 items (vitality p = .019, general mental health p = .001, mental component summary p = .025). DISCUSSION To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first to correlate the levels of endogenous NPY in supratentorial CSF with cognitive outcome in good-grade sSAH patients. Excessive NPY release into CSF may have a short-term influence on the pathogenesis of neuropsychological deficits. The impact of cerebrovascular manipulation on NPY release has to be further elucidated. ABBREVIATIONS ANOVA: analysis of variance; aSAH: aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage; AUC: area under the curve; CBF: cerebral blood flow; CSF: cerebrospinal fluid; CT (scan): computed tomography (scan); CV: cerebral vasospasm; DIND: delayed ischemic neurological deficit; DSA: digital subtraction angiography; EIA: enzyme immunoassay; EV: endovascular aneurysm occlusion; EVD: external ventricular drainage; FU: 6-month follow-up; GCS: Glasgow Coma Scale; Ghp: general health perceptions; GOS: Glasgow Outcome Scale; h: hour/s; HH: Hunt and Hess; ICU: intensive care unit; ISR: ICD-10-Symptom-Rating questionnaire; MCS: mental component summary; Mhi: general mental health; min: minute/s; min-max: minimum - maximum; ml: millilitre; mRS: modified Ranking Scale; MS: microsurgical clipping, microsurgical aneurysm occlusion; ng: nanograms; no. [n]: number; NPY: Neuropeptide Y; p: p value; Pain: bodily pain; PCS: physical component summary; Pfi: physical functioning; pSAH: perimesencephalic subarachnoid haemorrhage; PTSD: posttraumatic stress disorder; QoL: quality of life; Rawhtran: health transition item; Rolem: role limitations because of emotional problems; Rolph: role limitations due to physical health problems; SAH: subarachnoid haemorrhage; SD: standard deviation; SF-36: 36-Item Short Form Health Survey; Social: social functioning; sSAH: spontaneous subarachnoid haemorrhage; TCD: trans-cranial Doppler ultrasound; (test) t1: test in the sub-acute phase after the onset of bleeding (between day 11 and 35 after subarachnoid haemorrhage); (test) t2: test in the short-term (chronic phase) after treatment at 6-month follow-up; test t1 - t2: intergroup development from t1 to t2; Vital: vitality; vs: versus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Bründl
- a Department of Neurosurgery , University Medical Centre Regensburg , Regensburg , Germany
| | - Martin Proescholdt
- a Department of Neurosurgery , University Medical Centre Regensburg , Regensburg , Germany
| | - Petra Schödel
- a Department of Neurosurgery , University Medical Centre Regensburg , Regensburg , Germany
| | - Sylvia Bele
- a Department of Neurosurgery , University Medical Centre Regensburg , Regensburg , Germany
| | - Julius Höhne
- a Department of Neurosurgery , University Medical Centre Regensburg , Regensburg , Germany
| | - Florian Zeman
- b Centre for Clinical Studies , University Medical Centre Regensburg , Regensburg , Germany
| | - Eva-Maria Stoerr
- a Department of Neurosurgery , University Medical Centre Regensburg , Regensburg , Germany
| | - Alexander Brawanski
- a Department of Neurosurgery , University Medical Centre Regensburg , Regensburg , Germany
| | - Karl-Michael Schebesch
- a Department of Neurosurgery , University Medical Centre Regensburg , Regensburg , Germany
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Miragaia AS, de Oliveira Wertheimer GS, Consoli AC, Cabbia R, Longo BM, Girardi CEN, Suchecki D. Maternal Deprivation Increases Anxiety- and Depressive-Like Behaviors in an Age-Dependent Fashion and Reduces Neuropeptide Y Expression in the Amygdala and Hippocampus of Male and Female Young Adult Rats. Front Behav Neurosci 2018; 12:159. [PMID: 30131681 PMCID: PMC6090069 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2018.00159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Maternal deprivation for 24 h produces an immediate increase in basal and stress-induced corticosterone (CORT) secretion. Given the impact of elevated CORT levels on brain development, the goal of the present study was to characterize the effects of maternal deprivation at postnatal days 3 (DEP3) or 11 (DEP11) on emotional behavior and neuropeptide Y immunoreactivity (NPY-ir) in the basolateral amygdala (BLA) and dorsal hippocampus (dHPC) of male and female rats. Litters were distributed in control non-deprived (CTL), DEP3, or DEP11 groups. In Experiment 1, within each litter, one male and one female were submitted to one of the following tests: novelty suppressed feeding (NSF), sucrose negative contrast test (SNCT), and forced swimming test (FST), between postnatal days 52 and 60. In Experiment 2, two males and two females per litter were exposed to the elevated plus maze and 1 h later, perfused for investigation of NPY-ir, on PND 52. The results showed that DEP3 rats displayed greater anxiety-like behavior in the NSF and EPM, compared to CTL and DEP11 counterparts. In the SNCT, DEP3 and DEP11 males showed less suppression of the lower sucrose concentration intake, whereas all females suppressed less than males. Both manipulated groups displayed more immobility in the FST, although this effect was greater in DEP3 than in DEP11 rats. NPY-ir was reduced in DEP3 and DEP11 males and females in the BLA, whereas in the dHPC, DEP3 males showed less NPY-ir than DEP11, which, in turn, presented less NPY-ir than CTL rats. Females showed less NPY-ir than males in both structures. Because the deprivation effects were more intense in DEP3 than in DEP11, in Experiment 3, the frequency of nursing posture, licking-grooming, and interaction with pups was assessed upon litter reunion with mothers. Mothers of DEP11 litters engaged more in anogenital licking than mothers of DEP3 litters. The present results indicate that maternal deprivation changed affective behavior with greater impact in the earlier age and reduced the expression of NPY in emotion-related brain areas. The age-dependent differential effects of deprivation on maternal behavior could, at least in part, explain the outcomes in young adult rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra S Miragaia
- Departamento de Psicobiologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | | | - Amanda C Consoli
- Departamento de Psicobiologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rafael Cabbia
- Departamento de Psicobiologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Beatriz M Longo
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carlos E N Girardi
- Departamento de Psicobiologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Deborah Suchecki
- Departamento de Psicobiologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Theisen CC, Reyes BA, Sabban E, Van Bockstaele EJ. Ultrastructural Characterization of Corticotropin-Releasing Factor and Neuropeptide Y in the Rat Locus Coeruleus: Anatomical Evidence for Putative Interactions. Neuroscience 2018; 384:21-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2018.04.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Revised: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Neurotransmitter, Peptide, and Steroid Hormone Abnormalities in PTSD: Biological Endophenotypes Relevant to Treatment. Curr Psychiatry Rep 2018; 20:52. [PMID: 30019147 DOI: 10.1007/s11920-018-0908-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review summarizes neurotransmitter, peptide, and other neurohormone abnormalities associated with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and relevant to development of precision medicine therapeutics for PTSD. RECENT FINDINGS As the number of molecular abnormalities associated with PTSD across a variety of subpopulations continues to grow, it becomes clear that no single abnormality characterizes all individuals with PTSD. Instead, individually variable points of molecular dysfunction occur within several different stress-responsive systems that interact to produce the clinical PTSD phenotype. Future work should focus on critical interactions among the systems that influence PTSD risk, severity, chronicity, comorbidity, and response to treatment. Effort also should be directed toward development of clinical procedures by which points of molecular dysfunction within these systems can be identified in individual patients. Some molecular abnormalities are more common than others and may serve as subpopulation biological endophenotypes for targeting of currently available and novel treatments.
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Silveira Villarroel H, Bompolaki M, Mackay JP, Miranda Tapia AP, Michaelson SD, Leitermann RJ, Marr RA, Urban JH, Colmers WF. NPY Induces Stress Resilience via Downregulation of Ih in Principal Neurons of Rat Basolateral Amygdala. J Neurosci 2018; 38:4505-4520. [PMID: 29650696 PMCID: PMC5943978 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3528-17.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Revised: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuropeptide Y (NPY) expression is tightly linked with the development of stress resilience in rodents and humans. Local NPY injections targeting the basolateral amygdala (BLA) produce long-term behavioral stress resilience in male rats via an unknown mechanism. Previously, we showed that activation of NPY Y1 receptors hyperpolarizes BLA principal neurons (PNs) through inhibition of the hyperpolarization-activated, depolarizing H-current, Ih The present studies tested whether NPY treatment induces stress resilience by modulating Ih NPY (10 pmol) was delivered daily for 5 d bilaterally into the BLA to induce resilience; thereafter, the electrophysiological properties of PNs and the expression of Ih in the BLA were characterized. As reported previously, increases in social interaction (SI) times persisted weeks after completion of NPY administration. In vitro intracellular recordings showed that repeated intra-BLA NPY injections resulted in hyperpolarization of BLA PNs at 2 weeks (2W) and 4 weeks (4W) after NPY treatment. At 2W, spontaneous IPSC frequencies were increased, whereas at 4W, resting Ih was markedly reduced and accompanied by decreased levels of HCN1 mRNA and protein expression in BLA. Knock-down of HCN1 channels in the BLA with targeted delivery of lentivirus containing HCN1-shRNA increased SI beginning 2W after injection and induced stress resilience. NPY treatment induced sequential, complementary changes in the inputs to BLA PNs and their postsynaptic properties that reduce excitability, a mechanism that contributes to less anxious behavior. Furthermore, HCN1 knock-down mimicked the increases in SI and stress resilience observed with NPY, indicating the importance of Ih in stress-related behavior.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Resilience improves mental health outcomes in response to adverse situations. Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is associated with decreased stress responses and the expression of resilience in rodents and humans. Single or repeated injections of NPY into the basolateral amygdala (BLA) buffer negative behavioral effects of stress and induce resilience in rats, respectively. Here, we demonstrate that repeated administration of NPY into the BLA unfolds several cellular mechanisms that decrease the activity of pyramidal output neurons. One key mechanism is a reduction in levels of the excitatory ion channel HCN1. Moreover, shRNA knock-down of HCN1 expression in BLA recapitulates some of the actions of NPY and causes potent resilience to stress, indicating that this channel may be a possible target for therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - James P Mackay
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2H7
| | | | - Sheldon D Michaelson
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2H7
| | | | - Robert A Marr
- Department of Neuroscience, Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, Illinois 60064
| | | | - William F Colmers
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2H7,
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Reijnen A, Geuze E, Eekhout I, Maihofer AX, Nievergelt CM, Baker DG, Vermetten E. Biological profiling of plasma neuropeptide Y in relation to posttraumatic stress symptoms in two combat cohorts. Biol Psychol 2018; 134:72-79. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2018.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Revised: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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Hendrickson RC, Raskind MA, Millard SP, Sikkema C, Terry GE, Pagulayan KF, Li G, Peskind ER. Evidence for altered brain reactivity to norepinephrine in Veterans with a history of traumatic stress. Neurobiol Stress 2018; 8:103-111. [PMID: 29888305 PMCID: PMC5991318 DOI: 10.1016/j.ynstr.2018.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Revised: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Increases in the quantity or impact of noradrenergic signaling have been implicated in the pathophysiology of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). This increased signaling may result from increased norepinephrine (NE) release, from altered brain responses to NE, or from a combination of both factors. Here, we tested the hypothesis that Veterans reporting a history of trauma exposure would show an increased association between brain NE and mental health symptoms commonly observed after trauma, as compared to Veterans who did not report a history of trauma exposure, consistent with the possibility of increased brain reactivity to NE after traumatic stress. Methods Using a convenience sample of 69 male Veterans with a history of combat-theater deployment, we examined the relationship between trauma-related mental health symptoms and the concentration of NE in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). CSF NE levels were measured by HPLC in CSF from morning lumbar puncture. Behavioral symptoms associated with diagnoses of PTSD, depression, insomnia, or post-concussive syndrome (PCS), which together cover a wide variety of symptoms associated with alterations in arousal systems, such as sleep, mood, concentration, and anxiety, were assessed via self-report (PTSD Checklist [PCL] for PTSD, Patient Health Questionnaire 9 [PHQ9] for depression, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index [PSQI] for sleep problems including insomnia, and Neurobehavioral Symptom Inventory [NSI] for PCS) and structured clinical interview (Clinician-Administered PSTD Scale [CAPS]). Individuals meeting criterion A of the DSM-IV diagnostic criteria for PTSD were considered trauma-exposed. Linear regression models were used to quantify the association between CSF NE and symptom intensity in participants with and without a history of trauma exposure, as well as in participants with a history of trauma exposure who were currently taking the noradrenergic receptor antagonist prazosin. Results Fifty-two Veterans met criteria for a history of trauma exposure; of these, 36 met criteria for PTSD. CSF NE levels were not significantly different in Veterans with a history of trauma compared to those without, nor in Veterans with PTSD as compared to those without. Veterans with a history of trauma and who were not using the medication prazosin demonstrated a significantly more positive correlation between CSF NE and behavioral symptom expression than Veterans who had not experienced traumatic stress. No relationship between CSF NE and behavioral symptom expression was found in Veterans who had experienced traumatic stress and were taking prazosin at the time of the assessments. Conclusions These results are consistent with increased central nervous system responsiveness to noradrenergic signaling in individuals with a history of traumatic exposure, raising the possibility that there may be long-lasting physiologic effects of trauma-exposure that exist independently of whether an individual meets criteria for PTSD at any given point in time. Exploration of the mechanism by which brain responsiveness to NE is modulated following trauma holds the possibility of finding new strategies for both preventing and treating PTSD. CSF Norepinephrine (NE) and common mental health symptoms were assessed in Veterans. In Veterans without trauma exposure, CSF NE was inversely associated with symptoms. In those with trauma exposure, CSF NE was more positively associated with symptoms. Trauma exposure may alter central reactivity to NE. PTSD may occur when there is both increased release of, and reactivity to, NE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca C. Hendrickson
- VISN 20 Northwest Network Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center (MIRECC), VA Puget Sound Health Care System, 1660 S. Columbian Way, S116 MIRECC, Seattle, WA 98108, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, 1959 NE Pacific Street, Box 356560, Seattle, WA 98195-6560, USA
- Corresponding author. VA Puget Sound Health Care System, 1660 S. Columbian Way, S182 GRECC, Seattle, WA 98108, USA.
| | - Murray A. Raskind
- VISN 20 Northwest Network Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center (MIRECC), VA Puget Sound Health Care System, 1660 S. Columbian Way, S116 MIRECC, Seattle, WA 98108, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, 1959 NE Pacific Street, Box 356560, Seattle, WA 98195-6560, USA
| | - Steven P. Millard
- VISN 20 Northwest Network Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center (MIRECC), VA Puget Sound Health Care System, 1660 S. Columbian Way, S116 MIRECC, Seattle, WA 98108, USA
- Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center (GRECC), VA Puget Sound Health Care System, 1660 S. Columbian Way, S116 MIRECC, Seattle, WA 98108, USA
| | - Carl Sikkema
- Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center (GRECC), VA Puget Sound Health Care System, 1660 S. Columbian Way, S116 MIRECC, Seattle, WA 98108, USA
| | - Garth E. Terry
- VISN 20 Northwest Network Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center (MIRECC), VA Puget Sound Health Care System, 1660 S. Columbian Way, S116 MIRECC, Seattle, WA 98108, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, 1959 NE Pacific Street, Box 356560, Seattle, WA 98195-6560, USA
| | - Kathleen F. Pagulayan
- VISN 20 Northwest Network Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center (MIRECC), VA Puget Sound Health Care System, 1660 S. Columbian Way, S116 MIRECC, Seattle, WA 98108, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, 1959 NE Pacific Street, Box 356560, Seattle, WA 98195-6560, USA
| | - Ge Li
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, 1959 NE Pacific Street, Box 356560, Seattle, WA 98195-6560, USA
- Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center (GRECC), VA Puget Sound Health Care System, 1660 S. Columbian Way, S116 MIRECC, Seattle, WA 98108, USA
| | - Elaine R. Peskind
- VISN 20 Northwest Network Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center (MIRECC), VA Puget Sound Health Care System, 1660 S. Columbian Way, S116 MIRECC, Seattle, WA 98108, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, 1959 NE Pacific Street, Box 356560, Seattle, WA 98195-6560, USA
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Verma D, Tasan R, Sperk G, Pape HC. Neuropeptide Y2 receptors in anteroventral BNST control remote fear memory depending on extinction training. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2018; 149:144-153. [PMID: 29408468 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2018.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Revised: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The anterior bed nucleus of stria terminalis (BNST) is involved in reinstatement of extinguished fear, and neuropeptide Y2 receptors influence local synaptic signaling. Therefore, we hypothesized that Y2 receptors in anteroventral BNST (BNSTav) interfere with remote fear memory and that previous fear extinction is an important variable. C57BL/6NCrl mice were fear-conditioned, and a Y2 receptor-specific agonist (NPY3-36) or antagonist (JNJ-5207787) was applied in BNSTav before fear retrieval at the following day. Remote fear memory was tested on day 16 in two groups of mice, which had (experiment 1) or had not (experiment 2) undergone extinction training after conditioning. In the group with extinction training, tests of remote fear memory revealed partial retrieval of extinction, which was prevented after blockade of Y2 receptors in BNSTav. No such effect was observed in the group with no extinction training, but stimulation of Y2 receptors in BNSTav mimicked the influence of extinction during tests of remote fear memory. Pharmacological manipulation of Y2 receptors in BNSTav before fear acquisition (experiment 3) had no effect on fear memory retrieval, extinction or remote fear memory. Furthermore, partial retrieval of extinction during tests of remote fear memory was associated with changes in number of c-Fos expressing neurons in BNSTav, which was prevented or mimicked upon Y2 blockade or stimulation in BNSTav. These results indicate that Y2 receptor manipulation in BNSTav interferes with fear memory and extinction retrieval at remote stages, likely through controlling neuronal activity in BNSTav during extinction training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilip Verma
- Institute of Physiology 1, Westfälische Wilhelms-University, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Ramon Tasan
- Institute of Pharmacology, Medical University Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Guenther Sperk
- Institute of Pharmacology, Medical University Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Hans-Christian Pape
- Institute of Physiology 1, Westfälische Wilhelms-University, D-48149 Münster, Germany.
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Camp R, Stier CT, Serova LI, McCloskey J, Edwards JG, Reyes-Zaragoza M, Sabban EL. Cardiovascular responses to intranasal neuropeptide Y in single prolonged stress rodent model of post-traumatic stress disorder. Neuropeptides 2018; 67:87-94. [PMID: 29169656 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2017.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Revised: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Delivery of neuropeptide Y (NPY) to the brain by intranasal administration shows promise as non-invasive means for preventing or treating PTSD symptoms. Here, radiotelemetry and echocardiography were used to determine effects of intranasal NPY on cardiovascular functions in absence and presence of stress. Male adult Sprague Dawley rats were implanted with radiotelemetric probes, and subjected to single prolonged stress (SPS), followed by intranasal vehicle (V) or NPY (150μg) under conditions shown to prevent development of many of the behavioral neuroendocrine and biochemical impairments. In both groups, mean arterial pressure (MAP) rose rapidly peaking at about 125mmHg, remaining near maximal levels for 1h. SPS also elicited robust rise in heart rate (HR) which was mitigated by intranasal NPY, and significantly lower than V-treated rats 12-50min after exposure to SPS stressors. In the first hr. after SPS, locomotor activity was elevated but only in the V-treated group. By 3h, MAP returned to pre-stress levels in both groups with no further change when monitored for 6days. HR remained elevated during the 6h remaining light phase after SPS. Subsequently HR was at pre-SPS levels during the remaining days. However dark phase HR was low following SPS, gradually recovered over 6days and was associated with reduced activity. When administered in the absence of further stress, intranasal NPY or V elicited similar much smaller, short-lived rises in MAP and HR. Echocardiography revealed no change in HR, stroke volume (SV) or cardiac output (Q) with intranasal NPY in the absence of stress. SPS led to reduced SV and Q but was not affected by NPY. Overall the results demonstrate no major cardiovascular effects of intranasal NPY and indicate possible benefit from transient amelioration of HR response in line with its translational potential to combat PTSD and comorbid impairments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Camp
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York 10595, USA
| | - Charles T Stier
- Department of Pharmacology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York 10595, USA
| | - Lidia I Serova
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York 10595, USA
| | - Jaclyn McCloskey
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York 10595, USA
| | - John G Edwards
- Department of Physiology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York 10595, USA
| | - Miguel Reyes-Zaragoza
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York 10595, USA
| | - Esther L Sabban
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York 10595, USA.
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Sayed S, Van Dam NT, Horn SR, Kautz MM, Parides M, Costi S, Collins KA, Iacoviello B, Iosifescu DV, Mathé AA, Southwick SM, Feder A, Charney DS, Murrough JW. A Randomized Dose-Ranging Study of Neuropeptide Y in Patients with Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2017; 21:3-11. [PMID: 29186416 PMCID: PMC5795352 DOI: 10.1093/ijnp/pyx109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anxiety and trauma-related disorders are among the most prevalent and disabling medical conditions in the United States, and posttraumatic stress disorder in particular exacts a tremendous public health toll. We examined the tolerability and anxiolytic efficacy of neuropeptide Y administered via an intranasal route in patients with posttraumatic stress disorder. METHODS Twenty-six individuals were randomized in a cross-over, single ascending dose study into 1 of 5 cohorts: 1.4 mg (n=3), 2.8 mg (n=6), 4.6 mg (n=5), 6.8 mg (n=6), and 9.6 mg (n=6). Each individual was dosed with neuropeptide Y or placebo on separate treatment days 1 week apart in random order under double-blind conditions. Assessments were conducted at baseline and following a trauma script symptom provocation procedure subsequent to dosing. Occurrence of adverse events represented the primary tolerability outcome. The difference between treatment conditions on anxiety as measured by the Beck Anxiety Inventory and the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory immediately following the trauma script represented efficacy outcomes. RESULTS Twenty-four individuals completed both treatment days. Neuropeptide Y was well tolerated up to and including the highest dose. There was a significant interaction between treatment and dose; higher doses of neuropeptide Y were associated with a greater treatment effect, favoring neuropeptide Y over placebo on Beck Anxiety Inventory score (F1,20=4.95, P=.038). There was no significant interaction for State-Trait Anxiety Inventory score. CONCLUSIONS Our study suggests that a single dose of neuropeptide Y is well tolerated up to 9.6 mg and may be associated with anxiolytic effects. Future studies exploring the safety and efficacy of neuropeptide Y in stress-related disorders are warranted. The reported study is registered at: http://clinicaltrials.gov (ID: NCT01533519).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sehrish Sayed
- Mood and Anxiety Disorders Program, Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Nicholas T Van Dam
- Mood and Anxiety Disorders Program, Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Sarah R Horn
- Mood and Anxiety Disorders Program, Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Marin M Kautz
- Mood and Anxiety Disorders Program, Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Michael Parides
- Population Health Science and Policy, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Sara Costi
- Mood and Anxiety Disorders Program, Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Katherine A Collins
- Mood and Anxiety Disorders Program, Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Brian Iacoviello
- Mood and Anxiety Disorders Program, Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York,Click Therapeutics, Inc., New York, New York
| | - Dan V Iosifescu
- Mood and Anxiety Disorders Program, Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York,New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York,Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, New York
| | - Aleksander A Mathé
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Steven M Southwick
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut,National Center for PTSD, VA CT Healthcare System, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Adriana Feder
- Mood and Anxiety Disorders Program, Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Dennis S Charney
- Office of the Dean, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - James W Murrough
- Mood and Anxiety Disorders Program, Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York,Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York,Correspondence: James W. Murrough, MD, Mood and Anxiety Disorders Research Program. Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1230, New York, NY 10029 ()
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Robinson SL, Thiele TE. The Role of Neuropeptide Y (NPY) in Alcohol and Drug Abuse Disorders. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2017; 136:177-197. [PMID: 29056151 DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2017.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a neuromodulator that is widely expressed throughout the central nervous system (CNS) and which is cosecreted with classic neurotransmitters including GABA and glutamate. There is a long history of research implicating a role for NPY in modulating neurobiological responses to alcohol (ethanol) as well as other drugs of abuse. Both ethanol exposure and withdrawal from chronic ethanol have been shown to produce changes in NPY and NPY receptor protein levels and mRNA expression in the CNS. Importantly, manipulations of NPY Y1 and Y2 receptor signaling have been shown to alter ethanol consumption and self-administration in a brain region-specific manner, with Y1 receptor activation and Y2 receptor blockade in regions of the extended amygdala promoting robust reductions of ethanol intake. Similar observations have been made in studies examining neurobiological responses to nicotine, psychostimulants, and opioids. When taken together with observations of potential genetic linkage between the NPY system and the human alcohol abuse disorders, NPY represents a promising target for treating problematic alcohol and drug use, and in protecting individuals from relapse during abstinence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacey L Robinson
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Todd E Thiele
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States.
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Rendel F, Alfredsson CF, Bornehag C, Sundström BE, Nånberg E. Retracted: Effects of Di‐isononyl Phthalate on Neuropeptide Y Expression in Differentiating Human Neuronal Cells. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2017; 120:318-323. [DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.12670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Filip Rendel
- Biomedical Sciences Karlstad University Karlstad Sweden
| | | | - Carl‐Gustaf Bornehag
- Public Health Science Department of Health Sciences Faculty of Health, Science and Technology Karlstad University Karlstad Sweden
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai New York NYUSA
| | | | - Eewa Nånberg
- Biomedical Sciences Karlstad University Karlstad Sweden
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46
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Neuropeptide Y, resilience, and PTSD therapeutics. Neurosci Lett 2016; 649:164-169. [PMID: 27913193 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2016.11.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Revised: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Resilience to traumatic stress is a complex psychobiological process that protects individuals from developing posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) or other untoward consequences of exposure to extreme stress, including depression. Progress in translational research points toward the neuropeptide Y (NPY) system - among others - as a key mediator of stress response and as a potential therapeutic focus for PTSD. Substantial preclinical evidence supports the role of NPY in the modulation of stress response and in the regulation of anxiety in animal models. Clinical studies testing the safety and efficacy of modulating the NPY system in humans, however, have lagged behind. In the current article, we review the evidence base for targeting the NPY system as a therapeutic approach in PTSD, and consider impediments and potential solutions to therapeutic development.
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47
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Treatment-refractory posttraumatic stress disorder (TRPTSD): a review and framework for the future. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2016; 70:170-218. [PMID: 26854815 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2016.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Revised: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a serious psychiatric consequence of trauma that occurs in a proportion of individuals exposed to life-threatening events. Trauma-focused psychotherapy is often recommended as first choice for those who do not recover spontaneously. But many individuals require medications. In the US, only paroxetine (PRX) and sertraline (SRT) are FDA approved for PTSD. But response and remission rates with these medications are low, so numerous other pharmacologic interventions have been tried. To date, there has not been a systematic review of the data on what are the best next-step pharmacologic strategies for individuals who fail standard treatments. To that end, we review 168 published trials of medications other than PRX or SRT and provide a detailed analysis of the 88/168 studies that describe alternative pharmacologic interventions in patients refractory to other treatment. We also review clinical factors relevant to treatment-refractory PTSD; the neurobiology of extinction, as well as evidence-based psychotherapy and neuromodulation strategies for this condition.
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48
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Schmeltzer SN, Herman JP, Sah R. Neuropeptide Y (NPY) and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD): A translational update. Exp Neurol 2016; 284:196-210. [PMID: 27377319 PMCID: PMC8375392 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2016.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Revised: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a trauma-evoked syndrome, with variable prevalence within the human population due to individual differences in coping and resiliency. In this review, we discuss evidence supporting the relevance of neuropeptide Y (NPY), a stress regulatory transmitter in PTSD. We consolidate findings from preclinical, clinical, and translational studies of NPY that are of relevance to PTSD with an attempt to provide a current update of this area of research. NPY is abundantly expressed in forebrain limbic and brainstem areas that regulate stress and emotional behaviors. Studies in rodents demonstrate a role for NPY in stress responses, anxiety, fear, and autonomic regulation, all relevant to PTSD symptomology. Genetic studies support an association of NPY polymorphisms with stress coping and affect. Importantly, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) measurements in combat veterans provide direct evidence of NPY association with PTSD diagnosis and symptomology. In addition, NPY involvement in pain, depression, addiction, and metabolism may be relevant to comorbidities associated with PTSD. Collectively, the literature supports the relevance of NPY to PTSD pathophysiology, although knowledge gaps remain. The NPY system is an attractive target in terms of understanding the physiological basis of PTSD as well as treatment of the disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah N Schmeltzer
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45237, United States
| | - James P Herman
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45237, United States
| | - Renu Sah
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45237, United States; VA Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45220, United States.
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49
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Reichmann F, Wegerer V, Jain P, Mayerhofer R, Hassan AM, Fröhlich EE, Bock E, Pritz E, Herzog H, Holzer P, Leitinger G. Environmental enrichment induces behavioural disturbances in neuropeptide Y knockout mice. Sci Rep 2016; 6:28182. [PMID: 27305846 PMCID: PMC4910086 DOI: 10.1038/srep28182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Environmental enrichment (EE) refers to the provision of a complex and stimulating housing condition which improves well-being, behaviour and brain function of laboratory animals. The mechanisms behind these beneficial effects of EE are only partially understood. In the current report, we describe a link between EE and neuropeptide Y (NPY), based on findings from NPY knockout (KO) mice exposed to EE. Relative to EE-housed wildtype (WT) animals, NPY KO mice displayed altered behaviour as well as molecular and morphological changes in amygdala and hippocampus. Exposure of WT mice to EE reduced anxiety and decreased central glucocorticoid receptor expression, effects which were absent in NPY KO mice. In addition, NPY deletion altered the preference of EE items, and EE-housed NPY KO mice responded to stress with exaggerated hyperthermia, displayed impaired spatial memory, had higher hippocampal brain-derived neurotrophic factor mRNA levels and altered hippocampal synaptic plasticity, effects which were not seen in WT mice. Accordingly, these findings suggest that NPY contributes to the anxiolytic effect of EE and that NPY deletion reverses the beneficial effects of EE into a negative experience. The NPY system could thus be a target for “enviromimetics”, therapeutics which reproduce the beneficial effects of enhanced environmental stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Reichmann
- Research Unit of Translational Neurogastroenterology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 4, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Vanessa Wegerer
- Research Unit Electron Microscopic Techniques, Institute of Cell Biology, Histology and Embryology, Medical University of Graz, Harrachgasse 21, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Piyush Jain
- Research Unit of Translational Neurogastroenterology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 4, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Raphaela Mayerhofer
- Research Unit of Translational Neurogastroenterology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 4, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Ahmed M Hassan
- Research Unit of Translational Neurogastroenterology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 4, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Esther E Fröhlich
- Research Unit of Translational Neurogastroenterology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 4, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Elisabeth Bock
- Research Unit Electron Microscopic Techniques, Institute of Cell Biology, Histology and Embryology, Medical University of Graz, Harrachgasse 21, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Elisabeth Pritz
- Research Unit Electron Microscopic Techniques, Institute of Cell Biology, Histology and Embryology, Medical University of Graz, Harrachgasse 21, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Herbert Herzog
- Neuroscience Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 384 Victoria Street, Darlinghurst, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Peter Holzer
- Research Unit of Translational Neurogastroenterology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 4, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Gerd Leitinger
- Research Unit Electron Microscopic Techniques, Institute of Cell Biology, Histology and Embryology, Medical University of Graz, Harrachgasse 21, 8010 Graz, Austria
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50
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Zitnik GA. Control of arousal through neuropeptide afferents of the locus coeruleus. Brain Res 2016; 1641:338-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2015.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Revised: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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