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Farmani D, Moteshakereh SM, Nikoohemmat M, Askari R, Salehi S, Haghparast A. Restraint stress-induced antinociceptive effects in acute pain: Involvement of orexinergic system in the nucleus accumbens. Behav Brain Res 2024; 472:115133. [PMID: 38960330 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2024.115133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2024] [Revised: 06/28/2024] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
The complicated relevance between stress and pain has been identified. Neurotransmitters and neuropeptides of various brain areas play a role in this communication. Pain inhibitory response is known as stress-induced analgesia (SIA). The studies demonstrated that the nucleus accumbens (NAc) is critical in modulating pain. As a neuropeptide, orexin is crucially involved in initiating behavioral and physiological responses to threatening and unfeeling stimuli. However, the role of the orexin receptors of the NAc area after exposure to restraint stress (RS) as acute physical stress in the modulation of acute pain is unclear. One hundered twenty adult male albino Wistar rats (230-250 g) were used. Animals were unilaterally implanted with cannulae above the NAc. The SB334867 and TCS OX2 29 were used as antagonists for OX1r and OX2r, respectively. Different doses of the antagonists (1, 3, 10, and 30 nmol/0.5 µl DMSO) were microinjected intra-NAc five minutes before exposure to RS (3 hours). Then, the tail-flick test as a model of acute pain was performed, and the nociceptive threshold (Tail-flick latency; TFL) was measured in 60-minute time set intervals. According to this study's findings, the antinociceptive effects of RS in the tail-flick test were blocked during intra-NAc administration of SB334867 or TCS OX2 29. The RS as acute stress increased TFL and deceased pain-like behavior responses. The 50 % effective dose values of the OX1r and OX2r antagonists were 12.82 and 21.64 nmol, respectively. The result demonstrated contribution of the OX1r into the NAc was more remarkable than that of the OX2r on antinociceptive responses induced by the RS. Besides, in the absence of RS, the TFL was attenuated. The current study's data indicated that OX1r and OX2r into the NAc induced pain modulation responses during RS in acute pain. In conclusion, the findings revealed the involvement of intra-NAc orexin receptors in improving SIA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danial Farmani
- Neuroscience Research Center, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Mohammad Nikoohemmat
- Neurobiology Research Center, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reyhaneh Askari
- Neuroscience Research Center, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sakineh Salehi
- Department of Medicine, Ardabil Medical Sciences Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ardabil, Iran.
| | - Abbas Haghparast
- Neuroscience Research Center, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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2
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Luo PX, Serna Godoy A, Zakharenkov HC, Vang N, Wright EC, Balantac TA, Archdeacon SC, Black AM, Lake AA, Ramirez AV, Lozier LE, Perez MD, Bhangal I, Desta NM, Trainor BC. Hypocretin in the nucleus accumbens shell modulates social approach in female but not male California mice. Neuropsychopharmacology 2024:10.1038/s41386-024-01937-9. [PMID: 39117901 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-024-01937-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2024] [Revised: 07/15/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024]
Abstract
The hypocretin (Hcrt) system modulates arousal and anxiety-related behaviors and has been considered as a novel treatment target for stress-related affective disorders. We examined the effects of Hcrt acting in the nucleus accumbens shell (NAcSh) and anterodorsal bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (adBNST) on social behavior in male and female California mice (Peromyscus californicus). In female but not male California mice, infusion of Hcrt1 into NAcSh decreased social approach. Weak effects of Hcrt1 on social vigilance were observed in both females and males. No behavioral effects of Hcrt1 infused into the adBNST were observed. Analyses of sequencing data from California mice and Mus musculus NAc showed that Hcrtr2 was more abundant than Hcrtr1, so we infused the selective Hcrt receptor 2 antagonist into the NAcSh, which increased social approach in females previously exposed to social defeat. A calcium imaging study in the NAcSh of females before and after stress exposure showed that neural activity increased immediately following the expression of social avoidance but not during freezing behavior. This observation is consistent with previous studies that identified populations of neurons in the NAc that drive avoidance. Intriguingly, calcium transients were not affected by stress. These data suggest that hypocretin acting in the NAcSh plays a key role in modulating stress-induced social avoidance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei X Luo
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Nou Vang
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Emily C Wright
- Max Planck Florida Institute for Neuroscience, Jupiter, FL, USA
| | | | | | - Alexis M Black
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Alyssa A Lake
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Alison V Ramirez
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Lauren E Lozier
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Melvin D Perez
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Irvin Bhangal
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Nile M Desta
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Brian C Trainor
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.
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Hu XH, Yu KY, Li XX, Zhang JN, Jiao JJ, Wang ZJ, Cai HY, Wang L, He YX, Wu MN. Selective Orexin 2 Receptor Blockade Alleviates Cognitive Impairments and the Pathological Progression of Alzheimer's Disease in 3xTg-AD Mice. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2024; 79:glae115. [PMID: 38682858 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glae115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/01/2024] Open
Abstract
The orexin system is closely related to the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Orexin-A aggravates cognitive dysfunction and increases amyloid β (Aβ) deposition in AD model mice, but studies of different dual orexin receptor (OXR) antagonists in AD have shown inconsistent results. Our previous study revealed that OX1R blockade aggravates cognitive deficits and pathological progression in 3xTg-AD mice, but the effects of OX2R and its potential mechanism in AD have not been reported. In the present study, OX2R was blocked by oral administration of the selective OX2R antagonist MK-1064, and the effects of OX2R blockade on cognitive dysfunction and neuropsychiatric symptoms in 3xTg-AD mice were evaluated via behavioral tests. Then, immunohistochemistry, western blotting, and ELISA were used to detect Aβ deposition, tau phosphorylation, and neuroinflammation, and electrophysiological and wheel-running activity recording were recorded to observe hippocampal synaptic plasticity and circadian rhythm. The results showed that OX2R blockade ameliorated cognitive dysfunction, improved LTP depression, increased the expression of PSD-95, alleviated anxiety- and depression-like behaviors and circadian rhythm disturbances in 3xTg-AD mice, and reduced Aβ pathology, tau phosphorylation, and neuroinflammation in the brains of 3xTg-AD mice. These results indicated that chronic OX2R blockade exerts neuroprotective effects in 3xTg-AD mice by reducing AD pathology at least partly through improving circadian rhythm disturbance and the sleep-wake cycle and that OX2R might be a potential target for the prevention and treatment of AD; however, the potential mechanism by which OX2R exerts neuroprotective effects on AD needs to be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Hong Hu
- Department of Physiology, Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology in Shanxi Province, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Kai-Yue Yu
- Department of Physiology, Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology in Shanxi Province, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin-Xin Li
- Department of Physiology, Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology in Shanxi Province, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jin-Nan Zhang
- Department of Physiology, Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology in Shanxi Province, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Juan-Juan Jiao
- Department of Physiology, Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology in Shanxi Province, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhao-Jun Wang
- Department of Physiology, Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology in Shanxi Province, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong-Yan Cai
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Geriatrics, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Taiyuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Ye-Xin He
- Department of Radiology, Shanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Taiyuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Mei-Na Wu
- Department of Physiology, Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology in Shanxi Province, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, People's Republic of China
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Chang L, Niu F, Li B. Ghrelin/GHSR signaling in the lateral septum ameliorates chronic stress-induced depressive-like behaviors. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2024; 131:110953. [PMID: 38278286 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2024.110953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
Ghrelin is a gastrointestinal hormone on feeding and metabolism regulation, and acts through its receptor-growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHSR), which is widely distributed throughout the central nervous system. Recent studies have suggested that ghrelin plays an important role in the regulation of depression, but the underlying mechanisms remain uncertain. Lateral septum (LS) is a critical brain region in modulating depression. Therefore, we investigated the role of ghrelin/GHSR signaling in the LS on the depressive-like behaviors of mice under conditions of chronic stress by using behavioral tests, neuropharmacology, and molecular biology techniques. We found that infusion of ghrelin into the LS produced antidepressant-like responses in mice. Activation of LS GABAergic neurons was involved in the antidepressant effect of ghrelin. Importantly, GHSR was highly expressed and distributed in the LS neurons. Blockade of GHSR in the LS reversed the ghrelin-induced antidepressant-like effects. Molecular knockdown of GHSR in the LS induced depressive-like symptoms in mice. Furthermore, administration of ghrelin into the LS alleviated depressive-like behaviors induced by chronic social defeat stress (CSDS). Consistent with the neuropharmacological results, overexpression of GHSR in the LS reversed CSDS-induced depressive-like behaviors. Our findings clarify a key role for ghrelin/GHSR signaling in the regulation of chronic stress-induced depressive-like behaviors, which could provide new strategies for the treatment of depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leilei Chang
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Fengnan Niu
- Department of Pathology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Bin Li
- Women and Children's Medical Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
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Nikoohemmat M, Farmani D, Moteshakereh SM, Salehi S, Rezaee L, Haghparast A. Intra-accumbal orexinergic system contributes to the stress-induced antinociceptive behaviors in the animal model of acute pain in rats. Behav Pharmacol 2024; 35:92-102. [PMID: 38055726 DOI: 10.1097/fbp.0000000000000763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
Stress and pain are interleaved at numerous levels - influencing each other. Stress can increase the nociception threshold in animals, long-known as stress-induced analgesia (SIA). Orexin is known as a neuropeptide that modulates pain. The effect of stress on the mesolimbic system in the modulation of pain is known. The role of the intra-accumbal orexin receptors in the modulation of acute pain by forced swim stress (FSS) is unclear. In this study, 117 adult male albino Wistar rats (270-300 g) were used. The animals were unilaterally implanted with cannulae above the NAc. The antagonist of the orexin-1 receptor (OX1r), SB334867, and antagonist of the orexin-2 receptor (OX2r), TCS OX2 29, were microinjected into the NAc in different doses (1, 3, 10, and 30 nmol/0.5 µl DMSO) before exposure to FSS for a 6-min period. The tail-flick test was carried out as an assay nociception of acute pain, and the nociceptive threshold [tail-flick latency (TFL)] was measured for 60-minute. The findings demonstrated that exposure to acute stress could remarkably increase the TFLs and antinociceptive responses. Moreover, intra-accumbal microinjection of SB334867 or TCS OX2 29 blocked the antinociceptive effect of stress in the tail-flick test. The contribution of orexin receptors was almost equally modulating SIA. The present study's findings suggest that OX1r and OX2r within the NAc modulate stress-induced antinociceptive responses. The intra-accumbal microinjection of orexin receptors antagonists declares inducing antinociceptive responses by FSS in acute pain. Proposedly, intra-accumbla orexinergic receptors have a role in the development of SIA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Nikoohemmat
- Neuroscience Research Center, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences
| | - Danial Farmani
- Neurophysiology Research Center, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences
| | | | - Sakineh Salehi
- Department of Medicine, Ardabil Medical Sciences Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Laleh Rezaee
- Institute of Pathophysiology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Abbas Haghparast
- Neuroscience Research Center, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences
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6
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Tsuneoka Y, Funato H. Whole Brain Mapping of Orexin Receptor mRNA Expression Visualized by Branched In Situ Hybridization Chain Reaction. eNeuro 2024; 11:ENEURO.0474-23.2024. [PMID: 38199807 PMCID: PMC10883752 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0474-23.2024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Orexins, which are produced within neurons of the lateral hypothalamic area, play a pivotal role in the regulation of various behaviors, including sleep/wakefulness, reward behavior, and energy metabolism, via orexin receptor type 1 (OX1R) and type 2 (OX2R). Despite the advanced understanding of orexinergic regulation of behavior at the circuit level, the precise distribution of orexin receptors in the brain remains unknown. Here, we develop a new branched in situ hybridization chain reaction (bHCR) technique to visualize multiple target mRNAs in a semiquantitative manner, combined with immunohistochemistry, which provided comprehensive distribution of orexin receptor mRNA and neuron subtypes expressing orexin receptors in mouse brains. Only a limited number of cells expressing both Ox1r and Ox2r were observed in specific brain regions, such as the dorsal raphe nucleus and ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus. In many brain regions, Ox1r-expressing cells and Ox2r-expressing cells belong to different cell types, such as glutamatergic and GABAergic neurons. Moreover, our findings demonstrated considerable heterogeneity in Ox1r- or Ox2r-expressing populations of serotonergic, dopaminergic, noradrenergic, cholinergic, and histaminergic neurons. The majority of orexin neurons did not express orexin receptors. This study provides valuable insights into the mechanism underlying the physiological and behavioral regulation mediated by the orexin system, as well as the development of therapeutic agents targeting orexin receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yousuke Tsuneoka
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Toho University, Tokyo 145-854, Japan
| | - Hiromasa Funato
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Toho University, Tokyo 145-854, Japan
- International Institutes for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
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7
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Li B, Chang L, Zhuang QX. Histamine signaling in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis modulates stress-induced anxiety. J Affect Disord 2023; 335:195-203. [PMID: 37201895 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2023.05.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anxiety disorder is one of the most prevalent psychiatric disorders. Intriguingly, dysfunction of the central histaminergic system, which is recognized as a general regulator for whole-brain activity, may result in anxiety, suggesting an involvement of the central histaminergic signaling in the modulation of anxiety. However, the neural mechanisms involved have not been fully identified. METHODS Here, we examined the effect of histaminergic signaling in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST) on anxiety-like behaviors both in normal and acute restraint stressed male rats by using anterograde tracing, immunofluorescence, qPCR, neuropharmacology, molecular manipulation and behavioral tests. RESULTS We found that histaminergic neurons in the hypothalamus send direct projections to the BNST, which forms a part of the circuitry involved in stress and anxiety. Infusion of histamine into the BNST produced anxiogenic effect. Moreover, histamine H1 and H2 receptors are expressed and distributed in the BNST neurons. Blockade of histamine H1 or H2 receptors in the BNST did not affect anxiety-like behaviors in normal rats, but ameliorated anxiogenic effect induced by acute restraint stress. Furthermore, knockdown of H1 or H2 receptors in the BNST induced anxiolytic effect in acute restraint stressed rats, which confirmed the pharmacological results. LIMITATIONS A single dose of histamine receptor antagonist was used. CONCLUSIONS Together, these findings demonstrate a novel mechanism for the central histaminergic system in the regulation of anxiety, and suggest that inhibition of histamine receptors may be a useful strategy for treating anxiety disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Li
- Women & Children Central Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Leilei Chang
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Qian-Xing Zhuang
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, China
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Ten-Blanco M, Flores Á, Cristino L, Pereda-Pérez I, Berrendero F. Targeting the orexin/hypocretin system for the treatment of neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative diseases: from animal to clinical studies. Front Neuroendocrinol 2023; 69:101066. [PMID: 37015302 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2023.101066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/06/2023]
Abstract
Orexins (also known as hypocretins) are neuropeptides located exclusively in hypothalamic neurons that have extensive projections throughout the central nervous system and bind two different G protein-coupled receptors (OX1R and OX2R). Since its discovery in 1998, the orexin system has gained the interest of the scientific community as a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of different pathological conditions. Considering previous basic science research, a dual orexin receptor antagonist, suvorexant, was the first orexin agent to be approved by the US Food and Drug Administration to treat insomnia. In this review, we discuss and update the main preclinical and human studies involving the orexin system with several psychiatric and neurodegenerative diseases. This system constitutes a nice example of how basic scientific research driven by curiosity can be the best route to the generation of new and powerful pharmacological treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Ten-Blanco
- Faculty of Experimental Sciences, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, 28223 Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain
| | - África Flores
- Pharmacology Unit, Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics, Neurosciences Institute, University of Barcelona and Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, 08908 L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Luigia Cristino
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry (ICB), National Research Council (CNR), Pozzuoli, Italy
| | - Inmaculada Pereda-Pérez
- Faculty of Experimental Sciences, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, 28223 Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Fernando Berrendero
- Faculty of Experimental Sciences, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, 28223 Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain.
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Moteshakereh SM, Nikoohemmat M, Farmani D, Khosrowabadi E, Salehi S, Haghparast A. The stress-induced antinociceptive responses to the persistent inflammatory pain involve the orexin receptors in the nucleus accumbens. Neuropeptides 2023; 98:102323. [PMID: 36736068 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2023.102323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Stress suppresses the sense of pain, a physiological phenomenon known as stress-induced analgesia (SIA). Brain orexin peptides regulate many physiological functions, including wakefulness and nociception. The contribution of the orexinergic system within the nucleus accumbens (NAc) in the modulation of antinociception induced by forced swim stress (FSS) remains unclear. The present study addressed the role of intra-accumbal orexin receptors in the antinociceptive responses induced by FSS during the persistent inflammatory pain model in the rat. Stereotaxic surgery was performed unilaterally on 106 adult male Wistar rats weighing 250-305 g. Different doses (1, 3, 10, and 30 nmol/ 0.5 μl DMSO) of orexin-1 receptor (OX1r) antagonist (SB334867) or OX2 receptor antagonist (TCS OX2 29) were administered into the NAc five minutes before exposure to FSS for a 6-min period. The formalin test was carried out using formalin injection (50 μl; 2.5%) into the rat's hind paw plantar surface, which induces biphasic pain-related responses. The first phase begins immediately after formalin infusion and takes 3-5 min. Subsequently, the late phase begins 15-20 min after formalin injection and takes 20-40 min. The findings demonstrated that intra-accumbal microinjection of SB334867 or TCS OX2 29 attenuated the FSS-induced antinociception in both phases of the formalin test, with the TCS OX2 29 showing higher potency. Moreover, the effect of TCS OX2 29 was more significant during the early phase of the formalin test. The results suggest that OX1 and OX2 receptors in the NAc might modulate the antinociceptive responses induced by the FSS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mohammad Nikoohemmat
- Neurophysiology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Danial Farmani
- Neurobiology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Elahe Khosrowabadi
- Neurobiology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sakineh Salehi
- epartment of Medicine, Ardabil Medical Sciences Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ardabil, Iran.
| | - Abbas Haghparast
- Neuroscience Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Orexin Receptor Antagonists in the Treatment of Depression: A Leading Article Summarising Pre-clinical and Clinical Studies. CNS Drugs 2023; 37:1-12. [PMID: 36436175 DOI: 10.1007/s40263-022-00974-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The orexin (hypocretin) system comprises two neuropeptides (orexin-A and orexin-B) and two G-protein coupled receptors (the orexin type 1 and the orexin type 2 receptor). The system regulates several biological functions including appetite, the sleep-wake cycle, the stress response, and motivation and reward processing. Dysfunction of the orexin system has been implicated in the pathophysiology of depression in human and animal studies, although the exact nature of this dysfunction remains unclear. Orexin receptor antagonists (ORAs) are a class of compounds developed for the treatment of insomnia and have demonstrated efficacy in this area. Three dual orexin receptor antagonists (DORAs) have received licences for treatment of primary insomnia and some ORAs have since been investigated as potential treatments for major depressive disorder (MDD). In this leading article, we summarise the existing literature on use of ORAs in depression, in pre-clinical and clinical studies. In rodent models of depression, investigated ORAs have included the DORA almorexant and TCS1102, the selective orexin 1 receptor antagonists SB334867 and SB674042 and the selective orexin 2 receptor antagonists LSN2424100, MK-1064 and TCS-OX2-29. These pre-clinical studies suggest a possible antidepressant effect of systemic DORA treatment, however the evidence from selective ORAs is conflicting. To date, four published RCTs (one with the DORA filorexant and three with the selective orexin 2 receptor antagonist seltorexant), have compared an ORA with placebo in the treatment of MDD. Only one of these demonstrated a statistically significant difference relative to placebo.
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11
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Kupcova I, Danisovic L, Grgac I, Harsanyi S. Anxiety and Depression: What Do We Know of Neuropeptides? Behav Sci (Basel) 2022; 12:bs12080262. [PMID: 36004833 PMCID: PMC9405013 DOI: 10.3390/bs12080262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
In modern society, there has been a rising trend of depression and anxiety. This trend heavily impacts the population’s mental health and thus contributes significantly to morbidity and, in the worst case, to suicides. Modern medicine, with many antidepressants and anxiolytics at hand, is still unable to achieve remission in many patients. The pathophysiology of depression and anxiety is still only marginally understood, which encouraged researchers to focus on neuropeptides, as they are a vast group of signaling molecules in the nervous system. Neuropeptides are involved in the regulation of many physiological functions. Some act as neuromodulators and are often co-released with neurotransmitters that allow for reciprocal communication between the brain and the body. Most studied in the past were the antidepressant and anxiolytic effects of oxytocin, vasopressin or neuropeptide Y and S, or Substance P. However, in recent years, more and more novel neuropeptides have been added to the list, with implications for the research and development of new targets, diagnostic elements, and even therapies to treat anxiety and depressive disorders. In this review, we take a close look at all currently studied neuropeptides, their related pathways, their roles in stress adaptation, and the etiology of anxiety and depression in humans and animal models. We will focus on the latest research and information regarding these associated neuropeptides and thus picture their potential uses in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ida Kupcova
- Institute of Medical Biology, Genetics and Clinical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, Sasinkova 4, 811 08 Bratislava, Slovakia; (I.K.); (L.D.)
| | - Lubos Danisovic
- Institute of Medical Biology, Genetics and Clinical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, Sasinkova 4, 811 08 Bratislava, Slovakia; (I.K.); (L.D.)
| | - Ivan Grgac
- Institute of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, Sasinkova 4, 811 08 Bratislava, Slovakia;
| | - Stefan Harsanyi
- Institute of Medical Biology, Genetics and Clinical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, Sasinkova 4, 811 08 Bratislava, Slovakia; (I.K.); (L.D.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +421-2-59357-299
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12
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Yaeger JDW, Krupp KT, Jacobs BM, Onserio BO, Meyerink BL, Cain JT, Ronan PJ, Renner KJ, DiLeone RJ, Summers CH. Orexin 1 Receptor Antagonism in the Basolateral Amygdala Shifts the Balance From Pro- to Antistress Signaling and Behavior. Biol Psychiatry 2022; 91:841-852. [PMID: 35279280 PMCID: PMC9020795 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2021.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stress produces differential behavioral responses through select molecular modifications to specific neurocircuitry elements. The orexin (Orx) system targets key components of this neurocircuitry in the basolateral amygdala (BLA). METHODS We assessed the contribution of intra-BLA Orx1 receptors (Orx1Rs) in the expression of stress-induced phenotypes of mice. Using the Stress Alternatives Model, a social stress paradigm that produces two behavioral phenotypes, we characterized the role of intra-BLA Orx1R using acute pharmacological inhibition (SB-674042) and genetic knockdown (AAV-U6-Orx1R-shRNA) strategies. RESULTS In the BLA, we observed that Orx1R (Hcrtr1) messenger RNA is predominantly expressed in CamKIIα+ glutamatergic neurons and rarely in GABAergic (gamma-aminobutyric acidergic) cells. While there is a slight overlap in Hcrtr1 and Orx2 receptor (Hcrtr2) messenger RNA expression in the BLA, we find that these receptors are most often expressed in separate cells. Antagonism of intra-BLA Orx1R after phenotype formation shifted behavioral expression from stress-sensitive (Stay) to stress-resilient (Escape) responses, an effect that was mimicked by genetic knockdown. Acute inhibition of Orx1R in the BLA also reduced contextual and cued fear freezing responses in Stay animals. This phenotype-specific behavioral change was accompanied by biased molecular transcription favoring Hcrtr2 over Hcrtr1 and Mapk3 over Plcb1 cell signaling cascades and enhanced Bdnf messenger RNA. CONCLUSIONS Functional reorganization of intra-BLA gene expression is produced by antagonism of Orx1R, which promotes elevated Hcrtr2, greater Mapk3, and increased Bdnf expression. Together, these results provide evidence for a receptor-driven mechanism that balances pro- and antistress responses within the BLA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jazmine D W Yaeger
- Department of Biology, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, South Dakota; Neuroscience Group, Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, South Dakota; Veterans Affairs Research Service, Sioux Falls VA Health Care System, Sioux Falls, South Dakota
| | - Kevin T Krupp
- Department of Biology, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, South Dakota; Neuroscience Group, Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, South Dakota
| | - Benjamin M Jacobs
- Department of Biology, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, South Dakota; Texas Christian University School of Medicine, Fort Worth, Texas
| | - Benard O Onserio
- Department of Biology, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, South Dakota
| | - Brandon L Meyerink
- Neuroscience Group, Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, South Dakota; Pediatrics and Rare Diseases Group, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, South Dakota
| | - Jacob T Cain
- Pediatrics and Rare Diseases Group, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, South Dakota
| | - Patrick J Ronan
- Neuroscience Group, Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, South Dakota; Veterans Affairs Research Service, Sioux Falls VA Health Care System, Sioux Falls, South Dakota
| | - Kenneth J Renner
- Department of Biology, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, South Dakota; Neuroscience Group, Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, South Dakota
| | - Ralph J DiLeone
- Division of Molecular Psychiatry, Ribicoff Research Facilities, Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Cliff H Summers
- Department of Biology, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, South Dakota; Neuroscience Group, Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, South Dakota; Veterans Affairs Research Service, Sioux Falls VA Health Care System, Sioux Falls, South Dakota.
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13
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Barretto-de-Souza L, Benini R, Reis-Silva LL, Crestani CC. Role of CRF 1 and CRF 2 receptors in the lateral hypothalamus in cardiovascular and anxiogenic responses evoked by restraint stress in rats: Evaluation of acute and chronic exposure. Neuropharmacology 2022; 212:109061. [PMID: 35452627 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2022.109061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the role of corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) neurotransmission within the lateral hypothalamus (LH) in cardiovascular and anxiogenic-like responses evoked by acute and repeated restraint stress in rats. For this, animals were subjected to intra-LH microinjection of a selective CRF1 (CP376395) or CRF2 (antisauvagine-30) receptor antagonist before either an acute or the 10th session of restraint stress. Restraint-evoked arterial pressure and heart rate increases, tail skin temperature decrease and anxiogenic-like effect in the elevated plus maze (EPM) were evaluated. We also assessed the effect of 10 daily sessions of restraint on expression of CRF1 and CRF2 receptors within the LH. We identified that antagonism of either CRF1 or CRF2 receptor within the LH decreased the tachycardia during both the acute and 10th session of restraint, but the effect of the CRF1 receptor antagonist was more pronounced during the 10th session. Acute restraint stress also caused anxiogenic-like effect, and this response was inhibited in animals treated with either CP376395 or antisauvagine-30. Anxiety-like behaviors were not changed following the 10th session of restraint, and pharmacological treatments did not affect the behavior in the EPM in chronically stressed animals. Repeated restraint also did not change the level of the CRF receptors within the LH. Taken together, the findings indicate that CRF1 and CRF2 receptors within the LH are involved in tachycardic and anxiogenic-like responses to aversive stimuli. Control of tachycardia by the CRF1 receptor is sensitized by previous stressful experience, and this effect seems to be independent of changes in expression of the receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Barretto-de-Souza
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Benini
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Lilian Liz Reis-Silva
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Carlos C Crestani
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Araraquara, SP, Brazil.
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14
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Kalló I, Omrani A, Meye FJ, de Jong H, Liposits Z, Adan RAH. Characterization of orexin input to dopamine neurons of the ventral tegmental area projecting to the medial prefrontal cortex and shell of nucleus accumbens. Brain Struct Funct 2022; 227:1083-1098. [PMID: 35029758 PMCID: PMC8930802 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-021-02449-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Orexin neurons are involved in homeostatic regulatory processes, including arousal and feeding, and provide a major input from the hypothalamus to the ventral tegmental area (VTA) of the midbrain. VTA neurons are a central hub processing reward and motivation and target the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and the shell part of nucleus accumbens (NAcs). We investigated whether subpopulations of dopamine (DA) neurons in the VTA projecting either to the mPFC or the medial division of shell part of nucleus accumbens (mNAcs) receive differential input from orexin neurons and whether orexin exerts differential electrophysiological effects upon these cells. VTA neurons projecting to the mPFC or the mNAcs were traced retrogradely by Cav2-Cre virus and identified by expression of yellow fluorescent protein (YFP). Immunocytochemical analysis showed that a higher proportion of all orexin-innervated DA neurons projected to the mNAcs (34.5%) than to the mPFC (5.2%). Of all sampled VTA neurons projecting either to the mPFC or mNAcs, the dopaminergic (68.3 vs. 79.6%) and orexin-innervated DA neurons (68.9 vs. 64.4%) represented the major phenotype. Whole-cell current clamp recordings were obtained from fluorescently labeled neurons in slices during baseline periods and bath application of orexin A. Orexin similarly increased the firing rate of VTA dopamine neurons projecting to mNAcs (1.99 ± 0.61 Hz to 2.53 ± 0.72 Hz) and mPFC (0.40 ± 0.22 Hz to 1.45 ± 0.56 Hz). Thus, the hypothalamic orexin system targets mNAcs and to a lesser extent mPFC-projecting dopaminergic neurons of the VTA and exerts facilitatory effects on both clusters of dopamine neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imre Kalló
- Laboratory of Endocrine Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Eötvös Loránd Research Center, Budapest, 1083, Hungary
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Information Technology and Bionics, Pázmány Péter Catholic University, Budapest, 1083, Hungary
| | - Azar Omrani
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, UMC Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Universiteitsweg 100, 3584, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Frank J Meye
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, UMC Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Universiteitsweg 100, 3584, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Han de Jong
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, UMC Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Universiteitsweg 100, 3584, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Zsolt Liposits
- Laboratory of Endocrine Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Eötvös Loránd Research Center, Budapest, 1083, Hungary.
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Information Technology and Bionics, Pázmány Péter Catholic University, Budapest, 1083, Hungary.
| | - Roger A H Adan
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, UMC Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Universiteitsweg 100, 3584, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 40530, Goteborg, Sweden.
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15
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Vaseghi S, Zarrabian S, Haghparast A. Reviewing the role of the orexinergic system and stressors in modulating mood and reward-related behaviors. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 133:104516. [PMID: 34973302 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.104516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
In this review study, we aimed to introduce the orexinergic system as an important signaling pathway involved in a variety of cognitive functions such as memory, motivation, and reward-related behaviors. This study focused on the role of orexinergic system in modulating reward-related behavior, with or without the presence of stressors. Cross-talk between the reward system and orexinergic signaling was also investigated, especially orexinergic signaling in the ventral tegmental area (VTA), the nucleus accumbens (NAc), and the hippocampus. Furthermore, we discussed the role of the orexinergic system in modulating mood states and mental illnesses such as depression, anxiety, panic, and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Here, we narrowed down our focus on the orexinergic signaling in three brain regions: the VTA, NAc, and the hippocampus (CA1 region and dentate gyrus) for their prominent role in reward-related behaviors and memory. It was concluded that the orexinergic system is critically involved in reward-related behavior and significantly alters stress responses and stress-related psychiatric and mood disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salar Vaseghi
- Medicinal Plants Research Center, Institute of Medicinal Plants, ACECR, Karaj, Iran
| | - Shahram Zarrabian
- Department of Anatomical Sciences & Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abbas Haghparast
- Neuroscience Research Center, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 19615-1178, Tehran, Iran.
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Parekh RU, White A, Leffler KE, Biancardi VC, Eells JB, Abdel-Rahman AA, Sriramula S. Hypothalamic kinin B1 receptor mediates orexin system hyperactivity in neurogenic hypertension. Sci Rep 2021; 11:21050. [PMID: 34702886 PMCID: PMC8548389 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-00522-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain orexin system hyperactivity contributes to neurogenic hypertension. We previously reported upregulated neuronal kinin B1 receptor (B1R) expression in hypertension. However, the role of central B1R activation on the orexin system in neurogenic hypertension has not been examined. We hypothesized that kinin B1R contributes to hypertension via upregulation of brain orexin-arginine vasopressin signaling. We utilized deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA)-salt hypertension model in wild-type (WT) and B1R knockout (B1RKO) mice. In WT mice, DOCA-salt-treatment increased gene and protein expression of orexin A, orexin receptor 1, and orexin receptor 2 in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus and these effects were attenuated in B1RKO mice. Furthermore, DOCA-salt- treatment increased plasma arginine vasopressin levels in WT mice, but not in B1RKO mice. Cultured primary hypothalamic neurons expressed orexin A and orexin receptor 1. B1R specific agonist (LDABK) stimulation of primary neurons increased B1R protein expression, which was abrogated by B1R selective antagonist R715 but not by the dual orexin receptor antagonist, ACT 462206, suggesting that B1R is upstream of the orexin system. These data provide novel evidence that B1R blockade blunts orexin hyperactivity and constitutes a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of salt-sensitive hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohan Umesh Parekh
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University, 600 Moye Blvd, Greenville, NC, 27834, USA
| | - Acacia White
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University, 600 Moye Blvd, Greenville, NC, 27834, USA
| | - Korin E Leffler
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University, 600 Moye Blvd, Greenville, NC, 27834, USA
| | - Vinicia C Biancardi
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
- Center for Neuroscience Initiative, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Jeffrey B Eells
- 4Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Brody School of Medicine at East, Carolina University, Greenville, NC, 27834, USA
| | - Abdel A Abdel-Rahman
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University, 600 Moye Blvd, Greenville, NC, 27834, USA
| | - Srinivas Sriramula
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University, 600 Moye Blvd, Greenville, NC, 27834, USA.
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