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Wu YK, Watson HJ, Del Re AC, Finch JE, Hardin SL, Dumain AS, Brownley KA, Baker JH. Peripheral Biomarkers of Anorexia Nervosa: A Meta-Analysis. Nutrients 2024; 16:2095. [PMID: 38999843 PMCID: PMC11243150 DOI: 10.3390/nu16132095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2024] [Revised: 06/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis of anorexia nervosa (AN) has been hypothesized to involve several biological systems. However, reliable biomarkers for AN have yet to be established. This study was aimed to identify statistically significant and clinically meaningful peripheral biomarkers associated with AN. A systematic literature search was conducted to identify studies published in English from inception until 30 June 2022. We conducted two-level random-effects meta-analyses to examine the difference between AN and comparison groups across 52 distinct biomarkers and found that acylated ghrelin, adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), carboxy-terminal collagen crosslinks (CTX), cholesterol, cortisol, des-acyl ghrelin, ghrelin, growth hormone (GH), obestatin, and soluble leptin receptor levels were significantly higher in cases of AN compared with those in non-AN controls. Conversely, C-reactive protein (CRP), CD3 positive, CD8, creatinine, estradiol, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), free thyroxine, free triiodothyronine, glucose, insulin, insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), leptin, luteinizing hormone, lymphocyte, and prolactin levels were significantly lower in AN compared with those in non-AN controls. Our findings indicate that peripheral biomarkers may be linked to the pathophysiology of AN, such as processes of adaptation to starvation. Scientific investigation into peripheral biomarkers may ultimately yield breakthroughs in personalized clinical care for AN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Ke Wu
- School of Nursing, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Hunna J Watson
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- School of Psychology, Curtin University, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia
- School of Paediatrics, Division of Medicine, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Aaron C Del Re
- Del Re Data & Statistical Consulting, San Diego, CA 91910, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of Kassel, 34127 Kassel, Germany
| | - Jody E Finch
- Department of Psychology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30302, USA
| | - Sabrina L Hardin
- National Center for PTSD, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA 02130, USA
| | - Alexis S Dumain
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Kimberly A Brownley
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Jessica H Baker
- Equip Health, Inc., P.O. Box 131747, Carlsbad, CA 92013, USA
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Amorim T, Khiyami A, Latif T, Fazeli PK. Neuroendocrine adaptations to starvation. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2023; 157:106365. [PMID: 37573628 PMCID: PMC10543597 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2023.106365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
Famine and starvation have punctuated the evolutionary past of the human species. As such, we have developed hormonal responses to undernutrition that minimize energy expenditure on processes that are not critical for the survival of the individual, such as reproduction. In this review, we discuss neuroendocrine adaptations to starvation including hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, growth hormone resistance, hypercortisolemia, and the downregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis. We review the time-course of these adaptations by describing studies involving the short-term fasting of healthy individuals as well as studies describing the hormonal changes in states of chronic undernutrition, using individuals with anorexia nervosa as a model of chronic starvation. Lastly, we review representative clinical effects of chronic undernutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tânia Amorim
- Neuroendocrinology Unit, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States; Center for Human Integrative Physiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Anamil Khiyami
- Neuroendocrinology Unit, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States; Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tariq Latif
- Neuroendocrinology Unit, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Pouneh K Fazeli
- Neuroendocrinology Unit, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States; Center for Human Integrative Physiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.
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Calcaterra V, Magenes VC, Siccardo F, Hruby C, Basso M, Conte V, Maggioni G, Fabiano V, Russo S, Veggiotti P, Zuccotti G. Thyroid dysfunction in children and adolescents affected by undernourished and overnourished eating disorders. Front Nutr 2023; 10:1205331. [PMID: 37841407 PMCID: PMC10576529 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1205331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Eating disorders (ED) are one of the most prevalent chronic disorders in adolescents and young adults, with a significantly increasing prevalence in younger children, particularly in girls. Even if obesity in essence is not framed as an eating disorder and has always been considered a separate pathology, ED and obesity could be considered part of a continuum. It has become evident that one condition can lead to another, such as binge eating disorder (BED) and bulimia nervosa, and that they share the same repercussions in terms of psychosocial, metabolic, and nutritional health. This narrative review aims to investigate the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis in undernourished and overnourished patients with ED, including obesity, in order to highlight the relationship between weight control and thyroid function and its effects and to consider therapeutic and preventive strategies in children and adolescents. Literature data report that thyroid alterations occur in patients with ED, both underweight and overweight, and represent a continuum of changes depending on the severity and time course of the disease involving the endocrine system. Considering the relevant role thyroid hormones (TH) play not only in energy expenditure (EE) but also in metabolic control and cardiovascular risks related to dysmetabolism and mood regulation, continuous monitoring of thyroid homeostasis in patients with ED is mandatory to prevent severe complications and to start early treatment when necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Calcaterra
- Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
- Department of Pediatric, Buzzi Children's Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | | | | | - Chiara Hruby
- Department of Pediatric, Buzzi Children's Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Martina Basso
- Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry Unit (UONPIA), ASST-Fatebenefratelli-Sacco, Milan, Italy
| | - Veronica Conte
- Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry Unit (UONPIA), ASST-Fatebenefratelli-Sacco, Milan, Italy
| | - Giulia Maggioni
- Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry Unit (UONPIA), ASST-Fatebenefratelli-Sacco, Milan, Italy
| | - Valentina Fabiano
- Department of Pediatric, Buzzi Children's Hospital, Milan, Italy
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Susanna Russo
- Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry Unit (UONPIA), ASST-Fatebenefratelli-Sacco, Milan, Italy
| | - Pierangelo Veggiotti
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Milano, Milan, Italy
- Pediatric Neurology Unit, Buzzi Children's Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Gianvincenzo Zuccotti
- Department of Pediatric, Buzzi Children's Hospital, Milan, Italy
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Milano, Milan, Italy
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Schloesser L, Lotter LD, Offermann J, Borucki K, Biemann R, Seitz J, Konrad K, Herpertz-Dahlmann B. Sex-dependent clinical presentation, body image, and endocrine status in long-term remitted anorexia nervosa. EUROPEAN EATING DISORDERS REVIEW 2023. [PMID: 37319038 DOI: 10.1002/erv.2997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Although anorexia nervosa (AN) in males has recently gained attention, knowledge of its psychological and physiological outcomes is still scarce. We explore sex-specific characteristics of long-term remitted AN with respect to residual eating disorder (ED) psychopathology, body image, and endocrinology. METHOD We recruited 33 patients with AN in remission for at least 18 months (24 women, 9 men) and 36 matched healthy controls (HCs). Eating disorder psychopathology and body image ideals were assessed via clinical interviews, questionnaires, and an interactive 3D body morphing tool. Plasma levels of leptin, free triiodothyronine, cortisol, and sex hormones were quantified. Univariate models controlled for age and weight were used to test for the effects of diagnosis and sex. RESULTS Both patient groups showed residual ED psychopathology but normal weight and hormone levels relative to HCs. Male remitted patients demonstrated significantly stronger muscularity-focused body image ideals, evident in interviews, self-reports, and behavioural data, than both female patients and HCs. CONCLUSIONS Sex-specific body image characteristics in patients with remitted AN point towards the need to adjust test instruments and diagnostic criteria to male-specific psychopathology. In the future, sufficiently powered studies should evaluate the risk of men with AN developing muscle dysmorphia in the long term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louisa Schloesser
- Child Neuropsychology Section, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Leon D Lotter
- Child Neuropsychology Section, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Brain & Behaviour (INM-7), Jülich Research Centre, Jülich, Germany
- Institute of Systems Neuroscience, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Max Planck School of Cognition, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jan Offermann
- Child Neuropsychology Section, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Katrin Borucki
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Ronald Biemann
- Institute for Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jochen Seitz
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Kerstin Konrad
- Child Neuropsychology Section, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
- JARA-Brain Institute II, Molecular Neuroscience and Neuroimaging, Jülich Research Centre, Jülich, Germany
| | - Beate Herpertz-Dahlmann
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
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Haines MS. Endocrine complications of anorexia nervosa. J Eat Disord 2023; 11:24. [PMID: 36793059 PMCID: PMC9933399 DOI: 10.1186/s40337-023-00744-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
An important component in the treatment of anorexia nervosa (AN) is the evaluation and management of its endocrine complications, including functional hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and increased fracture risk. The body's adaptive response to chronic starvation results in many endocrine abnormalities, most of which are reversible upon weight restoration. A multidisciplinary team with experience in treating patients with AN is critical to improving endocrine outcomes in patients with this disorder, including in women with AN who are interested in fertility. Much less is understood about endocrine abnormalities in men, as well as sexual and gender minorities, with AN. In this article, we review the pathophysiology and evidence-based recommendations for the treatment of endocrine complications in AN, as well as discuss the status of clinical research in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie S Haines
- Neuroendocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, 50 Staniford Street, Suite 750B, Boston, MA, 02114, USA. .,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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