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Mukherjee A, Kar I, Patra AK. Understanding anthelmintic resistance in livestock using "omics" approaches. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:125439-125463. [PMID: 38015400 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-31045-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Widespread and improper use of various anthelmintics, genetic, and epidemiological factors has resulted in anthelmintic-resistant (AR) helminth populations in livestock. This is currently quite common globally in different livestock animals including sheep, goats, and cattle to gastrointestinal nematode (GIN) infections. Therefore, the mechanisms underlying AR in parasitic worm species have been the subject of ample research to tackle this challenge. Current and emerging technologies in the disciplines of genomics, transcriptomics, metabolomics, and proteomics in livestock species have advanced the understanding of the intricate molecular AR mechanisms in many major parasites. The technologies have improved the identification of possible biomarkers of resistant parasites, the ability to find actual causative genes, regulatory networks, and pathways of parasites governing the AR development including the dynamics of helminth infection and host-parasite infections. In this review, various "omics"-driven technologies including genome scan, candidate gene, quantitative trait loci, transcriptomic, proteomic, and metabolomic approaches have been described to understand AR of parasites of veterinary importance. Also, challenges and future prospects of these "omics" approaches are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayan Mukherjee
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences, Nadia, Mohanpur, West Bengal, India
| | - Indrajit Kar
- Department of Avian Sciences, West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences, Nadia, Mohanpur, West Bengal, India
| | - Amlan Kumar Patra
- American Institute for Goat Research, Langston University, Oklahoma, 73050, USA.
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Su Q, Baker L, Emery S, Balan B, Ansell B, Tichkule S, Mueller I, Svärd SG, Jex A. Transcriptomic analysis of albendazole resistance in human diarrheal parasite Giardia duodenalis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY: DRUGS AND DRUG RESISTANCE 2023; 22:9-19. [PMID: 37004489 PMCID: PMC10111952 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpddr.2023.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
Benzimidazole-2-carbamates (BZ, e.g., albendazole; ALB), which bind β-tubulin to disrupt microtubule polymerization, are one of two primary compound classes used to treat giardiasis. In most parasitic nematodes and fungi, BZ-resistance is caused by β-tubulin mutations and its molecular mode of action (MOA) is well studied. In contrast, in Giardia duodenalis BZ MOA or resistance is less well understood, may involve target-specific and broader impacts including cellular damage and oxidative stress, and its underlying cause is not clearly determined. Previously, we identified acquisition of a single nucleotide polymorphism, E198K, in β-tubulin in ALB-resistant (ALB-R) G. duodenalis WB-1B relative to ALB-sensitive (ALB-S) parental controls. E198K is linked to BZ-resistance in fungi and its allelic frequency correlated with the magnitude of BZ-resistance in G. duodenalis WB-1B. Here, we undertook detailed transcriptomic comparisons of these ALB-S and ALB-R G. duodenalis WB-1B cultures. The primary transcriptional changes with ALB-R in G. duodenalis WB-1B indicated increased protein degradation and turnover, and up-regulation of tubulin, and related genes, associated with the adhesive disc and basal bodies. These findings are consistent with previous observations noting focused disintegration of the disc and associated structures in Giardia duodenalis upon ALB exposure. We also saw transcriptional changes with ALB-R in G. duodenalis WB-1B consistent with prior observations of a shift from glycolysis to arginine metabolism for ATP production and possible changes to aspects of the vesicular trafficking system that require further investigation. Finally, we saw mixed transcriptional changes associated with DNA repair and oxidative stress responses in the G. duodenalis WB-1B line. These changes may be indicative of a role for H2O2 degradation in ALB-R, as has been observed in other G. duodenalis cell cultures. However, they were below the transcriptional fold-change threshold (log2FC > 1) typically employed in transcriptomic analyses and appear to be contradicted in ALB-R G. duodenalis WB-1B by down-regulation of the NAD scavenging and conversion pathways required to support these stress pathways and up-regulation of many highly oxidation sensitive iron-sulphur (FeS) cluster based metabolic enzymes.
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Höglund J, Gustafsson K. Anthelmintic Treatment of Sheep and the Role of Parasites Refugia in a Local Context. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:1960. [PMID: 37370470 DOI: 10.3390/ani13121960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal nematodes in grazing livestock are ubiquitous and can cause severe damage, leading to substantial losses in agricultural yields. It is undeniable that the integrated use of anthelmintics is often an essential component of successful intensive livestock management. However, anthelmintic resistance has been a major challenge for several decades, especially in pasture-based lamb production. Measures are therefore needed to reduce the risk and prevent further spread. In many countries with more extensive lamb production and pronounced resistance problems than in Sweden, the importance of keeping parasites in refugia is emphasised. To ensure that treatment is necessary, the Swedish model is based on deworming certain groups of ewes based on the parasitological results of a faecal examination and then releasing them with their lambs to safe pastures. This is intended to reduce the risk of infection, which ultimately reduces the number of subsequent treatments. Whether this preventive strategy in turn means an increased risk of resistance is debatable. In this review, we explain the importance of parasites in refugia and how they can help delay the development of resistance to anthelmintics. We also discuss how likely it is that our model contributes to an increase in resistance risk and whether there is reason to question whether it is a sustainable strategy in the long term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan Höglund
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Section for Parasitology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
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Dube F, Hinas A, Delhomme N, Åbrink M, Svärd S, Tydén E. Transcriptomics of ivermectin response in Caenorhabditis elegans: Integrating abamectin quantitative trait loci and comparison to the Ivermectin-exposed DA1316 strain. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0285262. [PMID: 37141255 PMCID: PMC10159168 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0285262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Parasitic nematodes pose a significant threat to human and animal health, as well as cause economic losses in the agricultural sector. The use of anthelmintic drugs, such as Ivermectin (IVM), to control these parasites has led to widespread drug resistance. Identifying genetic markers of resistance in parasitic nematodes can be challenging, but the free-living nematode Caenorhabditis elegans provides a suitable model. In this study, we aimed to analyze the transcriptomes of adult C. elegans worms of the N2 strain exposed to the anthelmintic drug Ivermectin (IVM), and compare them to those of the resistant strain DA1316 and the recently identified Abamectin Quantitative Trait Loci (QTL) on chromosome V. We exposed pools of 300 adult N2 worms to IVM (10-7 and 10-8 M) for 4 hours at 20°C, extracted total RNA and sequenced it on the Illumina NovaSeq6000 platform. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were determined using an in-house pipeline. The DEGs were compared to genes from a previous microarray study on IVM-resistant C. elegans and Abamectin-QTL. Our results revealed 615 DEGs (183 up-regulated and 432 down-regulated genes) from diverse gene families in the N2 C. elegans strain. Of these DEGs, 31 overlapped with genes from IVM-exposed adult worms of the DA1316 strain. We identified 19 genes, including the folate transporter (folt-2) and the transmembrane transporter (T22F3.11), which exhibited an opposite expression in N2 and the DA1316 strain and were deemed potential candidates. Additionally, we compiled a list of potential candidates for further research including T-type calcium channel (cca-1), potassium chloride cotransporter (kcc-2), as well as other genes such as glutamate-gated channel (glc-1) that mapped to the Abamectin-QTL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faruk Dube
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Division of Parasitology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Andrea Hinas
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Nicolas Delhomme
- Umeå Plant Science Centre (UPSC), Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Magnus Åbrink
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Section of Immunology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Staffan Svärd
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Eva Tydén
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Division of Parasitology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
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Antihelminthic effect of thymoquinone against biliary amphistome, Gigantocotyle explanatum. Exp Parasitol 2022; 243:108421. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2022.108421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Caña-Bozada V, Morales-Serna FN, Fajer-Ávila EJ, Llera-Herrera R. De novo transcriptome assembly and identification of G-Protein-Coupled-Receptors (GPCRs) in two species of monogenean parasites of fish. Parasite 2022; 29:51. [PMID: 36350193 PMCID: PMC9645230 DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2022052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Genomic resources for Platyhelminthes of the class Monogenea are scarce, despite the diversity of these parasites, some species of which are highly pathogenic to their fish hosts. This work aimed to generate de novo-assembled transcriptomes of two monogenean species, Scutogyrus longicornis (Dactylogyridae) and Rhabdosynochus viridisi (Diplectanidae), providing a protocol for cDNA library preparation with low input samples used in single cell transcriptomics. This allowed us to work with sub-microgram amounts of total RNA with success. These transcriptomes consist of 25,696 and 47,187 putative proteins, respectively, which were further annotated according to the Swiss-Prot, Pfam, GO, KEGG, and COG databases. The completeness values of these transcriptomes evaluated with BUSCO against Metazoa databases were 54.1% and 73%, respectively, which is in the range of other monogenean species. Among the annotations, a large number of terms related to G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) were found. We identified 109 GPCR-like sequences in R. viridisi, and 102 in S. longicornis, including family members specific for Platyhelminthes. Rhodopsin was the largest family according to GRAFS classification. Two putative melatonin receptors found in S. longicornis represent the first record of this group of proteins in parasitic Platyhelminthes. Forty GPCRs of R. viridisi and 32 of S. longicornis that were absent in Vertebrata might be potential drug targets. The present study provides the first publicly available transcriptomes for monogeneans of the subclass Monopisthocotylea, which can serve as useful genomic datasets for functional genomic research of this important group of parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Víctor Caña-Bozada
- Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, A.C. Unidad Mazatlán en Acuicultura y Manejo Ambiental Mazatlán Sinaloa 82112 Mexico
| | - F. Neptalí Morales-Serna
- Instituto de Ciencias del Mar y Limnología, Unidad Académica Mazatlán, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Mazatlán Sinaloa 82040 Mexico
| | - Emma J. Fajer-Ávila
- Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, A.C. Unidad Mazatlán en Acuicultura y Manejo Ambiental Mazatlán Sinaloa 82112 Mexico
| | - Raúl Llera-Herrera
- Instituto de Ciencias del Mar y Limnología, Unidad Académica Mazatlán, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Mazatlán Sinaloa 82040 Mexico
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Gencheva R, Cheng Q, Arnér ESJ. Thioredoxin reductase selenoproteins from different organisms as potential drug targets for treatment of human diseases. Free Radic Biol Med 2022; 190:320-338. [PMID: 35987423 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2022.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 06/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Human thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) is a selenoprotein with a central role in cellular redox homeostasis, utilizing a highly reactive and solvent-exposed selenocysteine (Sec) residue in its active site. Pharmacological modulation of TrxR can be obtained with several classes of small compounds showing different mechanisms of action, but most often dependent upon interactions with its Sec residue. The clinical implications of TrxR modulation as mediated by small compounds have been studied in diverse diseases, from rheumatoid arthritis and ischemia to cancer and parasitic infections. The possible involvement of TrxR in these diseases was in some cases serendipitously discovered, by finding that existing clinically used drugs are also TrxR inhibitors. Inhibiting isoforms of human TrxR is, however, not the only strategy for human disease treatment, as some pathogenic parasites also depend upon Sec-containing TrxR variants, including S. mansoni, B. malayi or O. volvulus. Inhibiting parasite TrxR has been shown to selectively kill parasites and can thus become a promising treatment strategy, especially in the context of quickly emerging resistance towards other drugs. Here we have summarized the basis for the targeting of selenoprotein TrxR variants with small molecules for therapeutic purposes in different human disease contexts. We discuss how Sec engagement appears to be an indispensable part of treatment efficacy and how some therapeutically promising compounds have been evaluated in preclinical or clinical studies. Several research questions remain before a wider application of selenoprotein TrxR inhibition as a first-line treatment strategy might be developed. These include further mechanistic studies of downstream effects that may mediate treatment efficacy, identification of isoform-specific enzyme inhibition patterns for some given therapeutic compounds, and the further elucidation of cell-specific effects in disease contexts such as in the tumor microenvironment or in host-parasite interactions, and which of these effects may be dependent upon the specific targeting of Sec in distinct TrxR isoforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radosveta Gencheva
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, 17177, Sweden
| | - Qing Cheng
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, 17177, Sweden
| | - Elias S J Arnér
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, 17177, Sweden; Department of Selenoprotein Research, National Tumor Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Oncology, 1122, Budapest, Hungary.
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Summers S, Bhattacharyya T, Allan F, Stothard JR, Edielu A, Webster BL, Miles MA, Bustinduy AL. A review of the genetic determinants of praziquantel resistance in Schistosoma mansoni: Is praziquantel and intestinal schistosomiasis a perfect match? FRONTIERS IN TROPICAL DISEASES 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fitd.2022.933097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Schistosomiasis is a neglected tropical disease (NTD) caused by parasitic trematodes belonging to the Schistosoma genus. The mainstay of schistosomiasis control is the delivery of a single dose of praziquantel (PZQ) through mass drug administration (MDA) programs. These programs have been successful in reducing the prevalence and intensity of infections. Due to the success of MDA programs, the disease has recently been targeted for elimination as a public health problem in some endemic settings. The new World Health Organization (WHO) treatment guidelines aim to provide equitable access to PZQ for individuals above two years old in targeted areas. The scale up of MDA programs may heighten the drug selection pressures on Schistosoma parasites, which could lead to the emergence of PZQ resistant schistosomes. The reliance on a single drug to treat a disease of this magnitude is worrying should drug resistance develop. Therefore, there is a need to detect and track resistant schistosomes to counteract the threat of drug resistance to the WHO 2030 NTD roadmap targets. Until recently, drug resistance studies have been hindered by the lack of molecular markers associated with PZQ resistance. This review discusses recent significant advances in understanding the molecular basis of PZQ action in S. mansoni and proposes additional genetic determinants associated with PZQ resistance. PZQ resistance will also be analyzed in the context of alternative factors that may decrease efficacy within endemic field settings, and the most recent treatment guidelines recommended by the WHO.
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The equine ascarids: resuscitating historic model organisms for modern purposes. Parasitol Res 2022; 121:2775-2791. [PMID: 35986167 PMCID: PMC9391215 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-022-07627-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The equine ascarids, Parascaris spp., are important nematode parasites of juvenile horses and were historically model organisms in the field of cell biology, leading to many important discoveries, and are used for the study of chromatin diminution. In veterinary parasitology, Parascaris spp. are important not only because they can cause clinical disease in young horses but also because they are the only ascarid parasites to have developed widespread anthelmintic resistance. Despite this, much of the general biology and mechanisms of anthelmintic resistance are poorly understood. This review condenses known basic biological information and knowledge on the mechanisms of anthelmintic resistance in Parascaris spp., highlighting the importance of foundational research programs. Although two variants of this parasite were recognized based on the number of chromosomes in the 1870s and suggested to be two species in 1890, one of these, P. univalens, appears to have been largely forgotten in the veterinary scientific literature over the past 100 years. We describe how this omission has had a century-long effect on nomenclature and data analysis in the field, highlighting the importance of proper specimen identification in public repositories. A summary of important basic biology, including life cycle, in vitro maintenance, and immunology, is given, and areas of future research for the improvement of knowledge and development of new systems are given. Finally, the limited knowledge regarding anthelmintic resistance in Parascaris spp. is summarized, along with caution regarding assumptions that resistance mechanisms can be applied across clades.
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Dube F, Hinas A, Roy S, Martin F, Åbrink M, Svärd S, Tydén E. Ivermectin-induced gene expression changes in adult Parascaris univalens and Caenorhabditis elegans: a comparative approach to study anthelminthic metabolism and resistance in vitro. Parasit Vectors 2022; 15:158. [PMID: 35513885 PMCID: PMC9074254 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-022-05260-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The nematode Parascaris univalens is one of the most prevalent parasitic pathogens infecting horses but anthelmintic resistance undermines treatment approaches. The molecular mechanisms underlying drug activity and resistance remain poorly understood in this parasite since experimental in vitro models are lacking. The aim of this study was to evaluate the use of Caenorhabditis elegans as a model for P. univalens drug metabolism/resistance studies by a comparative gene expression approach after in vitro exposure to the anthelmintic drug ivermectin (IVM). Methods Twelve adult P. univalens worms in groups of three were exposed to ivermectin (IVM, 10–13 M, 10–11 M, 10–9 M) or left unexposed for 24 h at 37 °C, and total RNA, extracted from the anterior end of the worms, was sequenced using Illumina NovaSeq. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) involved in metabolism, transportation, or gene expression with annotated Caernorhabditis elegans orthologues were identified as candidate genes to be involved in IVM metabolism/resistance. Similarly, groups of 300 adult C. elegans worms were exposed to IVM (10–9 M, 10–8 M and 10–7 M) or left unexposed for 4 h at 20 °C. Quantitative RT-PCR of RNA extracted from the C. elegans worm pools was used to compare against the expression of selected P. univalens candidate genes after drug treatment. Results After IVM exposure, 1085 DEGs were found in adult P. univalens worms but the relative gene expression changes were small and large variabilities were found between different worms. Fifteen of the DEGs were chosen for further characterization in C. elegans after comparative bioinformatics analyses. Candidate genes, including the putative drug target lgc-37, responded to IVM in P. univalens, but marginal to no responses were observed in C. elegans despite dose-dependent behavioral effects observed in C. elegans after IVM exposure. Thus, the overlap in IVM-induced gene expression in this small set of genes was minor in adult worms of the two nematode species. Conclusion This is the first time to our knowledge that a comparative gene expression approach has evaluated C. elegans as a model to understand IVM metabolism/resistance in P. univalens. Genes in P. univalens adults that responded to IVM treatment were identified. However, identifying conserved genes in P. univalens and C. elegans involved in IVM metabolism/resistance by comparing gene expression of candidate genes proved challenging. The approach appears promising but was limited by the number of genes studied (n = 15). Future studies comparing a larger number of genes between the two species may result in identification of additional candidate genes involved in drug metabolism and/or resistance. Graphical Abstract ![]()
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13071-022-05260-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faruk Dube
- Division of Parasitology, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7036, 750 07, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Andrea Hinas
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, 751 24, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Shweta Roy
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, 751 24, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Frida Martin
- Division of Parasitology, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7036, 750 07, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Magnus Åbrink
- Section of Immunology, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7036, 750 07, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Staffan Svärd
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, 751 24, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Eva Tydén
- Division of Parasitology, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7036, 750 07, Uppsala, Sweden
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van der Kaaij A, van Noort K, Nibbering P, Wilbers RHP, Schots A. Glyco-Engineering Plants to Produce Helminth Glycoproteins as Prospective Biopharmaceuticals: Recent Advances, Challenges and Future Prospects. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:882835. [PMID: 35574113 PMCID: PMC9100689 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.882835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Glycoproteins are the dominant category among approved biopharmaceuticals, indicating their importance as therapeutic proteins. Glycoproteins are decorated with carbohydrate structures (or glycans) in a process called glycosylation. Glycosylation is a post-translational modification that is present in all kingdoms of life, albeit with differences in core modifications, terminal glycan structures, and incorporation of different sugar residues. Glycans play pivotal roles in many biological processes and can impact the efficacy of therapeutic glycoproteins. The majority of biopharmaceuticals are based on human glycoproteins, but non-human glycoproteins, originating from for instance parasitic worms (helminths), form an untapped pool of potential therapeutics for immune-related diseases and vaccine candidates. The production of sufficient quantities of correctly glycosylated putative therapeutic helminth proteins is often challenging and requires extensive engineering of the glycosylation pathway. Therefore, a flexible glycoprotein production system is required that allows straightforward introduction of heterologous glycosylation machinery composed of glycosyltransferases and glycosidases to obtain desired glycan structures. The glycome of plants creates an ideal starting point for N- and O-glyco-engineering of helminth glycans. Plants are also tolerant toward the introduction of heterologous glycosylation enzymes as well as the obtained glycans. Thus, a potent production platform emerges that enables the production of recombinant helminth proteins with unusual glycans. In this review, we discuss recent advances in plant glyco-engineering of potentially therapeutic helminth glycoproteins, challenges and their future prospects.
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Single-Nucleotide Polymorphism Associates' β-Tubulin Isotype-1 Gene in Onchocerca volvulus Populations in Ivermectin-Treated Communities in Taraba State, Nigeria. Acta Parasitol 2022; 67:267-274. [PMID: 34279775 DOI: 10.1007/s11686-021-00427-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The occurrence of Single-Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with repeated ivermectin treatment and sub-optimal responses reported by previous findings is of great concern in Onchocerciasis endemic areas. This study investigated SNPs' occurrence after 15 years of ivermectin intervention in Onchocerciasis endemic communities in two Local Government Areas of Taraba State, Nigeria. METHODS Microfilariae samples were collected by skin snip from individuals treated with ivermectin for 10-15 years of annual distribution and preserved in RNAlater® in a 1.5 ml micro-centrifuge tube. Genomic DNA was extracted from microfilariae and residual skin, amplification in two regions within the β-tubulin gene, sequenced and analyzed for SNPs using Bioinformatics tools. RESULTS Three distinct SNP positions: 1183 (T/G), 1188 (T/C) and 1308 (C/T) on the β-tubulin gene on the targeted 1083-1568 bp fragment, associate's with the ivermectin-treated population. Furthermore, SNPs positions detected in this study are 1730 (A/G) and 1794 (T/G) in the β-tub gene in the 1557-1857 (bp) region. The 1794 (T/G) SNP position (Phe243Val) in the exon within the β-tubulin gene region were observed in this study. CONCLUSION The present study indicates that SNPs are observed in Onchocerca volvulus, thus strengthening the warning that genetic changes could occur in some parasite populations in some ivermectin-treated areas.
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Han L, Lan T, Li D, Li H, Deng L, Peng Z, He S, Zhou Y, Han R, Li L, Lu Y, Lu H, Wang Q, Yang S, Zhu Y, Huang Y, Cheng X, Yu J, Wang Y, Sun H, Chai H, Yang H, Xu X, Lisby M, Liu Q, Kristiansen K, Liu H, Hou Z. Chromosome-scale assembly and whole-genome sequencing of 266 giant panda roundworms provide insights into their evolution, adaptation and potential drug targets. Mol Ecol Resour 2021; 22:768-785. [PMID: 34549895 PMCID: PMC9298223 DOI: 10.1111/1755-0998.13504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Helminth diseases have long been a threat to the health of humans and animals. Roundworms are important organisms for studying parasitic mechanisms, disease transmission and prevention. The study of parasites in the giant panda is of importance for understanding how roundworms adapt to the host. Here, we report a high‐quality chromosome‐scale genome of Baylisascaris schroederi with a genome size of 253.60 Mb and 19,262 predicted protein‐coding genes. We found that gene families related to epidermal chitin synthesis and environmental information processes in the roundworm genome have expanded significantly. Furthermore, we demonstrated unique genes involved in essential amino acid metabolism in the B. schroederi genome, inferred to be essential for the adaptation to the giant panda‐specific diet. In addition, under different deworming pressures, we found that four resistance‐related genes (glc‐1, nrf‐6, bre‐4 and ced‐7) were under strong positive selection in a captive population. Finally, 23 known drug targets and 47 potential drug target proteins were identified. The genome provides a unique reference for inferring the early evolution of roundworms and their adaptation to the host. Population genetic analysis and drug sensitivity prediction provide insights revealing the impact of deworming history on population genetic structure of importance for disease prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Han
- College of Wildlife and Protected Area, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China.,Key Laboratory of Wildlife Conservation, China State Forestry Administration, Harbin, China
| | - Tianming Lan
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genomics, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China.,Laboratory of Genomics and Molecular Biomedicine, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Desheng Li
- Key Laboratory of SFGA on Conservation Biology of Rare Animals in the Giant Panda National Park (CCRCGP), Sichuan, China
| | - Haimeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genomics, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China.,School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Linhua Deng
- Key Laboratory of SFGA on Conservation Biology of Rare Animals in the Giant Panda National Park (CCRCGP), Sichuan, China
| | - Zhiwei Peng
- College of Wildlife and Protected Area, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Shaowen He
- Foping National Nature Reserve, Hanzhong, China
| | - Yanqiang Zhou
- College of Wildlife and Protected Area, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Ruobing Han
- College of Wildlife and Protected Area, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Lingling Li
- College of Wildlife and Protected Area, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Yaxian Lu
- College of Wildlife and Protected Area, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Haorong Lu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Genome Read and Write, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China.,China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Qing Wang
- BGI Education Center, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Shangchen Yang
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yixin Zhu
- BGI Education Center, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yunting Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Genome Read and Write, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China.,China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | | | - Jieyao Yu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Genome Read and Write, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China.,China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yulong Wang
- College of Wildlife and Protected Area, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Heting Sun
- General Station for Surveillance of Wildlife Diseases, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Harbin, China
| | - Hongliang Chai
- College of Wildlife and Protected Area, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Huanming Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genomics, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xun Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genomics, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Genome Read and Write, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Michael Lisby
- Laboratory of Genomics and Molecular Biomedicine, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Quan Liu
- College of Wildlife and Protected Area, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China.,School of Life Sciences and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Karsten Kristiansen
- Laboratory of Genomics and Molecular Biomedicine, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Qingdao-Europe Advanced Institute for Life Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Huan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genomics, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China.,Laboratory of Genomics and Molecular Biomedicine, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Zhijun Hou
- College of Wildlife and Protected Area, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China.,Key Laboratory of Wildlife Conservation, China State Forestry Administration, Harbin, China
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14
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Constitutive and differential expression of transport protein genes in Parascaris univalens larvae and adult tissues after in vitro exposure to anthelmintic drugs. Vet Parasitol 2021; 298:109535. [PMID: 34340009 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2021.109535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The equine roundworm Parascaris univalens has developed resistance to the three anthelmintic substances most commonly used in horses. The mechanisms responsible for resistance are believed to be multi-genic, and transport proteins such as the P-glycoprotein (Pgp) family have been suggested to be involved in resistance in several parasites including P. univlaens. To facilitate further research into the mechanisms behind drug metabolism and resistance development in P. univalens we aimed to develop an in vitro model based on larvae. We developed a fast and easy protocol for hatching P. univalens larvae for in vitro studies, resulting in a hatching rate of 92 %. The expression of transport protein genes pgp-2, pgp-9, pgp-11.1, pgp-16.1 and major facilitator superfamily (MFS) genes PgR006_g137 and PgR015_g078 were studied in hatched larvae exposed to the anthelmintic drugs ivermecin (IVM) 10-9 M, pyrantel citrate (PYR) 10-6 M and thiabendazole (TBZ) 10-5 M for 24 h. In comparison, the expression of these transport protein genes was studied in the anterior end and intestinal tissues of adult worms in vitro exposed to IVM, TBZ and PYR, at the same concentrations as larvae, for 3 h, 10 h and 24 h. Larval exposure to sub-lethal doses of IVM for 24 h did not affect the expression levels of any of the investigated genes, however larvae exposed to PYR and TBZ for 24 h showed significantly increased expression of pgp-9. In vitro drug exposure of adult worms did not result in any significant increases in expression of transport protein genes. Comparisons of constitutive expression between larvae and adult worm tissues showed that pgp-9, pgp-11.1, pgp-16.1 and MFS gene PgR015_g078 were expressed at lower levels in larvae than in adult tissues, while pgp-2 and MFS gene PgR006_g137 had similar expression levels in larvae and adult worms. All investigated transport protein genes were expressed at higher rates in the intestine than in the anterior end of adult worms, except pgp-11.1 where the expression was similar between the two tissues. This high constitutive expression in the intestine suggests that this is an important site for xenobiotic efflux in P. univalens. Despite the fact that the results of this study show differences in expression of transport protein genes between larvae and adult tissues, we believe that the larval assay system described here will be an important tool for further research into the molecular mechanisms behind anthelmintic resistance development and for other in vitro studies.
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Zaini A, Good-Jacobson KL, Zaph C. Context-dependent roles of B cells during intestinal helminth infection. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009340. [PMID: 33983946 PMCID: PMC8118336 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The current approaches to reduce the burden of chronic helminth infections in endemic areas are adequate sanitation and periodic administration of deworming drugs. Yet, resistance against some deworming drugs and reinfection can still rapidly occur even after treatment. A vaccine against helminths would be an effective solution at preventing reinfection. However, vaccines against helminth parasites have yet to be successfully developed. While T helper cells and innate lymphoid cells have been established as important components of the protective type 2 response, the roles of B cells and antibodies remain the most controversial. Here, we review the roles of B cells during intestinal helminth infection. We discuss the potential factors that contribute to the context-specific roles for B cells in protection against diverse intestinal helminth parasite species, using evidence from well-defined murine model systems. Understanding the precise roles of B cells during resistance and susceptibility to helminth infection may offer a new perspective of type 2 protective immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aidil Zaini
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kim L. Good-Jacobson
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Colby Zaph
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- * E-mail:
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16
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Choudhary S, Arora M, Verma H, Kumar M, Silakari O. Benzimidazole based hybrids against complex diseases: A catalogue of the SAR profile. Eur J Pharmacol 2021; 899:174027. [PMID: 33731294 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2021.174027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 02/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The fused heterocyclic ring system has been recognized as a privileged structure that is used as a template in medicinal chemistry for drug discovery. Benzimidazole is one of the common scaffolds found in several natural products such as histidine, purines, and an integral part of vitamin B12. This hetero-aromatic bicyclic ring system acts as a pharmacophore in various drugs of therapeutic interest and has a broad spectrum of activity. Literature reports suggest that diversely substituted benzimidazoles possess distinct pharmacological profiles with multi-targeting potential, thereby, an indispensable anchor for the development of novel therapeutic agents against complex diseases such as cancer, malaria, inflammatory disorders, microbial diseases, hypertension, etc. Thus, lots of efforts have been diverted towards exploring the therapeutic potential of benzimidazoles. Despite great efforts made by the research community, still, some multi-factorial diseases continue to progress due to their complex pathophysiology. Under these sets of circumstances, there is a need to explore this nucleus for hybrid designing with multi-targeting potential against complex diseases. Benzimidazole-based hybrids have been reported to treat multifactorial diseases, making it a scaffold of interest for various pharmaceutical companies and research groups. In this write-up, we shed light on the recent pharmacological profiles, various designing strategies, and structure-activity relationships (SAR) of different benzimidazole-based hybrids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shalki Choudhary
- Molecular Modelling Lab (MML), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University, Patiala, Punjab, 147002, India
| | - Mohit Arora
- Molecular Modelling Lab (MML), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University, Patiala, Punjab, 147002, India
| | - Himanshu Verma
- Molecular Modelling Lab (MML), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University, Patiala, Punjab, 147002, India
| | - Manoj Kumar
- Molecular Modelling Lab (MML), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University, Patiala, Punjab, 147002, India
| | - Om Silakari
- Molecular Modelling Lab (MML), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University, Patiala, Punjab, 147002, India.
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Zanet S, Battisti E, Labate F, Oberto F, Ferroglio E. Reduced Efficacy of Fenbendazole and Pyrantel Pamoate Treatments against Intestinal Nematodes of Stud and Performance Horses. Vet Sci 2021; 8:vetsci8030042. [PMID: 33807857 PMCID: PMC8001109 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci8030042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Nematodes are an important cause of disease and loss of performance in horses. Changes in the parasitic fauna of horses have occurred in the past few decades, making cyathostomins the major parasites in adult horses, while large strongyles have become less prevalent. Parascaris spp. remains the most important parasite infecting foals and weanlings. Anthelmintic resistance is highly prevalent in cyathostomins and Parascaris spp. worldwide and it must be factored into treatment decisions. To assess anthelmintic efficacy in Northern Italy, we sampled 215 horses from 17 sport and horse-breeding farms. Fecal egg count reduction tests (FECRT) were used to assess anthelmintic efficacy. Copromicroscopic analysis was performed using MiniFLOTAC before treatment with fenbendazole, pyrantel pamoate or ivermectin, and repeated 14 days post-treatment. Strongyle-type eggs were detected in 66.91% of horses (CI95% 61.40-73.79%), while Parascaris spp. was detected in 2.79% (CI95% 1.94-5.95%). Reduced efficacy against cyathostomins was observed for fenbendazole in 55.56% of the treated animals (CI95% 41.18-69.06%), and for pyrantel pamoate in 75% of animals (CI95% 30.06-95.44%). Ground-based actions must be set in place to promote the uptake of state-of-the-art worm control plans that will prevent clinical disease while minimizing the selection pressure of resistant parasites.
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18
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In Vivo Treatment with the Combination of Nitazoxanide and Flubendazole Induces Gluconeogenesis and Protein Catabolism in Taenia crassiceps cysticerci. Acta Parasitol 2021; 66:98-103. [PMID: 32761323 DOI: 10.1007/s11686-020-00263-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Cysticercosis is the presence of Taenia solium larvae in humans or swines tissues. It is a public health problem related to bad hygienic habits and consumption of infected pork. T. crassiceps is a widely used cysticercosis experimental model. The combination of two effective drugs such as nitazoxanide (NTZ) and flubendazole (FBZ) may potentialize their effect. The aim of this study was to use biochemical analysis to determine the metabolic impact of the combination of NTZ and FBZ on cysticerci inoculated intraperitoneally in mice. METHODS Balb/c mice intraperitoneally infected with T. crassiceps cysticerci received a single oral dose NTZ/FBZ (50 mg/kg). 24 h after the treatment the cysticerci were removed, frozen and analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography regarding the detection of the following metabolic pathways: glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, homolactic fermentation, tricarboxylic acid cycle, proteins catabolism and fatty acids oxidation. RESULTS The treatment with the drugs combination induced a statistically significant increase in gluconeogenesis and in protein catabolism when compared to the control groups. CONCLUSION The drugs combination is potentialized and capable of causing greater metabolic stress than the separate treatment with NTZ or FBZ, showing its potential for an alternative cysticercosis treatment.
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Castro-Hermida JA, González-Warleta M, Martínez-Sernández V, Ubeira FM, Mezo M. Current Challenges for Fasciolicide Treatment in Ruminant Livestock. Trends Parasitol 2021; 37:430-444. [PMID: 33461901 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2020.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Pharmacological treatment remains essential to control fasciolosis in areas where infection is endemic. However, there are major constraints to treating food-producing animals. Of particular concern is the lack of flukicides for treating early Fasciola infections in ruminant livestock in some countries. In addition, the information provided in package leaflets, particularly regarding withdrawal periods, is often incomplete, confusing, and/or contradictory. International regulatory bodies should harmonize the use of flukicides in livestock in favor of fairer, safer international trade. In addition, monitoring the efficacy of fasciolicides on farms is also essential to minimize the spread of drug-resistant populations of Fasciola. The current situation regarding flukicide formulations in the European Union and other, non-European countries is analyzed in this review paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Antonio Castro-Hermida
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Centro de Investigaciones Agrarias de Mabegondo, AGACAL, Abegondo, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Marta González-Warleta
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Centro de Investigaciones Agrarias de Mabegondo, AGACAL, Abegondo, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Victoria Martínez-Sernández
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Institute of Research on Chemical and Biological Analysis (IAQBUS), University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Florencio M Ubeira
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Institute of Research on Chemical and Biological Analysis (IAQBUS), University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Mercedes Mezo
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Centro de Investigaciones Agrarias de Mabegondo, AGACAL, Abegondo, A Coruña, Spain.
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Morawietz CM, Houhou H, Puckelwaldt O, Hehr L, Dreisbach D, Mokosch A, Roeb E, Roderfeld M, Spengler B, Haeberlein S. Targeting Kinases in Fasciola hepatica: Anthelminthic Effects and Tissue Distribution of Selected Kinase Inhibitors. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:611270. [PMID: 33409299 PMCID: PMC7779637 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.611270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein kinases have been discussed as promising druggable targets in various parasitic helminths. New drugs are also needed for control of fascioliasis, a food-borne trematode infection and worldwide spread zoonosis, caused by the liver fluke Fasciola hepatica and related species. In this study, we intended to move protein kinases more into the spotlight of Fasciola drug research and characterized the fasciolicidal activity of two small-molecule inhibitors from human cancer research: the Abelson tyrosine kinase (ABL-TK) inhibitor imatinib and the polo-like 1 (PLK1) inhibitor BI2536. BI2536 reduced viability of 4-week-old immature flukes in vitro, while adult worms showed a blockade of egg production. Together with a significantly higher transcriptional expression of PLK1 in adult compared to immature worms, this argues for a role of PLK1 in fluke reproduction. Both fluke stages expressed ABL1-TK transcripts at similar high levels and were affected by imatinib. To study the uptake kinetic and tissue distribution of imatinib in F. hepatica, we applied matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) for the first time in this parasite. Drug imaging revealed the accumulation of imatinib in different fluke tissues from 20 min to 12 h of exposure. Furthermore, we show that imatinib is metabolized to N-desmethyl imatinib by F. hepatica, a bioactive metabolite also found in humans. Besides the vitellarium, gastrodermal tissue showed strong signal intensities. In situ hybridization demonstrated the gastrodermal presence of abl1 transcripts. Finally, we assessed transcriptional changes of physiologically important genes in imatinib-treated flukes. Moderately increased transcript levels of a gene encoding a multidrug resistance protein were detected, which may reflect an attempt to defend against imatinib. Increased expression levels of the cell cycle dependently expressed histone h2b and of two genes encoding superoxide dismutases (SODs) were also observed. In summary, our pilot study demonstrated cross-stage activity of imatinib but not BI2536 against immature and adult F. hepatica in vitro; a fast incorporation of imatinib within minutes, probably via the oral route; and imatinib-induced expression changes of physiologically relevant genes. We conclude that kinases are worth analyzing in more detail to evaluate the potential as therapeutic targets in F. hepatica.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolin M Morawietz
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Hicham Houhou
- Biomedical Research Center Seltersberg (BFS), Institute of Parasitology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Oliver Puckelwaldt
- Biomedical Research Center Seltersberg (BFS), Institute of Parasitology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Laura Hehr
- Department of Gastroenterology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Domenic Dreisbach
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Annika Mokosch
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Elke Roeb
- Department of Gastroenterology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Martin Roderfeld
- Department of Gastroenterology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Bernhard Spengler
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Simone Haeberlein
- Biomedical Research Center Seltersberg (BFS), Institute of Parasitology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
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Flores AG, Osmari V, Ramos F, Marques CB, Ramos DJ, Botton SDA, Vogel FSF, Sangioni LA. Multiple resistance in equine cyathostomins: a case study from military establishments in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 29:e003820. [PMID: 33027421 DOI: 10.1590/s1984-29612020086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Semi-intensive equine breeding system favors gastrointestinal nematode infections. The treatment of these infections is based on the use of anthelmintics. However, the inappropriate use of these drugs has led to parasitic resistance to the available active principles. The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of the main classes of antiparasitic (ATP) used in control in adult and young animals, including: benzimidazoles (fenbendazole), pyrimidines (pyrantel pamoate), macrocyclic lactones (ivermectin and moxidectin), as well as the combination of active ingredients (ivermectin + pyrantel pamoate). The study was carried out in two military establishments, located in Rio Grande do Sul (RS), from January to December, 2018. The intervals between the treatments of the animals were performed from 30 to 90 days. Coproparasitological evaluations were determined by the egg count reduction in the faeces. Cyatostomine larvae were identified in pre and post-treatment cultures. The results demonstrated the multiple parasitic resistance of cyathostomins to fenbendazole, moxidectin in young animals, and to fenbendazole, pyrantel pamoate in adult animals. Thus, it is necessary to define or diagnose parasitic resistance to assist in the creation of prophylactic parasitic control, using suppressive treatment with ATP associated with integrated alternatives. The progress of parasitic resistance can be slowed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Geyer Flores
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva - DMVP, Centro de Ciências Rurais - CCR, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria - UFSM, Santa Maria, RS, Brasil
| | - Vanessa Osmari
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva - DMVP, Centro de Ciências Rurais - CCR, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria - UFSM, Santa Maria, RS, Brasil
| | - Fernanda Ramos
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva - DMVP, Centro de Ciências Rurais - CCR, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria - UFSM, Santa Maria, RS, Brasil
| | - Camila Balconi Marques
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva - DMVP, Centro de Ciências Rurais - CCR, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria - UFSM, Santa Maria, RS, Brasil
| | - Denise Jaques Ramos
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva - DMVP, Centro de Ciências Rurais - CCR, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria - UFSM, Santa Maria, RS, Brasil
| | - Sônia de Avila Botton
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva - DMVP, Centro de Ciências Rurais - CCR, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria - UFSM, Santa Maria, RS, Brasil
| | - Fernanda Silveira Flores Vogel
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva - DMVP, Centro de Ciências Rurais - CCR, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria - UFSM, Santa Maria, RS, Brasil
| | - Luís Antônio Sangioni
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva - DMVP, Centro de Ciências Rurais - CCR, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria - UFSM, Santa Maria, RS, Brasil.,Laboratório de Doenças Parasitárias, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Centro de Ciências Rurais, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria - UFSM, Santa Maria, RS, Brasil
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22
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Gerhard AP, Krücken J, Heitlinger E, Janssen IJI, Basiaga M, Kornaś S, Beier C, Nielsen MK, Davis RE, Wang J, von Samson-Himmelstjerna G. The P-glycoprotein repertoire of the equine parasitic nematode Parascaris univalens. Sci Rep 2020; 10:13586. [PMID: 32788636 PMCID: PMC7423980 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-70529-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
P-glycoproteins (Pgp) have been proposed as contributors to the widespread macrocyclic lactone (ML) resistance in several nematode species including a major pathogen of foals, Parascaris univalens. Using new and available RNA-seq data, ten different genomic loci encoding Pgps were identified and characterized by transcriptome-guided RT-PCRs and Sanger sequencing. Phylogenetic analysis revealed an ascarid-specific Pgp lineage, Pgp-18, as well as two paralogues of Pgp-11 and Pgp-16. Comparative gene expression analyses in P. univalens and Caenorhabditis elegans show that the intestine is the major site of expression but individual gene expression patterns were not conserved between the two nematodes. In P. univalens, PunPgp-9, PunPgp-11.1 and PunPgp-16.2 consistently exhibited the highest expression level in two independent transcriptome data sets. Using RNA-Seq, no significant upregulation of any Pgp was detected following in vitro incubation of adult P. univalens with ivermectin suggesting that drug-induced upregulation is not the mechanism of Pgp-mediated ML resistance. Expression and functional analyses of PunPgp-2 and PunPgp-9 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae provide evidence for an interaction with ketoconazole and ivermectin, but not thiabendazole. Overall, this study established reliable reference gene models with significantly improved annotation for the P. univalens Pgp repertoire and provides a foundation for a better understanding of Pgp-mediated anthelmintic resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander P Gerhard
- Institute for Parasitology and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jürgen Krücken
- Institute for Parasitology and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Emanuel Heitlinger
- Institute of Biology, Molecular Parasitology, Humboldt-Universität Zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Research Group Ecology and Evolution of Parasite Host Interactions, Berlin, Germany
| | - I Jana I Janssen
- Institute for Parasitology and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marta Basiaga
- Department of Zoology and Animal Welfare, University of Agriculture in Kraków, Kraków, Poland
| | - Sławomir Kornaś
- Department of Zoology and Animal Welfare, University of Agriculture in Kraków, Kraków, Poland
| | - Céline Beier
- Institute for Parasitology and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin K Nielsen
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, USA
| | - Richard E Davis
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, RNA Bioscience Initiative, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, USA
| | - Jianbin Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, RNA Bioscience Initiative, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
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Tan TK, Lim YAL, Chua KH, Chai HC, Low VL, Bathmanaban P, Affendi S, Wang D, Panchadcharam C. Characterization of benzimidazole resistance in Haemonchus contortus: integration of phenotypic, genotypic and proteomic approaches. Parasitol Res 2020; 119:2851-2862. [PMID: 32651637 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-020-06790-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The field strain of Haemonchus contortus has a long history of anthelmintic resistance. To understand this phenomenon, the benzimidazole resistance profile was characterized from the Malaysian field-resistant strain by integrating phenotypic, genotypic and proteomic approaches. The faecal egg count reduction test (FECRT) demonstrated that benzimidazole resistance was at a critical level in the studied strain. The primary resistance mechanism was attributed to F200Y mutation in the isotype 1 β-tubulin gene as revealed by AS-PCR and direct sequencing. Furthermore, the protein response of the resistant strain towards benzimidazole (i.e., albendazole) treatment was investigated via two-dimensional difference gel electrophoresis (2D-DIGE) and tandem liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). These investigations illustrated an up-regulation of antioxidant (i.e., ATP-binding region and heat-shock protein 90, superoxide dismutase) and metabolic (i.e., glutamate dehydrogenase) enzymes and down-regulation of glutathione S-transferase, malate dehydrogenase, and other structural and cytoskeletal proteins (i.e., actin, troponin T). Findings from this study are pivotal in updating the current knowledge on anthelmintic resistance and providing new insights into the defence mechanisms of resistant nematodes towards drug treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiong Kai Tan
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Yvonne A L Lim
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. .,Centre of Excellence for Research in AIDS (CERIA), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Kek Heng Chua
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Hwa Chia Chai
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Van Lun Low
- Tropical Infectious Diseases Research and Education Centre (TIDREC), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | | | - Sarah Affendi
- Tropical Infectious Diseases Research and Education Centre (TIDREC), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Daryi Wang
- Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chandrawathani Panchadcharam
- Department of Veterinary Services, Ministry of Agriculture and Agro-Based Industry Malaysia, Federal Government Administrative Center, Putrajaya, Malaysia
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Martin F, Dube F, Karlsson Lindsjö O, Eydal M, Höglund J, Bergström TF, Tydén E. Transcriptional responses in Parascaris univalens after in vitro exposure to ivermectin, pyrantel citrate and thiabendazole. Parasit Vectors 2020; 13:342. [PMID: 32646465 PMCID: PMC7346371 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04212-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Parascaris univalens is a pathogenic parasite of foals and yearlings worldwide. In recent years, Parascaris spp. worms have developed resistance to several of the commonly used anthelmintics, though currently the mechanisms behind this development are unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate the transcriptional responses in adult P. univalens worms after in vitro exposure to different concentrations of three anthelmintic drugs, focusing on drug targets and drug metabolising pathways. Methods Adult worms were collected from the intestines of two foals at slaughter. The foals were naturally infected and had never been treated with anthelmintics. Worms were incubated in cell culture media containing different concentrations of either ivermectin (10−9 M, 10−11 M, 10−13 M), pyrantel citrate (10−6 M, 10−8 M, 10−10 M), thiabendazole (10−5 M, 10−7 M, 10−9 M) or without anthelmintics (control) at 37 °C for 24 h. After incubation, the viability of the worms was assessed and RNA extracted from the anterior region of 36 worms and sequenced on an Illumina NovaSeq 6000 system. Results All worms were alive at the end of the incubation but showed varying degrees of viability depending on the drug and concentration used. Differential expression (Padj < 0.05 and log2 fold change ≥ 1 or ≤ − 1) analysis showed similarities and differences in the transcriptional response after exposure to the different drug classes. Candidate genes upregulated or downregulated in drug exposed worms include members of the phase I metabolic pathway short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase superfamily (SDR), flavin containing monooxygenase superfamily (FMO) and cytochrome P450-family (CYP), as well as members of the membrane transporters major facilitator superfamily (MFS) and solute carrier superfamily (SLC). Generally, different targets of the anthelmintics used were found to be upregulated and downregulated in an unspecific pattern after drug exposure, apart from the GABA receptor subunit lgc-37, which was upregulated only in worms exposed to 10−9 M of ivermectin. Conclusions To our knowledge, this is the first time the expression of lgc-37 and members of the FMO, SDR, MFS and SLC superfamilies have been described in P. univalens and future work should be focused on characterising these candidate genes to further explore their potential involvement in drug metabolism and anthelmintic resistance.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Frida Martin
- Division of Parasitology, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7036, 750 07, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Faruk Dube
- Division of Parasitology, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7036, 750 07, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Oskar Karlsson Lindsjö
- SLU-Global Bioinformatics Centre, Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7023, 750 07, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Matthías Eydal
- Institute for Experimental Pathology at Keldur, University of Iceland, Keldnavegur 3, 112, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Johan Höglund
- Division of Parasitology, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7036, 750 07, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Tomas F Bergström
- Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7023, 750 07, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Eva Tydén
- Division of Parasitology, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7036, 750 07, Uppsala, Sweden
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Fabbri J, Maggiore MA, Pensel PE, Denegri GM, Elissondo MC. In vitro efficacy study of Cinnamomum zeylanicum essential oil and cinnamaldehyde against the larval stage of Echinococcus granulosus. Exp Parasitol 2020; 214:107904. [PMID: 32371061 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2020.107904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Hydatidosis or cystic echinococcosis is a disease caused by the larval stage of Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato. Chemotherapy can be used alone or in combination with surgery or percutaneous treatment. Benzimidazoles are the only agents used and approved for treatment, but their efficacy is extremely variable. Therefore, it is necessary to find new drugs to improve the treatment of this disease. In the last decades, the biological properties of essential oils and their components began to be investigated as alternatives in the treatment of different ailments. The aim of the present work was to evaluate the in vitro efficacy of the essential oil of Cinnamomum zeylanicum (cinnamon) and cinnamaldehyde against protoscoleces and metacestodes of E. granulosus. The essential oil and cinnamaldehyde, its major component, showed a dose and time dependent effect against protoscoleces. However, cinnamaldehyde showed a greater protoscolicidal effect than the essential oil. The maximum protoscolicidal effect was found with 50 μg/mL of cinnamaldehyde. Viability decreased by 1.7 ± 0.8% after 4 days of incubation and reached 0% at 8 days. Interestingly, there were no significant differences between the activity of cinnamaldehyde at the concentrations of 25 and 10 μg/mL and the efficacy observed with the essential oil at 200 and 50 μg/mL, respectively. Cinnamaldehyde also had a strong in vitro effect against murine cysts, while only the higher concentration of the essential oil caused ultrastructural alterations. Working with components instead of with essential oils has some advantages, particularly in relation to the reproducibility of the formulations and their effectiveness. For this reason, the results obtained in this work are promising in the search for pharmaceutical alternatives for the treatment of cystic echinococcosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Fabbri
- Laboratorio de Zoonosis Parasitarias, Instituto de Investigaciones en Producción Sanidad y Ambiente (IIPROSAM), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, Funes 3250, 7600, Mar del Plata, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina
| | - Marina Alejandra Maggiore
- Laboratorio de Zoonosis Parasitarias, Instituto de Investigaciones en Producción Sanidad y Ambiente (IIPROSAM), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, Funes 3250, 7600, Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | - Patricia Eugenia Pensel
- Laboratorio de Zoonosis Parasitarias, Instituto de Investigaciones en Producción Sanidad y Ambiente (IIPROSAM), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, Funes 3250, 7600, Mar del Plata, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina
| | - Guillermo María Denegri
- Laboratorio de Zoonosis Parasitarias, Instituto de Investigaciones en Producción Sanidad y Ambiente (IIPROSAM), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, Funes 3250, 7600, Mar del Plata, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina
| | - María Celina Elissondo
- Laboratorio de Zoonosis Parasitarias, Instituto de Investigaciones en Producción Sanidad y Ambiente (IIPROSAM), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, Funes 3250, 7600, Mar del Plata, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina.
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Khan S, Nisar A, Yuan J, Luo X, Dou X, Liu F, Zhao X, Li J, Ahmad H, Mehmood SA, Feng X. A Whole Genome Re-Sequencing Based GWA Analysis Reveals Candidate Genes Associated with Ivermectin Resistance in Haemonchus contortus. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:E367. [PMID: 32231078 PMCID: PMC7230667 DOI: 10.3390/genes11040367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2020] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The most important and broad-spectrum drug used to control the parasitic worms to date is ivermectin (IVM). Resistance against IVM has emerged in parasites, and preserving its efficacy is now becoming a serious issue. The parasitic nematode Haemonchus contortus (Rudolphi, 1803) is economically an important parasite of small ruminants across the globe, which has a successful track record in IVM resistance. There are growing evidences regarding the multigenic nature of IVM resistance, and although some genes have been proposed as candidates of IVM resistance using lower magnification of genome, the genetic basis of IVM resistance still remains poorly resolved. Using the full magnification of genome, we herein applied a population genomics approach to characterize genome-wide signatures of selection among pooled worms from two susceptible and six ivermectin-resistant isolates of H. contortus, and revealed candidate genes under selection in relation to IVM resistance. These candidates also included a previously known IVM-resistance-associated candidate gene HCON_00148840, glc-3. Finally, an RNA-interference-based functional validation assay revealed the HCON_00143950 as IVM-tolerance-associated gene in H. contortus. The possible role of this gene in IVM resistance could be detoxification of xenobiotic in phase I of xenobiotic metabolism. The results of this study further enhance our understanding on the IVM resistance and continue to provide further evidence in favor of multigenic nature of IVM resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sawar Khan
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Ayesha Nisar
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Jianqi Yuan
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Xiaoping Luo
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Shanghai 200241, China
- Veterinary Research Institute, Inner Mongolia Academy of Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Sciences, Hohhot 010031, China
| | - Xueqin Dou
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Fei Liu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Xiaochao Zhao
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Junyan Li
- Veterinary Research Institute, Inner Mongolia Academy of Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Sciences, Hohhot 010031, China
| | - Habib Ahmad
- Department of Genetics, Hazara University, Mansehra 21300, Pakistan
| | | | - Xingang Feng
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Shanghai 200241, China
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Ascarids exposed: a method for in vitro drug exposure and gene expression analysis of anthelmintic naïve Parascaris spp. Parasitology 2020; 147:659-666. [PMID: 32046800 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182020000189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Ascarid parasites infect a variety of hosts and regular anthelmintic treatment is recommended for all species. Parascaris spp. is the only ascarid species with widespread anthelmintic resistance, which allows for the study of resistance mechanisms. The purpose of this study was to establish an in vitro drug exposure protocol for adult anthelmintic-naïve Parascaris spp. and report a preliminary transcriptomic analysis in response to drug exposure. Live worms were harvested from foal necropsies and maintained in RPMI-1640 at 37 °C. Serial dilutions of oxibendazole (OBZ) and ivermectin (IVM) were prepared for in vitro drug exposure, and worm viability was monitored over time. In a second drug trial, worms were used for transcriptomic analysis. The final drug concentrations employed were OBZ at 40.1 μm (10 μg mL-1) and IVM at 1.1 μm (1 μg mL-1) for 24 and 3 h, respectively. The RNA-seq analysis revealed numerous differentially expressed genes, with some being potentially related to drug detoxification and regulatory mechanisms. This report provides a method for in vitro drug exposure and the phenotypic responses for Parascaris spp., which could be extrapolated to other ascarid parasites. Finally, it also provides preliminary transcriptomic data following drug exposure as a reference point for future studies of Parascaris spp.
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Shelar A, Sangshetti J, Chakraborti S, Singh AV, Patil R, Gosavi S. Helminthicidal and Larvicidal Potentials of Biogenic Silver Nanoparticles Synthesized from Medicinal Plant Momordica charantia. Med Chem 2019; 15:781-789. [PMID: 31208313 DOI: 10.2174/1573406415666190430142637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Revised: 04/07/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The drug formulations used to control mosquito vectors and helminth infections have resulted in the development of resistance, and negative impact on non-target organisms and environment. OBJECTIVE Plant-mediated synthesis of silver nanoparticles (P-AgNPs) using aqueous fruit peel extract of M. charantia, applications of P-AgNPs for helminthicidal activity against Indian earthworms (P. posthuma) and larvicidal activity against larvae of mosquito A. albopictus and A. aegypti. METHODS Aqueous fruit peel extract of Momordica charantia was used to reduce silver ions to silver nanoparticles (P-AgNPs). UV-Visible (UV-Vis) Spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy and Transmission Electron Microscopy characterize synthesized P-AgNPs. The motility and survival rate of the worms were recorded for the helminthicidal activity. Percent mortality of larvae of A. albopictus and A. aegypti was recorded for larvicidal activity. RESULTS The UV-Vis absorption spectrum of P-AgNPs showed a strong surface plasmon absorption band in the visible region with a maximum absorption at 445 nm indicating the synthesis of silver nanoparticles by the addition of aqueous fruit peel extract. The XRD spectrum of P-AgNPs showed Bragg's reflection peaks 2θ value characteristics for the Face-Centered Cubic (FCC) structure of silver. The sharp absorption peak in FTIR at 1659 cm-1 assigned to C=O stretching vibration in carbonyl compounds represents terpenoids, flavonoids and polyphenols in the corona of PAgNPs; a 2 mg/mL of P-AgNPs. The concentration aqueous extract and P-AgNPs showed complete death of worms (the morphological alteration/coiling of body). A 20 ppm concentration of PAgNPs showed 85% mortality in larvae of Ae. albopictus and Ae. aegypti. P-AgNPs were nontoxic at low concentrations. CONCLUSION The aqueous extracts played a dual role as reducing and capping agent during the biosynthesis of AgNPs as per FTIR and XRD results. The surface reactivity facilitated by biomolecule corona attached to silver nanoparticles can further help to functionalize AgNPs in various pharmaceuticals, biomedicals, and environmental applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amruta Shelar
- Department of Biotechnology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune 411007, India
| | | | | | - Ajay Vikram Singh
- Department of Physical Intelligence, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Heisenbergstr 3, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany.,Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Rajendra Patil
- Department of Biotechnology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune 411007, India
| | - Suresh Gosavi
- Department of Physics, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune 411007, India
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Cross M, York M, Długosz E, Straub JH, Biberacher S, Herath HMPD, Logan SA, Kim JS, Gasser RB, Ryan JH, Hofmann A. A suicide inhibitor of nematode trehalose-6-phosphate phosphatases. Sci Rep 2019; 9:16165. [PMID: 31700060 PMCID: PMC6838324 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-52593-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein-based drug discovery strategies have the distinct advantage of providing insights into the molecular mechanisms of chemical effectors. Currently, there are no known trehalose-6-phosphate phosphatase (TPP) inhibitors that possess reasonable inhibition constants and chemical scaffolds amenable to convenient modification. In the present study, we subjected recombinant TPPs to a two-tiered screening approach to evaluate several diverse compound groups with respect to their potential as TPP inhibitors. From a total of 5452 compounds tested, N-(phenylthio)phthalimide was identified as an inhibitor of nematode TPPs with apparent Ki values of 1.0 μM and 0.56 μM against the enzymes from the zoonotic roundworms Ancylostoma ceylanicum and Toxocara canis, respectively. Using site-directed mutagenesis, we demonstrate that this compound acts as a suicide inhibitor that conjugates a strictly conserved cysteine residue in the vicinity of the active site of nematode TPPs. The anthelmintic properties of N-(phenylthio)phthalimide were assessed in whole nematode assays using larvae of the ascaroids T. canis and T. cati, as well as the barber's pole worm Haemonchus contortus. The compound was particularly effective against each of the ascaroids with an IC50 value of 9.3 μM in the survival assay of T. cati larvae, whereas no bioactivity was observed against H. contortus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan Cross
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, 4111, Australia
| | - Mark York
- CSIRO Biomedical Manufacturing Program, Clayton, Victoria, 3168, Australia
| | - Ewa Długosz
- Department of Preclinical Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 02-787, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jan Hendrik Straub
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, 4111, Australia
| | - Sonja Biberacher
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, 4111, Australia
| | - H M P Dilrukshi Herath
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Stephanie A Logan
- CSIRO Biomedical Manufacturing Program, Clayton, Victoria, 3168, Australia
| | - Jeong-Sun Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Robin B Gasser
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - John H Ryan
- CSIRO Biomedical Manufacturing Program, Clayton, Victoria, 3168, Australia
| | - Andreas Hofmann
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, 4111, Australia.
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia.
- Queensland Tropical Health Alliance, Smithfield, Queensland, 4878, Australia.
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Kellerová P, Matoušková P, Lamka J, Vokřál I, Szotáková B, Zajíčková M, Pasák M, Skálová L. Ivermectin-induced changes in the expression of cytochromes P450 and efflux transporters in Haemonchus contortus female and male adults. Vet Parasitol 2019; 273:24-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2019.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Revised: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Extreme-QTL mapping of monepantel resistance in Haemonchus contortus. Parasit Vectors 2019; 12:403. [PMID: 31412938 PMCID: PMC6693152 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-019-3663-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Haemonchus contortus, a gastrointestinal nematode parasite of sheep, is mainly controlled by anthelmintics; the occurrence of anthelmintic resistance leads to treatment failures and increases economic burden. Because molecular mechanisms involved in drug resistance can be elucidated by genomic studies, an extreme quantitative trait locus (X-QTL) mapping approach was used to identify co-segregation of the resistance phenotype with genetic markers to detect the genome-wide variants associated with monepantel resistance in H. contortus. Methods A cross between H. contortus isolates using parental susceptible (Par-S) males and monepantel resistant (Par-R) females resulted in SR progeny, while reciprocal cross resulted in RS progeny. Pools (n = 30,000) of infective larvae (L3) recovered from Par-R, and from SR and RS populations in the F3 generation, collected both before (unselected group) and 7 days after (selected group) selection with monepantel treatment in sheep hosts, were subjected to genome sequencing (Pool-Seq). Pairwise comparisons of allele frequencies between unselected and selected groups were performed for each population by Fisher’s exact test (FET) and for both populations combined by a Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel (CMH) test. Results Mapping rates varied from 80.29 to 81.77% at a 90.4X mean coverage of aligned reads. After correction for multiple testing, significant (P < 0.05) changes in allele frequencies were detected by FET for 6 and 57 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the SR and RS populations, respectively, and by the CMH test for 124 SNPs in both populations. The significant variants located on chromosome 2 generated a selection signal in a genomic region harboring the mptl-1, deg-3 and des-2 genes, previously reported as candidates for monepantel resistance. In addition, three new variants were identified in the mptl-1 gene. Conclusions This study expands knowledge on genome-wide molecular events underlying H. contortus resistance to monepantel. The identification of a genome region harboring major genes previously associated with monepantel resistance supports the results of the employed X-QTL approach. In addition, a deletion in exon 11 of the mptl-1 gene should be further investigated as the putative causal mutation leading to monepantel resistance. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13071-019-3663-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Influence of autophagy, apoptosis and their interplay in filaricidal activity of C-cinnamoyl glycosides. Parasitology 2019; 146:1451-1461. [DOI: 10.1017/s0031182019000660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe present work aims to explore the mechanism of action of C-cinnamoyl glycoside as an antifilarial agent against the bovine filarial nematode Setaria cervi. Both apoptosis and autophagy programmed cell death pathways play a significant role in parasitic death. The generation of reactive oxygen species, alteration of the level of antioxidant components and disruption of mitochondrial membrane potential may be the causative factors that drive the parasitic death. Monitoring of autophagic flux via the formation of autophagosome and autophagolysosome was detected via CYTO ID dye. The expression profiling of both apoptotic and autophagic marker proteins strongly support the initial findings of these two cell death processes. The increased interaction of pro-autophagic protein Beclin1 with BCL-2 may promote apoptotic pathway by suppressing anti-apoptotic protein BCL-2 from its function. This in turn partially restrains the autophagic pathway by engaging Beclin1 in the complex. But overall positive increment in autophagic flux was observed. Dynamic interaction and regulative balance of these two critical cellular pathways play a decisive role in controlling disease pathogenesis. Therefore, the present experimental work may prosper the chance for C-cinnamoyl glycosides to become a potential antifilarial therapeutic in the upcoming day after detail in vivo study and proper clinical trial.
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Rehman A, Ullah R, Uddin I, Zia I, Rehman L, Abidi S. In vitro anthelmintic effect of biologically synthesized silver nanoparticles on liver amphistome, Gigantocotyle explanatum. Exp Parasitol 2019; 198:95-104. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2019.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2018] [Revised: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Idris OA, Wintola OA, Afolayan AJ. Helminthiases; prevalence, transmission, host-parasite interactions, resistance to common synthetic drugs and treatment. Heliyon 2019; 5:e01161. [PMID: 30775568 PMCID: PMC6357211 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e01161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Revised: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The morbidity caused by parasite worms on susceptible hosts is of great concern and studies were carried out to explain the mechanism of infection, prevalence, host-parasite interaction and resistance of the parasite to treatment. This review elucidates the prevalence of parasitic worm infections; which is on the increases with the increase in the world population, global warming, poor standard of living particularly in troubled regions and developing nations. The neglect of the disease coupled with the resistance of these parasites to the few available drugs becomes a huge challenge that influences global disease burden. Helminths infections pose a life threat and increase the disability-adjusted life year (DALYs) of the poor and vulnerable people. On the other hand, exploration of medicinal plants as an alternative source of treatment against drugs resistance helminths, attract insufficient attention. This review focused on providing a general overview of the prevalence of helminths, host-parasite interactions, the resistance of helminths and the medicinal plants used to treat helminthic infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oladayo Amed Idris
- Medicinal Plants and Economic Development (MPED) Research Centre, Department of Botany, University of Fort Hare, Alice, 5700, South Africa
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Economic viability of anthelmintic treatment in naturally infected beef cattle under different nutritional strategies after weaning. Parasitol Res 2018; 117:3993-4002. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-018-6108-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Rashid MH, Vaughan JL, Stevenson MA, Campbell AJD, Beveridge I, Jabbar A. Anthelmintic resistance in gastrointestinal nematodes of alpacas (Vicugna pacos) in Australia. Parasit Vectors 2018; 11:388. [PMID: 29973276 PMCID: PMC6031175 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-018-2949-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Gastrointestinal nematodes (GINs) can cause significant economic losses in alpacas due to lowered production of fibre and meat. Although no anthelmintics are registered for use in alpacas, various classes of anthelmintics are frequently used to control parasitic gastroenteritis in alpacas in Australia and other countries. Very little is known about the current worm control practices as well as the efficacy of anthelmintics used against common GINs of alpacas. This study aimed to assess the existing worm control practices used by Australian alpaca farmers and to quantify the efficacy of commonly used anthelmintics against GINs of alpacas. Methods An online questionnaire survey was conducted to assess current worm control practices on 97 Australian alpaca farms, with an emphasis on the use of anthelmintics. Of this group of 97 alpaca farms, 20 were selected to assess the efficacy of eight anthelmintics and/or their combinations (closantel, fenbendazole ivermectin, monepantel, moxidectin and a combination of levamisole, closantel, albendazole, abamectin) using the faecal egg count reduction test (FECRT). A multiplexed-tandem PCR (MT-PCR) was used to identify the prevalent nematode genera/species. Results The response rate for the questionnaire was 94% (91/97). Almost half of the respondents kept alpacas with sheep and cattle, and 26% of respondents allowed alpacas to co-graze with these ruminants. Although only 63% respondents perceived worms to be an important health concern for alpacas, the majority of respondents (89%) used anthelmintics to control GINs of alpacas. The commonly used anthelmintics were macrocyclic lactones, monepantel, benzimidazoles, levamisole, closantel and their combinations, and they were typically administered at the dose rate recommended for sheep. The FECRT results showed that a combination of levamisole, closantel, albendazole and abamectin was the most effective dewormer followed by single drugs, including monepantel, moxidectin, closantel, fenbendazole and ivermectin. Haemonchus spp. were the most commonly resistant nematodes followed by Trichostrongylus spp., Camelostrongylus mentulatus, Ostertagia ostertagi and Cooperia spp. Conclusions This is the first study aimed at assessing worm control practices and efficacy of commonly used anthelmintics in alpacas in Australia. Our findings document the extent of anthelmintics resistance on Australian alpaca farms and identify those anthelmintics that are still effective against GINs of alpacas. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13071-018-2949-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed H Rashid
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria, 3030, Australia
| | - Jane L Vaughan
- Cria Genesis, PO Box 406, Ocean Grove, Victoria, 3226, Australia
| | - Mark A Stevenson
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria, 3030, Australia
| | - Angus J D Campbell
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria, 3030, Australia
| | - Ian Beveridge
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria, 3030, Australia
| | - Abdul Jabbar
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria, 3030, Australia.
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Abstract
The determinants of helminth resistance are not well understood. In this issue of Cell Host & Microbe, Entwistle et al. (2017) provide intriguing evidence that a phospholipase A2 (Pla2gb1) produced by epithelial cells can impair larval development in helminths, providing a novel mechanism contributing to intestinal nematode resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Palma
- Center for Immunity and Inflammation, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers Biomedical Health Sciences, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - Darine W El-Naccache
- Center for Immunity and Inflammation, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers Biomedical Health Sciences, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - William C Gause
- Center for Immunity and Inflammation, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers Biomedical Health Sciences, Newark, NJ 07103, USA.
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Supplementation with dry Mimosa caesalpiniifolia leaves can reduce the Haemonchus contortus worm burden of goats. Vet Parasitol 2018; 252:47-51. [PMID: 29559149 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2018.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2017] [Revised: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Gastrointestinal nematodes (GINs) cause considerable economic losses in grazing goat herds. At present, GIN control cannot rely on conventional anthelmintic (AH) drugs because parasites have developed resistance against such drugs. Thus, alternative control methods are being sought to reduce the dependence on AH. Many tannin-rich plants exhibit AH activity and may be used as alternatives for GIN control. Mimosa caesalpiniifolia is a tannin-rich shrub consumed by small ruminants in Brazil. This study evaluated the in vivo AH effect of M. caesalpiniifolia leaf powder supplementation on GIN egg fecal excretion and worm burden in goats. Plant leaves were harvested, dried and ground to obtain a powder. Twenty-four castrated male goats, aged six to eight months, with a mean body weight of 15.0 ± 2.5 kg were used in the experiment. Animals were infected orally with 16,000 larvae comprising 50% Haemonchus spp., 41% Trichostrongylus spp. and 9% Oesophagostomum spp. Once the infection was patent, the goats were distributed into four groups of six animals. The control group received concentrate without condensed tannins (CTs) and did not receive any drench against GINs. The monepantel group received concentrate without CTs and were drenched once with monepantel. The other two groups received the M. caesalpiniifolia leaf powder in two periods of seven consecutive days (days 1-7 and 14-21), with one of the groups also receiving 10 g of polyethyleneglycol (PEG)/day. The animals were weighed weekly, and individual fecal eggs counts (FECs) were performed daily. After 28 days, the animals were humanly slaughtered, and the worm burden was estimated. Although live weight gain and FECs did not differ among the groups (P > 0.05), post-mortem worm counts showed a reduction in Haemonchus contortus adult worm burden (57.7%) in goats of the CT group compared to control goats (P < 0.05). The addition of PEG did not diminish AH activity in the CT + PEG group (66.9% reduction compared to the control). No AH effect against other GIN species was found. The result for the addition of PEG suggested that the observed AH activity was associated with plant secondary compounds, as opposed to CTs. As expected, no AH effect against Oesophagostomum columbianum was found for the monepantel group showed. Thus, feeding dry leaves of M. caesalpiniifolia represent a promising alternative for the control of GIN infections in goats.
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Exploration of antifilarial activity of gold nanoparticle against human and bovine filarial parasites: A nanomedicinal mechanistic approach. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2018; 161:236-243. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2017.10.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Revised: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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RNA-Seq de novo assembly and differential transcriptome analysis of the nematode Ascaridia galli in relation to in vivo exposure to flubendazole. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0185182. [PMID: 29099835 PMCID: PMC5669496 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0185182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The nematode Ascaridia galli (order Ascaridida) is an economically important intestinal parasite responsible for increased food consumption, reduced performance and elevated mortality in commercial poultry production. This roundworm is an emerging problem in several European countries on farms with laying hens, as a consequence of the recent European Union (EU) ban on conventional battery cages. As infection is associated with slow development of low levels of acquired protective immunity, parasite control relies on repeated use of dewormers (anthelmintics). Benzimidazoles (BZ) are currently the only anthelmintic registered in the EU for use in controlling A. galli and there is an obvious risk of overuse of one drug class, selecting for resistance. Thus we developed a reference transcriptome of A. galli to investigate the response in gene expression before and after exposure to the BZ drug flubendazole (FLBZ). Transcriptional variations between treated and untreated A. galli showed that transcripts annotated as mitochondrial glutamate dehydrogenase and cytochrome P450 were significantly down-regulated in treated worms, whereas transcripts homologous to heat shock proteins (HSP), catalase, phosphofructokinase, and a multidrug resistance P-glycoprotein (PGP1) were significantly up-regulated in treated worms. Investigation of candidate transcripts responsible for anthelmintic resistance in livestock nematodes led to identification of several tubulins, including six new isoforms of beta-tubulin, and several ligand-gated ionotropic receptors and ABC-transporters. We discovered several transcripts associated with drug binding and processing genes, but further characterisation using a larger set of worms exposed to BZs in functional assays is required to determine how these are involved in drug binding and metabolism.
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Cortés A, Muñoz-Antoli C, Esteban JG, Toledo R. Th2 and Th1 Responses: Clear and Hidden Sides of Immunity Against Intestinal Helminths. Trends Parasitol 2017; 33:678-693. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2017.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Revised: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Ahmad M, Mubaraki MA, Marie MAM. In vitro effect of metrifonate on the indices of oxidative stress in Gigantocotyle explanatum. Microb Pathog 2017; 110:409-413. [PMID: 28705749 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2017.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Revised: 07/01/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Helminth infections in general and digenetic trematodes in particular cause a huge economic loss globally to our livestock. Gigantocotyle explanatum is a digenetic amphistome that infects the bile ducts of water buffalo and are highly prevalent in tropical and sub-tropical countries. In the present study, effects of an organophosphate compound, Metrifonate (MF) in three doses, viz., 9.4 × 10-5 M (Dose I), 14.4 × 10-5 M (Dose II), and 19.4 × 10-5 M (Dose III), have been studied in vitro, on the motility and on some enzymatic and non-enzymatic oxidative stress indices in G. explanatum. The worm's motility and their non-enzymatic oxidative stress biomarkers like lipid peroxides measured as thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS) and reduced glutathione (GSH) were disrupted significantly in a dose-dependent manner. However, the enzymatic oxidative stress biomarkers like glutathione-S-transferase (GST) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were affected by MF treatment in a biphasic manner. Exposure to Dose I significantly stimulated the activities of both GST and SOD, whereas exposure to Doses II and III resulted into significant inhibition in a dose-dependent manner. Our findings suggest that MF has potential to be a strong and effective anthelmintic, however, further studies in vitro as well as in vivo are needed to explore further these observations and understand the exact mode of MF action in G. explanatum and other trematodes of veterinary economic importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Ahmad
- Medical Surgical Nursing Department, College of Nursing, King Saud University, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Murad A Mubaraki
- Clinical Laboratory Sciences Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Ali M Marie
- Clinical Laboratory Sciences Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Saudi Arabia
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Choi YJ, Bisset SA, Doyle SR, Hallsworth-Pepin K, Martin J, Grant WN, Mitreva M. Genomic introgression mapping of field-derived multiple-anthelmintic resistance in Teladorsagia circumcincta. PLoS Genet 2017. [PMID: 28644839 PMCID: PMC5507320 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1006857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Preventive chemotherapy has long been practiced against nematode parasites of livestock, leading to widespread drug resistance, and is increasingly being adopted for eradication of human parasitic nematodes even though it is similarly likely to lead to drug resistance. Given that the genetic architecture of resistance is poorly understood for any nematode, we have analyzed multidrug resistant Teladorsagia circumcincta, a major parasite of sheep, as a model for analysis of resistance selection. We introgressed a field-derived multiresistant genotype into a partially inbred susceptible genetic background (through repeated backcrossing and drug selection) and performed genome-wide scans in the backcross progeny and drug-selected F2 populations to identify the major genes responsible for the multidrug resistance. We identified variation linking candidate resistance genes to each drug class. Putative mechanisms included target site polymorphism, changes in likely regulatory regions and copy number variation in efflux transporters. This work elucidates the genetic architecture of multiple anthelmintic resistance in a parasitic nematode for the first time and establishes a framework for future studies of anthelmintic resistance in nematode parasites of humans. Teladorsagia circumcincta is an economically significant nematode (roundworm) pathogen affecting sheep and goats in temperate regions of the world. The widespread use of prophylactic treatment has resulted in rapid selection for anthelmintic (anti-worm drug) resistance in this and other species of livestock parasites. The mechanism of resistance is not well understood because most studies have focused on the role of candidate genes using simplistic models of single gene selection, despite evidence that the evolution of resistance is more complex. Here, we report on a comprehensive whole-genome analysis that elucidated resistance-associated genes, which was facilitated by developing a pair of T. circumcincta strains sharing a largely common genetic background but differing markedly in their susceptibility to anthelmintic drugs. The results show that multiple genetic factors contribute to anthelmintic resistance in a variety of ways, including possible reduction/modulation in target site sensitivity, reduced target site expression, and increased drug efflux, to name a few. This suggests that drug resistance in these parasites is a multifactorial quantitative trait rather than a simple discrete Mendelian character. With this study, we established a genomics-based experimental paradigm for investigating anthelmintic resistance, at a time when its medical importance is rapidly increasing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Jun Choi
- McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Stewart A Bisset
- AgResearch, Hopkirk Research Institute, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Stephen R Doyle
- Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Sciences, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kymberlie Hallsworth-Pepin
- McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - John Martin
- McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Warwick N Grant
- Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Sciences, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Makedonka Mitreva
- McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America.,Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
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Abongwa M, Martin RJ, Robertson AP. A BRIEF REVIEW ON THE MODE OF ACTION OF ANTINEMATODAL DRUGS. ACTA VET-BEOGRAD 2017; 67:137-152. [PMID: 29416226 DOI: 10.1515/acve-2017-0013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Anthelmintics are some of the most widely used drugs in veterinary medicine. Here we review the mechanism of action of these compounds on nematode parasites. Included are the older classes of compounds; the benzimidazoles, cholinergic agonists and macrocyclic lactones. We also consider newer anthelmintics, including emodepside, derquantel and tribendimidine. In the absence of vaccines for most parasite species, control of nematode parasites will continue to rely on anthelmintic drugs. As a consequence, vigilance in detecting drug resistance in parasite populations is required. Since resistance development appears almost inevitable, there is a continued and pressing need to fully understand the mode of action of these compounds. It is also necessary to identify new drug targets and drugs for the continued effective control of nematode parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Abongwa
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine , Iowa State University , Ames , IA 50011 , United States of America
| | - Richard J. Martin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine , Iowa State University , Ames , IA 50011 , United States of America
| | - Alan P. Robertson
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine , Iowa State University , Ames , IA 50011 , United States of America
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Abstract
SUMMARYSusceptability of Ascaridia galli to benzimidazole (BZ) was investigated using faecal egg count reduction test (FECRT), in ovo larval development test (LDT) and genetic markers (mutations at codons 167, 198 and 200 of β-tubulin gene). Six flocks (F1−F6) of a commercial laying hen farm with different number of exposure to BZ were recruited. The FECR was calculated by analyzing individual faeces (F1, F2, F4 and F5) before and 10 days after treatment. The LDT was performed on parasite eggs from pooled samples from F1 to F6 and LC50 and LC99 were calculated. DNA was extracted from 120 worms and sequenced for β-tubulin gene. In all flocks, the FECRs were above 95% (lower CI above 90%). No significant difference was observed (p > 0·05) among obtained LC50 (F1/F4 and F2/F5 vs F3/F6) in the LDT. However, LC50 and LC99 were higher than suggested values for declaration of resistance in other nematode species. No variation was observed in codon positions involved in BZ resistance. Overall, our results indicated lack of evidence of resistance to BZ in A. galli. More research is needed to confirm these results and to further optimize the existing tools for detection and monitoring of anthelmintic resistance in A. galli.
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Cameron TC, Cooke I, Faou P, Toet H, Piedrafita D, Young N, Rathinasamy V, Beddoe T, Anderson G, Dempster R, Spithill TW. A novel ex vivo immunoproteomic approach characterising Fasciola hepatica tegumental antigens identified using immune antibody from resistant sheep. Int J Parasitol 2017; 47:555-567. [PMID: 28455238 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2017.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Revised: 02/19/2017] [Accepted: 02/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A more thorough understanding of the immunological interactions between Fasciola spp. and their hosts is required if we are to develop new immunotherapies to control fasciolosis. Deeper knowledge of the antigens that are the target of the acquired immune responses of definitive hosts against both Fasciola hepatica and Fasciola gigantica will potentially identify candidate vaccine antigens. Indonesian Thin Tail sheep express a high level of acquired immunity to infection by F. gigantica within 4weeks of infection and antibodies in Indonesian Thin Tail sera can promote antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity against the surface tegument of juvenile F. gigantica in vitro. Given the high protein sequence similarity between F. hepatica and F. gigantica, we hypothesised that antibody from F. gigantica-infected sheep could be used to identify the orthologous proteins in the tegument of F. hepatica. Purified IgG from the sera of F. gigantica-infected Indonesian Thin Tail sheep collected pre-infection and 4weeks p.i. were incubated with live adult F. hepatica ex vivo and the immunosloughate (immunoprecipitate) formed was isolated and analysed via liquid chromatography-electrospray ionisation-tandem mass spectrometry to identify proteins involved in the immune response. A total of 38 proteins were identified at a significantly higher abundance in the immunosloughate using week 4 IgG, including eight predicted membrane proteins, 20 secreted proteins, nine proteins predicted to be associated with either the lysosomes, the cytoplasm or the cytoskeleton and one protein with an unknown cellular localization. Three of the membrane proteins are transporters including a multidrug resistance protein, an amino acid permease and a glucose transporter. Interestingly, a total of 21 of the 38 proteins matched with proteins recently reported to be associated with the proposed small exosome-like extracellular vesicles of adult F. hepatica, suggesting that the Indonesian Thin Tail week 4 IgG is either recognising individual proteins released from extracellular vesicles or is immunoprecipitating intact exosome-like extracellular vesicles. Five extracellular vesicle membrane proteins were identified including two proteins predicted to be associated with vesicle transport/ exocytosis (VPS4, vacuolar protein sorting-associated protein 4b and the Niemann-Pick C1 protein). RNAseq analysis of the developmental transcription of the 38 immunosloughate proteins showed that the sequences are expressed over a wide abundance range with 21/38 transcripts expressed at a relatively high level from metacercariae to the adult life cycle stage. A notable feature of the immunosloughates was the absence of cytosolic proteins which have been reported to be secreted markers for damage to adult flukes incubated in vitro, suggesting that the proteins observed are not inadvertent contaminants leaking from damaged flukes ex vivo. The identification of tegument protein antigens shared between F. gigantica and F. hepatica is beneficial in terms of the possible development of a dual purpose vaccine effective against both fluke species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy C Cameron
- Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Sciences and Centre for AgriBioscience, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ira Cooke
- La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia; Comparative Genomics Centre and Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
| | - Pierre Faou
- La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
| | - Hayley Toet
- Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Sciences and Centre for AgriBioscience, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
| | - David Piedrafita
- School of Applied and Biomedical Sciences, Federation University, Churchill, Victoria, Australia
| | - Neil Young
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Vignesh Rathinasamy
- Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Sciences and Centre for AgriBioscience, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
| | - Travis Beddoe
- Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Sciences and Centre for AgriBioscience, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
| | - Glenn Anderson
- Virbac (Australia) Pty Ltd, Milperra, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Robert Dempster
- Virbac (Australia) Pty Ltd, Milperra, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Terry W Spithill
- Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Sciences and Centre for AgriBioscience, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia.
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Warnock ND, Wilson L, Patten C, Fleming CC, Maule AG, Dalzell JJ. Nematode neuropeptides as transgenic nematicides. PLoS Pathog 2017; 13:e1006237. [PMID: 28241060 PMCID: PMC5344539 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2016] [Revised: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant parasitic nematodes (PPNs) seriously threaten global food security. Conventionally an integrated approach to PPN management has relied heavily on carbamate, organophosphate and fumigant nematicides which are now being withdrawn over environmental health and safety concerns. This progressive withdrawal has left a significant shortcoming in our ability to manage these economically important parasites, and highlights the need for novel and robust control methods. Nematodes can assimilate exogenous peptides through retrograde transport along the chemosensory amphid neurons. Peptides can accumulate within cells of the central nerve ring and can elicit physiological effects when released to interact with receptors on adjoining cells. We have profiled bioactive neuropeptides from the neuropeptide-like protein (NLP) family of PPNs as novel nematicides, and have identified numerous discrete NLPs that negatively impact chemosensation, host invasion and stylet thrusting of the root knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita and the potato cyst nematode Globodera pallida. Transgenic secretion of these peptides from the rhizobacterium, Bacillus subtilis, and the terrestrial microalgae Chlamydomonas reinhardtii reduce tomato infection levels by up to 90% when compared with controls. These data pave the way for the exploitation of nematode neuropeptides as a novel class of plant protective nematicide, using novel non-food transgenic delivery systems which could be deployed on farmer-preferred cultivars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil D. Warnock
- Microbes & Pathogen Biology, The Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Leonie Wilson
- Microbes & Pathogen Biology, The Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Cheryl Patten
- Biology Department, University of New Brunswick, Saint John, NB, Canada
| | | | - Aaron G. Maule
- Microbes & Pathogen Biology, The Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Johnathan J. Dalzell
- Microbes & Pathogen Biology, The Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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A benzimidazole derivative (RCB20) in vitro induces an activation of energetic pathways on Taenia crassiceps (ORF strain) cysticerci. Exp Parasitol 2017; 172:12-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2016.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Revised: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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49
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Gaínza YA, Fantatto RR, Chaves FCM, Bizzo HR, Esteves SN, Chagas ACDS. Piper aduncum against Haemonchus contortus isolates: cross resistance and the research of natural bioactive compounds. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 25:383-393. [PMID: 27925067 DOI: 10.1590/s1984-29612016073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The anthelminthic activity of the essential oil (EO) of Piper aduncum L. was tested in vitro on eggs and larvae of resistant (Embrapa2010) and susceptible (McMaster) isolates of Haemonchus contortus. The EO was obtained by steam distillation and its components identified by chromatography. EO concentrations of 12.5 to 0.02 mg/mL were used in the egg hatch test (EHT) and concentrations of 3.12 to 0.01 mg/mL in the larval development test (LDT). Inhibition concentrations (IC) were determined by the SAS Probit procedure, and significant differences assessed by ANOVA followed by Tukey's test. In the EHT, the IC50 for the susceptible isolate was 5.72 mg/mL. In the LDT, the IC50 and IC90 were, respectively, 0.10 mg/mL and 0.34 mg/mL for the susceptible isolate, and 0.22 mg/mL and 0.51 mg/mL for the resistant isolate. The EO (dillapiole 76.2%) was highly efficacious on phase L1. Due to the higher ICs obtained for the resistant isolate, it was raised the hypothesis that dillapiole may have a mechanism of action that resembles those of other anthelmintic compounds. We further review and discuss studies, especially those conducted in Brazil, that quantified the major constituents of P. aduncum-derived EO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yousmel Alemán Gaínza
- Centro Nacional de Sanidad Agropecuaria - CENSA, San José de las Lajas, Mayabeque, Cuba
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Development of chitosan based gold nanomaterial as an efficient antifilarial agent: A mechanistic approach. Carbohydr Polym 2016; 157:1666-1676. [PMID: 27987881 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.11.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Revised: 10/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) have been synthesized biogenically by using black pepper (Piper nigrum) extract according to the principles of green chemistry in presence and absence of a biopolymer, chitosan. A comprehensive study (up to cellular level) on the antifilarial (against Setaria cervi) activity of AuNPs has been made for the first time with a view to use it clinically. The bioactivity of biopolymer capped biogenic AuNP increases significantly compared to simple biogenic AuNP. The biopolymer plays an important role in inspiring AuNP through its inherent positive charges and hydrophobicity. The developed nanomaterial boosts the production of ROS (reactive oxygen species) and misbalances the antioxidant parameters of parasites such as GSH, GST, GPx, SOD and catalase. The produced ROS ultimately induces oxidative stress, which leads to apoptotic cell death in filarial worms. The synthesized nanomaterials exhibit negligible toxicity towards human PBMCs. The present study may serve as a fruitful platform to explore biopolymer capped gold nanoparticles as efficient antifilarial therapeutics.
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