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Pinheiro FA, Decaris N, Parreño V, Brandão PE, Ayres H, Gomes V. Efficacy of prepartum vaccination against neonatal calf diarrhea in Nelore dams as a prevention measure. BMC Vet Res 2022; 18:323. [PMID: 35996133 PMCID: PMC9394007 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-022-03391-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Neonatal calf diarrhea (NCD) is the leading cause of calf morbidity and mortality in beef cattle. Cow’s vaccination in last stage of pregnancy is one of the most important measures to mitigate the risk of NCD outbreaks. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of prepartum single dose vaccination against NCD, especially Bovine Rotavirus type A (BoRVA) and Bovine Coronavirus (BCoV), in Nelore dams and offspring. A total of 117 pregnant cows (n = 81) and heifers (n = 36) were distributed in two groups, vaccinated (VAC: cows = 40; heifers = 19) and non-vaccinated (NVAC: cows = 41; heifers = 17). Vaccination occurred between 60 to 50 days before the expected calving date with a single dose of a water-in-oil (W/O) vaccine, and NVAC group received a dose of saline solution 0.9%. Blood samples were collected before vaccination and 30 days after to evaluate the antibody (Ab) response. Specific IgG1 Abs against BoRVA and BCoV were measured by using an Enzyme Linked Immuno Sorbent Assay (ELISA). Calves’ births were monitored, and the transference of passive immunity was evaluated. Diarrhea was monitored in the first 30 days of age, and fecal samples were collected for identification of the etiological agent. Results Higher titers of IgG1 Ab against BoRVA and BCoV was observed in the VAC group than NVAC group in the cow (P < 0.0001) and total dams categories (P < 0.0001). The titer of specific IgG1 Abs in the calves’ serum reflected the dams response, observing higher IgG1 Ab titers for BoRVA (P < 0.0016) and BCoV (P < 0.0095) in the offspring born to VAC cows and higher IgG1 Ab titers for BoRVA(P < 0.0171) and BCoV (P < 0.0200) in the offspring born to VAC total dams. The general incidence of diarrhea observed was 18.6% (11/59) and 29.3% (17/58) in the calves born to the VAC and NVAC group, respectively. Conclusions Prepartum vaccination with a single dose of the vaccine tested increased the titers of IgG1 Ab against BCoV and BoRVA, and it could be used as a preventive strategy to decrease the NCD occurrence in Nelore calves. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12917-022-03391-5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filipe Aguera Pinheiro
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, 87, Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva Avenue, Cidade Universitária, Butantã, Sao Paulo, 05508-270, Brazil
| | - Nathália Decaris
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, 87, Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva Avenue, Cidade Universitária, Butantã, Sao Paulo, 05508-270, Brazil
| | - Viviana Parreño
- INCUINTA. Instituto de Virologia e Tecnológicas, IVIT. CICV y A. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Unidad ejecutora INTA-CONICET, Nicolas Repetto y de los Reseros s/n, Postal code 1686, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Paulo Eduardo Brandão
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health of Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, 87, Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva Avenue, Cidade Universitária, Butantã, São Paulo, 05508-270, Brazil
| | - Henderson Ayres
- MSD Animal Health, 296, Dr. Chucri Zaidan Ave, Vila Cordeiro, São Paulo, São Paulo, 50030-000, Brazil
| | - Viviani Gomes
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, 87, Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva Avenue, Cidade Universitária, Butantã, Sao Paulo, 05508-270, Brazil.
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2
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Ripani U, Bisaccia M, Meccariello L. Dexamethasone and Nutraceutical Therapy Can Reduce the Myalgia Due to COVID-19 - a Systemic Review of the Active Substances that Can Reduce the Expression of Interlukin-6. Med Arch 2022; 76:66-71. [PMID: 35422571 PMCID: PMC8976893 DOI: 10.5455/medarh.2022.76.66-71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Myalgia reflects generalized inflammation and cytokine response and can be the onset symptom of 36% of patients with COVID-19. Interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF- α) levels in plasma and upper respiratory secretions directly correlate with the magnitude of viral replication, fever, and respiratory and systemic symptoms, including musculoskeletal clinical manifestations. Objective The aim of our work is to report literature scientific investigation clinical protocol to reduce the immunomodulation and inflammatory response nutraceutical therapy associated with dexamethasone and how can reduce the expression of Interlukina-6(IL-6) and myalgia due to COVID-19. Methods We searched in Pubmed and Cochrane the nautriceutical drugs to treat the immune modulation of organism to COVID-19. We put these keywords: immune inflammation, desease descriptions, epidemiology COVID-19; immunomodulations; IL-6; Rheumatic Symptoms; Joint; Musculoskeletal Disorders; dexamethasone; Polydatin; Zinc; Melatonin; N- Acetyl Cysteine; Colostrum; L- Glutamine; Vitamin D3. Results We found 61 papers. All the authors analyze them. After the Analyze we suggest the use of response nutraceutical therapy associated with dexamethasone can reduce the expression of Interlukina-6(IL-6) and myalgia due to COVID-19. Conclusion According the scientific literature nutraceutical therapy associated with dexamethasone can reduce the expression of Interlukina-6(IL-6) and myalgia due to COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umberto Ripani
- Pain Therapy Center, Division of Anesthesia, Analgesia and Intensive Care, Department of Emergency, Ospedali Riuniti di Ancona, Ancona, Italy
| | - Michele Bisaccia
- Division of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, University of Perugia, S. Maria della Misericordia Hospital, Perugia, Italy
| | - Luigi Meccariello
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Azienda Ospedaliera Gaetano Rummo, Benevento, Italy
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Delling C, Daugschies A. Literature Review: Coinfection in Young Ruminant Livestock- Cryptosporidium spp. and Its Companions. Pathogens 2022; 11:103. [PMID: 35056051 PMCID: PMC8777864 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11010103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The protozoan Cryptosporidium parvum is one of the major causative pathogens of diarrhoea in young ruminants; therefore, it causes economic losses and impairs animal welfare. Besides C. parvum, there are many other non-infectious and infectious factors, such as rotavirus, Escherichia coli, and Giardia duodenalis, which may lead to diarrhoeic disease in young livestock. Often, more than one infectious agent is detected in affected animals. Little is known about the interactions bet-ween simultaneously occurring pathogens and their potential effects on the course of disease. In this review, a brief overview about pathogens associated with diarrhoea in young ruminants is presented. Furthermore, information about coinfections involving Cryptosporidium is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cora Delling
- Institute of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, An den Tierkliniken 35, 04103 Leipzig, Germany;
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4
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Korath ADJ, Janda J, Untersmayr E, Sokolowska M, Feleszko W, Agache I, Adel Seida A, Hartmann K, Jensen‐Jarolim E, Pali‐Schöll I. One Health: EAACI Position Paper on coronaviruses at the human-animal interface, with a specific focus on comparative and zoonotic aspects of SARS-CoV-2. Allergy 2022; 77:55-71. [PMID: 34180546 PMCID: PMC8441637 DOI: 10.1111/all.14991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The latest outbreak of a coronavirus disease in 2019 (COVID‐19) caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2), evolved into a worldwide pandemic with massive effects on health, quality of life, and economy. Given the short period of time since the outbreak, there are several knowledge gaps on the comparative and zoonotic aspects of this new virus. Within the One Health concept, the current EAACI position paper dwells into the current knowledge on SARS‐CoV‐2’s receptors, symptoms, transmission routes for human and animals living in close vicinity to each other, usefulness of animal models to study this disease and management options to avoid intra‐ and interspecies transmission. Similar pandemics might appear unexpectedly and more frequently in the near future due to climate change, consumption of exotic foods and drinks, globe‐trotter travel possibilities, the growing world population, the decreasing production space, declining room for wildlife and free‐ranging animals, and the changed lifestyle including living very close to animals. Therefore, both the society and the health authorities need to be aware and well prepared for similar future situations, and research needs to focus on prevention and fast development of treatment options (medications, vaccines).
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna D. J. Korath
- Comparative Medicine Interuniversity Messerli Research Institute University of Veterinary Medicine and Medical University Vienna Vienna Austria
| | - Jozef Janda
- Faculty of Science Charles University Prague Czech Republic
| | - Eva Untersmayr
- Institute of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research Center of Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology Medical University of Vienna Vienna Austria
| | - Milena Sokolowska
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zurich Zurich Switzerland
| | - Wojciech Feleszko
- Department of Paediatric Allergy and Pulmonology The Medical University of Warsaw Warsaw Poland
| | | | - Ahmed Adel Seida
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Cairo University Cairo Egypt
| | - Katrin Hartmann
- Medizinische Kleintierklinik Zentrum für Klinische Tiermedizin LMU Munich Germany
| | - Erika Jensen‐Jarolim
- Comparative Medicine Interuniversity Messerli Research Institute University of Veterinary Medicine and Medical University Vienna Vienna Austria
- Institute of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research Center of Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology Medical University of Vienna Vienna Austria
| | - Isabella Pali‐Schöll
- Comparative Medicine Interuniversity Messerli Research Institute University of Veterinary Medicine and Medical University Vienna Vienna Austria
- Institute of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research Center of Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology Medical University of Vienna Vienna Austria
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5
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Chan OSK, Bradley KCF, Grioni A, Lau SKP, Li WT, Magouras I, Naing T, Padula A, To EMW, Tun HM, Tutt C, Woo PCY, Bloch R, Mauroo NF. Veterinary Experiences can Inform One Health Strategies for Animal Coronaviruses. ECOHEALTH 2021; 18:301-314. [PMID: 34542794 PMCID: PMC8450722 DOI: 10.1007/s10393-021-01545-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Olivia S K Chan
- LKS Faculty of Medicine, School of Public Health, Patrick Manson Building, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong.
| | - Katriona C F Bradley
- Tai Wai Small Animal and Exotic Hospital, G/F, Lap Wo Building, 69-75 Chik Shun St, Tai Wai, NT, Hong Kong
| | - Alessandro Grioni
- Fauna Conservation Department, Kadoorie Farm and Botanic Garden, Lam Kam Road, Tai Po, NT, Hong Kong
| | - Susanna K P Lau
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Room 26, 19/F, Block T, Queen Mary Hospital, 102 Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Wen-Ta Li
- Department of Pathology, Pangolin International Biomedical Consultant Ltd., Keelung, Taiwan
| | - Ioannis Magouras
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Tint Naing
- Soares Avenue Paws and Claws Clinic, G/F No 29 - 33 Soares Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Andrew Padula
- Australian Venom Research Unit, Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Esther M W To
- Agriculture, Fisheries and Conservation Department, The Government of Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, Room 509, Cheung Sha Wan Government Offices, 303 Cheung Sha Wan Road, Sham Shui Po, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Hein Min Tun
- LKS Faculty of Medicine, School of Public Health, Patrick Manson Building, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Cedric Tutt
- Cape Animal Dentistry Service, 78 Rosmead Avenue, Kenilworth, Cape Town, 7708, South Africa
| | - Patrick C Y Woo
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Room 26, 19/F, Block T, Queen Mary Hospital, 102 Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Rebecca Bloch
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Nathalie F Mauroo
- Hong Kong Wildlife Health Foundation, GPO Box 12585, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
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6
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Abstract
Livestock products supply about 13 percent of energy and 28 percent of protein in diets consumed worldwide. Diarrhea is a leading cause of sickness and death of beef and dairy calves in their first month of life and also affecting adult cattle, resulting in large economic losses and a negative impact on animal welfare. Despite the usual multifactorial origin, viruses are generally involved, being among the most important causes of diarrhea. There are several viruses that have been confirmed as etiological agents (i.e., rotavirus and coronavirus), and some viruses that are not yet confirmed as etiological agents. This review summarizes the viruses that have been detected in the enteric tract of cattle and tries to deepen and gather knowledge about them.
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The Specific Immune Response after Vaccination against Neonatal Calf Diarrhoea Differs between Apparent Similar Vaccines in a Case Study. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11051238. [PMID: 33923017 PMCID: PMC8145597 DOI: 10.3390/ani11051238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Neonatal calf diarrhoea (NCD) is a complex, multifactorial disease involving pathogens but also environmental, nutritional and management factors. Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC), rotavirus (BoRV) and coronavirus (BoCV) are the main enteric pathogens involved. NCD is a major health challenge that impacts on farm profitability, calf welfare and antimicrobial usage. Thus, a key part of prevention is optimisation of preventive programs for NCD such as vaccinating cows to increase passive immunity transfer for their offspring during the neonatal period. In this study, it was demonstrated that dam vaccination against NCD is an excellent tool to increase specific immunity; how different vaccines differ in their specific immune response and, consequently, in the amount of specific passive transfer of antibodies to their calves. One of the most relevant findings is the importance of inducing a specific immune response for the three NCD pathogens. Abstract Neonatal calf diarrhoea (NCD) is a major health challenge with a negative impact on farm profitability, calf welfare and antimicrobial use. Neonatal calves are particularly sensitive to enteric infections. Thus, a key point for prevention is minimising infectious pressure and maximising specific immune responses. An amount of 120 dams not previously vaccinated against NCD were randomly allocated to one of three study groups: negative control versus two vaccinated groups (A and B). In the control group, the average level of antibodies was significantly low for both BoCV and ETEC (15.6 and 13.9% in the colostrum samples, respectively), demonstrating the importance of dam vaccination. Indeed, the level of specific immunity was significantly increased for BoCV and ETEC with dam vaccination using both one-shot vaccines versus the control group. Moreover, the statistical analysis revealed a significantly higher level of antibodies for BoCV and ETEC in colostrum samples in vaccine A versus vaccine B and the control group. In accordance, the calf serum demonstrated a significantly higher level and greater homogeneity of antibodies against BoCV and ETEC in the Vaccine A group versus other experimental groups (p < 0.05). In conclusion, this study demonstrated a different specific immune response for the pathogens depending on the vaccine used to control NCD in cows.
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8
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Vlasova AN, Saif LJ. Bovine Coronavirus and the Associated Diseases. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:643220. [PMID: 33869323 PMCID: PMC8044316 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.643220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronaviruses (CoVs) possess the largest and most complex RNA genome (up to 32 kb) that encodes for 16 non-structural proteins regulating RNA synthesis and modification. Coronaviruses are known to infect a wide range of mammalian and avian species causing remarkably diverse disease syndromes. Variable tissue tropism and the ability to easily cross interspecies barriers are the well-known characteristics of certain CoVs. The 21st century epidemics of severe acute respiratory CoV (SARS-CoV), Middle East respiratory CoV and the ongoing SARS-CoV-2 pandemic further highlight these characteristics and emphasize the relevance of CoVs to the global public health. Bovine CoVs (BCoVs) are betacoronaviruses associated with neonatal calf diarrhea, and with winter dysentery and shipping fever in older cattle. Of interest, no distinct genetic or antigenic markers have been identified in BCoVs associated with these distinct clinical syndromes. In contrast, like other CoVs, BCoVs exist as quasispecies. Besides cattle, BCoVs and bovine-like CoVs were identified in various domestic and wild ruminant species (water buffalo, sheep, goat, dromedary camel, llama, alpaca, deer, wild cattle, antelopes, giraffes, and wild goats), dogs and humans. Surprisingly, bovine-like CoVs also cannot be reliably distinguished from BCoVs using comparative genomics. Additionally, there are historical examples of zoonotic transmission of BCoVs. This article will discuss BCoV pathogenesis, epidemiology, interspecies transmission, immune responses, vaccines, and diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia N Vlasova
- Center for Food Animal Health Research, College of Food, Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, United States
| | - Linda J Saif
- Center for Food Animal Health Research, College of Food, Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, United States
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Bertoni EA, Bok M, Vega C, Martinez GM, Cimino R, Parreño V. Influence of individual or group housing of newborn calves on rotavirus and coronavirus infection during the first 2 months of life. Trop Anim Health Prod 2021; 53:62. [PMID: 33389254 PMCID: PMC7778722 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-020-02540-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Bovine rotavirus A (RVA) and bovine coronavirus (CoV) are the two main viral enteropathogens associated with neonatal calf diarrhea. The aim of the present work was to study the impact of group and individual housing systems in the epidemiology of RVA and CoV infection. Eleven calves reared in individual housing (FA) and nine calves in group housing (FB) were monitored during the first 7 weeks of life. Stool and serum samples were screened for RVA and CoV antigens by ELISA. IgG1 antibodies (Ab) to both antigens were also measured. From the 160 fecal samples collected, the proportion of positive samples to RVA and CoV was significantly higher in FB (23.6%) than in FA (9%) (p = 0.03). The geometric mean of colostral IgG1 Ab titers to CoV and RVA in FA (IgG1 anti-CoV 1024 and anti-RVA 1782.9) was lower than in FB (IgG1 anti-CoV 10,321.2 and anti-RVA 4096) at birth. Calves less than 2 weeks of life from FB had a higher risk of being infected by RVA (OR = 4.9; p = 0.01) and CoV (OR = 17.15; p = 0.01) than calves from FA. The obtained results showed that there was higher RVA and CoV shedding in group-housed calves than in individual-housed animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Bertoni
- Área de Investigación en Salud Animal, Instituto de Investigación Animal del Chaco Semiárido, INTA, RN 68 km 172., Postal code 4403, Salta, Cerrillos, Argentina.
| | - M Bok
- INCUINTA. Instituto de Virologia e Tecnológicas, IVIT. CICV y A. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Unidad ejecutora INTA-CONICET, Nicolas Repetto y de los Reseros s/n., Postal code 1686, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - C Vega
- INCUINTA. Instituto de Virologia e Tecnológicas, IVIT. CICV y A. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Unidad ejecutora INTA-CONICET, Nicolas Repetto y de los Reseros s/n., Postal code 1686, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - G M Martinez
- Área de Producción Animal, INTA EEA, Salta, Argentina
| | - R Cimino
- Cátedra de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, UNSA, Salta, Argentina
| | - V Parreño
- INCUINTA. Instituto de Virologia e Tecnológicas, IVIT. CICV y A. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Unidad ejecutora INTA-CONICET, Nicolas Repetto y de los Reseros s/n., Postal code 1686, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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10
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Vega CG, Bok M, Ebinger M, Rocha LA, Rivolta AA, González Thomas V, Muntadas P, D'Aloia R, Pinto V, Parreño V, Wigdorovitz A. A new passive immune strategy based on IgY antibodies as a key element to control neonatal calf diarrhea in dairy farms. BMC Vet Res 2020; 16:264. [PMID: 32727468 PMCID: PMC7388481 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-020-02476-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Neonatal diarrhea remains one of the main causes of morbi-mortality in dairy calves under artificial rearing. It is often caused by infectious agents of viral, bacterial, or parasitic origin. Cows vaccination and colostrum intake by calves during the first 6 h of life are critical strategies to prevent severe diarrhea but these are still insufficient. Here we report the field evaluation of a product based on IgY antibodies against group A rotavirus (RVA), coronavirus (CoV), enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli, and Salmonella sp. This product, named IgY DNT, has been designed as a complementary passive immunization strategy to prevent neonatal calf diarrhea. The quality of the product depends on the titers of specific IgY antibodies to each antigen evaluated by ELISA. In the case of the viral antigens, ELISA antibody (Ab) titers are correlated with protection against infection in calves experimentally challenged with RVA and CoV (Bok M, et al., Passive immunity to control bovine coronavirus diarrhea in a dairy herd in Argentina, 2017), (Vega C, et al., Vet Immunol Immunopathol, 142:156–69, 2011), (Vega C, et al., Res Vet Sci, 103:1–10, 2015). To evaluate the efficiency in dairy farms, thirty newborn Holstein calves were randomly assigned to IgY DNT or control groups and treatment initiated after colostrum intake and gut closure. Calves in the IgY DNT group received 20 g of the oral passive treatment in 2 L of milk twice a day during the first 2 weeks of life. Animals were followed until 3 weeks of age and diarrhea due to natural exposure to infectious agents was recorded during all the experimental time. Results Results demonstrate that the oral administration of IgY DNT during the first 2 weeks of life to newborn calves caused a delay in diarrhea onset and significantly reduced its severity and duration compared with untreated calves. Animals treated with IgY DNT showed a trend towards a delay in RVA infection with significantly shorter duration and virus shedding compared to control calves. Conclusions This indicates that IgY DNT is an effective product to complement current preventive strategies against neonatal calf diarrhea in dairy farms. Furthermore, to our knowledge, this is the only biological product available for the prevention of virus-associated neonatal calf diarrhea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celina Guadalupe Vega
- Incuinta, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Buenos Aires, Argentina. .,Instituto de Virología e Innovaciones Tecnológicas, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (IVIT-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina. .,Bioinnovo S.A, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Marina Bok
- Incuinta, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Instituto de Virología e Innovaciones Tecnológicas, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (IVIT-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Bioinnovo S.A, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Lucía Alejandra Rocha
- Incuinta, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Instituto de Virología e Innovaciones Tecnológicas, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (IVIT-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alejandra Antonella Rivolta
- Incuinta, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Instituto de Virología e Innovaciones Tecnológicas, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (IVIT-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Pilar Muntadas
- Servicio Nacional de Sanidad y Calidad Agroalimentaria (SENASA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ricardo D'Aloia
- Servicio Nacional de Sanidad y Calidad Agroalimentaria (SENASA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Viviana Parreño
- Incuinta, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Instituto de Virología e Innovaciones Tecnológicas, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (IVIT-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Bioinnovo S.A, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Andrés Wigdorovitz
- Incuinta, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Instituto de Virología e Innovaciones Tecnológicas, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (IVIT-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Bioinnovo S.A, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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11
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Jawhara S. Can Drinking Microfiltered Raw Immune Milk From Cows Immunized Against SARS-CoV-2 Provide Short-Term Protection Against COVID-19? Front Immunol 2020; 11:1888. [PMID: 32849647 PMCID: PMC7399080 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which causes severe respiratory tract infections in humans (COVID-19), has become a global health concern. Currently, several vaccine candidates against SARS-CoV-2 are in clinical trials but approval of these vaccines is likely to take a long time before they are available for public use. In a previous report, the importance of passive immunity and how immunoglobulin (Ig)G collected from recovered coronavirus patients could help in the protection against COVID-19 and boost the immune system of new patients was reported. Passive immunity by immunoglobulin transfer is a concept employed by most mammals and bovine IgG has a role to play in human therapy. IgG is one of the major components of the immunological activity found in cow's milk and colostrum. Heterologous transfer of passive immunity associated with the consumption of bovine immune milk by humans has been investigated for decades for its immunological activity against infections. This short review focuses on passive immunity and how microfiltered raw immune milk or colostrum collected from cows vaccinated against SARS-CoV-2 could provide short-term protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection in humans and could be used as an option until a vaccine becomes commercially available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samir Jawhara
- CNRS, UMR 8576 - UGSF - Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, INSERM U1285, Lille, France
- Medicine Faculty, University of Lille, Lille, France
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Beheshtipour J, Raeeszadeh M. Evaluation of Interleukin-10 and Pro-inflammatory Cytokine Profile in Calves Naturally Infected with Neonatal Calf Diarrhea Syndrome. ARCHIVES OF RAZI INSTITUTE 2020; 75:213-218. [PMID: 32621450 DOI: 10.22092/ari.2018.124058.1270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Multifactorial neonatal calf diarrhea (NCD) is one of the main causes of mortality in calves under 1 month of age. Studies have shown that pro-inflammatory cytokines (i.e., interleukin (IL)-1&beta;, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha [TNF-&alpha;]) can increase in many pathophysiological conditions. In addition, IL-10 as one of the most important anti-inflammatory cytokines contributes to the inhibition of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Few studies have addressed cytokine levels in calves with NCD. Therefore, the goal of this study was to evaluate the plasma concentrations of pro-inflammatory cytokines, as well as IL-10, in the calves naturally infected with NCD syndrome. For this purpose, 87 neonatal calves were monitored for 1 month. Out of this population, 10 cases were diagnosed with NCD and studied as the case group. In addition, a control group was considered that consisted of 10 age- and gender-matched neonatal calves without any diseases. From each calf, 5 ml blood sample was collected into EDTA tubes by jugular venipuncture. The samples were then centrifuged, and the extracted plasmas were aliquoted and stored at -20 &deg;C. Finally, the plasma concentrations of pro-inflammatory cytokines (i.e., IL-1&beta;, IL-6, and TNF-&alpha;) and anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 were measured using the ELISA kits based on the manufacturer&#39;s protocols. The results showed that the plasma concentrations of pro-inflammatory cytokines were significantly higher in the case group than in the control group. However, no significant difference was found between the two groups in terms of the plasma concentrations of IL-10. This study indicates that pro-inflammatory cytokines could be used to recognize the immune system response to NCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Beheshtipour
- Young Researchers and Elite Club, Sanandaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - M Raeeszadeh
- Department of Basic Sciences, Sanandaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Sanandaj, Iran.,Department of Basic Sciences, Sanandaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Sanandaj, Iran
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Serum Metabolomics Revealed the Differential Metabolic Pathway in Calves with Severe Clinical Diarrhea Symptoms. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10050769. [PMID: 32354125 PMCID: PMC7278412 DOI: 10.3390/ani10050769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The present study focuses on the metabolic changes in the diarrhea of calves, which are manifested with the following symptoms: a thin water-like stool, cold ears and nose, throbbing bowels, oliguria, a pale or yellowish complexion, a smooth mouth, and a slow pulse. The differential metabolic pathways in calves with diarrhea were screened by metabolomics. There were nine biomarkers in the serum of healthy calves and calves with diarrhea. On the basis of these biomarkers, their associated mineral absorption, protein digestion and absorption, and other metabolic pathways, the targeted regulation of the metabolic differences of calves with diarrhea may contribute to the diagnosis, treatment, and discussion of the mechanism of calf diarrhea. Abstract The complex etiology, higher morbidity and mortality, poor prognosis, and expensive cost of calf diarrhea have made it a catastrophic disease in the dairy industry. This study aims to assess the biomarkers in calves with diarrhea and to predict the biomarkers related to the pathway. As subjects, nine calves with diarrhea and nine healthy calves were enrolled, according to strict enrollment criteria. The serum metabolites were detected by a liquid chromatographic tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), and then analyzed by online multivariate statistical analysis software to further screen the biomarkers. In addition, the biomarkers involved in the metabolic pathways of calves with diarrhea and healthy calves were analyzed. In the serum of calves with diarrhea, nine biomarkers were found to which several biomarkers exhibited a certain relation. Moreover, these biomarkers were involved in important metabolic pathways, including protein digestion and absorption, ABC transporters, aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis, mineral absorption, and fatty acid biosynthesis. All these findings suggested that the imbalance of these markers was closely related to the occurrence and development of calf diarrhea. The targeted regulation of metabolic pathways involved in these biomarkers may facilitate the diagnosis, treatment, and discussion of the mechanism of calf diarrhea.
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Mekata H, Hamabe S, Sudaryatma PE, Kobayashi I, Kanno T, Okabayashi T. Molecular epidemiological survey and phylogenetic analysis of bovine respiratory coronavirus in Japan from 2016 to 2018. J Vet Med Sci 2020; 82:726-730. [PMID: 32269197 PMCID: PMC7324836 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.19-0587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Bovine coronavirus (BCoV) is an etiological agent of bovine respiratory disease (BRD).
BRD is a costly illness worldwide; thus, epidemiological surveys of BCoV are important.
Here, we conducted a molecular epidemiological survey of BCoV in respiratory-diseased and
healthy cattle in Japan from 2016 to 2018. We found that 21.2% (58/273) of the
respiratory-diseased cattle were infected with BCoV. The respiratory-diseased cattle had
virus amounts 4.7 times higher than those in the asymptomatic cattle. Phylogenetic
analyses showed that the BCoV identified in Japan after 2005 formed an individual lineage
that was distinct from the strains found in other countries. These results suggest that
BCoV is epidemic and has evolved uniquely in Japan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirohisa Mekata
- Organization for Promotion of Tenure Track, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan.,Center for Animal Disease Control, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan
| | - Saori Hamabe
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan
| | - Putu Eka Sudaryatma
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan
| | - Ikuo Kobayashi
- Field Science Center, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 880-0121, Japan
| | - Toru Kanno
- Hokkaido Research Station, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Sapporo, Hokkaido 062-0045, Japan
| | - Tamaki Okabayashi
- Center for Animal Disease Control, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan.,Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan
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Cruvinel LB, Ayres H, Zapa DMB, Nicaretta JE, Couto LFM, Heller LM, Bastos TSA, Cruz BC, Soares VE, Teixeira WF, de Oliveira JS, Fritzen JT, Alfieri AA, Freire RL, Lopes WDZ. Prevalence and risk factors for agents causing diarrhea (Coronavirus, Rotavirus, Cryptosporidium spp., Eimeria spp., and nematodes helminthes) according to age in dairy calves from Brazil. Trop Anim Health Prod 2019; 52:777-791. [PMID: 31591674 PMCID: PMC7089087 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-019-02069-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The present study attempted to verify the prevalence of and risk factors for diarrhea-causing agents in dairy calves from Brazil. Additionally, ages with a higher risk of occurrence for each agent were verified by means of the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. The collections were performed on 39 farms, belonging to 29 municipalities located in eight states of Brazil. It was possible to conclude that the prevalence of Coronavirus, Rotavirus, Cryptosporidium spp., Eimeria spp., and nematodes was 7.20% (95% CI 4.54-9.78), 6.37% (95% CI 3.85-8.89), 51.52% (95% CI 45.26-55.57), 3.46% (95% CI 2.24-4.67), and 3.46% (95% CI 2.24-4.67), respectively. Ages with higher probabilities of occurrence of these diseases in calves were < 10, > 8, > 6, > 37, and > 36 days, respectively. Diarrhea occurred more significantly (P < 0.0001) in animals less than 21 days old and mainly on those receiving milk through automatic feeders (P < 0.001). Cryptosporidium spp. were a risk factor for the occurrence of Rotavirus, and vice versa (P = 0.0039) and presented a positive correlation with Coronavirus (P = 0.0089). Calves that drink water from rivers, streams, and ponds had a higher chance of being infected by Eimeria spp. (P < 0.0001), as well as developing infection by nematodes (P < 0.0001). The results found in this study highlight the importance of studying the agents of diarrhea together, once they act as coinfection where the losses triggered for the owners will involve some of these agents simultaneously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Bueno Cruvinel
- Centro de Parasitologia Veterinária - CPV, Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG), Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | | | - Dina María Beltrán Zapa
- Centro de Parasitologia Veterinária - CPV, Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG), Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - João Eduardo Nicaretta
- Centro de Parasitologia Veterinária - CPV, Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG), Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Luiz Fellipe Monteiro Couto
- Centro de Parasitologia Veterinária - CPV, Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG), Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Luciana Maffini Heller
- Centro de Parasitologia Veterinária - CPV, Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG), Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Thiago Souza Azeredo Bastos
- Centro de Parasitologia Veterinária - CPV, Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG), Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Breno Cayeiro Cruz
- Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, UNESP/CPPAR, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Weslen Fabricio Teixeira
- Centro de Parasitologia Veterinária - CPV, Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG), Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Welber Daniel Zanetti Lopes
- Centro de Parasitologia Veterinária - CPV, Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG), Goiânia, GO, Brazil.
- Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, 74605050, Brazil.
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