Roles of antioxidant enzymes in corpus luteum rescue from reactive oxygen species-induced oxidative stress

Adropin may regulate ovarian functions by improving antioxidant potential in adult mouse

The corpus luteum (CL) is a temporary endocrine gland that synthesizes progesterone. The luteal progesterone plays a central role in the regulation of the estrous cycle as well as the implantation and maintenance of pregnancy. Our previous study showed the expression of adropin and its receptor, GPR19, in the luteal cells and its significant role in luteinization. The aim of the present study was to investigate the in vitro effect of adropin on hCG-induced ovarian functions in adult mice. We also evaluated the effect of exogenous treatment with adropin on ovarian steroidogenesis and anti-oxidant parameters, with special emphasis on CL function. Our results demonstrated that adropin acts synergistically with hCG to promote ovarian steroidogenesis and survival by increasing the expression of StAR, 3β-HSD, and aromatase proteins and decreasing the BAX/BCL2 ratio. Exogenous adropin treatment increased progesterone production by increasing the expression of GPR19, StAR and 3β-HSD enzymes in the mouse ovary. Also, adropin inhibited the luteal oxidative stress by increasing nuclear translocation of NRF-2 in CL, which resulted in increased HO-1 expression and SOD, catalase activity. Decreased oxidative stress might inhibit the translocation of NF-κB into the nucleus of luteal cells, resulting into increased survival and decreased apoptosis, as evident by decreased lipid peroxidation, BAX/BCL2 ratio, caspase 3, active caspase 3 expression, and TUNEL-positive cells in adropin treated mice. Our findings suggest that adropin can be a promising candidate that can enhance the survivability of the CL.

Predictive value of serum MED1 and PGC-1α for bronchopulmonary dysplasia in preterm infants

OBJECTIVE

This study aimed to predict the bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) in preterm infants with a gestational age(GA) < 32 weeks utilizing clinical data, serum mediator complex subunit 1 (MED1), and serum peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator-1alpha (PGC-1α).

METHODS

This prospective observational study enrolled 70 preterm infants with GA < 32 weeks. The infants were categorized into two groups: non-BPD group(N = 35) and BPD group(N = 35), including 25 cases with mild BPD and 10 patients with moderate/severe subgroups. We performed multifactorial regression analysis to investigate the postnatal risk factors for BPD. Furthermore, we compared serum levels of biomarkers, including MED1 and PGC-1α, among infants with and without BPD at postnatal days 1, 7, 14, 28, and PMA 36 weeks. A logistic regression model was constructed to predict BPD's likelihood using clinical risk factors and serum biomarkers.

RESULTS

Serum levels of MED1 on the first postnatal day, PGC-1α on the 1st, 7th, and 28th days, and PMA at 36 weeks were significantly lower in the BPD group than in the non-BPD group (P < 0.05). Furthermore, the predictive model for BPD was created by combing serum levels of MED1 and PGC-1α on postnatal day 1 along with clinical risk factors such as frequent apnea, mechanical ventilation time > 7 d, and time to reach total enteral nutrition. Our predictive model had a high predictive accuracy(C statistics of 0.989) .

CONCLUSION

MED1and PGC-1α could potentially serve as valuable biomarkers, combined with clinical factors, to aid clinicians in the early diagnosis of BPD.

Medicinal chemistry perspective on the structure-activity relationship of stilbene derivatives

Stilbenes are a small family of polyphenolic secondary metabolites produced in a variety of closely related plant species. These compounds function as phytoalexins, aiding plant defense against phytopathogens and plants' adaptation to abiotic environmental factors. Structurally, some important phenolic compounds have a 14-carbon skeleton and usually have two isomeric forms, Z and E. Stilbenes contain two benzene rings linked by a molecule of ethanol or ethylene. Some derivatives of natural (poly)phenolic stilbenes such as resveratrol, pterostilbene, and combretastatin A-4 have shown various biological activities, such as anti-microbial, anti-cancer, and anti-inflammatory properties as well as protection against heart disease, Alzheimer's disease, and diabetes. Among stilbenes, resveratrol is certainly the most popular and extensively studied for its health properties. In recent years, an increasing number of stilbene compounds have been investigated for their bioactivity. This review focuses on the assessment of synthetic stilbene derivatives in terms of their biological activities and structure-activity relationship. The goal of this study is to consider the structural changes and different substitutions on phenyl rings that can improve the desired medicinal effects of stilbene-based compounds beyond the usual standards and subsequently discover biological activities by identifying effective alternatives of the evaluated compounds.

The protective effects of hesperidin as an antioxidant against quinolinic acid-induced toxicity on oligodendroglia cells: An in vitro study

INTRODUCTION

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a complex central nervous system disorder, marked by neurodegenerative and inflammatory processes, where overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is a key factor in demyelination and neurodegeneration. The current study aims to investigate the effect of hesperidin and Quinolinic acid (QA) on ROS and antioxidant levels, and cell viability of OLN-93 cells.

METHODS

OLN-93 cell lines were treated with hesperidin and QA. OLN-93 cells were cultured in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium under controlled conditions. Cell viability assays were performed using resazurin to assess the toxicity of hesperidin and QA. Additionally, ROS levels were measured using DCFDA, and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were determined to evaluate oxidative stress. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and cell viability were assessed by trypan blue staining after exposure to hesperidin and QA.

RESULTS

The results of the current study showed that co-administration of 8 mM QA with 50, 100, and 200 μM hesperidin significantly reduced both ROS and MDA levels, demonstrating a substantial attenuation in comparison to the elevated ROS and MDA levels induced by 8 mM QA (p-value < 0.01). Furthermore, 8 mM QA + 50, 100, and 200 μM hesperidin significantly increased SOD levels compared with QA alone (p-value < 0.01). In addition, treatment of OLN cells with 8 mM QA + 50, 100, and 200 μM hesperidin led to higher cell viability compared to QA alone (p value <0.0001).

CONCLUSION

The current study demonstrated the antioxidant effect of hesperidin on OLN-93 cells suggesting new insights into the clinical application of hesperidin as an effective treatment for patients with MS. Future in vivo studies, focusing on cellular mechanisms are recommended.

Aging Hallmarks and Progression and Age-Related Diseases: A Landscape View of Research Advancement

Aging is a dynamic, time-dependent process that is characterized by a gradual accumulation of cell damage. Continual functional decline in the intrinsic ability of living organisms to accurately regulate homeostasis leads to increased susceptibility and vulnerability to diseases. Many efforts have been put forth to understand and prevent the effects of aging. Thus, the major cellular and molecular hallmarks of aging have been identified, and their relationships to age-related diseases and malfunctions have been explored. Here, we use data from the CAS Content Collection to analyze the publication landscape of recent aging-related research. We review the advances in knowledge and delineate trends in research advancements on aging factors and attributes across time and geography. We also review the current concepts related to the major aging hallmarks on the molecular, cellular, and organismic level, age-associated diseases, with attention to brain aging and brain health, as well as the major biochemical processes associated with aging. Major age-related diseases have been outlined, and their correlations with the major aging features and attributes are explored. We hope this review will be helpful for apprehending the current knowledge in the field of aging mechanisms and progression, in an effort to further solve the remaining challenges and fulfill its potential.

Exploring Metabolic and Gut Microbiome Responses to Paraquat Administration in Male Wistar Rats: Implications for Oxidative Stress

In this study, we examined the metabolic and gut microbiome responses to paraquat (PQ) in male Wistar rats, focusing on oxidative stress effects. Rats received a single intraperitoneal injection of PQ at 15 and 30 mg/kg, and various oxidative stress parameters (i.e., MDA, SOD, ROS, 8-isoprostanes) were assessed after three days. To explore the omic profile, GC-qTOF and UHPLC-qTOF were performed to assess the plasma metabolome; 1H-NMR was used to assess the urine metabolome; and shotgun metagenomics sequencing was performed to study the gut microbiome. Our results revealed reductions in body weight and tissue changes, particularly in the liver, were observed, suggesting a systemic effect of PQ. Elevated lipid peroxidation and reactive oxygen species levels in the liver and plasma indicated the induction of oxidative stress. Metabolic profiling revealed changes in the tricarboxylic acid cycle, accumulation of ketone body, and altered levels of key metabolites, such as 3-hydroxybutyric acid and serine, suggesting intricate links between energy metabolism and redox reactions. Plasma metabolomic analysis revealed alterations in mitochondrial metabolism, nicotinamide metabolism, and tryptophan degradation. The gut microbiome showed shifts, with higher PQ doses influencing microbial populations (e.g., Escherichia coli and Akkermansia muciniphila) and metagenomic functions (pyruvate metabolism, fermentation, nucleotide and amino acid biosynthesis). Overall, this study provides comprehensive insights into the complex interplay between PQ exposure, metabolic responses, and gut microbiome dynamics. These findings enhance our understanding of the mechanisms behind oxidative stress-induced metabolic alterations and underscore the connections between xenobiotic exposure, gut microbiota, and host metabolism.

Multitargeted inhibition of key enzymes associated with diabetes and Alzheimer's disease by 1,3,4-oxadiazole derivatives: Synthesis, in vitro screening, and computational studies

A library of 22 derivatives of 1,3,4-oxadiazole-2-thiol was synthesized, structurally characterized, and assessed for its potential to inhibit α-amylase, α-glucosidase, acetylcholinesterase (AChE), butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), and antioxidant activities. Most of the tested compounds demonstrated good to moderate inhibition potential; however, their activity was lower than that of the standard acarbose. Significantly, compound 3f exhibited the highest inhibition potential against α-glucosidase and α-amylase enzymes, with IC50 values of 18.52 ± 0.09 and 20.25 ± 1.05 µM, respectively, in comparison to the standard acarbose (12.29 ± 0.26; 15.98 ± 0.14 µM). Compounds also demonstrated varying degrees of inhibitory potential against AChE (IC50  = 9.25 ± 0.19 to 36.15 ± 0.12 µM) and BChE (IC50  = 10.06 ± 0.43 to 35.13 ± 0.12 µM) enzymes compared to the standard donepezil (IC50  = 2.01 ± 0.12; 3.12 ± 0.06 µM), as well as DPPH (IC50  = 20.98 ± 0.06 to 52.83 ± 0.12 µM) and ABTS radical scavenging activities (IC50  = 22.29 ± 0.18 to 47.98 ± 0.03 µM) in comparison to the standard ascorbic acid (IC50  = 18.12 ± 0.15; 19.19 ± 0.72). The kinetic investigations have demonstrated that the compounds exhibit competitive-type inhibition for α-amylase, noncompetitive-type inhibition for α-glucosidase and AChE, and mixed-type inhibition for BChE. Additionally, a molecular docking study was performed on all synthetic oxadiazoles to explore the interaction details of these compounds with the active sites of the enzymes.

MtDNA Copy Number in Oral Epithelial Cells Serves as a Potential Biomarker of Mitochondrial Damage by Neonicotinoid Exposure: A Cross-Sectional Study

As the mitochondrial DNA copy number (mtDNAcn) has been reported to be a biomarker for mtDNA damage in honeybees when exposed to sublethal neonicotinoids, the feasibility of using human mitochondria as a predictor upon neonicotinoid exposure remains elusive. This study investigated the association between the urinary neonicotinoid and the relative mtDNAcn (RmtDNAcn) of oral epithelial cells collected in a cross-sectional study with repeated measurements over 6 weeks. The molecular mechanism underlying neonicotinoid-caused mitochondrial damage was also examined by in vitro assay. Herein, the average integrated urinary neonicotinoid (IMIRPF) concentration ranged from 8.01 to 13.70 μg/L (specific gravity-adjusted) during the sampling period. Concomitantly, with an increase in the urinary IMIRPF, the RmtDNAcn significantly increased from 1.20 (low group) to 1.93 (high group), indicating potential dose-dependent mitochondrial damage. Furthermore, the linear regression analysis confirmed the significant correlation between the IMIRPF and RmtDNAcn. Results from in vitro assays demonstrated that neonicotinoid exposure led to the inhibition of the genes encoding mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) complexes I and III (e.g., ND2, ND6, CytB, and CYC1), accompanied by increased reactive oxygen species production in SH-SY5Y cells. Conjointly, neonicotinoid exposure led to mitochondrial dysfunction and a resulting increase in the RmtDNAcn, which may serve as a plausible biomarker in humans.

Expression of genes for transport of water and angiogenesis, as well as biochemical biomarkers in Holstein dairy cows during the ovsynch program

Changes in expression of genes associated with angiogenesis and transport of water by cells, as well as biomarkers of oxidative stress were determined at specific times during the ovsynch protocol to synchronize estrus and breed Holstein dairy cows. Blood samples were taken from 82 lactating Holstein cows at the time of the 1st GnRH injection (G1), 7 days later at the time of the PGF2a (PG) injection, and 48 h after the PGF2a treatment when the second injection of GnRH was administered (G2). The serum was analyzed for malondialdehyde (MDA), reduced glutathione (GSH), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), nitric oxide (NO), catalase (CAT), and total antioxidant capacity (TAC). The expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2), endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS3), aquaporin 3 (AQP3), and AQP4 mRNAs in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) was analyzed. The number of copies of each of the mRNAs was quantified using qPCR. Pregnancy status was determining at 32 ± 3 days after insemination using an ultrasound "Sonoscape-5V″ model. Receiver operating curves (ROC) were used to assess the sensitivity and specificity of the biochemical parameters in serum to predict establishment of p The expression of MDA, GPX, and Catalase changed (P < 0·05) between G1, PG and G2 phases of the ovsynch protocol with higher levels at PG than at G1 and G2. The highest levels of NO were detected at G2. The ROC analyses identified NO, TAC and CAT as the most sensitive and specific biomarker for pregnancy with areas under the curve being 0.875 (P < 0.0001), 0.843 (P < 0.03), 0.833 (P < 0.017), sensitivity being 75.3, 42.86, and 26.27%, and specificity being 90, 90 and 85% respectively. The expression for VEGF, VEGFR2, eNOS3, AQP3, and AQP4 mRNAs was upregulated at PG compared to G1 and G2 phases of the ovsynch protocol. The results suggest that following the first injection of GnRH, there is an increase in expression of VEGF, VEGFR2, eNOS3, AQP3, and AQP4 mRNAs by the time of the PGF2a injection and then expression decreased. Further, ROC analyses identified increases in NO, TAC and CAT as the most sensitive and specific biomarkers with the greatest potential to predict establishment of pregnancy in Holstein cows.

Oxidative activity of corpus luteum and ovarian parenchyma in Bos taurus indicus heifers

The aim of this study was to evaluate the oxidative stress in ovaries and corpus luteum (CL) of Bos taurus indicus females and the oxidant effect of CL in ovarian tissues in regions near, intermediate, or distant from it. Ovaries (n=12) of Nelore heifers (n=6) were collected from a slaughterhouse and fragmented. Experiment 1, each ovary was obtained from three fragments, resulting in 18 fragments of ovaries with CL (OV+CL) and another 18 fragments of ovaries without CL (OV-CL). Three fragments were generated from CL, totaling 18 CL fragments. In experiment 2, the ovarian fragments were removed from specific regions near, intermediate, or distant from the CL. All the fragments were placed in Eppendorf-type microtubes (1 mL), kept in a thermal container at 4 ºC, and then stored in a -80 ºC freezer for analysis of oxidative stress (TBARS and NBT) and antioxidant potential (FRAP and ABTS). In the antioxidant activity analysis, luteal tissues showed more antioxidant activity than ovarian tissue (FRAP = P < 0.0001; ABTS = P < 0.02). In the oxidative stress analysis, CL had lower levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS; TBARS = P < 0.03; NBT = P < 0.0001) than ovarian tissues. There was no difference in antioxidant activity and oxidative stress between the fragments obtained from different regions (OV+CL versus OV-CL; P > 0.05). The presence of CL in the ovaries of Bos taurus indicus females did not influence the oxidative stress or antioxidant potential of the gonad. Thus, the removal of ovarian fragments with or without the presence of CL indicates that biotechnologies such as in vitro follicle cultivation is possible.

Platinum and palladium nanoparticles on boron-doped diamond for the electrochemical detection of hydrogen peroxide: a comparison study

Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) plays a role in many facets - a household item, an important industrial chemical, a biomarker in vivo, and several others. For this reason, its measurement and quantification in a variety of media are important. While spectroscopic detection is primarily used for H2O2, electrochemical methods offer advantages in versatility, cost, and sensitivity. In this work, we investigate a 2-step surface metal nanoparticle (NP) modification for platinum (Pt) and palladium (Pd) on boron-doped diamond (BDD) electrodes for the detection of H2O2. Several parameters such as the metal salt concentration and electrodeposition charge in the 2-step modification were varied to find an optimum. Using cyclic voltammetry (CV), the BDD-PdNP electrode types were found to yield a sharper, more well-resolved H2O2 oxidation peak compared to the BDD-PtNP electrodes. Both metal NP electrode types significantly improved the response compared to the bare BDD electrode; a 150-200× improvement in sensitivity was observed across all modified electrode types. Calibration experiments were completed at both low and high concentration ranges in stagnant and flow-based solutions. The lowest limit of detection (LOD) obtained was 50 nM (5E-08 M) on a BDD-PdNP electrode modified with 1.0 mM PdCl2 to 5.0 mC in the wet chemical seeding and electrodeposition steps. 0.25 mM PdCl2 to 3.23 mC and 0.25 mM HPtCl6- to 3.23 mC also yielded a sufficient response for low-level H2O2, with LODs around 100 nM (1E-07 M). Overall, this work exemplifies the wide applicability of BDD and achieves sub-μM H2O2 LODs with a non-enzymatic electrode material.

The Effect of By-Pass Linseed Oil Supplementation on the Maternal Antioxidant System during the Embryo-Maternal Recognition Period in Ewes

This study analyzed the effects of dietary supplementation with by-pass linseed oil (LO; rich in α-linolenic acid) on maternal antioxidant systems at Days 14 and 16 of pregnancy in Sarda ewes. This trial used sixteen dry ewes. Eight ewes (CT group) were fed with a control diet without LO, and eight ewes (LO group) were fed with a diet supplemented with LO (10.8 g of α-linolenic acid/ewe/day). Both diets had similar crude protein and energy levels. The experiment included 10 days of an adaptation period and 31 days of a supplementation period. This supplementation period was divided into Period -2 (from Day -15 to -8), Period -1 (from Day -7 to -1; before synchronized mating period/Day 0), Period +1 (from Day +1 to + 7 after mating), and Period +2 (from Day +8 to +15 after mating). Estrous synchronization was induced in all the ewes using an intravaginal sponge (45 mg fluorgestone acetate) for 14 days and equine chorionic gonadotropin (350 UI/ewe) at the end of the treatment. On Days 14 (CT, N = 4; LO, N = 4) and 16 (CT, N = 4; LO, N = 4) after mating, the ewes were slaughtered. Samples of plasma, uterine, and luteal tissues were collected. Thiols, total antioxidant activity (TEAC), superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, and malondialdehyde (MDA) content were measured. On Day 16, thiol and TEAC in luteal tissues were higher in the LO group when compared with the control one (p < 0.05). Moreover, TEAC was higher for the LO group in uterine tissues on Days 14 and 16 (p < 0.05). SOD activity was higher in the LO group in luteal and uterine tissues on Day 14 and Day 16, respectively (p < 0.001). On Day 16, uterine MDA content was lower for the LO group (p < 0.001). No differences were found between groups at the plasmatic level. However, the by-pass LO supplementation enhanced the analyzed antioxidant parameters in luteal and uterine tissues. In conclusion, these results demonstrate that by-pass LO supplementation exerted a positive effect on antioxidative defenses on maternal structures during the embryo-maternal recognition period in ewes. Thus, this could contribute to improving the maternal environment during the embryo-maternal recognition period in mammals.

Female Reproductive Aging and Oxidative Stress: Mesenchymal Stem Cell Conditioned Medium as a Promising Antioxidant

The recent tendency to delay pregnancy has increased the incidence of age-related infertility, as female reproductive competence decreases with aging. Along with aging, a lowered capacity of antioxidant defense causes a loss of normal function in the ovaries and uterus due to oxidative damage. Therefore, advancements have been made in assisted reproduction to resolve infertility caused by reproductive aging and oxidative stress, following an emphasis on their use. The application of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) with intensive antioxidative properties has been extensively validated as a regenerative therapy, and proceeding from original cell therapy, the therapeutic effects of stem cell conditioned medium (CM) containing paracrine factors secreted during cell culture have been reported to be as effective as that of direct treatment of source cells. In this review, we summarized the current understanding of female reproductive aging and oxidative stress and present MSC-CM, which could be developed as a promising antioxidant intervention for assisted reproductive technology.

PPARβ/δ Ligands Regulate Oxidative Status and Inflammatory Response in Inflamed Corpus Luteum-An In Vitro Study

Inflammation in the female reproductive system causes serious health problems including infertility. The aim of this study was to determine the in vitro effects of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-beta/delta (PPARβ/δ) ligands on the transcriptomic profile of the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated pig corpus luteum (CL) in the mid-luteal phase of the estrous cycle using RNA-seq technology. The CL slices were incubated in the presence of LPS or in combination with LPS and the PPARβ/δ agonist-GW0724 (1 μmol/L or 10 μmol/L) or the antagonist-GSK3787 (25 μmol/L). We identified 117 differentially expressed genes after treatment with LPS; 102 and 97 differentially expressed genes after treatment, respectively, with the PPARβ/δ agonist at a concentration of 1 μmol/L or 10 μmol/L, as well as 88 after the treatment with the PPARβ/δ antagonist. In addition, biochemical analyses of oxidative status were performed (total antioxidant capacity and activity of peroxidase, catalase, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione S-transferase). This study revealed that PPARβ/δ agonists regulate genes involved in the inflammatory response in a dose-dependent manner. The results indicate that the lower dose of GW0724 showed an anti-inflammatory character, while the higher dose seems to be pro-inflammatory. We propose that GW0724 should be considered for further research to alleviate chronic inflammation (at the lower dose) or to support the natural immune response against pathogens (at the higher dose) in the inflamed corpus luteum.

Biomarkers of oxidative stress and reproductive complications

Oxidative stress is the result of an imbalance between the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the levels of enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants. The assessment of biological redox status is performed by the use of oxidative stress biomarkers. An oxidative stress biomarker is defined as any physical structure or process or chemical compound that can be assessed in a living being (in vivo) or in solid or fluid parts thereof (in vitro), the determination of which is a reproducible and reliable indicator of oxidative stress. The use of oxidative stress biomarkers allows early identification of the risk of developing diseases associated with this process and also opens up possibilities for new treatments. At the end of the last century, interest in oxidative stress biomarkers began to grow, due to evidence of the association between the generation of free radicals and various pathologies. Up to now, a significant number of studies have been carried out to identify and apply different oxidative stress biomarkers in clinical practice. Among the most important oxidative stress biomarkers, it can be mentioned the products of oxidative modifications of lipids, proteins, nucleic acids, and uric acid as well as the measurement of the total antioxidant capacity of fluids in the human body. In this review, we aim to present recent advances and current knowledge on the main biomarkers of oxidative stress, including the discovery of new biomarkers, with emphasis on the various reproductive complications associated with variations in oxidative stress levels.

ROS-CCL5 axis recruits CD8+ T lymphocytes promoting the apoptosis of granulosa cells in diminished ovary reserve

Follicular atresia was initiated with the apoptosis of granulosa cells (GCs) mostly mediated by oxidative stress (OS). Our previous studies found that the number of CD8⁺ T cells and proportion of CD8⁺/CD4⁺ T cells increased in the follicles of diminished ovary reserve (DOR). However, the mechanism was still poorly explored. Herein, our results showed that the level of H₂O₂ in follicular fluid (FF) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) in GCs were increased, while the expression of SOD1, SOD2 and GPX1 was down-regulated in GCs with DOR. In addition, we found that OS within a certain range promoted the expression of CCL5 in GCs, which facilitated the infiltration of CD8⁺ T cells to the follicles. In vitro co-culture experiment showed that CD8⁺ T cells inhibited GCs proliferation and promoted their apoptosis through intrinsic apoptosis pathway. Maraviroc, the CCR5 antagonist, alleviated CCL5-induced immune attack of CD8⁺ T cells. Our results indicated that ROS-CCL5 axis recruited CD8⁺ T cells into FF resulting in the apoptosis of GCs in DOR. This has further implications for the understanding of the pathology of DOR and searching for the therapeutic management of this disease.

Silencing P38 MAPK reduces cellular senescence in human fetal chorion trophoblast cells

PROBLEM

Amniochorion senescence generates mechanistic signals to initiate parturition. Activation of p38 mitogen-activated kinase (MAPK) in fetal amnion cells is a key mediator of senescence as well as epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of amnion cells. However, the impact of p38 MAPK in chorion trophoblast cells (CTCs) is unclear. We tested if eliminating p38 will reduce oxidative stress (OS) induced cell fates like cellular senescence, EMT, and inflammation induced by these processes in CTCs.

METHODS

p38MAPK in CTCs was silenced using CRISPR/Cas9. OS was evoked by cigarette smoke extract (CSE) exposure. EMT was evoked by transforming growth factor (TGF)-ß treatment. Cell cycle, senescence, EMT, and inflammation were analyzed.

RESULTS

CSE-induced changes in the cell cycle were not seen in p38KO CTCs compared to WT cells. OS induced by CSE evoked senescence and senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP as indicated by IL-6 and IL-8 increase) in WT but not in p38MAPK KO CTCs. No changes were noted in HLA-G expression regardless of the status of p38MAPK. Neither CSE nor TGF-ß evoked EMT in either WT or p38 KO CTCs.

CONCLUSION

Senescence and senescence-associated inflammation in human fetal CTCs are mediated by p38MAPK. Compared to amnion epithelial cells, CTCs are resistant to EMT. This refractoriness may help them to maintain the barrier functions at the choriodecidual interface.

Tannin in Ruminant Nutrition: Review

Tannins are polyphenols characterized by different molecular weights that plants are able to synthetize during their secondary metabolism. Macromolecules (proteins, structural carbohydrates and starch) can link tannins and their digestion can decrease. Tannins can be classified into two groups: hydrolysable tannins and condensed tannins. Tannins are polyphenols, which can directly or indirectly affect intake and digestion. Their ability to bind molecules and form complexes depends on the structure of polyphenols and on the macromolecule involved. Tannins have long been known to be an "anti-nutritional agent" in monogastric and poultry animals. Using good tannins' proper application protocols helped the researchers observe positive effects on the intestinal microbial ecosystem, gut health, and animal production. Plant tannins are used as an alternative to in-feed antibiotics, and many factors have been described by researchers which contribute to the variability in their efficiencies. The objective of this study was to review the literature about tannins, their effects and use in ruminant nutrition.

Redox balance and autophagy regulation in cancer progression and their therapeutic perspective

Cellular ROS production participates in various cellular functions but its accumulation decides the cell fate. Malignant cells have higher levels of ROS and active antioxidant machinery, a characteristic hallmark of cancer with an outcome of activation of stress-induced pathways like autophagy. Autophagy is an intracellular catabolic process that produces alternative raw materials to meet the energy demand of cells and is influenced by the cellular redox state thus playing a definite role in cancer cell fate. Since damaged mitochondria are the main source of ROS in the cell, however, cancer cells remove them by upregulating the process of mitophagy which is known to play a decisive role in tumorigenesis and tumor progression. Chemotherapy exploits cell machinery which results in the accumulation of toxic levels of ROS in cells resulting in cell death by activating either of the pathways like apoptosis, necrosis, ferroptosis or autophagy in them. So understanding these redox and autophagy regulations offers a promising method to design and develop new cancer therapies that can be very effective and durable for years. This review will give a summary of the current therapeutic molecules targeting redox regulation and autophagy for the treatment of cancer. Further, it will highlight various challenges in developing anticancer agents due to autophagy and ROS regulation in the cell and insights into the development of future therapies.

Leonurine Reduces Oxidative Stress and Provides Neuroprotection against Ischemic Injury via Modulating Oxidative and NO/NOS Pathway

Leonurine (Leo) has been found to have neuroprotective effects against cerebral ischemic injury. However, the exact molecular mechanism underlying its neuroprotective ability remains unclear. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether Leo could provide protection through the nitric oxide (NO)/nitric oxide synthase (NOS) pathway. We firstly explored the effects of NO/NOS signaling on oxidative stress and apoptosis in in vivo and in vitro models of cerebral ischemia. Further, we evaluated the protective effects of Leo against oxygen and glucose deprivation (OGD)-induced oxidative stress and apoptosis in PC12 cells. We found that the rats showed anxiety-like behavior, and the morphology and number of neurons were changed in a model of photochemically induced cerebral ischemia. Both in vivo and in vitro results show that the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione (GSH) contents were decreased after ischemia, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were increased, indicating that cerebral ischemia induced oxidative stress and neuronal damage. Moreover, the contents of NO, total NOS, constitutive NOS (cNOS) and inducible NOS (iNOS) were increased after ischemia in rat and PC12 cells. Treatment with L-nitroarginine methyl ester (L-NAME), a nonselective NOS inhibitor, could reverse the change in NO/NOS expression and abolish these detrimental effects of ischemia. Leo treatment decreased ROS and MDA levels and increased the activity of SOD and GSH contents in PC12 cells exposed to OGD. Furthermore, Leo reduced NO/NOS production and cell apoptosis, decreased Bax expression and increased Bcl-2 levels in OGD-treated PC12 cells. All the data suggest that Leo protected against oxidative stress and neuronal apoptosis in cerebral ischemia by inhibiting the NO/NOS system. Our findings indicate that Leo could be a potential agent for the intervention of ischemic stroke and highlighted the NO/NOS-mediated oxidative stress signaling.

Neuroprotective Effects and Therapeutic Potential of the Citrus Flavonoid Hesperetin in Neurodegenerative Diseases

Neurodegenerative disorders affect more than fifty million Americans each year and represent serious health threats as the population ages. Neuroinflammation and oxidative stress are critical in the onset, progression, and pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s (AD), Parkinson’s (PD), and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). A wide range of natural compounds has been investigated because of their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective properties. The citrus flavonoid hesperetin (HPT), an aglycone of hesperidin found in oranges, mandarins, and lemons, has been extensively reported to exert neuroprotective effects in experimental models of neurogenerative diseases. This review has compiled multiple studies on HPT in both in vivo and in vitro models to study neurodegeneration. We focused on the modulatory effects of hesperetin on the release of cellular anti-inflammatory and antioxidative stress mediators. Additionally, this review discusses the hesperetin effect in maintaining the levels of microRNA (miRNA) and modulating autophagy as it relates to hesperetin’s protective mechanisms against neurodegeneration. Moreover, this review is focused on providing experimental data for hesperetin’s potential as a neuroprotective compound and discusses reported evidence that HPT crosses the blood–brain barrier. In summary, this review shows the evidence available in the literature to indicate the efficacy of hesperetin in delaying the onset of neurodegenerative diseases.

The Role of ROS as a Double-Edged Sword in (In)Fertility: The Impact of Cancer Treatment

Simple Summary

Tumor cells are highly resistant to oxidative stress, but beyond a certain threshold, it may lead to apoptosis/necrosis. Thus, induced loss of redox balance can be a strategy used in anticancer therapies. However, the effectiveness of drugs contrasts with unknown mechanisms involved in the loss of fertility. Considering that cancer patients’ life expectancy is increasing, it raises concerns about the unknown adverse effects. Therefore, new strategies should be pursued alongside explaining to the patients their options regarding the reproduction side effects.

Abstract

Tumor cells are highly resistant to oxidative stress resulting from the imbalance between high reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and insufficient antioxidant defenses. However, when intracellular levels of ROS rise beyond a certain threshold, largely above cancer cells’ capacity to reduce it, they may ultimately lead to apoptosis or necrosis. This is, in fact, one of the molecular mechanisms of anticancer drugs, as most chemotherapeutic treatments alter redox homeostasis by further elevation of intracellular ROS levels or inhibition of antioxidant pathways. In traditional chemotherapy, it is widely accepted that most therapeutic effects are due to ROS-mediated cell damage, but in targeted therapies, ROS-mediated effects are mostly unknown and data are still emerging. The increasing effectiveness of anticancer treatments has raised new challenges, especially in the field of reproduction. With cancer patients’ life expectancy increasing, many aiming to become parents will be confronted with the adverse effects of treatments. Consequently, concerns about the impact of anticancer therapies on reproductive capacity are of particular interest. In this review, we begin with a short introduction on anticancer therapies, then address ROS physiological/pathophysiological roles in both male and female reproductive systems, and finish with ROS-mediated adverse effects of anticancer treatments in reproduction.

Experimental hyperthermia: expression of proteins involved in the regulation of ovarian corpus luteum apoptosis in the acute and recovery periods

Background.Heat shock effects can initiate apoptosis of oocytes and corpus luteum cells in mammalian ovaries. During folliculogenesis, follicular apoptosis is regulated by Bcl-2 and BAX proteins which are key effectors of granular cell death. Mechanisms of disruption of the ovarian corpus luteum development under heat stress remain largely unclear.

Aim of the research: to identify the expression features of anti-apoptotic Bad and proapoptotic Bcl-2 proteins in the rat ovarian luteocytes in the acute (by day 3) and recovery (by days 7 and 14) periods after a single exposure of experimental hyperthermia (EH) (rectal temperature 43.5 °C).

Materials and methods. The expression of Bad and Bcl-2 was determined immunohistochemically using an indirect two-stage streptavidin-biotin method.

Results. On day 3 after EH, the expression areas of both Bad and Bcl-2 increased 2-fold, but the ratio of Bcl-2/Bad areas did not change, indicating that the intensity of apoptosis along the mitochondrial pathway in luteocytes in the acute period was  maintained within physiological values. On day  7, the Bad and Bcl-2 expression areas remained at the level of day 3, but the Bcl-2/Bad index decreased, indicating the activation of the apoptosis internal pathway in the ovarian corpus luteum cells. By day 14, the protein expression areas decreased (Bad – by 1.7 times, Bcl-2 – by 3.2 times) compared to the acute period, and the Bcl-2/Bad index decreased by 2 times compared to the control and the acute period group.

Conclusion. The observed predominance of proapoptotic Bad protein over antiapoptotic Bcl-2 in luteocytes on day 14 after EH indicates the anti-apoptotic protection violation, which leads to the apoptosis mitochondrial pathway activation of  the latter. A decrease in Bcl-2 expression can be regarded as a manifestation of the defective luteocytes removal mechanism and the body’s desire to normalize the ovarian-uterine cycle disrupted by high temperature exposure. 

Interplay between nitric oxide and gonadotrophin-releasing hormone in the neuromodulation of the corpus luteum during late pregnancy in the rat

BACKGROUND

Nitric oxide and GnRH are biological factors that participate in the regulation of reproductive functions. To our knowledge, there are no studies that link NO and GnRH in the sympathetic ganglia. Thus, the aim of the present work was to investigate the influence of NO on GnRH release from the coeliac ganglion and its effect on luteal regression at the end of pregnancy in the rat.

METHODS

The ex vivo system composed by the coeliac ganglion, the superior ovarian nerve, and the ovary of rats on day 21 of pregnancy was incubated for 180 min with the addition, into the ganglionic compartment, of L-NG-nitro arginine methyl ester (L-NAME), a non-selective NO synthase inhibitor. The control group consisted in untreated organ systems.

RESULTS

The addition of L-NAME in the coeliac ganglion compartment decreased NO as well as GnRH release from the coeliac ganglion. In the ovarian compartment, and with respect to the control group, we observed a reduced release of GnRH, NO, and noradrenaline, but an increased production of progesterone, estradiol, and expression of their limiting biosynthetic enzymes, 3β-HSD and P450 aromatase, respectively. The inhibition of NO production by L-NAME in the coeliac ganglion compartment also reduced luteal apoptosis, lipid peroxidation, and nitrotyrosine, whereas it increased the total antioxidant capacity within the corpora lutea.

CONCLUSION

Collectively, the results indicate that NO production by the coeliac ganglion modulates the physiology of the ovary and luteal regression during late pregnancy in rats.

Sida acuta leaf extract attenuates oxidants-induced animal model of nephrotoxicity and hepatotoxicity

Background

Curative potential of Sida acuta Burm. f. (Malvaceae) leaves on hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity induced by carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) and rifampicin was studied. This was aimed at providing a potent therapeutic alternative to conventional drugs in the management of liver and kidney diseases.

Methodology

Carbon tetrachloride (3 ml/kg bw) and rifampicn (250 mg/kg bw) were administered to induce liver and kidney damage in selected groups of albino rats. Graded doses of Sida acuta leaves extract as well as silymarin (200 mg/kg bw) were then post-administered to experimental animals placed into eight groups of five animals each. Biomarkers of oxidative stress such as lipid profile, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), urea, uric acid, bilirubin and malonidialdehyde (MDA) were determined. Histopathological observations of both renal and hepatic tissues of experimental animals were also performed.

Results

Animals exposed to CCl4 and rifampicin without treatment exhibited significant derangement in lipid profile, elevated levels of ALT, ALT, ALP, urea, uric acid, bilirubin and MDA in the serum and tissues homogenates. Superoxide dismutase and catalase activities were significantly inhibited while level of GSH was depleted. Following treatment with S. acuta extract, all deranged parameters including histological alterations were restored in a dose-dependent manner comparable to animals treated with silymarin.

Conclusion

Biochemical and histopathological data obtained from the present study confirmed that Sida acuta is a potential antioxidant plant that can be exploited in the management of liver and kidney dysfunctions.

Early life environmental factors associated with autism spectrum disorder symptoms in children at age 2 years: A birth cohort study

LAY ABSTRACT

Mounting evidence indicates the contribution of early life environmental factors in autism spectrum disorder. We aim to report the prospective associations between early life environmental factors and autism spectrum disorder symptoms in children at the age of 2 years in a population-derived birth cohort, the Barwon Infant Study. Autism spectrum disorder symptoms at the age of 2 years strongly predicted autism spectrum disorder diagnosis by the age of 4 years (area under curve = 0.93; 95% CI (0.82, 1.00)). After adjusting for child's sex and age at the time of behavioural assessment, markers of socioeconomic disadvantage, such as lower household income and lone parental status; maternal health factors, including younger maternal age, maternal pre-pregnancy body mass index, higher gestational weight gain and prenatal maternal stress; maternal lifestyle factors, such as prenatal alcohol and environmental air pollutant exposures, including particulate matter < 2.5 μm at birth, child secondhand tobacco smoke at 12 months, dampness/mould and home heating with oil, kerosene or diesel heaters at 2 years postnatal. Lower socioeconomic indexes for area, later birth order, higher maternal prenatal depression and maternal smoking frequency had a dose-response relationship with autism spectrum disorder symptoms. Future studies on environmental factors and autism spectrum disorder should consider the reasons for the socioeconomic disparity and the combined impact of multiple environmental factors through common mechanistic pathways.

Antioxidant Activity and the Potential Mechanism of the Fruit From Ailanthus altissima Swingle

The fruits of Ailanthus altissima Swingle (AS) possess a variety of pharmacological activities. Its antioxidant activity and the potential mode of action have not yet been investigated. In in vitro studies, AS revealed the strong reducing power and DPPH scavenging effect, but hydroxyl radical scavenging activity and ferrous ions-chelating ability were not strong. Meanwhile, the oxidative stress RAW264.7 cell injury model was established, the low and medium-doses of AS showed significant protective effects on the viability of H₂O₂-treated cells by CCK-8 method. Besides, three doses of AS all increased the activities of SOD, CAT, and GSH-Px and decreased the MDA level compared with the H₂O₂ group, suggesting it significantly relieved oxidative stress of cells. The active ingredients and related targets of AS were collected by HERB and Swiss Target Prediction database, the common targets of drugs and diseases database were conducted by GeneCards database platform and the Venny platform. We screened the core targets of AS like threonine kinase1 (AKT1), mitogen-activated protein kinase 1 (MAPK1), sirtuin-1 (SIRT1), mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase (MTOR) by STRING database, and the key pathways involved PI3K-AKT and FoxO signaling pathway by KEGG pathway enrichment analysis. Besides, qRT-PCR revealed AS preconditioning significantly up-regulated the expression level of AKT1, SIRT1, MAPK1, and MTOR in model cells, and the effect was related to the regulation of FoxO and PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. In summary, AS showed significant antioxidant activity and its potential mechanism was regulating FoxO and PI3K/AKT signaling pathway.

Towards Personalized Antioxidant Use in Female Infertility: Need for More Molecular and Clinical Studies

Treatment with antioxidants is increasingly used to slow down aging processes in different organs of the human body, including those implicated in female fertility. There is a plethora of different natural, synthetic or semi-synthetic medicines available on the market; most of them can be purchased without medical prescription. Even though the use of antioxidants, even under conditions of auto-medication, was shown to improve many functions related to female infertility related to oxidative stress, the lack of medical control and supervision can lead to an overmedication resulting in an opposite extreme, reductive stress, which can be counterproductive with regard to reproductive function and produce various adverse health effects in general. This paper reviews the current knowledge relative to the effects of different antioxidants on female reproductive function. The persisting gaps in this knowledge are also highlighted, and the need for medical supervision and personalization of antioxidant prescription is underscored.

Antioxidative and Oxidative Profiles in Plasma and Saliva in Dairy Cows during Pregnancy

Increased metabolism that occurs during pregnancy can result in oxidative stress which is harmful to cells and, consequently, for the proper functioning of the whole organism. Plasma and recently also saliva are important resources for evaluating physiological and pathological conditions in animals. The study aimed to investigate the influence of the metabolic state on the effectiveness of the antioxidant profile of plasma and saliva during the pregnancy of cows. Seventy-six healthy pregnant and twelve non-pregnant control cows were included in the study. Blood and saliva samples were collected each month of the pregnancy course. Examined body fluids were used to evaluate both the total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and the oxidative parameters related to protein and lipid peroxidative processes. TAC, the content of hydroperoxides, and SH groups were determined spectrophotometrically while formylokinurenine and bityrosine contents were measured spectrofluorimetrically. The results showed dynamic changes depending on the period of pregnancy course. The highest antioxidant activity in plasma was mostly noted in early pregnancy and advanced pregnant cows. All tested parameters except SH groups expressed higher values in saliva compared to plasma. Obtained results reveal that the increase in oxidative intensity induced appropriate answers of cells reflected in the increase in antioxidative activity of the organism. Moreover, some examined parameters can indicate the intensity of oxidative stress and therefore could be used in a panel of markers of the physiological course of pregnancy. However, with regards to antioxidant/oxidative parameters, saliva reflects the content of plasma only in part, due to the local metabolism of the salivary gland. Further studies are necessary to establish physiological ranges of antioxidative/oxidative profiles in cows and to define the usefulness of saliva as biological material in oxidative stress diagnostics.

Loss of luteal sensitivity to luteinizing hormone underlies luteolysis in cattle: A hypothesis

By virtue of the secretion of progesterone (P4), corpus luteum (CL) is important not only for normal cyclicity but also for conception and continuation of pregnancy in female mammals. Luteolysis (also called luteal regression) is defined as loss of the capacity to synthesize and secrete P4 followed by the demise of the CL. There is strong evidence that sequential pulses of prostaglandin F2α (PGF) secreted from the uterus near the end of luteal phase induces luteolysis in farm animals. Loss of luteal sensitivity to luteinizing hormone (LH) at the end of menstrual cycle has been reported to be critical for initiation of luteolysis in primates, however this has not been investigated in farm animals. A closer observation of the published real-time profiles of circulating hormones (P4, LH, and PGF) and their inter-relationships around the time of the beginning of spontaneous luteolysis in cattle revealed- 1) A natural pulse of PGF causes a transient P4 suppression lasting a couple of hours followed by a rebound in P4 concentration, 2) The P4 secretions that occur in response to LH pulses before the beginning of luteolysis (i.e., preluteolysis) either fail or do so to a lesser extent during luteolysis indicating a loss of sensitivity to LH, and 3) The loss of sensitivity coincides with the beginning of luteolysis (i.e., transition), and apparently luteolysis does not initiate until there is loss of sensitivity to LH. The CL is sensitive to LH during preluteolysis, and the LH-stimulated P4-dependent and/or independent local survival mechanisms maintain the steroidogenic capability and viability of the CL until the very end of preluteolysis. Luteolysis does not appear to initiate with the PGF pulse(s) that occur during this period. With the loss of sensitivity to LH at the transition, however, a progressive decline in P4 begins initiating luteolysis. Also, the survival mechanisms become compromised making the CL less viable. The uterine PGF pulses that occur after the beginning of luteolysis induces increase in the local luteolytic factors, which contribute to further luteolysis, more importantly, structural luteolysis with ultimate demise of the CL. Therefore, I hypothesize that the loss of luteal sensitivity to LH underlies luteolysis in cattle. The hypothesis not only unifies the basic mechanism of luteolysis in a farm animal and primates but also provides a perspective to view luteolysis as a process rather than a factor-mediated event. A novel unified working model for luteolysis in a farm animal and primates is described. A better understanding of the luteal physiology including how responsiveness to LH diminishes in aging CL would help in the development of novel strategies in modulating CL structure-function to improve and/or control fertility in humans as well as in animals.

Changes in Porcine Corpus Luteum Proteome Associated with Development, Maintenance, Regression, and Rescue during Estrous Cycle and Early Pregnancy

Corpus luteum (CL), a transitory gland, undergoes rapid growth in a limited time to produce progesterone (P4) followed by its regression. A complex molecular signaling is involved in controlling luteal P4 production. In the present study, 2D gel electrophoresis-based proteomics and in silico functional analysis were used to identify changes in key proteins and pathways in CL along the different stages of the estrous cycle as its development progresses from early (Day 3) to mid-luteal phase (Day 9), effective functioning (Day 12) followed by regression (Day 15) or, in the case of pregnancy, rescue of function (Day 15). A total of 273 proteins were identified by MALDI-MS/MS analysis that showed significant changes in abundances at different stages of CL development or regression and rescue. Functional annotation of differentially abundant proteins suggested enrichment of several important pathways and functions during CL development and function maintenance including cell survival, endocytosis, oxidative stress response, estradiol metabolism, and angiogenesis. On the other hand, differentially abundant proteins during CL regression were associated with decreased steroid synthesis and metabolism and increased apoptosis, necrosis, and infiltration of immune cells. Establishment of pregnancy rescues CL from regression by maintaining the expression of proteins that support steroidogenesis as pathways such as the super-pathway of cholesterol biosynthesis, RhoA signaling, and functions such as fatty acid metabolism and sterol transport were enriched in CL of pregnancy. In this study, some novel proteins were identified along CL development that advances our understanding of CL survival and steroidogenesis.

Evaluation of the molecular response of corpora lutea to manganese-amino acid complex supplementation in gilts

Porcine pregnancy establishment and maintenance are dependent on the formation of functional corpora lutea (CL). Manganese (Mn) is critical for CL function as it is a cofactor for Mn superoxide dismutase and enzymes involved in cholesterol synthesis. Previously, we have shown that luteal Mn content increased and luteal progesterone (P₄) concentration decreased in the CL of gilts fed diets supplemented with an Mn–amino acid complex (Availa-Mn; Zinpro Corporation) compared with controls fed Mn sulfate. Importantly, serum P₄ increased from 0 (estrus onset) to 12 d post estrus (dpe), as expected, but P₄ abundance in circulation was not affected by dietary Mn source (P = 0.15). We hypothesized that a more bioavailable Mn source (which results in increased luteal Mn content) would alter the luteal proteome and abundance of mRNA associated with steroid biogenesis during the mid-luteal phase of the estrous cycle. Postpubertal gilts (n = 32) were assigned to one of the four gestation diets. The control diet (CON) contained 20 ppm of supplemental Mn in the form of Mn sulfate. Three additional diets included 20 (TRT1), 40 (TRT2), or 60 (TRT3) ppm of supplemental Mn in the form of a Mn–amino acid complex instead of Mn sulfate. Dietary treatment began at estrus synchronization (approximately 20 d before estrus) and continued through 12 dpe when gilts were euthanized and tissues were collected. Protein and total RNA extracts from the CL were used for proteomic analysis via label-free liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry to assess global protein abundance and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) to assess specific mRNA abundance, respectively. Compared with CON, 188, 382, and 401 proteins were differentially abundant (P < 0.10) in TRT1, TRT2, and TRT3, respectively. Gene Ontology enrichment software revealed that proteins involved in P₄ signaling and cholesterol synthesis were downregulated in CL of gilts fed Mn–amino acid complex compared with controls. Quantitative RT-PCR showed that relative transcript abundance of genes encoding steroidogenic enzymes (CYP11A1 and StAR) in CL tissue was decreased in gilts from TRT2 compared with CON (P = 0.02), but TRT1 and TRT3 were not affected (P ≥ 0.30). Collectively, these data support our hypothesis that a more bioavailable dietary Mn source may influence luteal function by altering the abundance of protein and mRNA involved in steroidogenesis.

Melatonin improves rate of monospermic fertilization and early embryo development in a bovine IVF system

The developmental competence of male and female gametes is frequently reduced under in vitro conditions, mainly due to oxidative stress during handling. The amino-acid derived hormone melatonin has emerged as a potent non-enzymatic antioxidant in many biological systems. The goal of the present study was to evaluate the effects of melatonin on post-thaw sperm quality, fertilizing ability, and embryo development and competence in vitro after in vitro fertilization. Frozen-thawed bovine spermatozoa were incubated either in the presence of 10⁻¹¹ M melatonin (MT), or its solvent (ethanol; Sham-Control), or plain Tyrode’s Albumin Lactate Pyruvate medium (TALP, Control). Computer-Assisted Sperm Analysis (CASA) and flow cytometry data after 30 min, 120 min, and 180 min incubation did not reveal any significant effects of melatonin on average motility parameters, sperm subpopulation structure as determined by hierarchical cluster, or on the percentage of viable, acrosome intact sperm, or viable sperm with active mitochondria. Nevertheless, in vitro matured cumulus-oocyte-complexes fertilized with spermatozoa which had been preincubated with 10⁻¹¹ M melatonin (MT-Sperm) showed higher (P < 0.01) rates of monospermic fertilization, reduced (P < 0.05) polyspermy and enhanced (P < 0.05) embryo development compared to the Control group. Moreover, the relative abundance of MAPK13 in the in vitro-derived blastocysts was greater (P < 0.05) than observed in the Control group. In conclusion, adding melatonin to the sperm-preparation protocol for bovine IVF improved proper fertilization and enhanced embryonic development and competence in vitro.

Transcriptomic analysis of ovarian signaling at the emergence of the embryo from obligate diapause in the American mink (Neovison vison)

Mink embryonic diapause occurs when embryos, at the blastocyst stage, enter a state of a reversible arrest in development and metabolism. Some ovarian factors are required because ovariectomy leads to prevention of implantation in mink. Mechanisms regulating this process, however, remain largely unknown. To explore ovarian modifications associated with emergence of embryonic diapause in mink, there was comparison of transcriptomes after embryonic activation to when there was embryonic diapause using RNA-sequencing. A library of 655 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) of all assembled 33,656 genes was generated. Among these, 558 genes were annotated with 106 genes being expressed to a greater extent in ovaries during embryonic diapause, whereas 452 genes were more abundantly expressed in ovaries after embryonic activation. The major categories of genes with differential transcript abundances include metabolic pathways, metabolism of tryptophan, tyrosine and vitamin B6, oxidoreductase activity, calcium signaling pathway, steroid biosynthesis and lysosome. The APOE and APOA1 hub genes identified through the protein-protein interaction (PPI) analysis have important functions in cholesterol transport and steroidogenesis. Transcript abundances associated with 39 genes were investigated using RT-qPCR procedures to confirm RNA-sequencing data. Of 29 mRNA transcripts, 26 were validated using RNA-sequencing, whereas three of ten indistinguishable genes determined using RNA-sequencing were confirmed. Most of these verified DEGs are involved in the prolactin signaling pathway, formation of functional corpora lutea, and steroid synthesis, suggesting these biological processes are implicated in embryonic reactivation. Overall, results provide new insights into ovarian signaling at the time of emergence of the blastocyst from diapause in mink.

Reduction of oxidative stress and inflammatory signaling in the commissural nucleus of the solitary tract (commNTS) and rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM) in treadmill trained rats

Inflammation has been associated with cardiovascular diseases and the key point is the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Exercise modulates medullary neurons involved in cardiovascular control. We investigated the effect of chronic exercise training (Tr) in treadmill running on gene expression (GE) of ROS and inflammation in commNTS and RVLM neurons. Male Wistar rats (N = 7/group) were submitted to training in a treadmill running (1 h/day, 5 days/wk/10 wks) or maintained sedentary (Sed). Superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), neuroglobin (Ngb), Cytoglobin (Ctb), NADPH oxidase (Nox), cicloxigenase-2 (Cox-2), and neuronal nitric oxide synthase (NOS1) gene expression were evaluated in commNTS and RVLM neurons by qPCR. In RVLM, Tr rats increased Ngb (1.285 ± 0.03 vs. 0.995 ± 0.06), Cygb (1.18 ± 0.02 vs.0.99 ± 0.06), SOD (1.426 ± 0.108 vs. 1.00 ± 0.08), CAT (1.34 ± 0.09 vs. 1.00 ± 0.08); and decreased Nox (0.55 ± 0.146 vs. 1.001 ± 0.08), Cox-2 (0.335 ± 0.05 vs. 1.245 ± 0.02), NOS1 (0.51 ± 0.08 vs. 1.08 ± 0.209) GE compared to Sed. In commNTS, Tr rats increased SOD (1.384 ± 0.13 vs. 0.897 ± 0.101), CAT GE (1.312 ± 0.126 vs. 0.891 ± 0.106) and decreased Cox-2 (0.052 ± 0.011 vs. 1.06 ± 0.207) and NOS1 (0.1550 ± 0.03559 vs. 1.122 ± 0.26) GE compared to Sed. Therefore, GE of proteins of the inflammatory process reduced while GE of antioxidant proteins increased in the commNTS and RVLM after training, suggesting a decrease in oxidative stress of downstream pathways mediated by nitric oxide.

The effects of protein level on cytokines and chemokines in the uterine environment of beef heifers during development

The development of replacement heifers is crucial for breeding success and herd efficiency. Nutritional management can affect not only reproductive development but also the inflammatory status of the uterine environment, which may impact reproductive functions such as pregnancy establishment and development. The study herein evaluated the concentration of cytokines and chemokines in the uterus of heifers supplemented with different levels of protein. Angus heifers (n = 60) were blocked by body weight (BW) and randomly assigned to 1 of 3 treatments based on protein supplementation level: control of 10% crude protein (CON), 20% crude protein (P20), or 40% crude protein (P40). BW, body condition score, and blood samples were taken every 2 wk for 140 d to monitor development. Uterine flushes were performed monthly and concentrations of cytokines (IL-1α, IL-1β, TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-10, VEGF-α, IL-17A, and IL-36RA) and chemokines (IL-8, MCP-1, MIP-1α, and MIP-1β) were quantified via ELISA multiplex. To test if there were mean differences in cytokines between the treatment groups or over time, PROC GLIMMIX (SAS v 9.4) was utilized. Concentrations of all cytokines and chemokines, except IL-1α, changed throughout heifer development (P < 0.05). Heifers in the P40 treatment group displayed reduced concentrations of MCP-1 (P = 0.007) and tended to have decreased concentrations of IFN-γ (P = 0.06). Cytokine IL-36RA tended (P = 0.06) to be affected by protein level, with the lowest concentrations observed in CON heifers. Most cytokines and chemokines increased following the initial month of supplementation (P < 0.05). The increase in concentrations after 1 mo may indicate an adaptive response in the uterus to diet change. Cytokines and chemokines fluctuated due to physiological changes occurring during development. Further research is needed to determine the influence of nutrition on uterine inflammation and long-term impacts on reproductive function.

Effect of escitalopram on an acetic acid-induced ulcerative colitis model

Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic and recurrent gastrointestinal (GI) disorder with an unknown aetiology and pathogenesis. Regarding the effectiveness of antidepressants on UC in animal models of depression and the known anti-inflammatory effects of escitalopram this study was conducted to evaluate the beneficial effects of escitalopram on an acetic acid-induced UC model without depression. UC model was induced by intra rectal (i.r.) administration of 4% acetic acid in rats after 24 hours of fasting. Animals were treated with three doses of escitalopram (5, 10 and 20 mg/kg). Prednisolone (4 mg/kg) was used as a reference drug in UC. Histological and oxidative stress markers were measured in all groups. Results showed significant increase in superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and glutathione (GSH) levels, as well as significant decrease in myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, macroscopic factors (ulcer surface area, ulcer severity and weight-to-colon ratio) and microscopic and histological parameters (severity and extent of inflammation, cryptic destruction and severity of tissue involvement) in escitalopram treated rats (10, 20 mg/kg) compared to the UC group. In conclusion, the results of our study are in support of beneficial anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects of escitalopram in UC.

Neuromodulatory effect of GnRH from coeliac ganglion on luteal regression in the late pregnant rat

The GnRH/GnRH receptor system has been found in several extrapituitary tissues, although its physiological significance has not yet been well established. Taking into account that the peripheral neural system can act as a modulator of pregnancy corpus luteum, the objective was to physiologically investigate the presence of the GnRH system in coeliac ganglion (CG) and to analyse its possible involvement in luteal regression through the superior ovarian nerve (SON) at the end of pregnancy in the rat. The integrated ex vivo CG-SON-Ovary system of rats on day 21 of pregnancy was used. Cetrorelix (CTX), a GnRH receptor antagonist, was added into the ganglionic compartment while the control systems were untreated. Ganglionic GnRH release was detected under basal conditions. Then, the CTX addition in CG increased it, which would indicate the blockade of the receptor. In turn, CTX in CG caused an increase in ovarian progesterone release. Furthermore, the luteal cells showed an increase in the expression of Hsd3b1 and a decrease in the expression of Akr1c3 (progesterone synthesis and degradation enzymes, respectively), reduced TUNEL staining according to an increase in the antioxidant defence system activity and low lipid peroxide levels. The ovarian and ganglionic nitric oxide (NO) release increased, while the luteal nitrotyrosine content, measured as nitrosative stress marker, decreased. CTX in CG decreased the ovarian noradrenaline release. The present study provides evidence that GnRH from CG may trigger neuronal signals that promote the luteal regression in late pregnancy by affecting the release of NO and noradrenaline in the ovary.

Antioxidant Activity and Neuroprotective Role of Docosahexaenoic Acid (DHA) Supplementation in Eye Diseases That Can Lead to Blindness: A Narrative Review

The objective of this narrative review is to provide updated evidence, based on data from experimental and clinical studies, of the prominent role of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs) for a number of crucial mechanisms involved in counteracting cell damage induced by oxidative stress in eye diseases. This article is focused on the antioxidant and neuroprotective effects of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), which have been assessed in different experimental models and clinical studies, particularly in proliferative diabetic retinopathy, age-related macular degeneration and glaucoma that are the most common eye diseases leading to severe vision loss. The mechanisms involved in the role of DHA in protecting human retinal pigment epithelial cells from oxidative stress as well as the interaction with glutathione (GSH) are also described. The review is intended to provide novel and salient findings supporting the rationale of the use of dietary supplementation with high-dose DHA (1050 mg/day) in the form of triglyceride as a potent antioxidant compound for improving the eye health. However, the overall clinical evidence for the use of dietary strategies based on supplementation with n-3 PUFAs in eye diseases linked to oxidative stress other than high-dose DHA triglyceride is both limited and inconsistent.

Evaluation of Triclosan Effects on Cultured Swine Luteal Cells

Simple Summary

A great concern has been raised against many chemicals, both natural and man-made, that can mimic or interfere with the hormones. Among these, using swine ovarian cells, we were aimed to explore the potential effect of triclosan, an antimicrobial agent widely used in cosmetics and home products. Our results demonstrate that triclosan disrupts cellular function, in particular interfering with hormone production and proliferation, thus suggesting a critical evaluation of its effects.

Abstract

Triclosan is a chlorinated phenolic, used in many personal and home care products for its powerful antimicrobial effect. Several studies have shown triclosan toxicity and the American Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 2016 has limited its use. It has been recently included in endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs), a list of chemicals known for their ability to interfere with hormonal signaling with particular critical effects on reproduction both in animals and humans. In order to deepen the knowledge in this specific field, the present study was undertaken to explore the effect of different concentrations of triclosan (1, 10, and 50 µM) on cultured luteal cells, isolated from swine ovaries, evaluating effects on growth Bromodeoxyuridine (BrDU) incorporation and Adenosine TriPhosphate (ATP) production, steroidogenesis (progesterone secretion) and redox status (superoxide and nitric oxide production, enzymatic and non-enzymatic scavenging activity). A biphasic effect was exerted by triclosan on P4 production. In fact, the highest concentration inhibited, while the others stimulated P4 production (p < 0.05). Triclosan significantly inhibited cell proliferation, metabolic activity, and enzymatic scavenger activity (p < 0.05). On the contrary, nitric oxide production was significantly increased by triclosan (p < 0.01), while superoxide anion generation and non-enzymatic scavenging activity were unaffected.

Melatonin alleviates benzo(a)pyrene-induced ovarian corpus luteum dysfunction by suppressing excessive oxidative stress and apoptosis

Benzo(a)pyrene (B(a)P) is a widespread persistent organic pollutant (POP) and a well-known endocrine disruptor. Exposure to BaP is known to disrupt the steroid balance and impair embryo implantation, but the mechanism under it remains unclear. The corpus luteum (CL), the primary source of progesterone during early pregnancy, plays a pivotal role in embryo implantation and pregnancy maintenance. The inappropriate luteal function may result in implantation failure and spontaneous abortions. Therefore, this study was conducted to assess the effects and potential mechanisms of B(a)P on the CL function. Our results showed that pregnant mice received B(a)P displayed impaired embryo implantation and dysfunction of ovarian CL. The estrogen and progesterone levels decreased by B(a)P. In vitro, exposure to BPDE, which is the metabolite of B(a)P, affected the luteinization of granular cell KK-1. Additionally, melatonin and its receptors, which are important for ovarian function and anti-oxidative damage, were affected by B(a)P or BPDE. B(a)P or BPDE-treated alone impaired antioxidant capacity of ovarian granulosa cells, caused an increasing of ROS and cell apoptosis, and disrupted the PI3K/AKT/GSK3β signaling pathway in vivo and in vitro. Co-treatment with melatonin alleviated B(a)P or BPDE-induced CL dysfunction by ameliorating oxidative stress, counteracting phosphorylation of PI3K/AKT/GSK3β signaling pathway, decreasing the apoptosis of the ovarian cells. Moreover, activation of the melatonin receptor by ramelteon in KK-1 cells exhibits an analogous protective effect as melatonin. In conclusion, our findings not only firstly clarify the potential mechanisms of BaP-induced CL dysfunction, but also extend the understanding about the ovarian protection of melatonin and its receptors against B(a)P exposure.

The antioxidative enzyme SOD2 is important for physiological persistence of corpora lutea in lynxes

Corpora lutea (CL) are transient endocrine glands supporting pregnancy by progesterone production. They develop at the site of ovulation from the remaining follicle, are highly metabolically active and undergo distinct, transformative processes during their lifetime. In contrast to other species, CL of lynxes do not regress at the end of cycle, but remain functionally active (persist) for years. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and anti-oxidative enzymes are described to be important for the functionality of CL. We examined ten anti-oxidative enzymes in fresh and persistent CL of lynxes as well as in domestic cat CL of different luteal stages. The gene expression profiles, especially those of SOD1 and SOD2, showed some remarkable differences between CL stages during non-pregnant and pregnant cycles of domestic cats and between fresh and persistent CL of lynxes. Lynx gene expression profiles of SODs were confirmed by western blot analysis, immunohistochemistry and activity assays. SOD2 was characterized by a conspicuous high expression and enzyme activity exclusively in persistent CL. We suggest that SOD2 is required to detoxify potential elevated superoxide anion levels by producing H₂O₂ in the physiologically persistent CL. This product might also act as a signaling molecule, securing the CL from apoptosis and insuring long-term luteal cell survival.

Antioxidant Alternatives in the Treatment of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: A Comprehensive Review

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a neurodegenerative disease that produces a selective loss of the motor neurons of the spinal cord, brain stem and motor cortex. Oxidative stress (OS) associated with mitochondrial dysfunction and the deterioration of the electron transport chain has been shown to be a factor that contributes to neurodegeneration and plays a potential role in the pathogenesis of ALS. The regions of the central nervous system affected have high levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reduced antioxidant defenses. Scientific studies propose treatment with antioxidants to combat the characteristic OS and the regeneration of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) levels by the use of precursors. This review examines the possible roles of nicotinamide riboside and pterostilbene as therapeutic strategies in ALS.

Folic Acid Supplementation Suppresses Sleep Deprivation-Induced Telomere Dysfunction and Senescence-Associated Secretory Phenotype (SASP)

Sleep deprivation is reported to cause oxidative stress and is hypothesized to induce subsequent aging-related diseases including chronic inflammation, Alzheimer's disease, and cardiovascular disease. However, how sleep deprivation contributes to the pathogenesis of sleep deficiency disorder remains incompletely defined. Accordingly, more effective treatment methods for sleep deficiency disorder are needed. Thus, to better understand the detailed mechanism of sleep deficiency disorder, a sleep deprivation mouse model was established by the multiple platform method in our study. The accumulation of free radicals and senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) was observed in the sleep-deprived mice. Moreover, our mouse and human population-based study both demonstrated that telomere shortening and the formation of telomere-specific DNA damage are dramatically increased in individuals suffering from sleeplessness. To our surprise, the secretion of senescence-associated cytokines and telomere damage are greatly improved by folic acid supplementation in mice. Individuals with high serum baseline folic acid levels have increased resistance to telomere shortening, which is induced by insomnia. Thus, we conclude that folic acid supplementation could be used to effectively counteract sleep deprivation-induced telomere dysfunction and the associated aging phenotype, which may potentially improve the prognosis of sleeplessness disorder patients.

Parenteral Zinc Supplementation Increases Pregnancy Rates in Beef Cows

Zinc (Zn) is required for normal reproductive performance in cattle. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of subcutaneous injection of 400 mg Zn at the beginning of fixed-time artificial insemination (FTAI) on preovulatory follicle and corpus luteum (CL) size, plasma estradiol (E2) and progesterone (P4) concentrations, and pregnancy rates in beef cows. Copper (Cu) concentration and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity in plasma were also evaluated. Zinc supplementation at the beginning of the FTAI protocol (day 0) increased the area of preovulatory follicle (APF, day 9; P = 0.042) and plasma P4 concentration (day 16; P = 0.01), whereas plasma E2 concentration (day 9) and area of CL (ACL; day 16) were not modified by Zn supplementation in cows with adequate plasma Zn concentration. Zinc supplementation in Zn-deficient cows increased ACL with respect to controls (P = 0.048) but did not modify plasma E2 concentration. Pregnancy rate on day 41 after FTAI was higher in cows supplemented with Zn compared with controls (80.95% and 51.61%, respectively; P = 0.042). Plasma Zn and Cu concentrations on days 7, 9, and 16 were not affected by Zn supplementation. In conclusion, the results obtained in the present study determined that parenteral Zn supplementation at the beginning of the FTAI protocol increased preovulatory follicle size, plasma P4 concentration, and pregnancy rates in beef cows.

Proteomic Analysis of Porcine Pre-ovulatory Follicle Differentiation Into Corpus Luteum

The luteinization of the follicular cells, following a LH surge, causes extensive molecular and structural changes in preovulatory follicles (POF) that lead to ovulation and ultimate formation of the corpus luteum (CL). The objective of this study was to identify proteins expressed in porcine POF before the LH surge and a new CL formed, 2-3 days after ovulation, and evaluate proteome changes associated with formation of the CL from a follicle. We used 2D-gel electrophoresis-based proteomics and tandem mass spectrometry followed by a functional analysis using Ingenuity Pathway analysis (IPA) to evaluate functional pathways associated with the luteinization process. Protein lysates were prepared from isolated POFs and from the newly formed CL. A total of 422 protein spots were identified in both structures. A total of 15 and 48 proteins or their proteoforms were detected only in the POFs and CL, respectively. An IPA analysis of a POF proteome showed that most of the follicular proteins were involved in cellular infiltration, endoplasmic stress responses, and the protein ubiquitination pathway. Most of the early luteal proteins were associated with steroid metabolism, cell death and survival, free radical scavenging, and the protein ubiquitination pathway. A comparison of a follicular proteome with that of an early luteal proteome revealed that 167 identified proteins or their proteoforms were differentially regulated between POFs and the newly formed CL (p < 0.05 and a fold change of >1.8). Proteins that were significantly more abundant in follicles included cAMP-dependent protein kinase, histone binding protein RBBP4, reticulocalbin, vimentin, and calumenin; more abundant luteal proteins included albumin, farnesyl diphosphate synthase, serine protease inhibitors, elongation factor-1, glutaredoxin, and selenium-binding protein. Proteins that were significantly altered with luteal formation were found to be associated with cholesterol biosynthesis, cell death and survival, and acute phase response. Moreover, upstream regulators of differentially abundant proteins in CL were identified that included insulin growth factor-1, sterol regulatory element-binding transcription factor-1, and nuclear factor erythroid-derived 2. We have identified novel proteins that advance our understanding of (1) processes associated with differentiation of POFs into the CL, (2) possible mechanisms of luteal cell survival, and (3) pathways regulating steroidogenesis in the newly formed CL.

Effects of leptin on the follicular development and mitochondrial activity of ovine isolated early antral follicles cultured in vitro

This study evaluated the effect of leptin on the in vitro culture of isolated sheep early antral follicles. Early antral follicles (300-450 μm) were isolated and cultured for 12 days in tissue culture medium 199 (TCM 199) supplemented with glutamine, hypoxanthine, transferrin, insulin, selenium, ascorbic acid, bovine serum albumin (BSA) and recombinant follicle stimulating hormone (rFSH) (TCM 199⁺: control medium) or TCM 199⁺ supplemented with 2 or 10 ng/mL leptin. After culture, oocytes were subjected to in vitro maturation (IVM). The parameters analyzed were morphology, extrusion rate, follicular diameter, growth and fully-grown oocytes (oocytes ≥110 μm) rates. After IVM, reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, mitochondrial activity, meiotic stages and meiotic resumption rates were also analyzed. After 12 days of culture, the concentration of 2 ng/mL of leptin showed a higher percentage of morphologically normal follicles, fully-grown oocytes (≥110 μm), active mitochondria and meiotic resumption compared to the control medium (TCM 199⁺; P < 0.05) but did not differ when compared to leptin concentration of 10 ng/mL (P > 0.05). After culturing, no significant differences existed among treatments in terms of the follicle diameter and ROS levels. In conclusion, the addition of 2 ng/mL leptin to the base culture medium is capable of improving follicular survival, oocyte growth, mitochondrial activity and meiotic resumption after the in vitro culture of isolated sheep early antral follicles.