1
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Su CY, Li D, Sun W, Wang LJ, Wang Y. Green, tough, and heat-resistant: A GDL-induced strategy for starch-alginate hydrogels. Food Chem 2024; 449:139188. [PMID: 38579652 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.139188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2024] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
Hydrogels fabricated by non-covalent interaction garnered significant attention for their eco-friendly and robust mechanical attributes, and are often used in food, medicine and other fields. Although starch-alginate hydrogels exhibit high adhesion and are environmentally sustainable, their applications are limited due to their low elasticity and hardness. Addressing this challenge, we introduce a solvent-induced strategy using glucolactone (GDL) to fabricate hydrogels with enhanced strength and thermal resilience. Utilizing corn starch with varying amylose contents, sodium alginate and calcium carbonate to prepare a double network structure. This GDL-induced hydrogel outperforms most previous starch-based hydrogels in mechanical robustness and thermal stability. Typical starch-alginate hydrogel had a homogeneous network structure and exhibited a high tensile stress of 407.57 KPa, and a high enthalpy value of 1857.67 J/g. This investigation furnishes a facile yet effective method for the synthesis of hydrogels with superior mechanical and thermal properties, thereby broadening the design landscape for starch-based hydrogels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Yan Su
- College of Engineering, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, National Energy R & D Center for Non-food Biomass, China Agricultural University, P. O. Box 50, 17 Qinghua Donglu, Beijing, China
| | - Dong Li
- College of Engineering, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, National Energy R & D Center for Non-food Biomass, China Agricultural University, P. O. Box 50, 17 Qinghua Donglu, Beijing, China.
| | - Weihong Sun
- College of Agricultural Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Li-Jun Wang
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory of Functional Food from Plant Resources, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Yong Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Kensington, New South Wales, Australia
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2
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Wu J, Xue W, Yun Z, Liu Q, Sun X. Biomedical applications of stimuli-responsive "smart" interpenetrating polymer network hydrogels. Mater Today Bio 2024; 25:100998. [PMID: 38390342 PMCID: PMC10882133 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2024.100998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 02/04/2024] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
In recent years, owing to the ongoing advancements in polymer materials, hydrogels have found increasing applications in the biomedical domain, notably in the realm of stimuli-responsive "smart" hydrogels. Nonetheless, conventional single-network stimuli-responsive "smart" hydrogels frequently exhibit deficiencies, including low mechanical strength, limited biocompatibility, and extended response times. In response, researchers have addressed these challenges by introducing a second network to create stimuli-responsive "smart" Interpenetrating Polymer Network (IPN) hydrogels. The mechanical strength of the material can be significantly improved due to the topological entanglement and physical interactions within the interpenetrating structure. Simultaneously, combining different network structures enhances the biocompatibility and stimulus responsiveness of the gel, endowing it with unique properties such as cell adhesion, conductivity, hemostasis/antioxidation, and color-changing capabilities. This article primarily aims to elucidate the stimulus-inducing factors in stimuli-responsive "smart" IPN hydrogels, the impact of the gels on cell behaviors and their biomedical application range. Additionally, we also offer an in-depth exposition of their categorization, mechanisms, performance characteristics, and related aspects. This review furnishes a comprehensive assessment and outlook for the advancement of stimuli-responsive "smart" IPN hydrogels within the biomedical arena. We believe that, as the biomedical field increasingly demands novel materials featuring improved mechanical properties, robust biocompatibility, and heightened stimulus responsiveness, stimuli-responsive "smart" IPN hydrogels will hold substantial promise for wide-ranging applications in this domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiuping Wu
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Wu Xue
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130041, China
| | - Zhihe Yun
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130041, China
| | - Qinyi Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130041, China
| | - Xinzhi Sun
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
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3
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Shokrollahi P, Omidi Y, Cubeddu LX, Omidian H. Conductive polymers for cardiac tissue engineering and regeneration. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2023; 111:1979-1995. [PMID: 37306139 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.35293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases, such as myocardial infarction, are considered a significant global burden and the leading cause of death. Given the inability of damaged cardiac tissue to self-repair, cell-based tissue engineering and regeneration may be the only viable option for restoring normal heart function. To maintain the normal excitation-contraction coupling function of cardiac tissue, uniform electronic and ionic conductance properties are required. To transport cells to damaged cardiac tissues, several techniques, including the incorporation of cells into conductive polymers (CPs) and biomaterials, have been utilized. Due to the complexity of cardiac tissues, the success of tissue engineering for the damaged heart is highly dependent on several variables, such as the cell source, growth factors, and scaffolds. In this review, we sought to provide a comprehensive overview of the electro CPs and biomaterials used in the engineering and regeneration of heart tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parvin Shokrollahi
- Centre for Ocular Research & Education, School of Optometry & Vision Science, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada
| | - Yadollah Omidi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Barry and Judy Silverman College of Pharmacy, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, Florida, USA
| | - Luigi X Cubeddu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Barry and Judy Silverman College of Pharmacy, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, Florida, USA
| | - Hossein Omidian
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Barry and Judy Silverman College of Pharmacy, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, Florida, USA
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4
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Shahemi NH, Mahat MM, Asri NAN, Amir MA, Ab Rahim S, Kasri MA. Application of Conductive Hydrogels on Spinal Cord Injury Repair: A Review. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2023. [PMID: 37364251 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.3c00194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) causes severe motor or sensory damage that leads to long-term disabilities due to disruption of electrical conduction in neuronal pathways. Despite current clinical therapies being used to limit the propagation of cell or tissue damage, the need for neuroregenerative therapies remains. Conductive hydrogels have been considered a promising neuroregenerative therapy due to their ability to provide a pro-regenerative microenvironment and flexible structure, which conforms to a complex SCI lesion. Furthermore, their conductivity can be utilized for noninvasive electrical signaling in dictating neuronal cell behavior. However, the ability of hydrogels to guide directional axon growth to reach the distal end for complete nerve reconnection remains a critical challenge. In this Review, we highlight recent advances in conductive hydrogels, including the incorporation of conductive materials, fabrication techniques, and cross-linking interactions. We also discuss important characteristics for designing conductive hydrogels for directional growth and regenerative therapy. We propose insights into electrical conductivity properties in a hydrogel that could be implemented as guidance for directional cell growth for SCI applications. Specifically, we highlight the practical implications of recent findings in the field, including the potential for conductive hydrogels to be used in clinical applications. We conclude that conductive hydrogels are a promising neuroregenerative therapy for SCI and that further research is needed to optimize their design and application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nur Hidayah Shahemi
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 40450 Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Muzamir Mahat
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 40450 Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Nurul Ain Najihah Asri
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 40450 Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Muhammad Abid Amir
- Faculty of Medicine, Sungai Buloh Campus, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 47000 Sungai Buloh, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Sharaniza Ab Rahim
- Faculty of Medicine, Sungai Buloh Campus, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 47000 Sungai Buloh, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mohamad Arif Kasri
- Kulliyyah of Science, International Islamic University Malaysia, 25200 Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia
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5
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Hakim Khalili M, Zhang R, Wilson S, Goel S, Impey SA, Aria AI. Additive Manufacturing and Physicomechanical Characteristics of PEGDA Hydrogels: Recent Advances and Perspective for Tissue Engineering. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15102341. [PMID: 37242919 DOI: 10.3390/polym15102341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
In this brief review, we discuss the recent advancements in using poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA) hydrogels for tissue engineering applications. PEGDA hydrogels are highly attractive in biomedical and biotechnology fields due to their soft and hydrated properties that can replicate living tissues. These hydrogels can be manipulated using light, heat, and cross-linkers to achieve desirable functionalities. Unlike previous reviews that focused solely on material design and fabrication of bioactive hydrogels and their cell viability and interactions with the extracellular matrix (ECM), we compare the traditional bulk photo-crosslinking method with the latest three-dimensional (3D) printing of PEGDA hydrogels. We present detailed evidence combining the physical, chemical, bulk, and localized mechanical characteristics, including their composition, fabrication methods, experimental conditions, and reported mechanical properties of bulk and 3D printed PEGDA hydrogels. Furthermore, we highlight the current state of biomedical applications of 3D PEGDA hydrogels in tissue engineering and organ-on-chip devices over the last 20 years. Finally, we delve into the current obstacles and future possibilities in the field of engineering 3D layer-by-layer (LbL) PEGDA hydrogels for tissue engineering and organ-on-chip devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Hakim Khalili
- Surface Engineering and Precision Centre, School of Aerospace, Transport and Manufacturing, Cranfield University, Bedford MK43 0AL, UK
| | - Rujing Zhang
- Sophion Bioscience A/S, Baltorpvej 154, 2750 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sandra Wilson
- Sophion Bioscience A/S, Baltorpvej 154, 2750 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Saurav Goel
- School of Engineering, London South Bank University, 103 Borough Road, London SE1 0AA, UK
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun 248007, India
| | - Susan A Impey
- Surface Engineering and Precision Centre, School of Aerospace, Transport and Manufacturing, Cranfield University, Bedford MK43 0AL, UK
| | - Adrianus Indrat Aria
- Surface Engineering and Precision Centre, School of Aerospace, Transport and Manufacturing, Cranfield University, Bedford MK43 0AL, UK
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6
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Guan S, Wang Y, Xie F, Wang S, Xu W, Xu J, Sun C. Carboxymethyl Chitosan and Gelatin Hydrogel Scaffolds Incorporated with Conductive PEDOT Nanoparticles for Improved Neural Stem Cell Proliferation and Neuronal Differentiation. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27238326. [PMID: 36500418 PMCID: PMC9740948 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27238326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Tissue engineering scaffolds provide biological and physiochemical cures to guide tissue recovery, and electrical signals through the electroactive materials possess tremendous potential to modulate the cell fate. In this study, a novel electroactive hydrogel scaffold was fabricated by assembling poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) nanoparticles on a carboxymethyl chitosan/gelatin (CMCS/Gel) composite hydrogel surface via in situ chemical polymerization. The chemical structure, morphology, conductivity, porosity, swelling rate, in vitro biodegradation, and mechanical properties of the prepared hydrogel samples were characterized. The adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation of neural stem cells (NSCs) on conductive hydrogels were investigated. The CMCS/Gel-PEDOT hydrogels exhibited high porosity, excellent water absorption, improved thermal stability, and adequate biodegradability. Importantly, the mechanical properties of the prepared hydrogels were similar to those of brain tissue, with electrical conductivity up to (1.52 ± 0.15) × 10-3 S/cm. Compared to the CMCS/Gel hydrogel, the incorporation of PEDOT nanoparticles significantly improved the adhesion of NSCs, and supported long-term cell growth and proliferation in a three-dimensional (3D) microenvironment. In addition, under the differentiation condition, the conductive hydrogel also significantly enhanced neuronal differentiation with the up-regulation of β-tubulin III expression. These results suggest that CMCS/Gel-PEDOT hydrogels may be an attractive conductive substrate for further studies on neural tissue repair and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shui Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
- Dalian R&D Center for Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
- Research & Educational Center for the Control Engineering of Translational Precision Medicine (R-ECCE-TPM), School of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
- Correspondence: (S.G.); (J.X.); (C.S.)
| | - Yangbin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
- Dalian R&D Center for Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Feng Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
- Dalian R&D Center for Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Shuping Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
- Dalian R&D Center for Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Weiping Xu
- School of Ocean Science and Technology & Panjin Institute of Industrial Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin 124221, China
| | - Jianqiang Xu
- School of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin 124221, China
- Correspondence: (S.G.); (J.X.); (C.S.)
| | - Changkai Sun
- Research & Educational Center for the Control Engineering of Translational Precision Medicine (R-ECCE-TPM), School of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
- Correspondence: (S.G.); (J.X.); (C.S.)
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7
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Alamdari SG, Alibakhshi A, de la Guardia M, Baradaran B, Mohammadzadeh R, Amini M, Kesharwani P, Mokhtarzadeh A, Oroojalian F, Sahebkar A. Conductive and Semiconductive Nanocomposite-Based Hydrogels for Cardiac Tissue Engineering. Adv Healthc Mater 2022; 11:e2200526. [PMID: 35822350 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202200526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death worldwide and the most common cause is myocardial infarction. Therefore, appropriate approaches should be used to repair damaged heart tissue. Recently, cardiac tissue engineering approaches have been extensively studied. Since the creation of the nature of cardiovascular tissue engineering, many advances have been made in cellular and scaffolding technologies. Due to the hydrated and porous structures of the hydrogel, they are used as a support matrix to deliver cells to the infarct tissue. In heart tissue regeneration, bioactive and biodegradable hydrogels are required by simulating native tissue microenvironments to support myocardial wall stress in addition to preserving cells. Recently, the use of nanostructured hydrogels has increased the use of nanocomposite hydrogels and has revolutionized the field of cardiac tissue engineering. Therefore, to overcome the limitation of the use of hydrogels due to their mechanical fragility, various nanoparticles of polymers, metal, and carbon are used in tissue engineering and create a new opportunity to provide hydrogels with excellent properties. Here, the types of synthetic and natural polymer hydrogels, nanocarbon-based hydrogels, and other nanoparticle-based materials used for cardiac tissue engineering with emphasis on conductive nanostructured hydrogels are briefly introduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sania Ghobadi Alamdari
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Basic Science, University of Maragheh, Maragheh, 83111-55181, Iran.,Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, 5165665931, Iran
| | - Abbas Alibakhshi
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, 6517838736, Iran
| | - Miguel de la Guardia
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Valencia, Dr. Moliner 50, Burjassot, Valencia, 46100, Spain
| | - Behzad Baradaran
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, 5165665931, Iran
| | - Reza Mohammadzadeh
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Basic Science, University of Maragheh, Maragheh, 83111-55181, Iran
| | - Mohammad Amini
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, 5165665931, Iran
| | - Prashant Kesharwani
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, 110062, India
| | - Ahad Mokhtarzadeh
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, 5165665931, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Oroojalian
- Department of Advanced Technologies, School of Medicine, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, 94149-75516, Iran.,Natural Products and Medicinal Plants Research Center, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, 94149-75516, Iran
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, 9177899191, Iran.,Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, 9177899191, Iran.,Department of Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, 9177899191, Iran
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8
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Aycan D, Dolapçı N, Karaca ÖG, Alemdar N. Polysaccharide‐based electroconductive films for controlled release of ciprofloxacin. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.52761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Didem Aycan
- Marmara University Department of Chemical Engineering Istanbul Turkey
| | - Nihal Dolapçı
- Marmara University Department of Chemical Engineering Istanbul Turkey
| | | | - Neslihan Alemdar
- Marmara University Department of Chemical Engineering Istanbul Turkey
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9
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Sharma R, Kumar S, Bhawna, Gupta A, Dheer N, Jain P, Singh P, Kumar V. An Insight of Nanomaterials in Tissue Engineering from Fabrication to Applications. Tissue Eng Regen Med 2022; 19:927-960. [PMID: 35661124 DOI: 10.1007/s13770-022-00459-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Tissue engineering is a research domain that deals with the growth of various kinds of tissues with the help of synthetic composites. With the culmination of nanotechnology and bioengineering, tissue engineering has emerged as an exciting domain. Recent literature describes its various applications in biomedical and biological sciences, such as facilitating the growth of tissue and organs, gene delivery, biosensor-based detection, etc. It deals with the development of biomimetics to repair, restore, maintain and amplify or strengthen several biological functions at the level of tissue and organs. Herein, the synthesis of nanocomposites based on polymers, along with their classification as conductive hydrogels and bioscaffolds, is comprehensively discussed. Furthermore, their implementation in numerous tissue engineering and regenerative medicine applications is also described. The limitations of tissue engineering are also discussed here. The present review highlights and summarizes the latest progress in the tissue engineering domain directed at functionalized nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritika Sharma
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Sanjeev Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Kirori Mal College, University of Delhi, Delhi, India.,Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Bhawna
- Department of Chemistry, Kirori Mal College, University of Delhi, Delhi, India.,Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Akanksha Gupta
- Department of Chemistry, Sri Venkateswara College, University of Delhi, Delhi, India.
| | - Neelu Dheer
- Department of Chemistry, Acharya Narendra Dev College, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Pallavi Jain
- Department of Chemistry, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Delhi NCR Campus, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Prashant Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Atma Ram Sanatan Dharma College, University of Delhi, Delhi, India.
| | - Vinod Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Kirori Mal College, University of Delhi, Delhi, India. .,Special Centre for Nano Science, Jawaharlal Nehru University, Delhi, India.
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10
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Thermoresponsive PEDOT:PSS/PNIPAM conductive hydrogels as wearable resistive sensors for breathing pattern detection. Polym J 2022. [DOI: 10.1038/s41428-022-00626-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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11
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Conductive Bioimprint Using Soft Lithography Technique Based on PEDOT:PSS for Biosensing. Bioengineering (Basel) 2021; 8:bioengineering8120204. [PMID: 34940357 PMCID: PMC8699003 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering8120204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Culture platform surface topography plays an important role in the regulation of biological cell behaviour. Understanding the mechanisms behind the roles of surface topography in cell response are central to many developments in a Lab on a Chip, medical implants and biosensors. In this work, we report on a novel development of a biocompatible conductive hydrogel (CH) made of poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) and gelatin with bioimprinted surface features. The bioimprinted CH offers high conductivity, biocompatibility and high replication fidelity suitable for cell culture applications. The bioimprinted conductive hydrogel is developed to investigate biological cells’ response to their morphological footprint and study their growth, adhesion, cell–cell interactions and proliferation as a function of conductivity. Moreover, optimization of the conductive hydrogel mixture plays an important role in achieving high imprinting resolution and conductivity. The reason behind choosing a conducive hydrogel with high resolution surface bioimprints is to improve cell monitoring while mimicking cells’ natural physical environment. Bioimprints which are a 3D replication of cellular morphology have previously been shown to promote cell attachment, proliferation, differentiation and even cell response to drugs. The conductive substrate, on the other hand, enables cell impedance to be measured and monitored, which is indicative of cell viability and spread. Two dimensional profiles of the cross section of a single cell taken via Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) from the fixed cell on glass, and its replicas on polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and conductive hydrogel (CH) show unprecedented replication of cellular features with an average replication fidelity of more than 90%. Furthermore, crosslinking CH films demonstrated a significant increase in electrical conductivity from 10−6 S/cm to 1 S/cm. Conductive bioimprints can provide a suitable platform for biosensing applications and potentially for monitoring implant-tissue reactions in medical devices.
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12
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Ul Haq A, Carotenuto F, De Matteis F, Prosposito P, Francini R, Teodori L, Pasquo A, Di Nardo P. Intrinsically Conductive Polymers for Striated Cardiac Muscle Repair. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:8550. [PMID: 34445255 PMCID: PMC8395236 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the most important features of striated cardiac muscle is the excitability that turns on the excitation-contraction coupling cycle, resulting in the heart blood pumping function. The function of the heart pump may be impaired by events such as myocardial infarction, the consequence of coronary artery thrombosis due to blood clots or plaques. This results in the death of billions of cardiomyocytes, the formation of scar tissue, and consequently impaired contractility. A whole heart transplant remains the gold standard so far and the current pharmacological approaches tend to stop further myocardium deterioration, but this is not a long-term solution. Electrically conductive, scaffold-based cardiac tissue engineering provides a promising solution to repair the injured myocardium. The non-conductive component of the scaffold provides a biocompatible microenvironment to the cultured cells while the conductive component improves intercellular coupling as well as electrical signal propagation through the scar tissue when implanted at the infarcted site. The in vivo electrical coupling of the cells leads to a better regeneration of the infarcted myocardium, reducing arrhythmias, QRS/QT intervals, and scar size and promoting cardiac cell maturation. This review presents the emerging applications of intrinsically conductive polymers in cardiac tissue engineering to repair post-ischemic myocardial insult.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arsalan Ul Haq
- Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e Medicina Traslazionale, Università degli Studi di Roma “Tor Vergata”, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy;
- CIMER—Centro di Ricerca Interdipartimentale di Medicina Rigenerativa, Università degli Studi di Roma “Tor Vergata”, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy; (F.D.M.); (P.P.); (R.F.); (L.T.)
| | - Felicia Carotenuto
- Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e Medicina Traslazionale, Università degli Studi di Roma “Tor Vergata”, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy;
- CIMER—Centro di Ricerca Interdipartimentale di Medicina Rigenerativa, Università degli Studi di Roma “Tor Vergata”, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy; (F.D.M.); (P.P.); (R.F.); (L.T.)
- Department of Fusion and Technologies for Nuclear Safety and Security, Diagnostic and Metrology (FSN-TECFIS-DIM), ENEA, CR Frascati, 00044 Rome, Italy;
| | - Fabio De Matteis
- CIMER—Centro di Ricerca Interdipartimentale di Medicina Rigenerativa, Università degli Studi di Roma “Tor Vergata”, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy; (F.D.M.); (P.P.); (R.F.); (L.T.)
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Industriale, Università degli Studi di Roma “Tor Vergata”, Via del Politecnico, 00133 Roma, Italy
| | - Paolo Prosposito
- CIMER—Centro di Ricerca Interdipartimentale di Medicina Rigenerativa, Università degli Studi di Roma “Tor Vergata”, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy; (F.D.M.); (P.P.); (R.F.); (L.T.)
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Industriale, Università degli Studi di Roma “Tor Vergata”, Via del Politecnico, 00133 Roma, Italy
| | - Roberto Francini
- CIMER—Centro di Ricerca Interdipartimentale di Medicina Rigenerativa, Università degli Studi di Roma “Tor Vergata”, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy; (F.D.M.); (P.P.); (R.F.); (L.T.)
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Industriale, Università degli Studi di Roma “Tor Vergata”, Via del Politecnico, 00133 Roma, Italy
| | - Laura Teodori
- CIMER—Centro di Ricerca Interdipartimentale di Medicina Rigenerativa, Università degli Studi di Roma “Tor Vergata”, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy; (F.D.M.); (P.P.); (R.F.); (L.T.)
- Department of Fusion and Technologies for Nuclear Safety and Security, Diagnostic and Metrology (FSN-TECFIS-DIM), ENEA, CR Frascati, 00044 Rome, Italy;
| | - Alessandra Pasquo
- Department of Fusion and Technologies for Nuclear Safety and Security, Diagnostic and Metrology (FSN-TECFIS-DIM), ENEA, CR Frascati, 00044 Rome, Italy;
| | - Paolo Di Nardo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e Medicina Traslazionale, Università degli Studi di Roma “Tor Vergata”, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy;
- CIMER—Centro di Ricerca Interdipartimentale di Medicina Rigenerativa, Università degli Studi di Roma “Tor Vergata”, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy; (F.D.M.); (P.P.); (R.F.); (L.T.)
- L.L. Levshin Institute of Cluster Oncology, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
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13
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Şarkaya K, Yildirim M, Alli A. One‐step preparation of poly(
NIPAM‐pyrrole
) electroconductive composite hydrogel and its dielectric properties. J Appl Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/app.50527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Koray Şarkaya
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts & Sciences Düzce University Düzce Turkey
| | - Mert Yildirim
- Department of Mechatronics Engineering, Faculty of Engineering Düzce University Düzce Turkey
| | - Abdulkadir Alli
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts & Sciences Düzce University Düzce Turkey
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14
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Azar MG, Dodda JM, Bělský P, Šlouf M, Vavruňková V, Kadlec J, Remiš T. Tough and flexible conductive triple network hydrogels based on agarose/polyacrylamide/polyvinyl alcohol and
poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene):polystyrene sulfonate. POLYM INT 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.6232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mina Ghafouri Azar
- New Technologies – Research Centre (NTC) University of West Bohemia Pilsen Czech Republic
| | - Jagan Mohan Dodda
- New Technologies – Research Centre (NTC) University of West Bohemia Pilsen Czech Republic
| | - Petr Bělský
- New Technologies – Research Centre (NTC) University of West Bohemia Pilsen Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Šlouf
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry CAS Prague Czech Republic
| | - Veronika Vavruňková
- New Technologies – Research Centre (NTC) University of West Bohemia Pilsen Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslav Kadlec
- New Technologies – Research Centre (NTC) University of West Bohemia Pilsen Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Remiš
- New Technologies – Research Centre (NTC) University of West Bohemia Pilsen Czech Republic
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15
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Chen X, Ranjan VD, Liu S, Liang YN, Lim JSK, Chen H, Hu X, Zhang Y. In Situ Formation of 3D Conductive and Cell-Laden Graphene Hydrogel for Electrically Regulating Cellular Behavior. Macromol Biosci 2021; 21:e2000374. [PMID: 33620138 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.202000374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Electroconductive and injectable hydrogels are attracting increasing attention owing to the needs of electrically induced regulation of cell behavior, tissue engineering of electroactive tissues, and achieving minimum invasiveness during tissue repair. In this study, a novel in situ formed 3D conductive and cell-laden hydrogel is developed, which can be broadly used in bioprinting, tissue engineering, neuroengineering etc. An instantaneous, uniform spatial distribution and encapsulation of cells can be achieved as a result of hydrogen bonding induced hydrogel formation. Particularly, the cell-laden hydrogel can be easily obtained by simply mixing and shaking the polydopamine (PDA) functionalized rGO (rGO-PDA) with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) solution containing cells. Graphene oxide is reduced and functionalized by dopamine to restore the electrical conductivity, while simultaneously enhancing both hydrophilicity and biocompatibility of reduced graphene oxide. In vitro culture of PC12 cells within the cell-laden hydrogel demonstrates its biocompatibility, noncytotoxicity as well as the ability to support long-term cell growth and proliferation. Enhanced neuronal differentiation is also observed, both with and without electrical stimulation. Overall, this 3D conductive, cell-laden hydrogel holds great promise as potential platform for tissue engineering of electroactive tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuelong Chen
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Vivek Damodar Ranjan
- NTU Institute for Health Technologies, Interdisciplinary Graduate School, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Sijun Liu
- Advanced Rheology Institute, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, P. R. China
| | - Yen Nan Liang
- Nanyang Environment and Water Research Institute, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637141, Singapore
| | - Jacob Song Kiat Lim
- Temasek Laboratories, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637553, Singapore
| | - Hui Chen
- Temasek Laboratories, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637553, Singapore
| | - Xiao Hu
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore.,Nanyang Environment and Water Research Institute, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637141, Singapore.,Temasek Laboratories, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637553, Singapore
| | - Yilei Zhang
- Department of mechanical engineering, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, 8041, New Zealand
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16
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Hydrogel Properties and Their Impact on Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25245795. [PMID: 33302592 PMCID: PMC7764781 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25245795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydrogels (HGs), as three-dimensional structures, are widely used in modern medicine, including regenerative medicine. The use of HGs in wound treatment and tissue engineering is a rapidly developing sector of medicine. The unique properties of HGs allow researchers to easily modify them to maximize their potential. Herein, we describe the physicochemical properties of HGs, which determine their subsequent applications in regenerative medicine and tissue engineering. Examples of chemical modifications of HGs and their applications are described based on the latest scientific reports.
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17
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Ghorbani F, Ghalandari B, Khan AL, Li D, Zamanian A, Yu B. Decoration of electrical conductive polyurethane‐polyaniline/polyvinyl alcohol matrixes with mussel‐inspired polydopamine for bone tissue engineering. Biotechnol Prog 2020; 36:e3043. [PMID: 32592333 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.3043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 06/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Farnaz Ghorbani
- Department of Orthopedics Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center Shanghai China
| | - Behafarid Ghalandari
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes Institute for Personalized Medicine, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai China
| | - Ab Lateef Khan
- School of Biomedical Engineering Institute for Personalized Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai China
| | - Dejian Li
- Department of Orthopedics Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center Shanghai China
| | - Ali Zamanian
- Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials Department Materials and Energy Research Center Karaj Alborz Iran
| | - Baoqing Yu
- Department of Orthopedics Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center Shanghai China
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18
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Ghaeini-Hesaroeiye S, Razmi Bagtash H, Boddohi S, Vasheghani-Farahani E, Jabbari E. Thermoresponsive Nanogels Based on Different Polymeric Moieties for Biomedical Applications. Gels 2020; 6:E20. [PMID: 32635573 PMCID: PMC7559285 DOI: 10.3390/gels6030020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 06/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanogels, or nanostructured hydrogels, are one of the most interesting materials in biomedical engineering. Nanogels are widely used in medical applications, such as in cancer therapy, targeted delivery of proteins, genes and DNAs, and scaffolds in tissue regeneration. One salient feature of nanogels is their tunable responsiveness to external stimuli. In this review, thermosensitive nanogels are discussed, with a focus on moieties in their chemical structure which are responsible for thermosensitivity. These thermosensitive moieties can be classified into four groups, namely, polymers bearing amide groups, ether groups, vinyl ether groups and hydrophilic polymers bearing hydrophobic groups. These novel thermoresponsive nanogels provide effective drug delivery systems and tissue regeneration constructs for treating patients in many clinical applications, such as targeted, sustained and controlled release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sobhan Ghaeini-Hesaroeiye
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran 14115, Iran; (S.G.-H.); (H.R.B.)
| | - Hossein Razmi Bagtash
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran 14115, Iran; (S.G.-H.); (H.R.B.)
| | - Soheil Boddohi
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran 14115, Iran; (S.G.-H.); (H.R.B.)
| | - Ebrahim Vasheghani-Farahani
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran 14115, Iran; (S.G.-H.); (H.R.B.)
| | - Esmaiel Jabbari
- Biomimetic Materials and Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA;
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19
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Bai C, Huang Q, Xiong X. Reinforcement of
Self‐Healing
Polyacrylic Acid Hydrogel with Acrylamide Modified Microcrystalline Cellulose
†. CHINESE J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.201900458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Changzhuang Bai
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of MaterialsXiamen University Xiamen Fujian 361005 China
| | - Qiuhua Huang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of MaterialsXiamen University Xiamen Fujian 361005 China
| | - Xiaopeng Xiong
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of MaterialsXiamen University Xiamen Fujian 361005 China
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20
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Gong HY, Park J, Kim W, Kim J, Lee JY, Koh WG. A Novel Conductive and Micropatterned PEG-Based Hydrogel Enabling the Topographical and Electrical Stimulation of Myoblasts. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:47695-47706. [PMID: 31794187 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b16005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we designed a cell-adhesive poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)-based hydrogel that simultaneously provides topographical and electrical stimuli to C2C12 myoblasts. Specifically, PEG hydrogels with microgroove structures of 3 μm ridges and 3 μm grooves were prepared by micromolding; in situ polymerization of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) was then performed within the micropatterned PEG hydrogels to create a microgrooved conductive hydrogel (CH/P). The CH/P had clear replica patterns of the silicone mold and a conductivity of 2.49 × 10-3 S/cm, with greater than 85% water content. In addition, the CH exhibited Young's modulus (45.84 ± 7.12 kPa) similar to that of a muscle tissue. The surface of the CH/P was further modified via covalent bonding with cell-adhesive peptides to facilitate cell adhesion without affecting conductivity. An in vitro cell assay revealed that the CH/P was cytocompatible and enhanced the cell alignment and elongation of C2C12 myoblasts. The microgrooves and conductivity of the CH/P had the greatest positive effect on the myogenesis of C2C12 myoblasts compared to the other PEG hydrogel samples without conductivity or/and microgrooves, even in the absence of electrical stimulation. Electrical stimulation studies indicated that the combination of topographical and electrical cues maximized the differentiation of C2C12 myoblasts into myotubes, confirming the synergetic effect of incorporating microgroove surface features and a conductive PEDOT component into hydrogels.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Junggeon Park
- School of Materials Science and Engineering , Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST) , Gwangju 61105 , South Korea
| | | | | | - Jae Young Lee
- School of Materials Science and Engineering , Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST) , Gwangju 61105 , South Korea
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21
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Kolská Z, Valha P, Slepička P, Švorčík V. Refractometric study of systems water-poly(ethylene glycol) for preparation and characterization of Au nanoparticles dispersion. ARAB J CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2016.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
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22
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Li H, Dai J, Xu Q, Lu C, Yang G, Wang F, Nie J, Hu X, Dong N, Shi J. Synthesis of thiol-terminated PEG-functionalized POSS cross-linkers and fabrication of high-strength and hydrolytic degradable hybrid hydrogels in aqueous phase. Eur Polym J 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2019.03.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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23
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Synthesis and characterization of radiation cross-linked PVP hydrogels and investigation of its potential as an antileishmanial drug carrier. Polym Bull (Berl) 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-019-02803-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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24
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Walker BW, Lara RP, Mogadam E, Yu CH, Kimball W, Annabi N. Rational Design of Microfabricated Electroconductive Hydrogels for Biomedical Applications. Prog Polym Sci 2019; 92:135-157. [PMID: 32831422 PMCID: PMC7441850 DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2019.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Electroconductive hydrogels (ECHs) are highly hydrated 3D networks generated through the incorporation of conductive polymers, nanoparticles, and other conductive materials into polymeric hydrogels. ECHs combine several advantageous properties of inherently conductive materials with the highly tunable physical and biochemical properties of hydrogels. Recently, the development of biocompatible ECHs has been investigated for various biomedical applications, such as tissue engineering, drug delivery, biosensors, flexible electronics, and other implantable medical devices. Several methods for the synthesis of ECHs have been reported, which include the incorporation of electrically conductive materials such as gold and silver nanoparticles, graphene, and carbon nanotubes, as well as various conductive polymers (CPs), such as polyaniline, polypyrrole, and poly(3,4-ethylenedioxyythiophene) into hydrogel networks. Theses electroconductive composite hydrogels can be used as scaffolds with high swellability, tunable mechanical properties, and the capability to support cell growth both in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, recent advancements in microfabrication techniques such as three dimensional (3D) bioprinting, micropatterning, and electrospinning have led to the development of ECHs with biomimetic microarchitectures that reproduce the characteristics of the native extracellular matrix (ECM). In addition, smart ECHs with controlled structures and healing properties have also been engineered into devices with prolonged half-lives and increased durability. The combination of sophisticated synthesis chemistries and modern microfabrication techniques have led to engineer smart ECHs with advanced architectures, geometries, and functionalities that are being increasingly used in drug delivery systems, biosensors, tissue engineering, and soft electronics. In this review, we will summarize different strategies to synthesize conductive biomaterials. We will also discuss the advanced microfabrication techniques used to fabricate ECHs with complex 3D architectures, as well as various biomedical applications of microfabricated ECHs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian W Walker
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Roberto Portillo Lara
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Zapopan, JAL, Mexico
| | - Emad Mogadam
- Department of Internal Medicine, Huntington Hospital, Pasadena, CA, 91105, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Chu Hsiang Yu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - William Kimball
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Nasim Annabi
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT), California NanoSystems Institute (CNSI), University of California - Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
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25
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Portillo-Lara R, Spencer AR, Walker BW, Shirzaei Sani E, Annabi N. Biomimetic cardiovascular platforms for in vitro disease modeling and therapeutic validation. Biomaterials 2019; 198:78-94. [PMID: 30201502 PMCID: PMC11044891 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2018.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Revised: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Bioengineered tissues have become increasingly more sophisticated owing to recent advancements in the fields of biomaterials, microfabrication, microfluidics, genetic engineering, and stem cell and developmental biology. In the coming years, the ability to engineer artificial constructs that accurately mimic the compositional, architectural, and functional properties of human tissues, will profoundly impact the therapeutic and diagnostic aspects of the healthcare industry. In this regard, bioengineered cardiac tissues are of particular importance due to the extremely limited ability of the myocardium to self-regenerate, as well as the remarkably high mortality associated with cardiovascular diseases worldwide. As novel microphysiological systems make the transition from bench to bedside, their implementation in high throughput drug screening, personalized diagnostics, disease modeling, and targeted therapy validation will bring forth a paradigm shift in the clinical management of cardiovascular diseases. Here, we will review the current state of the art in experimental in vitro platforms for next generation diagnostics and therapy validation. We will describe recent advancements in the development of smart biomaterials, biofabrication techniques, and stem cell engineering, aimed at recapitulating cardiovascular function at the tissue- and organ levels. In addition, integrative and multidisciplinary approaches to engineer biomimetic cardiovascular constructs with unprecedented human and clinical relevance will be discussed. We will comment on the implementation of these platforms in high throughput drug screening, in vitro disease modeling and therapy validation. Lastly, future perspectives will be provided on how these biomimetic platforms will aid in the transition towards patient centered diagnostics, and the development of personalized targeted therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Portillo-Lara
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, USA; Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Zapopan, JAL, Mexico
| | - Andrew R Spencer
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, USA
| | - Brian W Walker
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California- Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Ehsan Shirzaei Sani
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California- Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Nasim Annabi
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California- Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT), University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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26
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Li Y, Zhu C, Fan D, Fu R, Ma P, Duan Z, Li X, Lei H, Chi L. Construction of porous sponge-like PVA-CMC-PEG hydrogels with pH-sensitivity via phase separation for wound dressing. INT J POLYM MATER PO 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/00914037.2019.1581200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Li
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Degradable Biomedical Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, Xi’an, China
- Shaanxi R&D Center of Biomaterials and Fermentation Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, Xi’an, China
- Biotech. & Biomed. Research Institute, Northwest University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Chenhui Zhu
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Degradable Biomedical Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, Xi’an, China
- Shaanxi R&D Center of Biomaterials and Fermentation Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, Xi’an, China
- Biotech. & Biomed. Research Institute, Northwest University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Daidi Fan
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Degradable Biomedical Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, Xi’an, China
- Shaanxi R&D Center of Biomaterials and Fermentation Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, Xi’an, China
- Biotech. & Biomed. Research Institute, Northwest University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Rongzhan Fu
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Degradable Biomedical Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, Xi’an, China
- Shaanxi R&D Center of Biomaterials and Fermentation Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, Xi’an, China
- Biotech. & Biomed. Research Institute, Northwest University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Pei Ma
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Degradable Biomedical Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, Xi’an, China
- Shaanxi R&D Center of Biomaterials and Fermentation Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, Xi’an, China
- Biotech. & Biomed. Research Institute, Northwest University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zhiguang Duan
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Degradable Biomedical Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, Xi’an, China
- Shaanxi R&D Center of Biomaterials and Fermentation Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, Xi’an, China
- Biotech. & Biomed. Research Institute, Northwest University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xian Li
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Degradable Biomedical Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, Xi’an, China
- Shaanxi R&D Center of Biomaterials and Fermentation Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, Xi’an, China
- Biotech. & Biomed. Research Institute, Northwest University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Huan Lei
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Degradable Biomedical Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, Xi’an, China
- Shaanxi R&D Center of Biomaterials and Fermentation Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, Xi’an, China
- Biotech. & Biomed. Research Institute, Northwest University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Lei Chi
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Degradable Biomedical Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, Xi’an, China
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27
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Li Y, Zhu C, Fan D, Fu R, Ma P, Duan Z, Li X, Lei H, Chi L. A Bi-Layer PVA/CMC/PEG Hydrogel with Gradually Changing Pore Sizes for Wound Dressing. Macromol Biosci 2019; 19:e1800424. [PMID: 30840367 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.201800424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Revised: 02/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Wound dressings are vital for cutaneous wound healing. In this study, a bi-layer dressing composed of polyvinyl alcohol/carboxymethyl cellulose/polyethylene glycol (PVA/CMC/PEG) hydrogels is produced through a thawing-freezing method based on the study of the pore size of single-layer hydrogels. Then the physical properties and healing of full-thickness skin defects treated with hydrogels are inspected. The results show that the pore size of the single-layer PVA/CMC/PEG hyrogel can be controlled. The obtained non-adhesive bi-layer hydrogels show gradually increasing pore sizes from the upper to the lower layer and two layers are well bonded. In addition, bi-layer dressings with good mechanical properties can effectively prevent bacterial penetration and control the moisture loss of wounds to maintain a humid environment for wounds. A full-thickness skin defect test shows that bi-layer hydrogels can significantly accelerate wound closure. The experiment indicates that the bi-layer PVA/CMC/PEG hydrogels can be used as potential wound dressings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Li
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Degradable Biomedical Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, 229 North Taibai Road, Xi'an, 710069, China.,Shaanxi Research and Development Center of Biomaterials and Fermentation Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China.,Biotechnology and Biomedical Research Institute, Research Institute, Northwest University, 229 North Taibai Road, Xi'an, 710069, Shaanxi, China
| | - Chenhui Zhu
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Degradable Biomedical Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, 229 North Taibai Road, Xi'an, 710069, China.,Shaanxi Research and Development Center of Biomaterials and Fermentation Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China.,Biotechnology and Biomedical Research Institute, Research Institute, Northwest University, 229 North Taibai Road, Xi'an, 710069, Shaanxi, China
| | - Daidi Fan
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Degradable Biomedical Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, 229 North Taibai Road, Xi'an, 710069, China.,Shaanxi Research and Development Center of Biomaterials and Fermentation Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China.,Biotechnology and Biomedical Research Institute, Research Institute, Northwest University, 229 North Taibai Road, Xi'an, 710069, Shaanxi, China
| | - Rongzhan Fu
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Degradable Biomedical Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, 229 North Taibai Road, Xi'an, 710069, China.,Shaanxi Research and Development Center of Biomaterials and Fermentation Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China.,Biotechnology and Biomedical Research Institute, Research Institute, Northwest University, 229 North Taibai Road, Xi'an, 710069, Shaanxi, China
| | - Pei Ma
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Degradable Biomedical Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, 229 North Taibai Road, Xi'an, 710069, China.,Shaanxi Research and Development Center of Biomaterials and Fermentation Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China.,Biotechnology and Biomedical Research Institute, Research Institute, Northwest University, 229 North Taibai Road, Xi'an, 710069, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zhiguang Duan
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Degradable Biomedical Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, 229 North Taibai Road, Xi'an, 710069, China.,Shaanxi Research and Development Center of Biomaterials and Fermentation Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China.,Biotechnology and Biomedical Research Institute, Research Institute, Northwest University, 229 North Taibai Road, Xi'an, 710069, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xian Li
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Degradable Biomedical Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, 229 North Taibai Road, Xi'an, 710069, China.,Shaanxi Research and Development Center of Biomaterials and Fermentation Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China.,Biotechnology and Biomedical Research Institute, Research Institute, Northwest University, 229 North Taibai Road, Xi'an, 710069, Shaanxi, China
| | - Huan Lei
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Degradable Biomedical Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, 229 North Taibai Road, Xi'an, 710069, China.,Shaanxi Research and Development Center of Biomaterials and Fermentation Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China.,Biotechnology and Biomedical Research Institute, Research Institute, Northwest University, 229 North Taibai Road, Xi'an, 710069, Shaanxi, China
| | - Lei Chi
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Degradable Biomedical Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, 229 North Taibai Road, Xi'an, 710069, China
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Tomczykowa M, Plonska-Brzezinska ME. Conducting Polymers, Hydrogels and Their Composites: Preparation, Properties and Bioapplications. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:E350. [PMID: 30960334 PMCID: PMC6419165 DOI: 10.3390/polym11020350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Revised: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This review is focused on current state-of-the-art research on electroactive-based materials and their synthesis, as well as their physicochemical and biological properties. Special attention is paid to pristine intrinsically conducting polymers (ICPs) and their composites with other organic and inorganic components, well-defined micro- and nanostructures, and enhanced surface areas compared with those of conventionally prepared ICPs. Hydrogels, due to their defined porous structures and being filled with aqueous solution, offer the ability to increase the amount of immobilized chemical, biological or biochemical molecules. When other components are incorporated into ICPs, the materials form composites; in this particular case, they form conductive composites. The design and synthesis of conductive composites result in the inheritance of the advantages of each component and offer new features because of the synergistic effects between the components. The resulting structures of ICPs, conducting polymer hydrogels and their composites, as well as the unusual physicochemical properties, biocompatibility and multi-functionality of these materials, facilitate their bioapplications. The synergistic effects between constituents have made these materials particularly attractive as sensing elements for biological agents, and they also enable the immobilization of bioreceptors such as enzymes, antigen-antibodies, and nucleic acids onto their surfaces for the detection of an array of biological agents. Currently, these materials have unlimited applicability in biomedicine. In this review, we have limited discussion to three areas in which it seems that the use of ICPs and materials, including their different forms, are particularly interesting, namely, biosensors, delivery of drugs and tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Tomczykowa
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Bialystok, Mickiewicza 2A, 15-222 Bialystok, Poland.
| | - Marta Eliza Plonska-Brzezinska
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Bialystok, Mickiewicza 2A, 15-222 Bialystok, Poland.
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29
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Min JH, Patel M, Koh WG. Incorporation of Conductive Materials into Hydrogels for Tissue Engineering Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2018; 10:E1078. [PMID: 30961003 PMCID: PMC6404001 DOI: 10.3390/polym10101078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Revised: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In the field of tissue engineering, conductive hydrogels have been the most effective biomaterials to mimic the biological and electrical properties of tissues in the human body. The main advantages of conductive hydrogels include not only their physical properties but also their adequate electrical properties, which provide electrical signals to cells efficiently. However, when introducing a conductive material into a non-conductive hydrogel, a conflicting relationship between the electrical and mechanical properties may develop. This review examines the strengths and weaknesses of the generation of conductive hydrogels using various conductive materials such as metal nanoparticles, carbons, and conductive polymers. The fabrication method of blending, coating, and in situ polymerization is also added. Furthermore, the applications of conductive hydrogel in cardiac tissue engineering, nerve tissue engineering, and bone tissue engineering and skin regeneration are discussed in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Hong Min
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea.
- Active Polymer Center for Pattern Integration (APCPI), Yonsei-ro 50, Seoul 03722, Korea.
| | - Madhumita Patel
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea.
| | - Won-Gun Koh
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea.
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30
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Oktay S, Alemdar N. Electrically controlled release of 5-fluorouracil from conductive gelatin methacryloyl-based hydrogels. J Appl Polym Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/app.46914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Salise Oktay
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Marmara University; 34722 Istanbul Turkey
| | - Neslihan Alemdar
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Marmara University; 34722 Istanbul Turkey
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31
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Niemczyk B, Sajkiewicz P, Kolbuk D. Injectable hydrogels as novel materials for central nervous system regeneration. J Neural Eng 2018; 15:051002. [DOI: 10.1088/1741-2552/aacbab] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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32
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Hydrolytically degradable POSS-PEG hybrid hydrogels prepared in aqueous phase with tunable mechanical properties, swelling ratio and degradation rate. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2017.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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33
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del Agua I, Porcarelli L, Curto VF, Sanchez-Sanchez A, Ismailova E, Malliaras GG, Mecerreyes D. A Na+conducting hydrogel for protection of organic electrochemical transistors. J Mater Chem B 2018; 6:2901-2906. [PMID: 32254243 DOI: 10.1039/c8tb00201k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) are being intensively developed for applications in electronics and biological interfacing.
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Affiliation(s)
- I. del Agua
- POLYMAT University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU
- Joxe Mari Korta Center
- Donostia-san Sebastian 20018
- Spain
- Department of Bioelectronics
| | - L. Porcarelli
- POLYMAT University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU
- Joxe Mari Korta Center
- Donostia-san Sebastian 20018
- Spain
| | - V. F. Curto
- Department of Bioelectronics
- Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines
- CMP-EMSE
- MOC
- Gardanne 13541
| | - A. Sanchez-Sanchez
- Department of Bioelectronics
- Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines
- CMP-EMSE
- MOC
- Gardanne 13541
| | - E. Ismailova
- Department of Bioelectronics
- Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines
- CMP-EMSE
- MOC
- Gardanne 13541
| | - G. G. Malliaras
- Department of Bioelectronics
- Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines
- CMP-EMSE
- MOC
- Gardanne 13541
| | - D. Mecerreyes
- POLYMAT University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU
- Joxe Mari Korta Center
- Donostia-san Sebastian 20018
- Spain
- Ikerbasque
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34
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Xu C, Guan S, Wang S, Gong W, Liu T, Ma X, Sun C. Biodegradable and electroconductive poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)/carboxymethyl chitosan hydrogels for neural tissue engineering. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2017. [PMID: 29519441 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2017.11.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Electroconductive hydrogels with excellent electromechanical properties have become crucial for biomedical applications. In this study, we developed a conductive composite hydrogel via in-situ chemical polymerization based on carboxymethyl chitosan (CMCS), as a biodegradable base macromolecular network, and poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT), as a conductive polymer layer. The physicochemical and electrochemical properties of conductive hydrogels (PEDOT/CMCS) with different contents of PEDOT polymer were analyzed. Cell viability and proliferation of neuron-like rat phaeochromocytoma (PC12) cells on these three-dimensional conductive hydrogels were evaluated in vitro. As results, the prepared semi-interpenetrating network hydrogels were shown to consist of up to 1825±135wt% of water with a compressive modulus of 9.59±0.49kPa, a porosity of 93.95±1.03% and an electrical conductivity of (4.68±0.28)×10-3S·cm-1. Cell experiments confirmed that PEDOT/CMCS hydrogels not only had no cytotoxicity, but also supported cell adhesion, viability and proliferation. These results demonstrated that the incorporation of conductive PEDOT component into CMCS hydrogels endowed the hydrogels with enhanced mechanical strength, conductivity and kept the biocompatibility. Thus, the attractive performances of these composite hydrogels would make them suitable for further neural tissue engineering application, such as nerve regeneration scaffold materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Xu
- Dalian R&D Center for Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, PR China
| | - Shui Guan
- Dalian R&D Center for Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, PR China.
| | - Shuping Wang
- Dalian R&D Center for Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, PR China
| | - Weitao Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals and School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, PR China
| | - Tianqing Liu
- Dalian R&D Center for Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, PR China
| | - Xuehu Ma
- Dalian R&D Center for Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, PR China
| | - Changkai Sun
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, PR China
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35
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Pal RK, Turner EE, Chalfant BH, Yadavalli VK. Mechanically robust, photopatternable conductive hydrogel composites. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2017.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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36
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Gajendiran M, Choi J, Kim SJ, Kim K, Shin H, Koo HJ, Kim K. Conductive biomaterials for tissue engineering applications. J IND ENG CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2017.02.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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