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Elbedwehy AM, Wu J, Na HK, Baek A, Jung H, Kwon IH, Lee SW, Kim JH, Lee TG. ROS-responsive charge reversal mesoporous silica nanoparticles as promising drug delivery system for neovascular retinal diseases. J Control Release 2024; 373:224-239. [PMID: 39002796 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2024.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2023] [Revised: 06/25/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/15/2024]
Abstract
Intravitreal injection of biodegradable implant drug carriers shows promise in reducing the injection frequency for neovascular retinal diseases. However, current intravitreal ocular devices have limitations in adjusting drug release rates for individual patients, thereby affecting treatment effectiveness. Accordingly, we developed mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) featuring a surface that reverse its charge in response to reactive oxygen species (ROS) for efficient delivery of humanin peptide (HN) to retinal epithelial cells (ARPE-19). The MSN core, designed with a pore size of 2.8 nm, ensures a high HN loading capacity 64.4% (w/w). We fine-tuned the external surface of the MSNs by incorporating 20% Acetyl-L-arginine (Ar) to create a partial positive charge, while 80% conjugated thioketal (TK) methoxy polyethylene glycol (mPEG) act as ROS gatekeeper. Ex vivo experiments using bovine eyes revealed the immobilization of Ar-MSNs-TK-PEG (mean zeta potential: 2 mV) in the negatively charged vitreous. However, oxidative stress reversed the surface charge to -25 mV by mPEG loss, facilitating the diffusion of the nanoparticles impeded with HN. In vitro studies showed that ARPE-19 cells effectively internalize HN-loaded Ar-MSNs-TK, subsequently releasing the peptide, which offered protection against oxidative stress-induced apoptosis, as evidenced by reduced TUNEL and caspase3 activation. The inhibition of retinal neovascularization was further validated in an in vivo oxygen-induced retinopathy (OIR) mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed M Elbedwehy
- Department of Nano Science, Korea National University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea; Safety Measurement Institute, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science (KRISS), Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea; Nanotechnology Center, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Jun Wu
- Fight Against Angiogenesis-Related Blindness (FARB) Laboratory, Clinical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Kyung Na
- Safety Measurement Institute, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science (KRISS), Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Ahruem Baek
- Safety Measurement Institute, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science (KRISS), Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Haejin Jung
- Flow Cytometry Core Facility of Research Solution Center, Institute of Basic Science, Daejeon 34126, Republic of Korea
| | - Ik Hwan Kwon
- Safety Measurement Institute, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science (KRISS), Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Won Lee
- Safety Measurement Institute, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science (KRISS), Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Hun Kim
- Fight Against Angiogenesis-Related Blindness (FARB) Laboratory, Clinical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea; Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea; Global Excellence Center for Gene & Cell Therapy (GEC-GCT), Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea; Institute of Reproductive Medicine and Population, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea.
| | - Tae Geol Lee
- Department of Nano Science, Korea National University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea; Safety Measurement Institute, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science (KRISS), Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea.
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Li J, Yan P, Li Y, Han M, Zeng Q, Li J, Yu Z, Zhang D, Chen X. Harnessing the power of Raman spectroscopic imaging for ophthalmology. Front Chem 2023; 11:1211121. [PMID: 37252371 PMCID: PMC10213270 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2023.1211121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Eye diseases can cause great inconvenience to people's daily life; therefore, it is necessary to study the causes of ocular diseases and related physiological processes. Raman spectroscopic imaging (RSI) is a non-destructive, non-contact detection technique with the advantages of label-free, non-invasive and highly specific. Compared with other mature imaging technologies, RSI can provide real-time molecular information and high-resolution imaging at relatively low cost, making it very suitable for quantitative detection of biological molecules. RSI can reflect the overall situation of the sample, revealing the content distribution of the same substance in different areas of the sample. This review focuses on the recent advances in ophthalmology, with particular emphasis on the powerful use of RSI techniques, as well as its combination with other imaging techniques. Finally, we prospect the wider application and future potential of RSI approaches in ophthalmology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Li
- Shaanxi Eye Hospital, Xi’an People’s Hospital (Xi’an Fourth Hospital), Affiliated People’s Hospital of Northwest University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Peirao Yan
- Center for Biomedical-photonics and Molecular Imaging, Xi’an Key Laboratory of Intelligent Sensing and Regulation of Trans-Scale Life Information, School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yong Li
- Shaanxi Eye Hospital, Xi’an People’s Hospital (Xi’an Fourth Hospital), Affiliated People’s Hospital of Northwest University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Ming Han
- Center for Biomedical-photonics and Molecular Imaging, Xi’an Key Laboratory of Intelligent Sensing and Regulation of Trans-Scale Life Information, School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Qi Zeng
- Center for Biomedical-photonics and Molecular Imaging, Xi’an Key Laboratory of Intelligent Sensing and Regulation of Trans-Scale Life Information, School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Juan Li
- Shaanxi Eye Hospital, Xi’an People’s Hospital (Xi’an Fourth Hospital), Affiliated People’s Hospital of Northwest University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zhe Yu
- Shaanxi Eye Hospital, Xi’an People’s Hospital (Xi’an Fourth Hospital), Affiliated People’s Hospital of Northwest University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Dongjie Zhang
- Center for Biomedical-photonics and Molecular Imaging, Xi’an Key Laboratory of Intelligent Sensing and Regulation of Trans-Scale Life Information, School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xueli Chen
- Center for Biomedical-photonics and Molecular Imaging, Xi’an Key Laboratory of Intelligent Sensing and Regulation of Trans-Scale Life Information, School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
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Andrés-Blasco I, Gallego-Martínez A, Machado X, Cruz-Espinosa J, Di Lauro S, Casaroli-Marano R, Alegre-Ituarte V, Arévalo JF, Pinazo-Durán MD. Oxidative Stress, Inflammatory, Angiogenic, and Apoptotic molecules in Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy and Diabetic Macular Edema Patients. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24098227. [PMID: 37175931 PMCID: PMC10179600 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24098227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study is to evaluate molecules involved in oxidative stress (OS), inflammation, angiogenesis, and apoptosis, and discern which of these are more likely to be implicated in proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) and diabetic macular edema (DME) by investigating the correlation between them in the plasma (PLS) and vitreous body (VIT), as well as examining data obtained from ophthalmological examinations. Type 2 diabetic (T2DM) patients with PDR/DME (PDRG/DMEG; n = 112) and non-DM subjects as the surrogate controls (SCG n = 48) were selected according to the inclusion/exclusion criteria and programming for vitrectomy, either due to having PDR/DME or macular hole (MH)/epiretinal membrane (ERM)/rhegmatogenous retinal detachment. Blood samples were collected and processed to determine the glycemic profile, total cholesterol, and C reactive protein, as well as the malondialdehyde (MDA), 4-hydroxynonenal (4HNE), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT) levels and total antioxidant capacity (TAC). In addition, interleukin 6 (IL6), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and caspase 3 (CAS3) were assayed. The VITs were collected and processed to measure the expression levels of all the abovementioned molecules. Statistical analyses were conducted using the R Core Team (2022) program, including group comparisons and correlation analyses. Compared with the SCG, our findings support the presence of molecules involved in OS, inflammation, angiogenesis, and apoptosis in the PLS and VIT samples from T2DM. In PLS from PDRG, there was a decrease in the antioxidant load (p < 0.001) and an increase in pro-angiogenic molecules (p < 0.001), but an increase in pro-oxidants (p < 0.001) and a decline in antioxidants (p < 0.001) intravitreally. In PLS from DMEG, pro-oxidants and pro-inflammatory molecules were augmented (p < 0.001) and the antioxidant capacity diminished (p < 0.001), but the pro-oxidants increased (p < 0.001) and antioxidants decreased (p < 0.001) intravitreally. Furthermore, we found a positive correlation between the PLS-CAT and the VIT-SOD levels (rho = 0.5; p < 0.01) in PDRG, and a negative correlation between the PSD-4HNE and the VIT-TAC levels (rho = 0.5; p < 0.01) in DMEG. Integrative data of retinal imaging variables showed a positive correlation between the central subfield foveal thickness (CSFT) and the VIT-SOD levels (rho = 0.5; p < 0.01), and a negative correlation between the CSFT and the VIT-4HNE levels (rho = 0.4; p < 0.01) in PDRG. In DMEG, the CSFT displayed a negative correlation with the VIT-CAT (rho = 0.5; p < 0.01). Exploring the relationship of the abovementioned potential biomarkers between PLS and VIT may help detecting early molecular changes in PDR/DME, which can be used to identify patients at high risk of progression, as well as to monitor therapeutic outcomes in the diabetic retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Andrés-Blasco
- Cellular and Molecular Ophthalmo-Biology Group, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Odontology, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
- Ophthalmic Research Unit "Santiago Grisolía"/FISABIO, 46017 Valencia, Spain
- Spanish Net of Inflammatory Diseases and Immunopathology of Organs and Systems (REI/RICORS), Institute of Health Carlos III, Ministry of Science and Innovation, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Alex Gallego-Martínez
- Cellular and Molecular Ophthalmo-Biology Group, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Odontology, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
- Ophthalmic Research Unit "Santiago Grisolía"/FISABIO, 46017 Valencia, Spain
| | - Ximena Machado
- Cellular and Molecular Ophthalmo-Biology Group, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Odontology, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
- Ophthalmic Research Unit "Santiago Grisolía"/FISABIO, 46017 Valencia, Spain
| | | | - Salvatore Di Lauro
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Clinic Hospital, 47003 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Ricardo Casaroli-Marano
- Spanish Net of Inflammatory Diseases and Immunopathology of Organs and Systems (REI/RICORS), Institute of Health Carlos III, Ministry of Science and Innovation, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Spanish Net of Ophthalmic Pathology Research OFTARED, Institute of Health Carlos III, Ministry of Science and Innovation, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Ophthalmology, Clinic Hospital, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Víctor Alegre-Ituarte
- Cellular and Molecular Ophthalmo-Biology Group, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Odontology, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
- Ophthalmic Research Unit "Santiago Grisolía"/FISABIO, 46017 Valencia, Spain
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Dr. Peset, 46017 Valencia, Spain
| | - José Fernando Arévalo
- Spanish Net of Inflammatory Diseases and Immunopathology of Organs and Systems (REI/RICORS), Institute of Health Carlos III, Ministry of Science and Innovation, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Wilmer at Johns Hopkins Bayview Medical Center, Baltimore, MA 21224, USA
| | - María Dolores Pinazo-Durán
- Cellular and Molecular Ophthalmo-Biology Group, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Odontology, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
- Ophthalmic Research Unit "Santiago Grisolía"/FISABIO, 46017 Valencia, Spain
- Spanish Net of Inflammatory Diseases and Immunopathology of Organs and Systems (REI/RICORS), Institute of Health Carlos III, Ministry of Science and Innovation, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Spanish Net of Ophthalmic Pathology Research OFTARED, Institute of Health Carlos III, Ministry of Science and Innovation, 28029 Madrid, Spain
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Santos FM, Mesquita J, Castro-de-Sousa JP, Ciordia S, Paradela A, Tomaz CT. Vitreous Humor Proteome: Targeting Oxidative Stress, Inflammation, and Neurodegeneration in Vitreoretinal Diseases. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11030505. [PMID: 35326156 PMCID: PMC8944522 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11030505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress is defined as an unbalance between pro-oxidants and antioxidants, as evidenced by an increase in reactive oxygen and reactive nitrogen species production over time. It is important in the pathophysiology of retinal disorders such as diabetic retinopathy, age-related macular degeneration, retinal detachment, and proliferative vitreoretinopathy, which are the focus of this article. Although the human organism’s defense mechanisms correct autoxidation caused by endogenous or exogenous factors, this may be insufficient, causing an imbalance in favor of excessive ROS production or a weakening of the endogenous antioxidant system, resulting in molecular and cellular damage. Furthermore, modern lifestyles and environmental factors contribute to increased chemical exposure and stress induction, resulting in oxidative stress. In this review, we discuss the current information about oxidative stress and the vitreous proteome with a special focus on vitreoretinal diseases. Additionally, we explore therapies using antioxidants in an attempt to rescue the body from oxidation, restore balance, and maximize healthy body function, as well as new investigational therapies that have shown significant therapeutic potential in preclinical studies and clinical trial outcomes, along with their goals and strategic approaches to combat oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fátima Milhano Santos
- CICS-UBI—Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade da Beira Interior, 6201-001 Covilhã, Portugal; or (J.P.C.-d.-S.)
- Unidad de Proteomica, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, CSIC, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (S.C.); (A.P.)
- C4-UBI, Cloud Computing Competence Centre, University of Beira Interior, 6200-501 Covilhã, Portugal
- Correspondence: (F.M.S.); (C.T.T.); Tel.: +351-275-319-700 (C.T.T.)
| | - Joana Mesquita
- CICS-UBI—Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade da Beira Interior, 6201-001 Covilhã, Portugal; or (J.P.C.-d.-S.)
| | - João Paulo Castro-de-Sousa
- CICS-UBI—Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade da Beira Interior, 6201-001 Covilhã, Portugal; or (J.P.C.-d.-S.)
- Department of Ophthalmology, Centro Hospitalar de Leiria, 2410-197 Leiria, Portugal
| | - Sergio Ciordia
- Unidad de Proteomica, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, CSIC, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (S.C.); (A.P.)
| | - Alberto Paradela
- Unidad de Proteomica, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, CSIC, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (S.C.); (A.P.)
| | - Cândida Teixeira Tomaz
- CICS-UBI—Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade da Beira Interior, 6201-001 Covilhã, Portugal; or (J.P.C.-d.-S.)
- C4-UBI, Cloud Computing Competence Centre, University of Beira Interior, 6200-501 Covilhã, Portugal
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Sciences, University of Beira Interior, 6201-001 Covilhã, Portugal
- Correspondence: (F.M.S.); (C.T.T.); Tel.: +351-275-319-700 (C.T.T.)
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Korac B, Kalezic A, Pekovic-Vaughan V, Korac A, Jankovic A. Redox changes in obesity, metabolic syndrome, and diabetes. Redox Biol 2021; 42:101887. [PMID: 33579666 PMCID: PMC8113039 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2021.101887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
"Life is an instantaneous encounter of circulating matter and flowing energy" (Jean Giaja, Serbian physiologist), is one of the most elegant definitions not only of life but the relationship of redox biology and metabolism. Their evolutionary liaison has created inseparable yet dynamic homeostasis in health, which, when disrupted, leads to disease. This interconnection is even more pertinent today, in an era of increasing metabolic diseases of epidemic proportions such as obesity, metabolic syndrome, and diabetes. Despite great advances in understanding the molecular mechanisms of redox and metabolic regulation, we face significant challenges in preventing, diagnosing, and treating metabolic diseases. The etiological association and temporal overlap of these syndromes present significant challenges for the discrimination of appropriate clinical biomarkers for diagnosis, treatment, and outcome prediction. These multifactorial, multiorgan metabolic syndromes with complex etiopathogenic mechanisms are accompanied by disturbed redox equilibrium in target tissues and circulation. Free radicals and reactive species are considered both a causal factor and a consequence of disease status. Thus, determining the subtypes and levels of free radicals and reactive species, oxidatively damaged biomolecules (lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids) and antioxidant defense components as well as redox-sensitive transcription factors and fluxes of redox-dependent metabolic pathways will help define existing and establish novel redox biomarkers for stratifying metabolic diseases. This review aims to discuss diverse redox/metabolic aspects in obesity, metabolic syndrome, and diabetes, with the imperative to help establish a platform for emerging and future redox-metabolic biomarkers research in precision medicine. Future research warrants detailed investigations into the status of redox biomarkers in healthy subjects and patients, including the use of emerging 'omic' profiling technologies (e.g., redox proteomes, lipidomes, metabolomes, and transcriptomes), taking into account the influence of lifestyle (diet, physical activity, sleep, work patterns) as well as circadian ~24h fluctuations in circulatory factors and metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bato Korac
- Department of Physiology, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković"- National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia; Center for Electron Microscopy, Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Andjelika Kalezic
- Department of Physiology, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković"- National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Vanja Pekovic-Vaughan
- Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, William Henry Duncan Building, University of Liverpool, L7 8TX, Liverpool, UK
| | - Aleksandra Korac
- Center for Electron Microscopy, Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Aleksandra Jankovic
- Department of Physiology, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković"- National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia.
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Acrolein: A Potential Mediator of Oxidative Damage in Diabetic Retinopathy. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10111579. [PMID: 33233661 PMCID: PMC7699716 DOI: 10.3390/biom10111579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is the leading cause of vision loss among working-age adults. Extensive evidences have documented that oxidative stress mediates a critical role in the pathogenesis of DR. Acrolein, a product of polyamines oxidation and lipid peroxidation, has been demonstrated to be involved in the pathogenesis of various human diseases. Acrolein’s harmful effects are mediated through multiple mechanisms, including DNA damage, inflammation, ROS formation, protein adduction, membrane disruption, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and mitochondrial dysfunction. Recent investigations have reported the involvement of acrolein in the pathogenesis of DR. These studies have shown a detrimental effect of acrolein on the retinal neurovascular unit under diabetic conditions. The current review summarizes the existing literature on the sources of acrolein, the impact of acrolein in the generation of oxidative damage in the diabetic retina, and the mechanisms of acrolein action in the pathogenesis of DR. The possible therapeutic interventions such as the use of polyamine oxidase inhibitors, agents with antioxidant properties, and acrolein scavengers to reduce acrolein toxicity are also discussed.
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López-Contreras AK, Martínez-Ruiz MG, Olvera-Montaño C, Robles-Rivera RR, Arévalo-Simental DE, Castellanos-González JA, Hernández-Chávez A, Huerta-Olvera SG, Cardona-Muñoz EG, Rodríguez-Carrizalez AD. Importance of the Use of Oxidative Stress Biomarkers and Inflammatory Profile in Aqueous and Vitreous Humor in Diabetic Retinopathy. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9090891. [PMID: 32962301 PMCID: PMC7555116 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9090891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy is one of the leading causes of visual impairment and morbidity worldwide, being the number one cause of blindness in people between 27 and 75 years old. It is estimated that ~191 million people will be diagnosed with this microvascular complication by 2030. Its pathogenesis is due to alterations in the retinal microvasculature as a result of a high concentration of glucose in the blood for a long time which generates numerous molecular changes like oxidative stress. Therefore, this narrative review aims to approach various biomarkers associated with the development of diabetic retinopathy. Focusing on the molecules showing promise as detection tools, among them we consider markers of oxidative stress (TAC, LPO, MDA, 4-HNE, SOD, GPx, and catalase), inflammation (IL-6, IL-1ß, IL-8, IL-10, IL-17A, TNF-α, and MMPs), apoptosis (NF-kB, cyt-c, and caspases), and recently those that have to do with epigenetic modifications, their measurement in different biological matrices obtained from the eye, including importance, obtaining process, handling, and storage of these matrices in order to have the ability to detect the disease in its early stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Karen López-Contreras
- Department of Physiology, Health Sciences University Center, Institute of Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco 44340, Mexico; (A.K.L.-C.); (M.G.M.-R.); (C.O.-M.); (R.R.R.-R.); (D.E.A.-S.); (J.A.C.-G.); (A.H.-C.); (E.G.C.-M.)
| | - María Guadalupe Martínez-Ruiz
- Department of Physiology, Health Sciences University Center, Institute of Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco 44340, Mexico; (A.K.L.-C.); (M.G.M.-R.); (C.O.-M.); (R.R.R.-R.); (D.E.A.-S.); (J.A.C.-G.); (A.H.-C.); (E.G.C.-M.)
| | - Cecilia Olvera-Montaño
- Department of Physiology, Health Sciences University Center, Institute of Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco 44340, Mexico; (A.K.L.-C.); (M.G.M.-R.); (C.O.-M.); (R.R.R.-R.); (D.E.A.-S.); (J.A.C.-G.); (A.H.-C.); (E.G.C.-M.)
| | - Ricardo Raúl Robles-Rivera
- Department of Physiology, Health Sciences University Center, Institute of Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco 44340, Mexico; (A.K.L.-C.); (M.G.M.-R.); (C.O.-M.); (R.R.R.-R.); (D.E.A.-S.); (J.A.C.-G.); (A.H.-C.); (E.G.C.-M.)
| | - Diana Esperanza Arévalo-Simental
- Department of Physiology, Health Sciences University Center, Institute of Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco 44340, Mexico; (A.K.L.-C.); (M.G.M.-R.); (C.O.-M.); (R.R.R.-R.); (D.E.A.-S.); (J.A.C.-G.); (A.H.-C.); (E.G.C.-M.)
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hospital Civil de Guadalajara “Fray Antonio Alcalde”, Guadalajara, Jalisco 44280, Mexico
| | - José Alberto Castellanos-González
- Department of Physiology, Health Sciences University Center, Institute of Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco 44340, Mexico; (A.K.L.-C.); (M.G.M.-R.); (C.O.-M.); (R.R.R.-R.); (D.E.A.-S.); (J.A.C.-G.); (A.H.-C.); (E.G.C.-M.)
- Department of Ophthalmology, Specialties Hospital of the National Occidental Medical Center, Mexican Institute of Social Security, Guadalajara, Jalisco 44329, Mexico
| | - Abel Hernández-Chávez
- Department of Physiology, Health Sciences University Center, Institute of Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco 44340, Mexico; (A.K.L.-C.); (M.G.M.-R.); (C.O.-M.); (R.R.R.-R.); (D.E.A.-S.); (J.A.C.-G.); (A.H.-C.); (E.G.C.-M.)
| | - Selene Guadalupe Huerta-Olvera
- Medical and Life Sciences Department, La Ciénega University Center, University of Guadalajara, Ocotlán, Jalisco 47810, Mexico;
| | - Ernesto German Cardona-Muñoz
- Department of Physiology, Health Sciences University Center, Institute of Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco 44340, Mexico; (A.K.L.-C.); (M.G.M.-R.); (C.O.-M.); (R.R.R.-R.); (D.E.A.-S.); (J.A.C.-G.); (A.H.-C.); (E.G.C.-M.)
| | - Adolfo Daniel Rodríguez-Carrizalez
- Department of Physiology, Health Sciences University Center, Institute of Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco 44340, Mexico; (A.K.L.-C.); (M.G.M.-R.); (C.O.-M.); (R.R.R.-R.); (D.E.A.-S.); (J.A.C.-G.); (A.H.-C.); (E.G.C.-M.)
- Correspondence:
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A nanoprobe for ratiometric imaging of glutathione in living cells based on the use of a nanocomposite prepared from dual-emission carbon dots and manganese dioxide nanosheets. Mikrochim Acta 2020; 187:537. [PMID: 32870382 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-020-04495-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2019] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
A ratiometric fluorescence assay for glutathione (GSH) was developed. The novel assay is based on a nanoprobe composed of manganese dioxide nanosheets (MnO2 NS) and dual-emission carbon dots (de-CDs) with intrinsic GSH-response property. After construction of the nanoprobe, two emission peaks of de-CDs were suppressed to varying degrees by MnO2 NS. The suppression was relieved and the two emission peaks recovered proportionally when MnO2 NS was decomposed by GSH, thus realizing the ratiometric assay for micromolar GSH. The intrinsic responsiveness of de-CDs to millimolar GSH broadens the analytical range of the nanoprobe. An appropriate precursor, calcon-carboxylic acid, was screened out to synthesize de-CDs via one-step hydrothermal treatment. The de-CD@MnO2 NS nanoprobe can measure GSH concentrations through the fluorescence intensity ratio between 435 and 516 nm excited at 365 nm. The range of response was from 1 μM to 10 mM and the detection limit reached 0.6 μM (3σ criterion). Benefiting from its good biocompatibility, the proposed nanoprobe has excellent applicability for intracellular GSH imaging.Graphical abstract Schematic representation of glutathione (GSH) ratiometric detection. The nanoprobe is prepared from dual-emission carbon dots (de-CDs) and manganese dioxide nanosheets (MnO2 NS). GSH removes quenching effect by decomposing MnO2 NS and induces intrinsic response of de-CDs, which realizes ratiometric detection.
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Robinson R, Srinivasan M, Shanmugam A, Ward A, Ganapathy V, Bloom J, Sharma A, Sharma S. Interleukin-6 trans-signaling inhibition prevents oxidative stress in a mouse model of early diabetic retinopathy. Redox Biol 2020; 34:101574. [PMID: 32422539 PMCID: PMC7231846 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2020.101574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Diabetic retinopathy (DR), a microvascular complication of diabetes, is the leading cause of visual disability and blindness in diabetic patients. Chronic hyperglycemia leads to increased oxidative stress and inflammation in the retina, resulting in microvascular damage. Our recent in vitro studies have demonstrated that inhibition of interleukin-6 (IL-6) trans-signaling significantly reduces oxidative stress in retinal endothelial cells. The purpose of this study was to further explore the relationship between IL-6 trans-signaling and oxidative stress using a streptozotocin (STZ) induced mouse model of early diabetic retinopathy. Methods Diabetes was induced in eight week-old male C57BL/6J mice using STZ injections. sgp130Fc (mouse sgp130Fc protein) treatment was used for inhibition of IL-6 trans-signaling. Studies were conducted to evaluate the effects of IL-6 trans-signaling on oxidative balance at the systemic and retinal level. Results Decreased antioxidant capacity and increased oxidative stress was observed in diabetic mice, which returned to near-normal levels with sgp130Fc treatment. Similarly, superoxide levels, lipid peroxidation, and markers of oxidative DNA damage were increased in the diabetic retina, and these effects were abrogated by sgp130Fc treatment. Inhibition of IL-6 trans-signaling also restored normal expression of catalase and endothelial nitric oxide synthase in mouse retinas. Conclusions Inhibition of IL-6 trans-signaling significantly reduces diabetes-induced oxidative damage at the systemic level and in the retina. These findings provide further evidence for the role of IL-6 trans-signaling in diabetes-mediated oxidative stress. Decreased antioxidant capacity and increased oxidative stress in mice with DR. Inhibition of L-6 trans-signaling restores catalase and eNOS in the retina. Inhibition of IL-6 trans-signaling reduces retinal oxidative damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebekah Robinson
- Center for Biotechnology and Genomic Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Mukund Srinivasan
- Center for Biotechnology and Genomic Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Arul Shanmugam
- Center for Biotechnology and Genomic Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Alexander Ward
- Center for Biotechnology and Genomic Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Veena Ganapathy
- Center for Biotechnology and Genomic Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Justin Bloom
- Center for Biotechnology and Genomic Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Ashok Sharma
- Center for Biotechnology and Genomic Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA; Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA; Department of Population Health Sciences, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Shruti Sharma
- Center for Biotechnology and Genomic Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA; Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA.
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10
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Sebag J. Vitreous and Vision Degrading Myodesopsia. Prog Retin Eye Res 2020; 79:100847. [PMID: 32151758 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2020.100847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2019] [Revised: 03/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Macromolecules comprise only 2% of vitreous, yet are responsible for its gel state, transparency, and physiologic function(s) within the eye. Myopia and aging alter collagen and hyaluronan association causing concurrent gel liquefaction and fibrous degeneration. The resulting vitreous opacities and collapse of the vitreous body during posterior vitreous detachment are the most common causes for the visual phenomenon of vitreous floaters. Previously considered innocuous, the vitreous opacities that cause floaters sometimes impact vision by profoundly degrading contrast sensitivity function and impairing quality-of-life. While many people adapt to vitreous floaters, clinically significant cases can be diagnosed with Vision Degrading Myodesopsia based upon echographic assessment of vitreous structure and by measuring contrast sensitivity function. Perhaps due to the ubiquity of floaters, the medical profession has to date largely ignored the plight of those with Vision Degrading Myodesopsia. Improved diagnostics will enable better disease staging and more accurate identification of severe cases that merit therapy. YAG laser treatments may occasionally be slightly effective, but vitrectomy is currently the definitive cure. Future developments will usher in more informative diagnostic approaches as well as safer and more effective therapeutic strategies. Improved laser treatments, new pharmacotherapies, and possibly non-invasive optical corrections are exciting new approaches to pursue. Ultimately, enhanced understanding of the underlying pathogenesis of Vision Degrading Myodesopsia should result in prevention, the ultimate goal of modern Medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Sebag
- VMR Institute for Vitreous Macula Retina, Huntington Beach, CA, USA; Doheny Eye Institute, Pasadena, CA, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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11
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Schwab C, Paar M, Fengler VH, Lindner E, Haas A, Ivastinovic D, Seidel G, Weger M, Wedrich A, Oettl K. Vitreous albumin redox state in open-angle glaucoma patients and controls: a pilot study. Int Ophthalmol 2020; 40:999-1006. [PMID: 31925660 DOI: 10.1007/s10792-019-01268-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Numerous studies suggest that reactive oxygen species play a crucial role in the development of glaucoma. Since glaucoma patients exhibit posterior vitreous detachment earlier than controls, it has been suggested that reactive oxygen species-increased in glaucoma-also affect the vitreous. In the present study we evaluated the influence of open-angle glaucoma oxidative stress on the redox state of vitreous albumin. METHODS Albumin redox states of the vitreous and plasma were evaluated in 22 subjects-11 open-angle glaucoma patients and 11 controls-matched for age, gender, and vitreous state. According to the redox state of cysteine-34, albumin can be separated into: human mercaptalbumin (the thiol form), human nonmercaptalbumin1 (a reversible modification due to mild oxidation), and human nonmercaptalbumin2 (an irreversible modification due to severe oxidation). RESULTS Albumin of both, the open-angle glaucoma group and the control group, was more oxidized in the vitreous compared to plasma. Furthermore, significantly higher human nonmercaptalbumin1 fractions were found in the vitreous of open-angle glaucoma patients compared to controls. No significant differences were found in the plasma albumin fractions between the groups. CONCLUSION Our results support the hypothesis that oxidative stress plays a crucial role in open-angle glaucoma and that reactive oxygen species in glaucomatous eyes may also affect the vitreous.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Schwab
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 4, 8036, Graz, Austria
| | - Margret Paar
- Physiological Chemistry, Otto-Loewi Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Neue Stiftingtalstraße 6, 8010, Graz, Austria.
| | - Vera Heike Fengler
- Physiological Chemistry, Otto-Loewi Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Neue Stiftingtalstraße 6, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Ewald Lindner
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 4, 8036, Graz, Austria
| | - Anton Haas
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 4, 8036, Graz, Austria
| | - Domagoj Ivastinovic
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 4, 8036, Graz, Austria
| | - Gerald Seidel
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 4, 8036, Graz, Austria
| | - Martin Weger
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 4, 8036, Graz, Austria
| | - Andreas Wedrich
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 4, 8036, Graz, Austria
| | - Karl Oettl
- Physiological Chemistry, Otto-Loewi Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Neue Stiftingtalstraße 6, 8010, Graz, Austria
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12
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Schwab C, Paar M, Fengler VH, Ivastinovic D, Haas A, Seidel G, Glatz W, Malle EM, Weger M, Velikay-Parel M, Faustmann G, Wedrich A, Reibnegger G, Winklhofer-Roob B, Oettl K. Gender differences in albumin and ascorbic acid in the vitreous antioxidant system. Free Radic Biol Med 2020; 146:257-263. [PMID: 31705958 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2019.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Revised: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Ascorbic acid is present at high concentrations in the vitreous and plays a central role in vitreous redox chemistry. Albumin is the main protein in the vitreous with antioxidant properties and occurs in different oxidation states, which can be used as redox indicators, but have not been studied in the vitreous. This study, therefore, addressed the vitreous redox state of cysteine-34 of albumin in relation to the ascorbic acid content, which has been suggested to exert a main function in detoxifying reactive oxygen in the vitreous. A total of 58 vitreous samples obtained from patients undergoing vitrectomy were analyzed for (i) human mercaptalbumin (HMA), the reduced thiol form; (ii) human non-mercaptalbumin1 (HNA1), a reversible oxidative modification with a disulfide at cysteine-34; and (iii) human non-mercaptalbumin2 (HNA2), a non-reversibly (highly) oxidized form of albumin; as well as (iv) ascorbic acid concentrations, to study possible relations. In addition, blood samples were taken to compare albumin redox state between plasma and the vitreous. Vitreous albumin showed greater variability in the redox state of cysteine-34 and a shift to the oxidized fractions compared to plasma albumin (P < 0.001). A strong positive relation was observed between the vitreous ascorbic acid concentrations and the reversibly oxidized form, HNA1 (P < 0.001), and a negative relation with the reduced form, HMA. Positive relations between ascorbic acid and HNA1 in the vitreous were stronger in men than in women. In contrast to HMA and HNA1, there was a distinct gender difference noted for the irreversibly oxidized form, HNA2. While males showed a positive relation between the vitreous ascorbic acid concentrations and HNA2, there was no correlation found with HNA2 in females. Our results support the view that ascorbic acid, by decreasing either directly or indirectly the concentrations of molecular oxygen, generates hydrogen peroxide, and that thiols, including HMA, are acting as antioxidants. This study for the first time provides evidence that vitreous albumin can be used as a marker molecule for the appearance of reactive oxygen species in the vitreous of patients undergoing vitrectomy. Moreover, it can be shown that there are gender differences in vitreous ascorbic acid and albumin concentrations as well as in oxidation state of vitreous albumin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Schwab
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 4, 8036 Graz, Austria
| | - Margret Paar
- Physiological Chemistry, Otto-Loewi Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Neue Stiftingtalstraße 6, 8010 Graz, Austria.
| | - Vera Heike Fengler
- Physiological Chemistry, Otto-Loewi Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Neue Stiftingtalstraße 6, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Domagoj Ivastinovic
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 4, 8036 Graz, Austria
| | - Anton Haas
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 4, 8036 Graz, Austria
| | - Gerald Seidel
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 4, 8036 Graz, Austria
| | - Wilfried Glatz
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 4, 8036 Graz, Austria
| | - Eva-Maria Malle
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 4, 8036 Graz, Austria
| | - Martin Weger
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 4, 8036 Graz, Austria
| | - Michaela Velikay-Parel
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 4, 8036 Graz, Austria
| | - Gernot Faustmann
- Human Nutrition & Metabolism Research and Training Center, Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 2, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Andreas Wedrich
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 4, 8036 Graz, Austria
| | - Gilbert Reibnegger
- Physiological Chemistry, Otto-Loewi Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Neue Stiftingtalstraße 6, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Brigitte Winklhofer-Roob
- Human Nutrition & Metabolism Research and Training Center, Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 2, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Karl Oettl
- Physiological Chemistry, Otto-Loewi Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Neue Stiftingtalstraße 6, 8010 Graz, Austria
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13
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Ankamah E, Sebag J, Ng E, Nolan JM. Vitreous Antioxidants, Degeneration, and Vitreo-Retinopathy: Exploring the Links. Antioxidants (Basel) 2019; 9:antiox9010007. [PMID: 31861871 PMCID: PMC7022282 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9010007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The transparent vitreous body, which occupies about 80% of the eye’s volume, is laden with numerous enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants that could protect the eye from oxidative stress and disease. Aging is associated with degeneration of vitreous structure as well as a reduction in its antioxidant capacity. A growing body of evidence suggests these age-related changes may be the precursor of numerous oxidative stress-induced vitreo-retinopathies, including vision degrading myodesopsia, the clinically significant entoptic phenomena that can result from advanced vitreous degeneration. Adequate intravitreal antioxidant levels may be protective against vitreous degeneration, possibly preventing and even improving vision degrading myodesopsia as well as mitigating various other vitreo-retinopathies. The present article is, therefore, a review of the different antioxidant molecules within vitreous and the inter-relationships between vitreous antioxidant capacity and degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Ankamah
- Nutrition Research Centre Ireland, School of Health Science, Carriganore House, Waterford Institute of Technology, West Campus, Co., X91 K236 Waterford, Ireland;
- Institute of Eye Surgery, UPMC Whitfield, Buttlerstown, Co., X91 DH9W Waterford, Ireland
- Correspondence: (E.A.); (J.M.N.)
| | - J. Sebag
- VMR Consulting Inc., Huntington Beach, CA 92647, USA;
| | - Eugene Ng
- Nutrition Research Centre Ireland, School of Health Science, Carriganore House, Waterford Institute of Technology, West Campus, Co., X91 K236 Waterford, Ireland;
- Institute of Eye Surgery, UPMC Whitfield, Buttlerstown, Co., X91 DH9W Waterford, Ireland
| | - John M. Nolan
- Nutrition Research Centre Ireland, School of Health Science, Carriganore House, Waterford Institute of Technology, West Campus, Co., X91 K236 Waterford, Ireland;
- Correspondence: (E.A.); (J.M.N.)
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Narayanan SP, Shosha E, D Palani C. Spermine oxidase: A promising therapeutic target for neurodegeneration in diabetic retinopathy. Pharmacol Res 2019; 147:104299. [PMID: 31207342 PMCID: PMC7011157 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2019.104299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2018] [Revised: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Diabetic Retinopathy (DR), is a significant public health issue and the leading cause of blindness in working-aged adults worldwide. The vision loss associated with DR affects patients' quality of life and has negative social and psychological effects. In the past, diabetic retinopathy was considered as a vascular disease; however, it is now recognized to be a neuro-vascular disease of the retina. Current therapies for DR, such as laser photocoagulation and anti-VEGF therapy, treat advanced stages of the disease, particularly the vasculopathy and have adverse side effects. Unavailability of effective treatments to prevent the incidence or progression of DR is a major clinical problem. There is a great need for therapeutic interventions capable of preventing retinal damage in DR patients. A growing body of evidence shows that neurodegeneration is an early event in DR pathogenesis. Therefore, studies of the underlying mechanisms that lead to neurodegeneration are essential for identifying new therapeutic targets in the early stages of DR. Deregulation of the polyamine metabolism is implicated in various neurodegenerative diseases, cancer, renal failure, and diabetes. Spermine Oxidase (SMOX) is a highly inducible enzyme, and its dysregulation can alter polyamine homeostasis. The oxidative products of polyamine metabolism are capable of inducing cell damage and death. The current review provides insight into the SMOX-regulated molecular mechanisms of cellular damage and dysfunction, and its potential as a therapeutic target for diabetic retinopathy. Structural and functional changes in the diabetic retina and the mechanisms leading to neuronal damage (excitotoxicity, loss of neurotrophic factors, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction etc.) are also summarized in this review. Furthermore, existing therapies and new approaches to neuroprotection are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Priya Narayanan
- Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Augusta, GA, United States; Augusta University Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Augusta, GA, United States; Vascular Biology Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States; VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA, United States.
| | - Esraa Shosha
- Augusta University Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Augusta, GA, United States; Vascular Biology Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States; Clinical Pharmacy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Chithra D Palani
- Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Augusta, GA, United States; Augusta University Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Augusta, GA, United States; Vascular Biology Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
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15
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Loyet KM, Hass PE, Sandoval WN, Morando A, Liu P, Shatz W, Dickmann L, Kenrick M, Good J, Davancaze T, Morimoto AM, Kelley RF, Scheer JM. In Vivo Stability Profiles of Anti-factor D Molecules Support Long-Acting Delivery Approaches. Mol Pharm 2018; 16:86-95. [PMID: 30444371 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.8b00871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The collection of aqueous humor (phase 1 b/2 Mahalo study) from patients dosed intravitreally with anti-factor D (AFD; FCFD4514S, lampalizumab), a humanized antibody fragment previously under investigation to treat geographic atrophy (GA) secondary to age-related macular degeneration, presented a unique opportunity to examine AFD properties in clinical samples. We investigated AFD stability and target-binding characteristics to set up strategies for engineering and evaluating optimized molecules that enable less frequent dosing. Two variants, AFD.v8 and AFD.v14, were evaluated as alternatives to AFD for longer-acting treatments. Mass spectrometry, surface plasmon resonance, and immunoassay were used to assess AFD stability and binding activity in aqueous humor samples from Mahalo patients. In vitro stability and binding activity of AFD, AFD.v8, and AFD.v14 were assessed in human vitreous humor versus buffer at 37 °C over 16 weeks and in vivo in rabbits over 28 days along with pharmacokinetic determinations. In human aqueous humor, AFD specific binding was >85% through 30 days, and deamidation was <3% through 60 days, consistent with the AFD stability and binding activity in vitreous humor from humans in vitro and rabbits in vivo. Target binding, stability, and rabbit pharmacokinetic parameters of AFD.v8 and AFD.v14 were similar to those of AFD. Physiological stability and activity of AFD translated across in vitro and in vivo studies in humans and rabbits. The two variants AFD.v8 and AFD.v14 demonstrated comparable potency and pharmacokinetics. These findings, along with previously demonstrated improved solubility of AFD.v8 and AFD.v14, provide proof-of-concept for developing other similar long-acting therapeutic variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly M Loyet
- Department of Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology , Genentech, Inc. , South San Francisco , California 94080 , United States
| | - Philip E Hass
- Department of Protein Chemistry , Genentech, Inc. , South San Francisco , California 94080 , United States
| | - Wendy N Sandoval
- Department of Microchemistry, Proteomics, & Lipidomics , Genentech, Inc. , South San Francisco , California 94080 , United States
| | - Ashley Morando
- Department of Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology , Genentech, Inc. , South San Francisco , California 94080 , United States
| | - Peter Liu
- Department of Microchemistry, Proteomics, & Lipidomics , Genentech, Inc. , South San Francisco , California 94080 , United States
| | - Whitney Shatz
- Department of Protein Chemistry , Genentech, Inc. , South San Francisco , California 94080 , United States
| | - Leslie Dickmann
- Department of Preclinical and Translational Pharmacokinetics , Genentech, Inc. , South San Francisco , California 94080 , United States
| | - Margaret Kenrick
- Department of Preclinical and Translational Pharmacokinetics , Genentech, Inc. , South San Francisco , California 94080 , United States
| | - Jeremy Good
- Department of Assay Development and Technology , Genentech, Inc. , South San Francisco , California 94080 , United States
| | - Teresa Davancaze
- Department of Assay Development and Technology , Genentech, Inc. , South San Francisco , California 94080 , United States
| | - Alyssa M Morimoto
- Department of Assay Development and Technology , Genentech, Inc. , South San Francisco , California 94080 , United States
| | - Robert F Kelley
- Department of Drug Delivery , Genentech, Inc. , South San Francisco , California 94080 , United States
| | - Justin M Scheer
- Department of Protein Chemistry , Genentech, Inc. , South San Francisco , California 94080 , United States
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Prada AL, Keita H, de Souza TP, Lima ES, Acho LDR, da Silva MDJA, Carvalho JCT, Amado JRR. Cassia grandis Lf nanodispersion is a hypoglycemic product with a potent α-glucosidase and pancreatic lipase inhibitor effect. Saudi Pharm J 2018; 27:191-199. [PMID: 30766429 PMCID: PMC6362179 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2018.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose This study aimed to evaluate the hypoglycemic effect, antioxidant, α-glucosidase and lipase inhibitory activity, and the cytotoxicity of the Cassia grandis nanodispersion (CgND). Methods The hypoglycemic effect was evaluated in alloxan-induced diabetic mice. The particle size, polydispersion index, ζ-potential, and conductivity, as well as the drug-loaded content, were monitored in shelf-live, along a year. The delivery profile was evaluated in simulated intestinal fluids at pH 6.5 and 7.4. The antioxidant effect was evaluated as DPPH and ABTS inhibition. The murine α-glucosidase inhibitory activity and the lipase-inhibitory effect were evaluated in vitro. Cytotoxicity was evaluated by the Alamar blue test. Results CgND remained stable for a year in shelf conditions. The hypoglycemic effect in a dose of 10 mg/kg was not statistically different from glibenclamide 25 mg/kg. Nanoparticles released 100% of extract in 120 min at pH 6.5 and 7.4. Nanodispersion exhibited a potent α-glucosidase and lipase-inhibitory effect with IC50 of 3.96 and 0.58 µg/mL, respectively. A strong antioxidant activity against DPPH (IC50 0.65 µg/mL) and ABTS (0.48 µg/mL) was also observed. The hypoglycemic effect could occur, at least in part, via antioxidant and α-glucosidase inhibition. CgND is non-cytotoxic in MRC-5 line cell. This nanodispersion is a promising nanotechnological product that could be used in pharmaceuticals for the treatment of Type II diabetes and related complications as obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariadna Lafourcade Prada
- Pharmacy Department, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Oriente, Patricio Lumumba s/n, Santiago de Cuba, CP 84500 Santiago de Cuba, Cuba.,Drug Research Laboratory, Federal University of Amapá, Rodovia Juscelino Kubitschek, km 2, Jardim Marco Zero, CEP: 68903-419 Macapá, AP, Brazil
| | - Hady Keita
- Division of Postgraduate Studies in Health, University of La Sierra del Sur, Calle Guillermo Rojas Mijangos S/N, Esq. Av. Universidad Colonial, Miahuatlán de Porfirio Díaz, C.P. 70800 Oaxaca, Mexico
| | - Tatiane Pereira de Souza
- Laboratory of Innovation and Development in Pharmaceutical Technology (LIDETEF), Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Amazonas, Ave Rodrigo Otavio Ramos, 6200, Barrio Coroado, CEP 69077-000 Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | - Emerson Silva Lima
- Laboratory of Biological Activity, Pharmaceutical Sciences Faculty, Federal University of Amazonas, Ave. Rodrigo Otavio Ramos 6200, Coroado, CEP 69077-000 Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | - Leonard Domingo Rosales Acho
- Laboratory of Biological Activity, Pharmaceutical Sciences Faculty, Federal University of Amazonas, Ave. Rodrigo Otavio Ramos 6200, Coroado, CEP 69077-000 Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | - Márcia de Jesus Amazonas da Silva
- Laboratory of Biological Activity, Pharmaceutical Sciences Faculty, Federal University of Amazonas, Ave. Rodrigo Otavio Ramos 6200, Coroado, CEP 69077-000 Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | - José Carlos Tavares Carvalho
- Drug Research Laboratory, Federal University of Amapá, Rodovia Juscelino Kubitschek, km 2, Jardim Marco Zero, CEP: 68903-419 Macapá, AP, Brazil
| | - Jesus Rafael Rodriguez Amado
- Pharmacy Department, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Oriente, Patricio Lumumba s/n, Santiago de Cuba, CP 84500 Santiago de Cuba, Cuba.,Laboratory of Innovation and Development in Pharmaceutical Technology (LIDETEF), Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Amazonas, Ave Rodrigo Otavio Ramos, 6200, Barrio Coroado, CEP 69077-000 Manaus, AM, Brazil
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Bejarano E, Taylor A. Too sweet: Problems of protein glycation in the eye. Exp Eye Res 2018; 178:255-262. [PMID: 30145354 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2018.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Revised: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Laboratory and epidemiological data indicate that high blood sugar levels and/or consuming high glycemia diets are linked to multiple age-related diseases, including age-related macular degeneration, cataract, Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, diabetic retinopathy, and, apparently glaucoma. High concentrations of blood sugar and perturbations of the systems that regulate blood sugar lead to the accumulation of advanced-glycation end products (AGEs). AGEs are toxic compounds that are formed from the combination of sugars and their metabolites with biomolecules in a non-enzymatic biochemical reaction called glycation. In vitro and in vivo data indicate that high sugar consumption is associated with accumulation of AGEs in a variety of human tissues. Hyperglycemia, along with an oxidative environment and limited cell proliferation in many ocular tissues, encourages formation and precludes dilution of AGEs and associated damage by cell division. These circumstances make many eye tissues vulnerable to glycation-derived damage. Here, we summarize research regarding glycation-induced ocular tissue dysfunction and its contribution to the onset and development of eye disorders. We also discuss how management of carbohydrate nutrition may provide a low-cost way to ameliorate the progression of AGEs-related diseases, including age related macular degeneration and some cataracts, as they do for cardiovascular disease and diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eloy Bejarano
- Laboratory for Nutrition and Vision Research, USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, 711 Washington St, Boston, MA, 02111, USA.
| | - Allen Taylor
- Laboratory for Nutrition and Vision Research, USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, 711 Washington St, Boston, MA, 02111, USA.
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18
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Wert KJ, Velez G, Cross MR, Wagner BA, Teoh-Fitzgerald ML, Buettner GR, McAnany JJ, Olivier A, Tsang SH, Harper MM, Domann FE, Bassuk AG, Mahajan VB. Extracellular superoxide dismutase (SOD3) regulates oxidative stress at the vitreoretinal interface. Free Radic Biol Med 2018; 124:408-419. [PMID: 29940351 PMCID: PMC6233711 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress is a pathogenic feature in vitreoretinal disease. However, the ability of the inner retina to manage metabolic waste and oxidative stress is unknown. Proteomic analysis of antioxidants in the human vitreous, the extracellular matrix opposing the inner retina, identified superoxide dismutase-3 (SOD3) that localized to a unique matrix structure in the vitreous base and cortex. To determine the role of SOD3, Sod3-/- mice underwent histological and clinical phenotyping. Although the eyes were structurally normal, at the vitreoretinal interface Sod3-/- mice demonstrated higher levels of 3-nitrotyrosine, a key marker of oxidative stress. Pattern electroretinography also showed physiological signaling abnormalities within the inner retina. Vitreous biopsies and epiretinal membranes collected from patients with diabetic vitreoretinopathy (DVR) and a mouse model of DVR showed significantly higher levels of nitrates and/or 3-nitrotyrosine oxidative stress biomarkers suggestive of SOD3 dysfunction. This study analyzes the molecular pathways that regulate oxidative stress in human vitreous substructures. The absence or dysregulation of the SOD3 antioxidant at the vitreous base and cortex results in increased oxidative stress and tissue damage to the inner retina, which may underlie DVR pathogenesis and other vitreoretinal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine J Wert
- Byers Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, United States; Omics Laboratory, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, United States
| | - Gabriel Velez
- Byers Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, United States; Omics Laboratory, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, United States
| | - Madeline R Cross
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Brett A Wagner
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Melissa L Teoh-Fitzgerald
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Garry R Buettner
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - J Jason McAnany
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Alicia Olivier
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Department of Pathology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Stephen H Tsang
- Bernard and Shirlee Brown Glaucoma Laboratory and Barbara & Donald Jonas Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States; Edward S. Harkness Eye Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States; Departments of Ophthalmology, Pathology & Cell Biology, and Institute of Human Nutrition, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Matthew M Harper
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States; Department of Veterans Affairs Iowa City Health Care System, Iowa City, IA, United States; Veterans Affairs Center for the Prevention and Treatment of Visual Loss, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Frederick E Domann
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Alexander G Bassuk
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Vinit B Mahajan
- Byers Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, United States; Omics Laboratory, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, United States; Palo Alto Veterans Administration, Palo Alto, CA, United States.
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Yu FJ, Lam TC, Liu LQ, Chun RKM, Cheung JKW, Li KK, To CH. Isotope-coded protein label based quantitative proteomic analysis reveals significant up-regulation of apolipoprotein A1 and ovotransferrin in the myopic chick vitreous. Sci Rep 2017; 7:12649. [PMID: 28978931 PMCID: PMC5627271 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-12650-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
This study used isotope-coded protein label (ICPL) quantitative proteomics and bioinformatics analysis to examine changes in vitreous protein content and associated pathways during lens-induced eye growth. First, the vitreous protein profile of normal 7-day old chicks was characterized by nano-liquid chromatography electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. A total of 341 unique proteins were identified. Next, myopia and hyperopia were induced in the same chick by attaching -10D lenses to the right eye and +10D lenses to the left eye, for 3 and 7 days. Protein expression in lens-induced ametropic eyes was analyzed using the ICPL approach coupled to LCMS. Four proteins (cystatin, apolipoprotein A1, ovotransferrin, and purpurin) were significantly up-regulated in the vitreous after 3 days of wearing -10D lenses relative to +10D lens contralateral eyes. The differences in protein expression were less pronounced after 7 days when the eyes approached full compensation. In a different group of chicks, western blot confirmed the up-regulation of apolipoprotein A1 and ovotransferrin in the myopic vitreous relative to both contralateral lens-free eyes and hyperopic eyes in separate animals wearing +10D lenses. Bioinformatics analysis suggested oxidative stress and lipid metabolism as pathways involved in compensated ocular elongation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng-Juan Yu
- Laboratory of Experimental Optometry, Centre for Myopia Research, School of Optometry, the Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Thomas Chuen Lam
- Laboratory of Experimental Optometry, Centre for Myopia Research, School of Optometry, the Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong.
| | - Long-Qian Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
| | - Rachel Ka-Man Chun
- Laboratory of Experimental Optometry, Centre for Myopia Research, School of Optometry, the Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Jimmy Ka-Wai Cheung
- Laboratory of Experimental Optometry, Centre for Myopia Research, School of Optometry, the Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - King-Kit Li
- Laboratory of Experimental Optometry, Centre for Myopia Research, School of Optometry, the Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Chi-Ho To
- Laboratory of Experimental Optometry, Centre for Myopia Research, School of Optometry, the Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
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Villa M, Parravano M, Micheli A, Gaddini L, Matteucci A, Mallozzi C, Facchiano F, Malchiodi-Albedi F, Pricci F. A quick, simple method for detecting circulating fluorescent advanced glycation end-products: Correlation with in vitro and in vivo non-enzymatic glycation. Metabolism 2017; 71:64-69. [PMID: 28521879 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2017.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Revised: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/05/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) constitute a highly heterogeneous family of compounds, relevant in the pathogenesis of diabetic complications, which could represent efficient biomarkers of disease progression and drug response. Unfortunately, due to their chemical heterogeneity, no method has been validated to faithfully monitor their levels in the course of the disease. In this study, we refine a procedure to quantitatively analyze fluorescent AGEs (fAGEs), a subset considered remarkably representative of the entire AGE family, and measure them in in vitro glycated BSA (gBSA) and in plasma and vitreous of diabetic rats, for testing its use to possibly quantify circulating AGEs in patients, as markers of metabolic control. METHODS fAGE levels were evaluated by spectrofluorimetric analysis in in vitro and in vivo experimental models. BSA was glycated in vitro with increasing D-glucose concentrations for a fixed time or with a fixed D-glucose concentration for increasing time. In in vivo experiments, streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats were studied at 1, 3, 6 and 12weeks to analyze plasma and vitreous. To confirm the presence of AGEs in our models, non-diabetic rat retinal explants were exposed to high glucose (HG), to reproduce short-term effects, or in vitro gBSA, to reproduce long-term effects of elevated glucose concentrations. Rat retinal explants and diabetic retinal tissues were evaluated for the receptor for advanced glycation end-product (RAGE) by Western blot analysis. RESULTS In in vitro experiments, fluorescence emission showed glucose concentration- and time-dependent increase of fAGEs in gBSA (p≤0.05). In streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats, fAGE in plasma and vitrei showed an increase at 6 (p≤0.005) and 12 (p≤0.05) weeks of diabetes, with respect to control. RAGE was time-dependently upregulated in retinas incubated with gBSA, but not with HG, and in diabetic retinal tissue, substantiating exposure to AGEs. CONCLUSIONS Applying the proposed technique, we could show that fAGEs levels increase with glucose concentration and time of exposure in vitro. Furthermore, in diabetic rats, it showed that circulating fAGEs are similarly upregulated as those in vitreous, suggesting a correlation between circulating and tissue AGEs. These results support the use of this method as a simple and reliable test to measure circulating fAGEs and monitor diabetes progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marika Villa
- Dept of Cardiovascular, Dysmetabolic and Aging-associated diseases
| | | | - Arianna Micheli
- Dept of Cell Biology and Neurosciences, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - Cinzia Mallozzi
- Dept of Cell Biology and Neurosciences, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Facchiano
- Dept of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Flavia Pricci
- Dept of Cardiovascular, Dysmetabolic and Aging-associated diseases.
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