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Meireles DDA, Yokomizo CH, Silva FP, Venâncio TM, Degenhardt MFDS, Oliveira CLPD, Netto LES. Functional diversity of YbbN/CnoX proteins: Insights from a comparative analysis of three thioredoxin-like oxidoreductases from Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Xylella fastidiosa and Escherichia coli. Redox Biol 2024; 72:103128. [PMID: 38554523 PMCID: PMC10998233 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2024.103128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/01/2024] Open
Abstract
YbbN/CnoX are proteins that display a Thioredoxin (Trx) domain linked to a tetratricopeptide domain. YbbN from Escherichia coli (EcYbbN) displays a co-chaperone (holdase) activity that is induced by HOCl. Here, we compared EcYbbN with YbbN proteins from Xylella fastidiosa (XfYbbN) and from Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PaYbbN). EcYbbN presents a redox active Cys residue at Trx domain (Cys63), 24 residues away from SQHC motif (SQHC[N24]C) that can form mixed disulfides with target proteins. In contrast, XfYbbN and PaYbbN present two Cys residues in the CXXC (CAPC) motif, while only PaYbbN shows the Cys residue equivalent to Cys63 of EcYbbN. Our phylogenetic analysis revealed that most of the YbbN proteins are in the bacteria domain of life and that their members can be divided into four groups according to the conserved Cys residues. EcYbbN (SQHC[N24]C), XfYbbN (CAPC[N24]V) and PaYbbN (CAPC[N24]C) are representatives of three sub-families. In contrast to EcYbbN, both XfYbbN and PaYbbN: (1) reduced an artificial disulfide (DTNB) and (2) supported the peroxidase activity of Peroxiredoxin Q from X. fastidiosa, suggesting that these proteins might function similarly to the canonical Trx enzymes. Indeed, XfYbbN was reduced by XfTrx reductase with a high catalytic efficiency (kcat/Km = 1.27 x 107 M-1 s-1), similar to the canonical XfTrx (XfTsnC). Furthermore, EcYbbN and XfYbbN, but not PaYbbN displayed HOCl-induced holdase activity. Remarkably, EcYbbN gained disulfide reductase activity while lost the HOCl-activated chaperone function, when the SQHC was replaced by CQHC. In contrast, the XfYbbN CAPA mutant lost the disulfide reductase activity, while kept its HOCl-induced chaperone function. In all cases, the induction of the holdase activity was accompanied by YbbN oligomerization. Finally, we showed that deletion of ybbN gene did not render in P. aeruginosa more sensitive stressful treatments. Therefore, YbbN/CnoX proteins display distinct properties, depending on the presence of the three conserved Cys residues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diogo de Abreu Meireles
- Laboratório de Fisiologia e Bioquímica de Microrganismos, (LFBM), Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Campos do Goytacazes, RJ, Brazil.
| | - César Henrique Yokomizo
- Departamento de Genética e Biologia Evolutiva, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Francisnei Pedrosa Silva
- Laboratório de Química e Função de Peptídeos e Proteínas (LQFPP), Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Campos do Goytacazes, RJ, Brazil
| | - Thiago Motta Venâncio
- Laboratório de Química e Função de Peptídeos e Proteínas (LQFPP), Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Campos do Goytacazes, RJ, Brazil
| | | | | | - Luis Eduardo Soares Netto
- Departamento de Genética e Biologia Evolutiva, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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Eben SS, Imlay JA. Evidence that protein thiols are not primary targets of intracellular reactive oxygen species in growing Escherichia coli. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1305973. [PMID: 38152379 PMCID: PMC10751367 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1305973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The oxidizability of cysteine residues is exploited in redox chemistry and as a source of stabilizing disulfide bonds, but it also raises the possibility that these side chains will be oxidized when they should not be. It has often been suggested that intracellular oxidative stress from hydrogen peroxide or superoxide may result in the oxidation of the cysteine residues of cytoplasmic proteins. That view seemed to be supported by the discovery that one cellular response to hydrogen peroxide is the induction of glutaredoxin 1 and thioredoxin 2. In this study we used model compounds as well as alkaline phosphatase to test this idea. Our results indicate that molecular oxygen, superoxide, and hydrogen peroxide are very poor oxidants of N-acetylcysteine and of the protein thiols of alkaline phosphatase in vitro. Copper could accelerate thiol oxidation, but iron did not. When alkaline phosphatase was engineered to remain in the cytoplasm of live cells, unnaturally high concentrations of hydrogen peroxide were required to oxidize it to its active, disulfide-dependent form, and toxic levels of superoxide had no effect. At the same time, far lower concentrations of these oxidants were sufficient to poison key metalloenzymes. The elimination of glutaredoxin 1 and thioredoxin 2 did not change these results, raising the question of why E. coli induces them during peroxide stress. In fact, when catalase/peroxidase mutants were chronically stressed with hydrogen peroxide, the absence of glutaredoxin 1 and thioredoxin 2 did not impair growth at all, even in a minimal medium over many generations. We conclude that physiological levels of reduced oxygen species are not potent oxidants of typical protein thiols. Glutaredoxin and thioredoxin must either have an alternative purpose or else play a role under culture conditions that differ from the ones we tested.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - James A. Imlay
- Department of Microbiology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, United States
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3
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Li X, Gluth A, Zhang T, Qian WJ. Thiol redox proteomics: Characterization of thiol-based post-translational modifications. Proteomics 2023; 23:e2200194. [PMID: 37248656 PMCID: PMC10764013 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.202200194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Redox post-translational modifications on cysteine thiols (redox PTMs) have profound effects on protein structure and function, thus enabling regulation of various biological processes. Redox proteomics approaches aim to characterize the landscape of redox PTMs at the systems level. These approaches facilitate studies of condition-specific, dynamic processes implicating redox PTMs and have furthered our understanding of redox signaling and regulation. Mass spectrometry (MS) is a powerful tool for such analyses which has been demonstrated by significant advances in redox proteomics during the last decade. A group of well-established approaches involves the initial blocking of free thiols followed by selective reduction of oxidized PTMs and subsequent enrichment for downstream detection. Alternatively, novel chemoselective probe-based approaches have been developed for various redox PTMs. Direct detection of redox PTMs without any enrichment has also been demonstrated given the sensitivity of contemporary MS instruments. This review discusses the general principles behind different analytical strategies and covers recent advances in redox proteomics. Several applications of redox proteomics are also highlighted to illustrate how large-scale redox proteomics data can lead to novel biological insights.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolu Li
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99354
| | - Austin Gluth
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99354
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, Washington State University, Richland, WA 99354
| | - Tong Zhang
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99354
| | - Wei-Jun Qian
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99354
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4
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Dual RNA-Seq of Flavobacterium psychrophilum and Its Outer Membrane Vesicles Distinguishes Genes Associated with Susceptibility to Bacterial Cold-Water Disease in Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Pathogens 2023; 12:pathogens12030436. [PMID: 36986358 PMCID: PMC10057207 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12030436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Flavobacterium psychrophilum (Fp), the causative agent of Bacterial Cold-Water disease in salmonids, causes substantial losses in aquaculture. Bacterial outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) contain several virulence factors, enzymes, toxins, and nucleic acids and are expected to play an essential role in host–pathogen interactions. In this study, we used transcriptome sequencing, RNA-seq, to investigate the expression abundance of the protein-coding genes in the Fp OMVs versus the Fp whole cell. RNA-seq identified 2190 transcripts expressed in the whole cell and 2046 transcripts in OMVs. Of them, 168 transcripts were uniquely identified in OMVs, 312 transcripts were expressed only in the whole cell, and 1878 transcripts were shared in the two sets. Functional annotation analysis of the OMV-abundant transcripts showed an association with the bacterial translation machinery and histone-like DNA-binding proteins. RNA-Seq of the pathogen transcriptome on day 5 post-infection of Fp-resistant versus Fp-susceptible rainbow trout genetic lines revealed differential gene expression of OMV-enriched genes, suggesting a role for the OMVs in shaping the host–microbe interaction. Interestingly, a cell wall-associated hydrolase (CWH) gene was the most highly expressed gene in OMVs and among the top upregulated transcripts in susceptible fish. The CWH sequence was conserved in 51 different strains of Fp. The study provides insights into the potential role of OMVs in host–pathogen interactions and explores microbial genes essential for virulence and pathogenesis.
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5
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Hampton MB, Dickerhof N. Inside the phagosome: A bacterial perspective. Immunol Rev 2023; 314:197-209. [PMID: 36625601 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The neutrophil phagosome is one of the most hostile environments that bacteria must face and overcome if they are to succeed as pathogens. Targeting bacterial defense mechanisms should lead to new therapies that assist neutrophils to kill pathogens, but this has not yet come to fruition. One of the limiting factors in this effort has been our incomplete knowledge of the complex biochemistry that occurs within the rapidly changing environment of the phagosome. The same compartmentalization that protects host tissue also limits our ability to measure events within the phagosome. In this review, we highlight the limitations in our knowledge, and how the contribution of bacteria to the phagosomal environment is often ignored. There appears to be significant heterogeneity among phagosomes, and it is important to determine whether survivors have more efficient defenses or whether they are ingested into less threatening environments than other bacteria. As part of these efforts, we discuss how monitoring or recovering bacteria from phagosomes can provide insight into the conditions they have faced. We also encourage the use of unbiased screening approaches to identify bacterial genes that are essential for survival inside neutrophil phagosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark B Hampton
- Centre for Free Radical Research, Department of Pathology and Biomedical Science, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Nina Dickerhof
- Centre for Free Radical Research, Department of Pathology and Biomedical Science, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
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6
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Kettle AJ, Ashby LV, Winterbourn CC, Dickerhof N. Superoxide: The enigmatic chemical chameleon in neutrophil biology. Immunol Rev 2023; 314:181-196. [PMID: 36609987 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The burst of superoxide produced when neutrophils phagocytose bacteria is the defining biochemical feature of these abundant immune cells. But 50 years since this discovery, the vital role superoxide plays in host defense has yet to be defined. Superoxide is neither bactericidal nor is it just a source of hydrogen peroxide. This simple free radical does, however, have remarkable chemical dexterity. Depending on its environment and reaction partners, superoxide can act as an oxidant, a reductant, a nucleophile, or an enzyme substrate. We outline the evidence that inside phagosomes where neutrophils trap, kill, and digest bacteria, superoxide will react preferentially with the enzyme myeloperoxidase, not the bacterium. By acting as a cofactor, superoxide will sustain hypochlorous acid production by myeloperoxidase. As a substrate, superoxide may give rise to other forms of reactive oxygen. We contend that these interactions hold the key to understanding the precise role superoxide plays in neutrophil biology. State-of-the-art techniques in mass spectrometry, oxidant-specific fluorescent probes, and microscopy focused on individual phagosomes are needed to identify bactericidal mechanisms driven by superoxide. This work will undoubtably lead to fascinating discoveries in host defense and give a richer understanding of superoxide's varied biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony J Kettle
- Department of Pathology & Biomedical Science, Mātai Hāora: Centre for Redox Biology & Medicine, University of Otago Christchurch, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Louisa V Ashby
- Department of Pathology & Biomedical Science, Mātai Hāora: Centre for Redox Biology & Medicine, University of Otago Christchurch, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Christine C Winterbourn
- Department of Pathology & Biomedical Science, Mātai Hāora: Centre for Redox Biology & Medicine, University of Otago Christchurch, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Nina Dickerhof
- Department of Pathology & Biomedical Science, Mātai Hāora: Centre for Redox Biology & Medicine, University of Otago Christchurch, Christchurch, New Zealand
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7
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Redox-Mediated Inactivation of the Transcriptional Repressor RcrR is Responsible for Uropathogenic Escherichia coli's Increased Resistance to Reactive Chlorine Species. mBio 2022; 13:e0192622. [PMID: 36073817 PMCID: PMC9600549 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01926-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to overcome stressful environments is critical for pathogen survival in the host. One challenge for bacteria is the exposure to reactive chlorine species (RCS), which are generated by innate immune cells as a critical part of the oxidative burst. Hypochlorous acid (HOCl) is the most potent antimicrobial RCS and is associated with extensive macromolecular damage in the phagocytized pathogen. However, bacteria have evolved defense strategies to alleviate the effects of HOCl-mediated damage. Among these are RCS-sensing transcriptional regulators that control the expression of HOCl-protective genes under non-stress and HOCl stress. Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC), the major causative agent of urinary tract infections (UTIs), is particularly exposed to infiltrating neutrophils during pathogenesis; however, their responses to and defenses from HOCl are still completely unexplored. Here, we present evidence that UPEC strains tolerate higher levels of HOCl and are better protected from neutrophil-mediated killing compared with other E. coli. Transcriptomic analysis of HOCl-stressed UPEC revealed the upregulation of an operon consisting of three genes, one of which encodes the transcriptional regulator RcrR. We identified RcrR as a HOCl-responsive transcriptional repressor, which, under non-stress conditions, is bound to the operator and represses the expression of its target genes. During HOCl exposure, however, the repressor forms reversible intermolecular disulfide bonds and dissociates from the DNA resulting in the derepression of the operon. Deletion of one of the target genes renders UPEC significantly more susceptible to HOCl and phagocytosis indicating that the HOCl-mediated induction of the regulon plays a major role for UPEC’s HOCl resistance.
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8
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Abstract
The nasopharynx and the skin are the major oxygen-rich anatomical sites for colonization by the human pathogen Streptococcus pyogenes (group A Streptococcus [GAS]). To establish infection, GAS must survive oxidative stress generated during aerobic metabolism and the release of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by host innate immune cells. Glutathione is the major host antioxidant molecule, while GAS is glutathione auxotrophic. Here, we report the molecular characterization of the ABC transporter substrate binding protein GshT in the GAS glutathione salvage pathway. We demonstrate that glutathione uptake is critical for aerobic growth of GAS and that impaired import of glutathione induces oxidative stress that triggers enhanced production of the reducing equivalent NADPH. Our results highlight the interrelationship between glutathione assimilation, carbohydrate metabolism, virulence factor production, and innate immune evasion. Together, these findings suggest an adaptive strategy employed by extracellular bacterial pathogens to exploit host glutathione stores for their own benefit.
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9
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Skåne A, Loose JSM, Vaaje-Kolstad G, Askarian F. Comparative proteomic profiling reveals specific adaption of Vibrio anguillarum to oxidative stress, iron deprivation and humoral components of innate immunity. J Proteomics 2022; 251:104412. [PMID: 34737109 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2021.104412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The gram-negative bacterium Vibrio (Listonella) anguillarum (VA) is the causative agent of vibriosis, a terminal hemorrhagic septicemia affecting the aquacultural industry across the globe. In the current study we used label-free quantitative proteomics to investigate how VA adapts to conditions that mimic defined aspects of vibriosis-related stress such as exposure to oxidative stress (H2O2), exposure to humoral factors of innate immunity through incubation with Atlantic salmon serum, and iron deprivation upon supplementation of 2,2'-dipyridyl (DIP) to the growth medium. We also investigated how regulation of virulence factors may be governed by the VA growth phase and availability of nutrients. All experimental conditions explored revealed stress-specific proteomic adaption of VA and only nine proteins were found to be commonly regulated in all conditions. A general observation made for all stress-related conditions was regulation of multiple metabolic pathways. Notably, iron deprivation and exposure to Atlantic salmon serum evoked upregulation of iron acquisition mechanisms. The findings made in the present study represent a source of potential virulence determinants that can be of use in the search for means to understand vibriosis. SIGNIFICANCE: Vibriosis in fish and shellfish caused by V. anguillarum (VA) is responsible for large economic losses in the aquaculture sector across the globe. However, not much is known about the defense mechanism of this pathogen to percept and adapt to the imposed stresses during infection. Analyzing the response of VA to multiple host-related physiochemical stresses, the quantitative proteomic analysis of the present study indicates modulation of several virulence determinants and key defense networks of this pathogen. Our findings provide a theoretical basis to enhance our understanding of VA pathogenesis and can be employed to improve current intervention strategies to control vibriosis in aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Skåne
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås, Norway
| | - Jennifer S M Loose
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås, Norway
| | - Gustav Vaaje-Kolstad
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås, Norway.
| | - Fatemeh Askarian
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås, Norway; Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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10
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Giese J, Eirich J, Post F, Schwarzländer M, Finkemeier I. Mass Spectrometry-Based Quantitative Cysteine Redox Proteome Profiling of Isolated Mitochondria Using Differential iodoTMT Labeling. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2363:215-234. [PMID: 34545496 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1653-6_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria are central hubs of redox biochemistry in the cell. An important role of mitochondrial carbon metabolism is to oxidize respiratory substrates and to pass the electrons down the mitochondrial electron transport chain to reduce oxygen and to drive oxidative phosphorylation. During respiration, reactive oxygen species are produced as a side reaction, some of which in turn oxidize cysteine thiols in proteins. Hence, the redox status of cysteine-containing mitochondrial proteins has to be controlled by the mitochondrial glutathione and thioredoxin systems, which draw electrons from metabolically derived NADPH. The redox status of mitochondrial cysteines can undergo fast transitions depending on the metabolic status of the cell, as for instance at early seed germination. Here, we describe a state-of-the-art method to quantify redox state of protein cysteines in isolated Arabidopsis seedling mitochondria of controlled metabolic and respiratory state by MS2-based redox proteomics using the isobaric thiol labeling reagent Iodoacetyl Tandem Mass Tag™ (iodoTMT). The procedure is also applicable to isolated mitochondria of other plant and nonplant systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Giese
- Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Jürgen Eirich
- Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Frederik Post
- Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Markus Schwarzländer
- Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Iris Finkemeier
- Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany.
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11
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Hamitouche F, Gaillard JC, Schmitt P, Armengaud J, Duport C, Dedieu L. Redox proteomic study of Bacillus cereus thiol proteome during fermentative anaerobic growth. BMC Genomics 2021; 22:648. [PMID: 34493209 PMCID: PMC8425097 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-021-07962-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Bacillus cereus is a notorious foodborne pathogen, which can grow under anoxic conditions. Anoxic growth is supported by endogenous redox metabolism, for which the thiol redox proteome serves as an interface. Here, we studied the cysteine (Cys) proteome dynamics of B. cereus ATCC 14579 cells grown under fermentative anoxic conditions. We used a quantitative thiol trapping method combined with proteomics profiling. Results In total, we identified 153 reactive Cys residues in 117 proteins participating in various cellular processes and metabolic pathways, including translation, carbohydrate metabolism, and stress response. Of these reactive Cys, 72 were detected as reduced Cys. The B. cereus Cys proteome evolved during growth both in terms of the number of reduced Cys and the Cys-containing proteins identified, reflecting its growth-phase-dependence. Interestingly, the reduced status of the B. cereus thiol proteome increased during growth, concomitantly to the decrease of extracellular oxidoreduction potential. Conclusions Taken together, our data show that the B. cereus Cys proteome during unstressed fermentative anaerobic growth is a dynamic entity and provide an important foundation for future redox proteomic studies in B. cereus and other organisms. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12864-021-07962-y.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fella Hamitouche
- Avignon Université, INRAE, UMR SQPOV, Site Agroparc, F-84914, Avignon Cedex 9, France
| | - Jean-Charles Gaillard
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS), SPI, 30200, Bagnols-sur-Cèze, France
| | - Philippe Schmitt
- Avignon Université, INRAE, UMR SQPOV, Site Agroparc, F-84914, Avignon Cedex 9, France
| | - Jean Armengaud
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS), SPI, 30200, Bagnols-sur-Cèze, France
| | - Catherine Duport
- Avignon Université, INRAE, UMR SQPOV, Site Agroparc, F-84914, Avignon Cedex 9, France
| | - Luc Dedieu
- Avignon Université, INRAE, UMR SQPOV, Site Agroparc, F-84914, Avignon Cedex 9, France.
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Stoichiometric Thiol Redox Proteomics for Quantifying Cellular Responses to Perturbations. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10030499. [PMID: 33807006 PMCID: PMC8004825 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10030499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Post-translational modifications regulate the structure and function of proteins that can result in changes to the activity of different pathways. These include modifications altering the redox state of thiol groups on protein cysteine residues, which are sensitive to oxidative environments. While mass spectrometry has advanced the identification of protein thiol modifications and expanded our knowledge of redox-sensitive pathways, the quantitative aspect of this technique is critical for the field of redox proteomics. In this review, we describe how mass spectrometry-based redox proteomics has enabled researchers to accurately quantify the stoichiometry of reversible oxidative modifications on specific cysteine residues of proteins. We will describe advancements in the methodology that allow for the absolute quantitation of thiol modifications, as well as recent reports that have implemented this approach. We will also highlight the significance and application of such measurements and why they are informative for the field of redox biology.
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Zhang X, Zhang Z, Chen XL. The Redox Proteome of Thiol Proteins in the Rice Blast Fungus Magnaporthe oryzae. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:648894. [PMID: 33776980 PMCID: PMC7987659 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.648894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Redox modification, a post-translational modification, has been demonstrated to be significant for many physiological pathways and biological processes in both eukaryotes and prokaryotes. However, little is known about the global profile of protein redox modification in fungi. To explore the roles of redox modification in the plant pathogenic fungi, a global thiol proteome survey was performed in the model fungal pathogen Magnaporthe oryzae. A total of 3713 redox modification sites from 1899 proteins were identified through a mix sample containing mycelia with or without oxidative stress, conidia, appressoria, and invasive hyphae of M. oryzae. The identified thiol-modified proteins were performed with protein domain, subcellular localization, functional classification, metabolic pathways, and protein–protein interaction network analyses, indicating that redox modification is associated with a wide range of biological and cellular functions. These results suggested that redox modification plays important roles in fungal growth, conidium formation, appressorium formation, as well as invasive growth. Interestingly, a large number of pathogenesis-related proteins were redox modification targets, suggesting the significant roles of redox modification in pathogenicity of M. oryzae. This work provides a global insight into the redox proteome of the pathogenic fungi, which built a groundwork and valuable resource for future studies of redox modification in fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinrong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory for Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenhua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Xiao-Lin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
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14
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Gbian DL, Omri A. Current and novel therapeutic strategies for the management of cystic fibrosis. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2021; 18:535-552. [PMID: 33426936 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2021.1874343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Cystic fibrosis (CF), is caused by mutations in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene and affects thousands of people throughout the world. Lung disease is the leading cause of death in CF patients. Despite the advances in treatments, the management of CF mainly targets symptoms. Recent CFTR modulators however target common mutations in patients, alleviating symptoms of CF. Unfortunately, there is still no approved treatments for patients with rare mutations to date.Areas covered: This paper reviews current treatments of CF that mitigate symptoms and target genetic defects. The use of gene and drug delivery systems such as viral or non-viral vectors and nano-compounds to enhance CFTR expression and the activity of antimicrobials against chronic pulmonary infections respectively, will also be discussed.Expert opinion: Nano-compounds tackle biological barriers to drug delivery and revitalize antimicrobials, anti-inflammatory drugs and even genes delivery to CF patients. Gene therapy and gene editing are of particular interest because they have the potential to directly target genetic defects. Nanoparticles should be formulated to more specifically target epithelial cells, and biofilms. Finally, the development of more potent gene vectors to increase the duration of gene expression and reduce inflammation is a promising strategy to eventually cure CF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douweh Leyla Gbian
- The Novel Drug and Vaccine Delivery Systems Facility, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Laurentian University, Sudbury, Ontario, Canada
| | - Abdelwahab Omri
- The Novel Drug and Vaccine Delivery Systems Facility, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Laurentian University, Sudbury, Ontario, Canada
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15
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New Provisional Function of OmpA from Acinetobacter sp. Strain SA01 Based on Environmental Challenges. mSystems 2021; 6:6/1/e01175-20. [PMID: 33436517 PMCID: PMC7901484 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.01175-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Acinetobacter OmpA is known as a multifaceted protein with multiple functions, including emulsifying properties. Bioemulsifiers are surface-active compounds that can disperse hydrophobic compounds in water and help increase the bioavailability of hydrophobic hydrocarbons to be used by degrading microorganisms. An outer membrane protein A (OmpA) from Acinetobacter sp. strain SA01 was identified and characterized in-depth based on the structural and functional characteristics already known of its homologues. In silico structural studies showed that this protein can be a slow porin, binds to peptidoglycan, and exhibits emulsifying properties. Characterization of the recombinant SA01-OmpA, based on its emulsifying properties, represented its promising potentials in biotechnology. Also, the presence of SA01-OmpA in outer membrane vesicles (OMV) and biofilm showed that this protein, like its homologues in Acinetobacter baumannii, can be secreted into the extracellular environment through OMVs and play a role in the formation of biofilm. After ensuring the correct selection of the protein of interest, the role of oxidative stress induced by cell nutritional parameters (utilization of specific carbon sources) on the expression level of OmpA was carefully studied. For this purpose, the oxidative stress level of SA01 cell cultures in the presence of three nonrelevant carbon sources (sodium acetate, ethanol, and phenol) was examined under each condition. High expression of SA01-OmpA in ethanol- and phenol-fed cells with higher levels of oxidative stress than acetate suggested that oxidative stress could be a substantial factor in the regulation of SA01-OmpA expression. The significant association of SA01-OmpA expression with the levels of oxidative stress induced by cadmium and H2O2, with oxidative stress-inducing properties and lack of nutritional value, confirmed that the cells tend to harness their capacities with a possible increase in OmpA production. Collectively, this study suggests a homeostasis role for OmpA in Acinetobacter sp. SA01 under oxidative stress besides assuming many other roles hitherto attributed to this protein. IMPORTANCEAcinetobacter OmpA is known as a multifaceted protein with multiple functions, including emulsifying properties. Bioemulsifiers are surface-active compounds that can disperse hydrophobic compounds in water and help increase the bioavailability of hydrophobic hydrocarbons to be used by degrading microorganisms. In this study, an OmpA from Acinetobacter sp. SA01 was identified and introduced as an emulsifier with a higher emulsifying capacity than Pseudomonas aeruginosa rhamnolipid. We also showed that the expression of this protein is not dependent on the nutritional requirements but is more influenced by the oxidative stress caused by stressors. This finding, along with the structural role of this protein as a slow porin or its role in OMV biogenesis and biofilm formation, suggests that this protein can play an important role in maintaining cellular homeostasis under oxidative stress conditions. Altogether, the present study provides a new perspective on the functional performance of Acinetobacter OmpA, which can be used both to optimize its production as an emulsifier and a target in the treatment of multidrug-resistant strains.
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16
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Ulfig A, Leichert LI. The effects of neutrophil-generated hypochlorous acid and other hypohalous acids on host and pathogens. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:385-414. [PMID: 32661559 PMCID: PMC7873122 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-020-03591-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 06/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Neutrophils are predominant immune cells that protect the human body against infections by deploying sophisticated antimicrobial strategies including phagocytosis of bacteria and neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) formation. Here, we provide an overview of the mechanisms by which neutrophils kill exogenous pathogens before we focus on one particular weapon in their arsenal: the generation of the oxidizing hypohalous acids HOCl, HOBr and HOSCN during the so-called oxidative burst by the enzyme myeloperoxidase. We look at the effects of these hypohalous acids on biological systems in general and proteins in particular and turn our attention to bacterial strategies to survive HOCl stress. HOCl is a strong inducer of protein aggregation, which bacteria can counteract by chaperone-like holdases that bind unfolding proteins without the need for energy in the form of ATP. These chaperones are activated by HOCl through thiol oxidation (Hsp33) or N-chlorination of basic amino acid side-chains (RidA and CnoX) and contribute to bacterial survival during HOCl stress. However, neutrophil-generated hypohalous acids also affect the host system. Recent studies have shown that plasma proteins act not only as sinks for HOCl, but get actively transformed into modulators of the cellular immune response through N-chlorination. N-chlorinated serum albumin can prevent aggregation of proteins, stimulate immune cells, and act as a pro-survival factor for immune cells in the presence of cytotoxic antigens. Finally, we take a look at the emerging role of HOCl as a potential signaling molecule, particularly its role in neutrophil extracellular trap formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnes Ulfig
- Ruhr University Bochum, Institute for Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry-Microbial Biochemistry, Universitätsstrasse 150, 44780, Bochum, Germany
| | - Lars I Leichert
- Ruhr University Bochum, Institute for Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry-Microbial Biochemistry, Universitätsstrasse 150, 44780, Bochum, Germany.
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17
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth M. Gordon
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- Microbial Sciences Institute, Yale University, West Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Stavroula K. Hatzios
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- Microbial Sciences Institute, Yale University, West Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
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18
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Gibhardt CS, Cappello S, Bhardwaj R, Schober R, Kirsch SA, Bonilla Del Rio Z, Gahbauer S, Bochicchio A, Sumanska M, Ickes C, Stejerean-Todoran I, Mitkovski M, Alansary D, Zhang X, Revazian A, Fahrner M, Lunz V, Frischauf I, Luo T, Ezerina D, Messens J, Belousov VV, Hoth M, Böckmann RA, Hediger MA, Schindl R, Bogeski I. Oxidative Stress-Induced STIM2 Cysteine Modifications Suppress Store-Operated Calcium Entry. Cell Rep 2020; 33:108292. [PMID: 33086068 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Store-operated calcium entry (SOCE) through STIM-gated ORAI channels governs vital cellular functions. In this context, SOCE controls cellular redox signaling and is itself regulated by redox modifications. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying this calcium-redox interplay and the functional outcomes are not fully understood. Here, we examine the role of STIM2 in SOCE redox regulation. Redox proteomics identify cysteine 313 as the main redox sensor of STIM2 in vitro and in vivo. Oxidative stress suppresses SOCE and calcium currents in cells overexpressing STIM2 and ORAI1, an effect that is abolished by mutation of cysteine 313. FLIM and FRET microscopy, together with MD simulations, indicate that oxidative modifications of cysteine 313 alter STIM2 activation dynamics and thereby hinder STIM2-mediated gating of ORAI1. In summary, this study establishes STIM2-controlled redox regulation of SOCE as a mechanism that affects several calcium-regulated physiological processes, as well as stress-induced pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Silvia Gibhardt
- Molecular Physiology, Institute of Cardiovascular Physiology, University Medical Center, Georg-August-University, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Sabrina Cappello
- Molecular Physiology, Institute of Cardiovascular Physiology, University Medical Center, Georg-August-University, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Rajesh Bhardwaj
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Inselspital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Romana Schober
- Institute of Biophysics, JKU Life Science Center, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Linz, Austria; Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Sonja Agnes Kirsch
- Computational Biology, Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany
| | - Zuriñe Bonilla Del Rio
- Molecular Physiology, Institute of Cardiovascular Physiology, University Medical Center, Georg-August-University, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Stefan Gahbauer
- Computational Biology, Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany
| | - Anna Bochicchio
- Computational Biology, Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany
| | - Magdalena Sumanska
- Molecular Physiology, Institute of Cardiovascular Physiology, University Medical Center, Georg-August-University, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Christian Ickes
- Molecular Physiology, Institute of Cardiovascular Physiology, University Medical Center, Georg-August-University, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ioana Stejerean-Todoran
- Molecular Physiology, Institute of Cardiovascular Physiology, University Medical Center, Georg-August-University, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Miso Mitkovski
- Light Microscopy Facility, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Dalia Alansary
- Biophysics, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Xin Zhang
- Molecular Physiology, Institute of Cardiovascular Physiology, University Medical Center, Georg-August-University, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Aram Revazian
- Molecular Physiology, Institute of Cardiovascular Physiology, University Medical Center, Georg-August-University, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Marc Fahrner
- Institute of Biophysics, JKU Life Science Center, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Linz, Austria
| | - Victoria Lunz
- Institute of Biophysics, JKU Life Science Center, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Linz, Austria
| | - Irene Frischauf
- Institute of Biophysics, JKU Life Science Center, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Linz, Austria
| | - Ting Luo
- VIB-VUB Center for Structural Biology, Brussels Center for Redox Biology, Structural Biology Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Daria Ezerina
- VIB-VUB Center for Structural Biology, Brussels Center for Redox Biology, Structural Biology Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Joris Messens
- VIB-VUB Center for Structural Biology, Brussels Center for Redox Biology, Structural Biology Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Vsevolod Vadimovich Belousov
- Molecular Physiology, Institute of Cardiovascular Physiology, University Medical Center, Georg-August-University, Göttingen, Germany; Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia; Federal Center of Brain Research and Neurotechnologies of the Federal Medical Biological Agency, Moscow, Russia
| | - Markus Hoth
- Biophysics, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Rainer Arnold Böckmann
- Computational Biology, Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany
| | | | - Rainer Schindl
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria.
| | - Ivan Bogeski
- Molecular Physiology, Institute of Cardiovascular Physiology, University Medical Center, Georg-August-University, Göttingen, Germany.
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19
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Varatnitskaya M, Degrossoli A, Leichert LI. Redox regulation in host-pathogen interactions: thiol switches and beyond. Biol Chem 2020; 402:299-316. [PMID: 33021957 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2020-0264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Our organism is exposed to pathogens on a daily basis. Owing to this age-old interaction, both pathogen and host evolved strategies to cope with these encounters. Here, we focus on the consequences of the direct encounter of cells of the innate immune system with bacteria. First, we will discuss the bacterial strategies to counteract powerful reactive species. Our emphasis lies on the effects of hypochlorous acid (HOCl), arguably the most powerful oxidant produced inside the phagolysosome of professional phagocytes. We will highlight individual examples of proteins in gram-negative bacteria activated by HOCl via thiol-disulfide switches, methionine sulfoxidation, and N-chlorination of basic amino acid side chains. Second, we will discuss the effects of HOCl on proteins of the host. Recent studies have shown that both host and bacteria address failing protein homeostasis by activation of chaperone-like holdases through N-chlorination. After discussing the role of individual proteins in the HOCl-defense, we will turn our attention to the examination of effects on host and pathogen on a systemic level. Recent studies using genetically encoded redox probes and redox proteomics highlight differences in redox homeostasis in host and pathogen and give first hints at potential cellular HOCl signaling beyond thiol-disulfide switch mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marharyta Varatnitskaya
- Institute for Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry - Microbial Biochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Adriana Degrossoli
- Faculty of Health Science - Health Science Department, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, Brazil
| | - Lars I Leichert
- Institute for Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry - Microbial Biochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
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20
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Loescher CM, Breitkreuz M, Li Y, Nickel A, Unger A, Dietl A, Schmidt A, Mohamed BA, Kötter S, Schmitt JP, Krüger M, Krüger M, Toischer K, Maack C, Leichert LI, Hamdani N, Linke WA. Regulation of titin-based cardiac stiffness by unfolded domain oxidation (UnDOx). Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:24545-24556. [PMID: 32929035 PMCID: PMC7533878 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2004900117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The relationship between oxidative stress and cardiac stiffness is thought to involve modifications to the giant muscle protein titin, which in turn can determine the progression of heart disease. In vitro studies have shown that S-glutathionylation and disulfide bonding of titin fragments could alter the elastic properties of titin; however, whether and where titin becomes oxidized in vivo is less certain. Here we demonstrate, using multiple models of oxidative stress in conjunction with mechanical loading, that immunoglobulin domains preferentially from the distal titin spring region become oxidized in vivo through the mechanism of unfolded domain oxidation (UnDOx). Via oxidation type-specific modification of titin, UnDOx modulates human cardiomyocyte passive force bidirectionally. UnDOx also enhances titin phosphorylation and, importantly, promotes nonconstitutive folding and aggregation of unfolded domains. We propose a mechanism whereby UnDOx enables the controlled homotypic interactions within the distal titin spring to stabilize this segment and regulate myocardial passive stiffness.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Martin Breitkreuz
- Institute of Physiology, Ruhr University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Yong Li
- Institute of Physiology II, University of Munster, 48149 Munster, Germany
| | - Alexander Nickel
- Comprehensive Heart Failure Center Wuerzburg, University Clinic Wuerzburg, 97078 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Unger
- Institute of Physiology II, University of Munster, 48149 Munster, Germany
| | - Alexander Dietl
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Schmidt
- Institute for Genetics, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Belal A Mohamed
- Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, University Medicine Goettingen, 37075 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Sebastian Kötter
- Department of Cardiovascular Physiology, Heinrich Heine University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Joachim P Schmitt
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, Heinrich Heine University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Marcus Krüger
- Institute for Genetics, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Excellence Cluster "Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases" (CECAD), University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Martina Krüger
- Department of Cardiovascular Physiology, Heinrich Heine University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Karl Toischer
- Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, University Medicine Goettingen, 37075 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Christoph Maack
- Comprehensive Heart Failure Center Wuerzburg, University Clinic Wuerzburg, 97078 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Lars I Leichert
- Institute for Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Nazha Hamdani
- Institute of Physiology, Ruhr University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Wolfgang A Linke
- Institute of Physiology II, University of Munster, 48149 Munster, Germany;
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21
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Abstract
Neutrophils kill invading microbes and therefore represent the first line of defense of the innate immune response. Activated neutrophils assemble NADPH oxidase to convert substantial amounts of molecular oxygen into superoxide, which, after dismutation into peroxide, serves as the substrate for the generation of the potent antimicrobial hypochlorous acid (HOCl) in the phagosomal space. In this minireview, we explore the most recent insights into physiological consequences of HOCl stress. Not surprisingly, Gram-negative bacteria have evolved diverse posttranslational defense mechanisms to protect their proteins, the main targets of HOCl, from HOCl-mediated damage. We discuss the idea that oxidation of conserved cysteine residues and partial unfolding of its structure convert the heat shock protein Hsp33 into a highly active chaperone holdase that binds unfolded proteins and prevents their aggregation. We examine two novel members of the Escherichia coli chaperone holdase family, RidA and CnoX, whose thiol-independent activation mechanism differs from that of Hsp33 and requires N-chlorination of positively charged amino acids during HOCl exposure. Furthermore, we summarize the latest findings with respect to another bacterial defense strategy employed in response to HOCl stress, which involves the accumulation of the universally conserved biopolymer inorganic polyphosphate. We then discuss sophisticated adaptive strategies that bacteria have developed to enhance their survival during HOCl stress. Understanding bacterial defense and survival strategies against one of the most powerful neutrophilic oxidants may provide novel insights into treatment options that potentially compromise the ability of pathogens to resist HOCl stress and therefore may increase the efficacy of the innate immune response.
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22
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The minimal meningococcal ProQ protein has an intrinsic capacity for structure-based global RNA recognition. Nat Commun 2020; 11:2823. [PMID: 32499480 PMCID: PMC7272453 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-16650-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
FinO-domain proteins are a widespread family of bacterial RNA-binding proteins with regulatory functions. Their target spectrum ranges from a single RNA pair, in the case of plasmid-encoded FinO, to global RNA regulons, as with enterobacterial ProQ. To assess whether the FinO domain itself is intrinsically selective or promiscuous, we determine in vivo targets of Neisseria meningitidis, which consists of solely a FinO domain. UV-CLIP-seq identifies associations with 16 small non-coding sRNAs and 166 mRNAs. Meningococcal ProQ predominantly binds to highly structured regions and generally acts to stabilize its RNA targets. Loss of ProQ alters transcript levels of >250 genes, demonstrating that this minimal ProQ protein impacts gene expression globally. Phenotypic analyses indicate that ProQ promotes oxidative stress resistance and DNA damage repair. We conclude that FinO domain proteins recognize some abundant type of RNA shape and evolve RNA binding selectivity through acquisition of additional regions that constrain target recognition. FinO-domain proteins are bacterial RNA-binding proteins with a wide range of target specificities. Here, the authors employ UV CLIP-seq and show that minimal ProQ protein of Neisseria meningitidis binds to various small non-coding RNAs and mRNAs involved in virulence.
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23
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Xie K, Varatnitskaya M, Maghnouj A, Bader V, Winklhofer KF, Hahn S, Leichert LI. Activation leads to a significant shift in the intracellular redox homeostasis of neutrophil-like cells. Redox Biol 2019; 28:101344. [PMID: 31639650 PMCID: PMC6807386 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2019.101344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Revised: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils produce a cocktail of oxidative species during the so-called oxidative burst to attack phagocytized bacteria. However, little is known about the neutrophils' redox homeostasis during the oxidative burst and there is currently no consensus about the interplay between oxidative species and cellular signaling, e.g. during the initiation of the production of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). Using the genetically encoded redox sensor roGFP2, expressed in the cytoplasm of the neutrophil-like cell line PLB-985, we saw that stimulation by both PMA and E. coli resulted in oxidation of the thiol residues in this probe. In contrast to the redox state of phagocytized bacteria, which completely breaks down, the neutrophils' cytoplasmic redox state switched from its intital -318 ± 6 mV to a new, albeit higher oxidized, steady state of -264 ± 5 mV in the presence of bacteria. This highly significant oxidation of the cytosol (p value = 7 × 10-5) is dependent on NOX2 activity, but independent of the most effective thiol oxidant produced in neutrophils, MPO-derived HOCl. While the shift in the intracellular redox potential is correlated with effective NETosis, it is, by itself not sufficient: Inhibition of MPO, while not affecting the cytosolic oxidation, significantly decreased NETosis. Furthermore, inhibition of PI3K, which abrogates cytosolic oxidation, did not fully prevent NETosis induced by phagocytosis of bacteria. Thus, we conclude that NET-formation is regulated in a multifactorial way, in part by changes of the cytosolic thiol redox homeostasis in neutrophils, depending on the circumstance under which the generation of NETs was initiated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaibo Xie
- Ruhr University Bochum, Institute of Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Microbial Biochemistry, Bochum, Germany
| | - Marharyta Varatnitskaya
- Ruhr University Bochum, Institute of Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Microbial Biochemistry, Bochum, Germany
| | - Abdelouahid Maghnouj
- Ruhr University Bochum, Department of Molecular Gastrointestinal Oncology, Bochum, Germany
| | - Verian Bader
- Ruhr University Bochum, Institute for Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Molecular Cell Biology, Bochum, Germany
| | - Konstanze F Winklhofer
- Ruhr University Bochum, Institute for Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Molecular Cell Biology, Bochum, Germany
| | - Stephan Hahn
- Ruhr University Bochum, Department of Molecular Gastrointestinal Oncology, Bochum, Germany
| | - Lars I Leichert
- Ruhr University Bochum, Institute of Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Microbial Biochemistry, Bochum, Germany.
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24
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Goemans CV, Collet JF. Stress-induced chaperones: a first line of defense against the powerful oxidant hypochlorous acid. F1000Res 2019; 8. [PMID: 31583082 PMCID: PMC6758839 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.19517.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypochlorous acid (HOCl; bleach) is a powerful weapon used by our immune system to eliminate invading bacteria. Yet the way HOCl actually kills bacteria and how they defend themselves from its oxidative action have only started to be uncovered. As this molecule induces both protein oxidation and aggregation, bacteria need concerted efforts of chaperones and antioxidants to maintain proteostasis during stress. Recent advances in the field identified several stress-activated chaperones, like Hsp33, RidA, and CnoX, which display unique structural features and play a central role in protecting the bacterial proteome during HOCl stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille V Goemans
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117, Heidelberg, Germany
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25
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Dickerhof N, Isles V, Pattemore P, Hampton MB, Kettle AJ. Exposure of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to bactericidal hypochlorous acid during neutrophil phagocytosis is compromised in cystic fibrosis. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:13502-13514. [PMID: 31341024 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.009934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 07/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Myeloperoxidase is a major neutrophil antimicrobial protein, but its role in immunity is often overlooked because individuals deficient in this enzyme are usually in good health. Within neutrophil phagosomes, myeloperoxidase uses superoxide generated by the NADPH oxidase to oxidize chloride to the potent bactericidal oxidant hypochlorous acid (HOCl). In this study, using phagocytosis assays and LC-MS analyses, we monitored GSH oxidation in Pseudomonas aeruginosa to gauge their exposure to HOCl inside phagosomes. Doses of reagent HOCl that killed most of the bacteria oxidized half the cells' GSH, producing mainly glutathione disulfide (GSSG) and other low-molecular-weight disulfides. Glutathione sulfonamide (GSA), a HOCl-specific product, was also formed. When neutrophils phagocytosed P. aeruginosa, half of the bacterial GSH was lost. Bacterial GSA production indicated that HOCl had reacted with the bacterial cells, oxidized their GSH, and was sufficient to be solely responsible for bacterial killing. Inhibition of NADPH oxidase and myeloperoxidase lowered GSA formation in the bacterial cells, but the bacteria were still killed, presumably by compensatory nonoxidative mechanisms. Of note, bacterial GSA formation in neutrophils from patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) was normal during early phagocytosis, but it was diminished at later time points, which was mirrored by a small decrease in bacterial killing. In conclusion, myeloperoxidase generates sufficient HOCl within neutrophil phagosomes to kill ingested bacteria. The unusual kinetics of phagosomal HOCl production in CF neutrophils confirm a role for the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator in maintaining HOCl production in neutrophil phagosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Dickerhof
- Centre for Free Radical Research, Department of Pathology and Biomedical Science, University of Otago Christchurch, Christchurch 8011, New Zealand.
| | - Vivienne Isles
- Children's Outreach Nursing Service, Christchurch Hospital, Christchurch 8011, New Zealand
| | - Philip Pattemore
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Otago Christchurch, Christchurch 8011, New Zealand
| | - Mark B Hampton
- Centre for Free Radical Research, Department of Pathology and Biomedical Science, University of Otago Christchurch, Christchurch 8011, New Zealand
| | - Anthony J Kettle
- Centre for Free Radical Research, Department of Pathology and Biomedical Science, University of Otago Christchurch, Christchurch 8011, New Zealand
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