7
|
Ercu M, Mücke MB, Pallien T, Markó L, Sholokh A, Schächterle C, Aydin A, Kidd A, Walter S, Esmati Y, McMurray BJ, Lato DF, Yumi Sunaga-Franze D, Dierks PH, Flores BIM, Walker-Gray R, Gong M, Merticariu C, Zühlke K, Russwurm M, Liu T, Batolomaeus TUP, Pautz S, Schelenz S, Taube M, Napieczynska H, Heuser A, Eichhorst J, Lehmann M, Miller DC, Diecke S, Qadri F, Popova E, Langanki R, Movsesian MA, Herberg FW, Forslund SK, Müller DN, Borodina T, Maass PG, Bähring S, Hübner N, Bader M, Klussmann E. Mutant Phosphodiesterase 3A Protects From Hypertension-Induced Cardiac Damage. Circulation 2022; 146:1758-1778. [PMID: 36259389 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.122.060210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phosphodiesterase 3A (PDE3A) gain-of-function mutations cause hypertension with brachydactyly (HTNB) and lead to stroke. Increased peripheral vascular resistance, rather than salt retention, is responsible. It is surprising that the few patients with HTNB examined so far did not develop cardiac hypertrophy or heart failure. We hypothesized that, in the heart, PDE3A mutations could be protective. METHODS We studied new patients. CRISPR-Cas9-engineered rat HTNB models were phenotyped by telemetric blood pressure measurements, echocardiography, microcomputed tomography, RNA-sequencing, and single nuclei RNA-sequencing. Human induced pluripotent stem cells carrying PDE3A mutations were established, differentiated to cardiomyocytes, and analyzed by Ca2+ imaging. We used Förster resonance energy transfer and biochemical assays. RESULTS We identified a new PDE3A mutation in a family with HTNB. It maps to exon 13 encoding the enzyme's catalytic domain. All hitherto identified HTNB PDE3A mutations cluster in exon 4 encoding a region N-terminally from the catalytic domain of the enzyme. The mutations were recapitulated in rat models. Both exon 4 and 13 mutations led to aberrant phosphorylation, hyperactivity, and increased PDE3A enzyme self-assembly. The left ventricles of our patients with HTNB and the rat models were normal despite preexisting hypertension. A catecholamine challenge elicited cardiac hypertrophy in HTNB rats only to the level of wild-type rats and improved the contractility of the mutant hearts, compared with wild-type rats. The β-adrenergic system, phosphodiesterase activity, and cAMP levels in the mutant hearts resembled wild-type hearts, whereas phospholamban phosphorylation was decreased in the mutants. In our induced pluripotent stem cell cardiomyocyte models, the PDE3A mutations caused adaptive changes of Ca2+ cycling. RNA-sequencing and single nuclei RNA-sequencing identified differences in mRNA expression between wild-type and mutants, affecting, among others, metabolism and protein folding. CONCLUSIONS Although in vascular smooth muscle, PDE3A mutations cause hypertension, they confer protection against hypertension-induced cardiac damage in hearts. Nonselective PDE3A inhibition is a final, short-term option in heart failure treatment to increase cardiac cAMP and improve contractility. Our data argue that mimicking the effect of PDE3A mutations in the heart rather than nonselective PDE3 inhibition is cardioprotective in the long term. Our findings could facilitate the search for new treatments to prevent hypertension-induced cardiac damage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Ercu
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Berlin, Germany (M.E., M.B.M., T.P., A.S., C.S., A.A., D.Y.S.-F., P.H.D., B.I.M.F., R.W.-G., M.G., C.M., K.Z., T.L., S.S., M.T., H.N., A.H., D.C.M., S.D., F.Q., E.P., R.L., S.K.F., D.N.M., T.B., S.B., N.H., M.B., E.K.)
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Berlin, Germany (M.E., M.B.M., T.P., L.M., A.S., Y.E., T.U.P.B., D.C.M., S.D., S.K.F., D.N.M., N.H., M.B., E.K.)
| | - Michael B Mücke
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Berlin, Germany (M.E., M.B.M., T.P., A.S., C.S., A.A., D.Y.S.-F., P.H.D., B.I.M.F., R.W.-G., M.G., C.M., K.Z., T.L., S.S., M.T., H.N., A.H., D.C.M., S.D., F.Q., E.P., R.L., S.K.F., D.N.M., T.B., S.B., N.H., M.B., E.K.)
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Berlin, Germany (M.E., M.B.M., T.P., L.M., A.S., Y.E., T.U.P.B., D.C.M., S.D., S.K.F., D.N.M., N.H., M.B., E.K.)
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany (M.B.M., L.M., A.S., Y.E., T.U.P.B., S.K.F., S.B., N.H., M.B.)
| | - Tamara Pallien
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Berlin, Germany (M.E., M.B.M., T.P., A.S., C.S., A.A., D.Y.S.-F., P.H.D., B.I.M.F., R.W.-G., M.G., C.M., K.Z., T.L., S.S., M.T., H.N., A.H., D.C.M., S.D., F.Q., E.P., R.L., S.K.F., D.N.M., T.B., S.B., N.H., M.B., E.K.)
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Berlin, Germany (M.E., M.B.M., T.P., L.M., A.S., Y.E., T.U.P.B., D.C.M., S.D., S.K.F., D.N.M., N.H., M.B., E.K.)
| | - Lajos Markó
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Berlin, Germany (M.E., M.B.M., T.P., L.M., A.S., Y.E., T.U.P.B., D.C.M., S.D., S.K.F., D.N.M., N.H., M.B., E.K.)
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany (M.B.M., L.M., A.S., Y.E., T.U.P.B., S.K.F., S.B., N.H., M.B.)
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a cooperation between the Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association and the Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany (L.M., Y.E., M.G., T.U.P.B., S.K.F., D.N.M., S.B.)
| | - Anastasiia Sholokh
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Berlin, Germany (M.E., M.B.M., T.P., A.S., C.S., A.A., D.Y.S.-F., P.H.D., B.I.M.F., R.W.-G., M.G., C.M., K.Z., T.L., S.S., M.T., H.N., A.H., D.C.M., S.D., F.Q., E.P., R.L., S.K.F., D.N.M., T.B., S.B., N.H., M.B., E.K.)
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Berlin, Germany (M.E., M.B.M., T.P., L.M., A.S., Y.E., T.U.P.B., D.C.M., S.D., S.K.F., D.N.M., N.H., M.B., E.K.)
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany (M.B.M., L.M., A.S., Y.E., T.U.P.B., S.K.F., S.B., N.H., M.B.)
| | - Carolin Schächterle
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Berlin, Germany (M.E., M.B.M., T.P., A.S., C.S., A.A., D.Y.S.-F., P.H.D., B.I.M.F., R.W.-G., M.G., C.M., K.Z., T.L., S.S., M.T., H.N., A.H., D.C.M., S.D., F.Q., E.P., R.L., S.K.F., D.N.M., T.B., S.B., N.H., M.B., E.K.)
| | - Atakan Aydin
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Berlin, Germany (M.E., M.B.M., T.P., A.S., C.S., A.A., D.Y.S.-F., P.H.D., B.I.M.F., R.W.-G., M.G., C.M., K.Z., T.L., S.S., M.T., H.N., A.H., D.C.M., S.D., F.Q., E.P., R.L., S.K.F., D.N.M., T.B., S.B., N.H., M.B., E.K.)
| | - Alexa Kidd
- Clinical Genetics Ltd, Christchurch, New Zealand (A.K.)
| | | | - Yasmin Esmati
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Berlin, Germany (M.E., M.B.M., T.P., L.M., A.S., Y.E., T.U.P.B., D.C.M., S.D., S.K.F., D.N.M., N.H., M.B., E.K.)
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany (M.B.M., L.M., A.S., Y.E., T.U.P.B., S.K.F., S.B., N.H., M.B.)
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a cooperation between the Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association and the Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany (L.M., Y.E., M.G., T.U.P.B., S.K.F., D.N.M., S.B.)
| | - Brandon J McMurray
- Genetics and Genome Biology Program, SickKids Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada (B.J.M., D.F.L., P.G.M.)
| | - Daniella F Lato
- Genetics and Genome Biology Program, SickKids Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada (B.J.M., D.F.L., P.G.M.)
| | - Daniele Yumi Sunaga-Franze
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Berlin, Germany (M.E., M.B.M., T.P., A.S., C.S., A.A., D.Y.S.-F., P.H.D., B.I.M.F., R.W.-G., M.G., C.M., K.Z., T.L., S.S., M.T., H.N., A.H., D.C.M., S.D., F.Q., E.P., R.L., S.K.F., D.N.M., T.B., S.B., N.H., M.B., E.K.)
| | - Philip H Dierks
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Berlin, Germany (M.E., M.B.M., T.P., A.S., C.S., A.A., D.Y.S.-F., P.H.D., B.I.M.F., R.W.-G., M.G., C.M., K.Z., T.L., S.S., M.T., H.N., A.H., D.C.M., S.D., F.Q., E.P., R.L., S.K.F., D.N.M., T.B., S.B., N.H., M.B., E.K.)
| | - Barbara Isabel Montesinos Flores
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Berlin, Germany (M.E., M.B.M., T.P., A.S., C.S., A.A., D.Y.S.-F., P.H.D., B.I.M.F., R.W.-G., M.G., C.M., K.Z., T.L., S.S., M.T., H.N., A.H., D.C.M., S.D., F.Q., E.P., R.L., S.K.F., D.N.M., T.B., S.B., N.H., M.B., E.K.)
| | - Ryan Walker-Gray
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Berlin, Germany (M.E., M.B.M., T.P., A.S., C.S., A.A., D.Y.S.-F., P.H.D., B.I.M.F., R.W.-G., M.G., C.M., K.Z., T.L., S.S., M.T., H.N., A.H., D.C.M., S.D., F.Q., E.P., R.L., S.K.F., D.N.M., T.B., S.B., N.H., M.B., E.K.)
| | - Maolian Gong
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Berlin, Germany (M.E., M.B.M., T.P., A.S., C.S., A.A., D.Y.S.-F., P.H.D., B.I.M.F., R.W.-G., M.G., C.M., K.Z., T.L., S.S., M.T., H.N., A.H., D.C.M., S.D., F.Q., E.P., R.L., S.K.F., D.N.M., T.B., S.B., N.H., M.B., E.K.)
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a cooperation between the Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association and the Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany (L.M., Y.E., M.G., T.U.P.B., S.K.F., D.N.M., S.B.)
| | - Claudia Merticariu
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Berlin, Germany (M.E., M.B.M., T.P., A.S., C.S., A.A., D.Y.S.-F., P.H.D., B.I.M.F., R.W.-G., M.G., C.M., K.Z., T.L., S.S., M.T., H.N., A.H., D.C.M., S.D., F.Q., E.P., R.L., S.K.F., D.N.M., T.B., S.B., N.H., M.B., E.K.)
| | - Kerstin Zühlke
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Berlin, Germany (M.E., M.B.M., T.P., A.S., C.S., A.A., D.Y.S.-F., P.H.D., B.I.M.F., R.W.-G., M.G., C.M., K.Z., T.L., S.S., M.T., H.N., A.H., D.C.M., S.D., F.Q., E.P., R.L., S.K.F., D.N.M., T.B., S.B., N.H., M.B., E.K.)
| | - Michael Russwurm
- Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Medizinische Fakultät MA N1, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Germany (M.R.)
| | - Tiannan Liu
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Berlin, Germany (M.E., M.B.M., T.P., A.S., C.S., A.A., D.Y.S.-F., P.H.D., B.I.M.F., R.W.-G., M.G., C.M., K.Z., T.L., S.S., M.T., H.N., A.H., D.C.M., S.D., F.Q., E.P., R.L., S.K.F., D.N.M., T.B., S.B., N.H., M.B., E.K.)
| | - Theda U P Batolomaeus
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Berlin, Germany (M.E., M.B.M., T.P., L.M., A.S., Y.E., T.U.P.B., D.C.M., S.D., S.K.F., D.N.M., N.H., M.B., E.K.)
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany (M.B.M., L.M., A.S., Y.E., T.U.P.B., S.K.F., S.B., N.H., M.B.)
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a cooperation between the Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association and the Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany (L.M., Y.E., M.G., T.U.P.B., S.K.F., D.N.M., S.B.)
| | - Sabine Pautz
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Kassel, Germany (S.P., F.W.H.)
| | - Stefanie Schelenz
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Berlin, Germany (M.E., M.B.M., T.P., A.S., C.S., A.A., D.Y.S.-F., P.H.D., B.I.M.F., R.W.-G., M.G., C.M., K.Z., T.L., S.S., M.T., H.N., A.H., D.C.M., S.D., F.Q., E.P., R.L., S.K.F., D.N.M., T.B., S.B., N.H., M.B., E.K.)
| | - Martin Taube
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Berlin, Germany (M.E., M.B.M., T.P., A.S., C.S., A.A., D.Y.S.-F., P.H.D., B.I.M.F., R.W.-G., M.G., C.M., K.Z., T.L., S.S., M.T., H.N., A.H., D.C.M., S.D., F.Q., E.P., R.L., S.K.F., D.N.M., T.B., S.B., N.H., M.B., E.K.)
| | - Hanna Napieczynska
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Berlin, Germany (M.E., M.B.M., T.P., A.S., C.S., A.A., D.Y.S.-F., P.H.D., B.I.M.F., R.W.-G., M.G., C.M., K.Z., T.L., S.S., M.T., H.N., A.H., D.C.M., S.D., F.Q., E.P., R.L., S.K.F., D.N.M., T.B., S.B., N.H., M.B., E.K.)
| | - Arnd Heuser
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Berlin, Germany (M.E., M.B.M., T.P., A.S., C.S., A.A., D.Y.S.-F., P.H.D., B.I.M.F., R.W.-G., M.G., C.M., K.Z., T.L., S.S., M.T., H.N., A.H., D.C.M., S.D., F.Q., E.P., R.L., S.K.F., D.N.M., T.B., S.B., N.H., M.B., E.K.)
| | - Jenny Eichhorst
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), Berlin, Germany (J.E., M.L.)
| | - Martin Lehmann
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), Berlin, Germany (J.E., M.L.)
| | - Duncan C Miller
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Berlin, Germany (M.E., M.B.M., T.P., A.S., C.S., A.A., D.Y.S.-F., P.H.D., B.I.M.F., R.W.-G., M.G., C.M., K.Z., T.L., S.S., M.T., H.N., A.H., D.C.M., S.D., F.Q., E.P., R.L., S.K.F., D.N.M., T.B., S.B., N.H., M.B., E.K.)
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Berlin, Germany (M.E., M.B.M., T.P., L.M., A.S., Y.E., T.U.P.B., D.C.M., S.D., S.K.F., D.N.M., N.H., M.B., E.K.)
| | - Sebastian Diecke
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Berlin, Germany (M.E., M.B.M., T.P., A.S., C.S., A.A., D.Y.S.-F., P.H.D., B.I.M.F., R.W.-G., M.G., C.M., K.Z., T.L., S.S., M.T., H.N., A.H., D.C.M., S.D., F.Q., E.P., R.L., S.K.F., D.N.M., T.B., S.B., N.H., M.B., E.K.)
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Berlin, Germany (M.E., M.B.M., T.P., L.M., A.S., Y.E., T.U.P.B., D.C.M., S.D., S.K.F., D.N.M., N.H., M.B., E.K.)
- Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Germany (S.D., S.K.F.)
| | - Fatimunnisa Qadri
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Berlin, Germany (M.E., M.B.M., T.P., A.S., C.S., A.A., D.Y.S.-F., P.H.D., B.I.M.F., R.W.-G., M.G., C.M., K.Z., T.L., S.S., M.T., H.N., A.H., D.C.M., S.D., F.Q., E.P., R.L., S.K.F., D.N.M., T.B., S.B., N.H., M.B., E.K.)
| | - Elena Popova
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Berlin, Germany (M.E., M.B.M., T.P., A.S., C.S., A.A., D.Y.S.-F., P.H.D., B.I.M.F., R.W.-G., M.G., C.M., K.Z., T.L., S.S., M.T., H.N., A.H., D.C.M., S.D., F.Q., E.P., R.L., S.K.F., D.N.M., T.B., S.B., N.H., M.B., E.K.)
| | - Reika Langanki
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Berlin, Germany (M.E., M.B.M., T.P., A.S., C.S., A.A., D.Y.S.-F., P.H.D., B.I.M.F., R.W.-G., M.G., C.M., K.Z., T.L., S.S., M.T., H.N., A.H., D.C.M., S.D., F.Q., E.P., R.L., S.K.F., D.N.M., T.B., S.B., N.H., M.B., E.K.)
| | | | | | - Sofia K Forslund
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Berlin, Germany (M.E., M.B.M., T.P., A.S., C.S., A.A., D.Y.S.-F., P.H.D., B.I.M.F., R.W.-G., M.G., C.M., K.Z., T.L., S.S., M.T., H.N., A.H., D.C.M., S.D., F.Q., E.P., R.L., S.K.F., D.N.M., T.B., S.B., N.H., M.B., E.K.)
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Berlin, Germany (M.E., M.B.M., T.P., L.M., A.S., Y.E., T.U.P.B., D.C.M., S.D., S.K.F., D.N.M., N.H., M.B., E.K.)
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany (M.B.M., L.M., A.S., Y.E., T.U.P.B., S.K.F., S.B., N.H., M.B.)
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a cooperation between the Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association and the Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany (L.M., Y.E., M.G., T.U.P.B., S.K.F., D.N.M., S.B.)
- Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Germany (S.D., S.K.F.)
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Structural and Computational Biology Unit, Heidelberg, Germany (S.K.F.)
| | - Dominik N Müller
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Berlin, Germany (M.E., M.B.M., T.P., A.S., C.S., A.A., D.Y.S.-F., P.H.D., B.I.M.F., R.W.-G., M.G., C.M., K.Z., T.L., S.S., M.T., H.N., A.H., D.C.M., S.D., F.Q., E.P., R.L., S.K.F., D.N.M., T.B., S.B., N.H., M.B., E.K.)
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Berlin, Germany (M.E., M.B.M., T.P., L.M., A.S., Y.E., T.U.P.B., D.C.M., S.D., S.K.F., D.N.M., N.H., M.B., E.K.)
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a cooperation between the Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association and the Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany (L.M., Y.E., M.G., T.U.P.B., S.K.F., D.N.M., S.B.)
| | - Tatiana Borodina
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Berlin, Germany (M.E., M.B.M., T.P., A.S., C.S., A.A., D.Y.S.-F., P.H.D., B.I.M.F., R.W.-G., M.G., C.M., K.Z., T.L., S.S., M.T., H.N., A.H., D.C.M., S.D., F.Q., E.P., R.L., S.K.F., D.N.M., T.B., S.B., N.H., M.B., E.K.)
| | - Philipp G Maass
- Genetics and Genome Biology Program, SickKids Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada (B.J.M., D.F.L., P.G.M.)
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, ON, Canada (P.G.M.)
| | - Sylvia Bähring
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Berlin, Germany (M.E., M.B.M., T.P., A.S., C.S., A.A., D.Y.S.-F., P.H.D., B.I.M.F., R.W.-G., M.G., C.M., K.Z., T.L., S.S., M.T., H.N., A.H., D.C.M., S.D., F.Q., E.P., R.L., S.K.F., D.N.M., T.B., S.B., N.H., M.B., E.K.)
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany (M.B.M., L.M., A.S., Y.E., T.U.P.B., S.K.F., S.B., N.H., M.B.)
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a cooperation between the Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association and the Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany (L.M., Y.E., M.G., T.U.P.B., S.K.F., D.N.M., S.B.)
| | - Norbert Hübner
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Berlin, Germany (M.E., M.B.M., T.P., A.S., C.S., A.A., D.Y.S.-F., P.H.D., B.I.M.F., R.W.-G., M.G., C.M., K.Z., T.L., S.S., M.T., H.N., A.H., D.C.M., S.D., F.Q., E.P., R.L., S.K.F., D.N.M., T.B., S.B., N.H., M.B., E.K.)
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Berlin, Germany (M.E., M.B.M., T.P., L.M., A.S., Y.E., T.U.P.B., D.C.M., S.D., S.K.F., D.N.M., N.H., M.B., E.K.)
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany (M.B.M., L.M., A.S., Y.E., T.U.P.B., S.K.F., S.B., N.H., M.B.)
| | - Michael Bader
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Berlin, Germany (M.E., M.B.M., T.P., A.S., C.S., A.A., D.Y.S.-F., P.H.D., B.I.M.F., R.W.-G., M.G., C.M., K.Z., T.L., S.S., M.T., H.N., A.H., D.C.M., S.D., F.Q., E.P., R.L., S.K.F., D.N.M., T.B., S.B., N.H., M.B., E.K.)
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Berlin, Germany (M.E., M.B.M., T.P., L.M., A.S., Y.E., T.U.P.B., D.C.M., S.D., S.K.F., D.N.M., N.H., M.B., E.K.)
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany (M.B.M., L.M., A.S., Y.E., T.U.P.B., S.K.F., S.B., N.H., M.B.)
- Institute for Biology, University of Lübeck, Germany (M.B.)
| | - Enno Klussmann
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Berlin, Germany (M.E., M.B.M., T.P., A.S., C.S., A.A., D.Y.S.-F., P.H.D., B.I.M.F., R.W.-G., M.G., C.M., K.Z., T.L., S.S., M.T., H.N., A.H., D.C.M., S.D., F.Q., E.P., R.L., S.K.F., D.N.M., T.B., S.B., N.H., M.B., E.K.)
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Berlin, Germany (M.E., M.B.M., T.P., L.M., A.S., Y.E., T.U.P.B., D.C.M., S.D., S.K.F., D.N.M., N.H., M.B., E.K.)
| |
Collapse
|