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Winner G J, Jain S, Gupta D. Unveiling Novel Molecules and Therapeutic Targets in Hypertension - A Narrative Review. Eur J Pharmacol 2024:177053. [PMID: 39393666 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2024.177053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2024] [Revised: 09/18/2024] [Accepted: 10/07/2024] [Indexed: 10/13/2024]
Abstract
Hypertension is a prevalent non-communicable disease with serious cardiovascular complications, including heart failure, myocardial infarction, and stroke, often resulting from uncontrolled hypertension. While current treatments primarily target the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone pathway, the therapeutic response remains modest in many patients, with some developing resistant hypertension. Newer therapeutic approaches aim to address hypertension from various aspects beyond conventional drugs, including targeting central nervous system pathways, inflammatory pathways, vascular smooth muscle function, and baroreceptors. Despite these advancements, each therapy faces unique clinical and mechanistic challenges that influence its clinical translatability and long-term viability. This review explores the mechanisms of novel molecules in preclinical and clinical development, highlights potential therapeutic targets, and discusses the challenges and ethical considerations related to hypertension therapeutics and their development.
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Wyderka R, Diakowska D, Łoboz-Rudnicka M, Mercik J, Borger M, Osuch Ł, Brzezińska B, Leśków A, Krzystek-Korpacka M, Jaroch J. Influence of the Apelinergic System on Conduction Disorders in Patients after Myocardial Infarction. J Clin Med 2023; 12:7603. [PMID: 38137673 PMCID: PMC10744328 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12247603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is a growing body of evidence for an important role of the apelinergic system in the modulation of cardiovascular homeostasis. The aim of our study was to (1) examine the relationship between apelin serum concentration at index myocardial infarction (MI) and atrioventricular conduction disorders (AVCDs) at 12-month follow-up, and (2) investigate the association between initial apelin concentration and the novel marker of post-MI scar (Q/QRS ratio) at follow-up. METHODS In 84 patients with MI with complete revascularization, apelin peptide serum concentrations for apelin-13, apelin-17, elabela (ELA) and apelin receptor (APJ) were measured on day one of hospitalization; at 12-month follow-up, 54 of them underwent thorough examination that included 12-lead electrocardiography (ECG), Holter ECG monitoring and echocardiography. RESULTS The mean age was 58.9 years. At 12-month follow-up, AVCDs were diagnosed in 21.4% of subjects, with AV first-degree block in 16.7% and sinoatrial arrest in 3.7%. ELA serum concentration at index MI correlated positively with the occurrence of AVCD (p = 0.003) and heart rate (p = 0.005) at 12-month follow-up. The apelin-13 serum concentration at index MI correlated negatively with the Q/QRS ratio. CONCLUSIONS The apelin peptide concentration during an acute phase of MI impacts the development of AVCD and the value of Q/QRS ratio in MI survivors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafał Wyderka
- Department of Cardiology, Tadeusz Marciniak Lower Silesia Specialist Hospital-Emergency Medicine Center, Fieldorf 2, 54-049 Wroclaw, Poland (J.M.); (M.B.)
- Faculty of Medicine, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Dorota Diakowska
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Health Science, Wroclaw Medical University, Bartla 5, 51-618 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Maria Łoboz-Rudnicka
- Department of Cardiology, Tadeusz Marciniak Lower Silesia Specialist Hospital-Emergency Medicine Center, Fieldorf 2, 54-049 Wroclaw, Poland (J.M.); (M.B.)
| | - Jakub Mercik
- Department of Cardiology, Tadeusz Marciniak Lower Silesia Specialist Hospital-Emergency Medicine Center, Fieldorf 2, 54-049 Wroclaw, Poland (J.M.); (M.B.)
| | - Michał Borger
- Department of Cardiology, Tadeusz Marciniak Lower Silesia Specialist Hospital-Emergency Medicine Center, Fieldorf 2, 54-049 Wroclaw, Poland (J.M.); (M.B.)
- Department of Internal Nursing, Faculty of Health Science, Wroclaw Medical University, Bartla 5, 51-618 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Łukasz Osuch
- Department of Cardiology, Tadeusz Marciniak Lower Silesia Specialist Hospital-Emergency Medicine Center, Fieldorf 2, 54-049 Wroclaw, Poland (J.M.); (M.B.)
| | - Barbara Brzezińska
- Department of Cardiology, Tadeusz Marciniak Lower Silesia Specialist Hospital-Emergency Medicine Center, Fieldorf 2, 54-049 Wroclaw, Poland (J.M.); (M.B.)
| | - Anna Leśków
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Health Science, Wroclaw Medical University, Bartla 5, 51-618 Wroclaw, Poland
| | | | - Joanna Jaroch
- Department of Cardiology, Tadeusz Marciniak Lower Silesia Specialist Hospital-Emergency Medicine Center, Fieldorf 2, 54-049 Wroclaw, Poland (J.M.); (M.B.)
- Faculty of Medicine, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland
- Department of Internal Nursing, Faculty of Health Science, Wroclaw Medical University, Bartla 5, 51-618 Wroclaw, Poland
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Yao F, Niloy SI, Shen Y, Zhang Q, O'Rourke ST, Sun C. Intravenous administration of apeling-13 induces a depressor response by releasing an unidentified substance. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2023; 665:202-207. [PMID: 37167808 PMCID: PMC10250002 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2023.04.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Apelin and APJ receptor play an important role in the regulating cardiovascular function; however, conflicting results have been reported regarding the effect of apelin on cardiovascular regulation. In this study, blood pressure and heart rate were measured by femoral arterial catheterization; and cardiac contractility was recorded by left ventricular catheterization through the right carotid artery in rats before and after intravenous administration of [pyr1]-apelin-13. The results show that intravenous administration of apelin-13 caused a dramatic reduction in BP but did not significantly alter heart rate and contractility. To study the mechanism of the apelin-induced depressor response, isometric tension was measured in isolated mesenteric arteries using a myograph approach. Surprisingly, treatment of the arteries with [pyr1]-apelin-13 did not cause relaxation of mesenteric arteries preconstricted with norepinephrine; however, treatment with plasma collected from rats that received intravenous administration of [pyr1]-apelin-13 caused pronounced relaxation of isolated arteries. Incubation with the guanylyl cyclase inhibitor, ODQ, blocked NO-induced relaxation, but did not significantly alter the relaxation response to the plasma from apelin-treated rats. Taken together, these findings demonstrate that intravenous injection of apelin causes a significant depressor response that is mediated by a NO-independent mechanism involving an unidentified substance released into the bloodstream leading to vasodilation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanrong Yao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, 58105, USA
| | - Sayeman Islam Niloy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, 58105, USA
| | - Yue Shen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, 58105, USA
| | - Qi Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, 58105, USA
| | - Stephen T O'Rourke
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, 58105, USA
| | - Chengwen Sun
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, 58105, USA.
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4
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Topcu A, Saral S, Mercantepe T, Akyildiz K, Tumkaya L, Yilmaz A. The effects of apelin-13 against cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity in rats. Drug Chem Toxicol 2023; 46:77-87. [PMID: 34894944 DOI: 10.1080/01480545.2021.2011309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Acute kidney injury (AKI) is observed in nearly 60% of patients undergoing cisplatin (CP) therapy. The aim of this study was to reveal the potential effects of apelin-13 (AP-13) in the prevention of CP-induced renal toxicity, together with its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effect mechanisms. Four experimental groups were established. Group 1, the control group, received 0.9% saline solution alone intraperitoneally (IP). Group 2, the CP group, received CP IP at 5 mg/kg once weekly for four weeks for induction of nephrotoxicity. In Group 3, the CP + Apelin-13 (AP-13) group, AP-13 was prepared at 20 nmol kg/d in sterile pyrogen-free saline before injection every day for four weeks and administered IP. CP was administered IP at 5 mg/kg once weekly for four weeks for induction of nephrotoxicity. In Group 4, the AP-13 group, AP-13 was prepared at 20 nmol kg/d in sterile pyrogen-free 0.9% saline before injection every day for four weeks and administered IP. Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), thiol (-SH), interleukin-1 beta, cleaved caspase-3, 8-hydroxy 2-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κβ/p65) levels were then measured. Increased oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis as a result of CP application activated the cascade. However, AP-13 administration reduced the oxidative stress increased by CIS with the determined antioxidant effect and reduced the damage by increasing total -SH levels. 8-OHdG and NF-κβ/p65, which were up-regulated by triggering oxidative stress and inflammation, were down-regulated through the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of AP-13.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atilla Topcu
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Recep Tayyip Erdogan University, Rize, Turkey
| | - Sinan Saral
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Recep Tayyip Erdogan University, Rize, Turkey
| | - Tolga Mercantepe
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Recep Tayyip Erdogan University, Rize, Turkey
| | - Kerimali Akyildiz
- Department of Medical Services and Techniques, Health Care Services Vocational School, Recep Tayyip Erdogan University, Rize, Turkey
| | - Levent Tumkaya
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Recep Tayyip Erdogan University, Rize, Turkey
| | - Adnan Yilmaz
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Recep Tayyip Erdogan University, Rize, Turkey
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Janssens P, Decuypere JP, Bammens B, Llorens-Cortes C, Vennekens R, Mekahli D. The emerging role of the apelinergic system in kidney physiology and disease. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2022; 37:2314-2326. [PMID: 33744967 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfab070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The apelinergic system (AS) is a novel pleiotropic system with an essential role in renal and cardiovascular physiology and disease, including water homeostasis and blood pressure regulation. It consists of two highly conserved peptide ligands, apelin and apela, and a G-protein-coupled apelin receptor. The two ligands have many isoforms and a short half-life and exert both similar and divergent effects. Vasopressin, apelin and their receptors colocalize in hypothalamic regions essential for body fluid homeostasis and interact at the central and renal levels to regulate water homeostasis and diuresis in inverse directions. In addition, the AS and renin-angiotensin system interact both systemically and in the kidney, with implications for the cardiovascular system. A role for the AS in diverse pathological states, including disorders of sodium and water balance, hypertension, heart failure, pre-eclampsia, acute kidney injury, sepsis and diabetic nephropathy, has recently been reported. Furthermore, several metabolically stable apelin analogues have been developed, with potential applications in diverse diseases. We review here what is currently known about the physiological functions of the AS, focusing on renal, cardiovascular and metabolic homeostasis, and the role of the AS in associated diseases. We also describe several hurdles and research opportunities worthy of the attention of the nephrology community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Janssens
- PKD Research Group, Laboratory of Pediatrics, Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel (UZ Brussell), Department of Nephrology, Laarbeeklaan 101, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jean-Paul Decuypere
- PKD Research Group, Laboratory of Pediatrics, Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bert Bammens
- Department of Nephrology, Dialysis and Renal Transplantation, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Nephrology and Renal Transplantation Research Group, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Catherine Llorens-Cortes
- Laboratory of Central Neuropeptides in the Regulation of Body Fluid Homeostasis and Cardiovascular Functions, Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology, Collège de France, INSERM U1050, CNRS UMR 7241, Paris, France
| | - Rudi Vennekens
- Laboratory of Ion Channel Research, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain and Disease, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium and
| | - Djalila Mekahli
- PKD Research Group, Laboratory of Pediatrics, Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Pediatric Nephrology and Organ Transplantation, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Sahinturk S, Demirel S, Isbil N, Ozyener F. Potassium Channels Contributes to Apelin-induced Vasodilation in Rat
Thoracic Aorta. Protein Pept Lett 2022; 29:538-549. [DOI: 10.2174/0929866529666220516141317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background:
Apelin is a newly discovered peptide hormone and originally discovered
endogenous apelin receptor ligand.
Objective:
In this study, we aimed to investigate the possible roles of potassium channel subtypes in
the vasorelaxant effect mechanisms of apelin.
Methods:
The vascular rings obtained from the thoracic aortas of the male Wistar Albino rats were
placed into the isolated tissue bath system. The resting tension was set to 2 g. After the equilibration
period, the aortic rings were precontracted with 10-5 M phenylephrine (PHE) or 45 mM KCl.
Pyroglutamyl-apelin-13 ([Pyr1]apelin-13), which is the dominant apelin isoform in the human
cardiovascular tissues and human plasma, was applied cumulatively (10-10-10-6 M) to the aortic
rings in the plateau phase. The experimental protocol was repeated in the presence of specific K+
channel subtype blockers to determine the role of K+ channels in the vasorelaxant effect
mechanisms of apelin.
Results:
[Pyr1]apelin-13 induced a concentration-dependent vasorelaxation (p < 0.001). The
maximum relaxation level was approximately 52%, according to PHE-induced contraction.
Tetraethylammonium, iberiotoxin, 4-Aminopyridine, glyburide, anandamide, and BaCl2 statistically
significantly decreased the vasorelaxant effect level of [Pyr1]apelin-13 (p < 0.001). However,
apamin didn’t statistically significantly change the vasorelaxant effect level of [Pyr1]apelin-13.
Conclusion:
In conclusion, our findings suggest that BKCa, IKCa, Kv, KATP, Kir, and K2P channels
are involved in the vasorelaxant effect mechanisms of apelin in the rat thoracic aorta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serdar Sahinturk
- Physiology Department, Bursa Uludag University Medicine School, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Sadettin Demirel
- Physiology Department, Bursa Uludag University Medicine School, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Naciye Isbil
- Physiology Department, Bursa Uludag University Medicine School, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Fadil Ozyener
- Physiology Department, Bursa Uludag University Medicine School, Bursa, Turkey
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Meng W, Pi Z, Brigance R, Rossi KA, Schumacher WA, Bostwick JS, Gargalovic PS, Onorato JM, Luk CE, Generaux CN, Wang T, Wexler RR, Finlay HJ. Identification of a Hydroxypyrimidinone Compound ( 21) as a Potent APJ Receptor Agonist for the Potential Treatment of Heart Failure. J Med Chem 2021; 64:18102-18113. [PMID: 34855405 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c01504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This paper describes our continued efforts in the area of small-molecule apelin receptor agonists. Recently disclosed compound 2 showed an acceptable metabolic stability but demonstrated monodemethylation of the dimethoxyphenyl group to generate atropisomer metabolites in vitro. In this article, we extended the structure-activity relationship at the C2 position that led to the identification of potent pyrazole analogues with excellent metabolic stability. Due to the increased polarity at C2, the permeability for these compounds decreased. Further adjustment of the polarity by replacing the N1 2,6-dimethoxyphenyl group with a 2,6-diethylphenyl group and reoptimization for the potency of the C5 pyrroloamides resulted in potent compounds with improved permeability. Compound 21 displayed excellent pharmacokinetic profiles in rat, monkey, and dog models and robust pharmacodynamic efficacy in the rodent heart failure model. Compound 21 also showed an acceptable safety profile in preclinical toxicology studies and was selected as a backup development candidate for the program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Meng
- Departments of Discovery Chemistry, Bristol Myers Squibb, P.O. Box 5400, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-5400, United States
| | - Zulan Pi
- Departments of Discovery Chemistry, Bristol Myers Squibb, P.O. Box 5400, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-5400, United States
| | - Robert Brigance
- Departments of Discovery Chemistry, Bristol Myers Squibb, P.O. Box 5400, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-5400, United States
| | - Karen A Rossi
- Computer-Assisted Drug Design, Bristol Myers Squibb, P.O. Box 5400, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-5400, United States
| | - William A Schumacher
- Cardiovascular Drug Discovery Biology, Bristol Myers Squibb, P.O. Box 5400, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-5400, United States
| | - Jeffrey S Bostwick
- Cardiovascular Drug Discovery Biology, Bristol Myers Squibb, P.O. Box 5400, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-5400, United States
| | - Peter S Gargalovic
- Cardiovascular Drug Discovery Biology, Bristol Myers Squibb, P.O. Box 5400, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-5400, United States
| | - Joelle M Onorato
- Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Bristol Myers Squibb, P.O. Box 5400, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-5400, United States
| | - Chiuwa E Luk
- Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Bristol Myers Squibb, P.O. Box 5400, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-5400, United States
| | - Claudia N Generaux
- Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Bristol Myers Squibb, P.O. Box 5400, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-5400, United States
| | - Tao Wang
- Leads Discovery and Optimization, Research and Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, P.O. Box 5400, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-5400, United States
| | - Ruth R Wexler
- Departments of Discovery Chemistry, Bristol Myers Squibb, P.O. Box 5400, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-5400, United States
| | - Heather J Finlay
- Departments of Discovery Chemistry, Bristol Myers Squibb, P.O. Box 5400, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-5400, United States
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Targeting the elabela/apelin-apelin receptor axis as a novel therapeutic approach for hypertension. Chin Med J (Engl) 2021; 135:1019-1026. [PMID: 34608073 PMCID: PMC9276310 DOI: 10.1097/cm9.0000000000001766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Hypertension is the leading risk factor for global mortality and morbidity and those with hypertension are more likely to develop severe symptoms in cardiovascular and cerebrovascular system, which is closely related to abnormal renin-angiotensin system and elabela/apelin-apelin receptor (APJ) axis. The elabela/apelin-APJ axis exerts essential roles in regulating blood pressure levels, vascular tone, and cardiovascular dysfunction in hypertension by counterbalancing the action of the angiotensin II/angiotensin II type 1 receptor axis and enhancing the endothelial nitric oxide (NO) synthase/NO signaling. Furthermore, the elabela/apelin-APJ axis demonstrates beneficial effects in cardiovascular physiology and pathophysiology, including angiogenesis, cellular proliferation, fibrosis, apoptosis, oxidative stress, and cardiovascular remodeling and dysfunction during hypertension. More importantly, effects of the elabela/apelin-APJ axis on vascular tone may depend upon blood vessel type or various pathological conditions. Intriguingly, the broad distribution of elabela/apelin and alternative isoforms implicated its distinct functions in diverse cardiac and vascular cells and tissue types. Finally, both loss-of-function and gain-of-function approaches have defined critical roles of the elabela/apelin-APJ axis in reducing the development and severity of hypertensive diseases. Thus, targeting the elabela/apelin-APJ axis has emerged as a pre-warning biomarker and a novel therapeutic approach against progression of hypertension, and an increased understanding of cardiovascular actions of the elabela/apelin-APJ axis will help to develop effective interventions for hypertension. In this review, we focus on the physiology and biochemistry, diverse actions, and underlying mechanisms of the elabela/apelin-APJ axis, highlighting its role in hypertension and hypertensive cardiovascular injury and dysfunction, with a view to provide a prospective strategy for hypertensive disease therapy.
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APLN/APLNR Signaling Controls Key Pathological Parameters of Glioblastoma. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13153899. [PMID: 34359800 PMCID: PMC8345670 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13153899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The neurovascular peptide Apelin and its receptor APLNR are upregulated during glioblastoma pathology. Here we summarize their role in the brain tumor microenvironment composed of neurons, astrocytes, and the vascular and immune systems. Targeting APLN/APLNR signaling promises to unfold multimodal actions in future GBM therapy, acting as an anti-angiogenic and an anti-invasive treatment, and offering the possibility to reduce neurological symptoms and increase overall survival simultaneously. Abstract Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common and aggressive primary brain tumor in adults. GBM-expansion depends on a dense vascular network and, coherently, GBMs are highly angiogenic. However, new intratumoral blood vessels are often aberrant with consequences for blood-flow and vascular barrier function. Hence, the delivery of chemotherapeutics into GBM can be compromised. Furthermore, leaky vessels support edema-formation, which can result in severe neurological deficits. The secreted signaling peptide Apelin (APLN) plays an important role in the formation of GBM blood vessels. Both APLN and the Apelin receptor (APLNR) are upregulated in GBM cells and control tumor cell invasiveness. Here we summarize the current evidence on the role of APLN/APLNR signaling during brain tumor pathology. We show that targeting APLN/APLNR can induce anti-angiogenic effects in GBM and simultaneously blunt GBM cell infiltration. In addition, we discuss how manipulation of APLN/APLNR signaling in GBM leads to the normalization of tumor vessels and thereby supports chemotherapy, reduces edema, and improves anti-tumorigenic immune reactions. Hence, therapeutic targeting of APLN/APLNR signaling offers an interesting option to address different pathological hallmarks of GBM.
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Aplnr knockout mice display sex-specific changes in conditioned fear. Behav Brain Res 2020; 400:113059. [PMID: 33309737 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2020.113059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The G-protein-coupled receptor APLNR and its ligands apelin and ELABELA/TODDLER/apela comprise the apelinergic system, a signaling pathway that is critical during development and physiological homeostasis. Targeted regulation of the receptor has been proposed to treat several important diseases including heart failure, pulmonary arterial hypertension and metabolic syndrome. The apelinergic system is widely expressed within the central nervous system (CNS). However, the role of this system in the CNS has not been completely elucidated. Utilizing an Aplnr knockout mouse model, we report here results from tests of sensory ability, locomotion, reward preference, social preference, learning and memory, and anxiety. We find that knockout of Aplnr leads to significant effects on acoustic startle response and sex-specific effects on conditioned fear responses without significant changes in baseline anxiety. In particular, male Aplnr knockout mice display enhanced context- and cue-dependent fear responses. Our results complement previous reports that exogenous Apelin administration reduced conditioned fear and freezing responses in rodent models, and future studies will explore the therapeutic benefit of APLNR-targeted drugs in rodent models of PTSD.
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11
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Wojno O, Czarzasta K, Puchalska L, Kowalczyk M, Cudnoch-Jedrzejewska A. Central interaction between the apelinergic and vasopressinergic systems in the regulation of the haemodynamic parameters in rats maintained on a high-fat diet. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2020; 47:1902-1911. [PMID: 32687615 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.13381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A high-fat diet can affect the central activity of the apelinergic and vasopressinergic systems, which can have a significant impact on cardiovascular regulation. The aim of the study was to investigate the role of the central interaction between apelin and vasopressin in the regulation of the cardiovascular system in Sprague Dawley rats maintained on a normal-fat diet (NFD) or on a high-fat diet (HFD). The animals were instrumented with a cannula implanted into the left cerebral ventricle for intracerebroventricular (ICV) infusions of saline (0.9% NaCl), apelin-13 (APLN-13), V1a receptor antagonist (V1aRANT) APJ receptor antagonist (F13A), vasopressin (AVP); and with a catheter placed within the femoral artery for mean arterial blood pressure and heart rate monitoring. Blood, the hypothalamus and the medulla oblongata were collected for biochemical analysis. The hypertensive effect of APLN-13 was blocked by a prior ICV infusion of V1aRANT, only in the NFD rats. However, the hypertensive effect of AVP was blocked by the prior ICV infusion of F13A in both the NFD and HFD rats. A HFD caused an increase in the protein level of APJ and V1a receptors, both in the hypothalamus and the medulla oblongata. This study confirms the presence of an interaction between both peptides in the central regulation of the cardiovascular system in rats on a NFD or a HFD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olena Wojno
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Physiology, Laboratory of Centre for Preclinical Research, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Czarzasta
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Physiology, Laboratory of Centre for Preclinical Research, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Liana Puchalska
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Physiology, Laboratory of Centre for Preclinical Research, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Malgorzata Kowalczyk
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Physiology, Laboratory of Centre for Preclinical Research, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Cudnoch-Jedrzejewska
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Physiology, Laboratory of Centre for Preclinical Research, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
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Acele A, Bulut A, Donmez Y, Koc M. Serum Elabela Level Significantly Increased in Patients with Complete Heart Block. Braz J Cardiovasc Surg 2020; 35:683-688. [PMID: 33118733 PMCID: PMC7598968 DOI: 10.21470/1678-9741-2019-0461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To investigate the change in serum Elabela level, a new apelinergic system peptide, in patients with complete atrioventricular (AV) block and healthy controls. Methods The study included 50 patients with planned cardiac pacemaker (PM) implantation due to complete AV block and 50 healthy controls with similar age and gender. Elabela level was measured in addition to routine anamnesis, physical examination, and laboratory tests. Patients were divided into two groups, with and without AV block, and then compared. Results In patients with AV block, serum Elabela level was significantly higher and heart rate and cardiac output were significantly lower than in healthy controls. Serum Elabela level was found to be positively correlated with high-sensitive C-reactive protein and N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) levels, but negatively correlated with heart rate, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and cardiac output. In linear regression analysis, it was found that these parameters were only closely related to heart rate and NT-proBNP. Serum Elabela level was determined in the patients with AV block independently; an Elabela level > 9.5 ng/ml determined the risk of complete AV-block with 90.2% sensitivity and 88.0% specificity. Conclusion In patients with complete AV block, the serum Elabela level increases significantly before the PM implantation procedure. According to the results of our study, it was concluded that serum Elabela level could be used in the early determination of patients with complete AV block.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armağan Acele
- Adana Health Practice and Research Center University of Health Sciences Department of Cardiology Adana Turkey Department of Cardiology, University of Health Sciences - Adana Health Practice and Research Center, Adana, Turkey
| | - Atilla Bulut
- Adana Health Practice and Research Center University of Health Sciences Department of Cardiology Adana Turkey Department of Cardiology, University of Health Sciences - Adana Health Practice and Research Center, Adana, Turkey
| | - Yurdaer Donmez
- Adana Health Practice and Research Center University of Health Sciences Department of Cardiology Adana Turkey Department of Cardiology, University of Health Sciences - Adana Health Practice and Research Center, Adana, Turkey
| | - Mevlut Koc
- Adana Health Practice and Research Center University of Health Sciences Department of Cardiology Adana Turkey Department of Cardiology, University of Health Sciences - Adana Health Practice and Research Center, Adana, Turkey
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13
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Alhussien MN, Dang AK. Interaction between stress hormones and phagocytic cells and its effect on the health status of dairy cows: A review. Vet World 2020; 13:1837-1848. [PMID: 33132594 PMCID: PMC7566244 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2020.1837-1848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Dairy cows are exposed to various stressors during their production cycle that makes them more susceptible to various diseases. Phagocytes (neutrophils and macrophages) are important soldiers of the innate immune system. Neutrophils are the first responders to an inflammatory response and stress and kill pathogens by generating reactive oxygen species and by the release of various antimicrobial peptides, enzymes, neutrophil extracellular trap formation, etc. Macrophages, the other phagocytes, are also the cleanup crew for the innate immune system that removes debris, pathogens, and dead neutrophils later on after an inflammatory response. The neuroendocrine system along with phagocytes exhibits an immunomodulatory potential during stressful conditions. Neuroendocrine system directly affects the activity of phagocytes by communicating bidirectionally through shared receptors and messenger molecules such as hormones, neurotransmitters, or cytokines. Different immune cells may show variable responses to each hormone. Short time exposure to stress can be beneficial, but repeated or extended exposure to stress may be detrimental to the overall health and well-being of an animal. Although some stresses associated with farming practices in dairy cows are unavoidable, better understanding of the interactions occurring between various stress hormones and phagocytic cells can help to reduce stress, improve productivity and animal welfare. This review highlights the role played by various stress hormones in modulating phagocytic cell performance of dairy cattle under inflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohanned Naif Alhussien
- Lactation and Immuno-Physiology Laboratory, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana, India
| | - Ajay Kumar Dang
- Lactation and Immuno-Physiology Laboratory, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana, India
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14
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The Elabela in hypertension, cardiovascular disease, renal disease, and preeclampsia: an update. J Hypertens 2020; 39:12-22. [PMID: 32740407 DOI: 10.1097/hjh.0000000000002591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
: Although considerable success has been shown for antihypertensive medications, the resistant hypertension and hypertension-related organ damages are still the important clinical issues and pose as high health and economic pressure. Therefore, novel therapeutic techniques and antihypertensive drugs are needed to advance more effective therapy of hypertension and hypertension-related disease to ameliorate mortality and healthcare costs worldwide. In this review, we highlight the latest progress in supporting the therapeutic potential of Elabela (ELA), a recently discovered early endogenous ligand for G-protein-coupled receptor apelin peptide jejunum, apelin receptor. Systemic administration of ELA exerts vasodilatory, antihypertensive, cardioprotective, and renoprotective effects, whereas central application of ELA increases blood pressure and causes cardiovascular remodeling primarily secondary to the hypertension. In addition, ELA drives extravillous trophoblast differentiation and prevents the pathogenesis of preeclampsia (a gestational hypertensive syndrome) by promoting placental angiogenesis. These findings strongly suggest peripheral ELA's therapeutic potential in preventing and treating hypertension and hypertension-related diseases including cardiovascular disease, kidney disease, and preeclampsia. Since therapeutic use of ELA is mainly limited by its short half-life and parenteral administration, it may be a clinical application candidate for the therapy of hypertension and its complications when fused with a large inert chemicals (e.g. polyethylene glycol, termed polyethylene glycol-ELA-21) or other proteins (e.g. the Fc fragment of IgG and albumin, termed Fc-ELA-21 or albumin-ELA-21), and new delivery methods are encouraged to develop to improve the efficacy of ELA fragments on apelin peptide jejunum or alternative unknown receptors.
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15
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Griffiths PR, Lolait SJ, Bijabhai A, O’Carroll-Lolait A, Paton JFR, O’Carroll AM. Increased apelin receptor gene expression in the subfornical organ of spontaneously hypertensive rats. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0231844. [PMID: 32315363 PMCID: PMC7173921 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0231844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The vascular organ of the lamina terminalis, subfornical organ (SFO), and area postrema comprise the sensory circumventricular organs (CVO) which are central structures that lie outside the blood brain barrier and are thought to provide an interface between peripherally circulating signals and the brain through their projections to central autonomic structures. The SFO expresses mRNA for the G protein-coupled apelin receptor (APJ, gene name aplnr) and exogenous microinjection of the neuropeptide apelin (apln) to the SFO elicits a depressor effect. Here we investigated the expression and cellular distribution of aplnr, apln and the recently described ligand apela (apela) in the CVOs and investigated whether differences in the levels of expression of apelinergic gene transcripts in these regions might underlie the chronic elevated blood pressure seen in hypertension. We carried out multiplex in situ hybridization histochemistry on CVO tissue sections from spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and normotensive Wistar Kyoto (WKY) controls. Confocal immunofluorescent images indicated strong aplnr expression, with lower levels of apln and modest apela expression, in the CVOs of both WKY rats and SHRs, in both neurons and glia. The expression level of aplnr transcripts was increased in the SFO of SHRs compared to WKY rats. Our data may highlight a potential dysfunction in the communication between CVOs and downstream signalling pathways in SHRs, which may contribute to its different phenotype/s.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip R. Griffiths
- Bristol Medical School, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen J. Lolait
- Bristol Medical School, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Aarifah Bijabhai
- Bristol Medical School, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Aoife O’Carroll-Lolait
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Julian F. R. Paton
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical & Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Biomedical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Anne-Marie O’Carroll
- Bristol Medical School, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
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16
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Czarzasta K, Wojno O, Zera T, Puchalska L, Dobruch J, Cudnoch-Jedrzejewska A. The influence of post-infarct heart failure and high fat diet on the expression of apelin APJ and vasopressin V1a and V1b receptors. Neuropeptides 2019; 78:101975. [PMID: 31645268 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2019.101975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Revised: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Vasopressin and apelin are reciprocally regulated hormones which are implicated in the pathophysiology of heart failure and the regulation of metabolism; however, little is known about their interactions under pathological conditions. In this study, we determined how post-infarct heart failure (HF) and a high fat diet (HFD) affect expression of the apelin APJ receptor (APJR) and the V1a (V1aR) and V1b (V1bR) vasopressin receptors in the hypothalamus, the heart, and the retroperitoneal adipose tissue. We performed experiments in male 4-week-old Sprague Dawley rats. The animals received either a normal fat diet (NFD) or a HFD for 8 weeks, then they underwent left coronary artery ligation to induce HF or sham surgery (SO), followed by 4 weeks of NFD or HFD. The HF rats showed higher plasma concentration of NT-proBNP and copeptin. The HF reduced the APJR mRNA expression in the hypothalamus. The APJR and V1aR protein levels in the hypothalamus were regulated both by HF and HFD, while the V1bR protein level in the hypothalamus was mainly influenced by HF. APJR mRNA expression in the heart was significantly higher in rats on HFD, and HFD affected the reduction of the APJR protein level in the right ventricle. The regulation of APJR, V1aR and V1bR expression in the heart and the retroperitoneal adipose tissue were affected by both HF and HFD. Our study demonstrates that HF and HFD cause significant changes in the expression of APJR, V1aR and V1bR, which may have an important influence on the cardiovascular system and metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Czarzasta
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Physiology, Laboratory of Centre for Preclinical Research, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Olena Wojno
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Physiology, Laboratory of Centre for Preclinical Research, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Tymoteusz Zera
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Physiology, Laboratory of Centre for Preclinical Research, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Liana Puchalska
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Physiology, Laboratory of Centre for Preclinical Research, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jakub Dobruch
- Department of Urology, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Cudnoch-Jedrzejewska
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Physiology, Laboratory of Centre for Preclinical Research, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.
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17
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Atıcı A, Aciksari G, Baycan OF, Barman HA, Sonsöz MR, Sahin M, Asoglu R, Demirkıran A, Kul Ş, Gungor B, Durmaz E, Bilge AK, Sahin I. Serum Asymmetric Dimethylarginine Levels in Patients with Vasovagal Syncope. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 55:medicina55110718. [PMID: 31671882 PMCID: PMC6915676 DOI: 10.3390/medicina55110718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Revised: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Vasovagal syncope (VVS) is the most common cause of syncope and has multiple pathophysiological mechanisms. Asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) is the major inhibitor of nitric oxide (NO). In this study, we aimed to investigate the relationship between plasma ADMA levels and syncope during the head-up tilt (HUT) test. Materials and Methods: Overall, 97 patients were included in this study. They were above 18 years of age and were admitted to our clinic with the complaint of at least one episode of syncope consistent with VVS. The HUT test was performed in all patients. Patients were divided into the following two groups based on the HUT test results: group 1 included 57 patients with a positive HUT test and group 2 included 35 patients with a negative HUT test. Blood samples were taken before and immediately after the HUT test to measure ADMA levels. Results: No significant intergroup differences were observed concerning gender and age (female gender 68% vs 60%; mean age 24.85 ± 4.01 vs 25.62 ± 3.54 years, respectively, for groups 1 and 2). ADMA values were similar between groups 1 and 2 before the HUT test [ADMA of 958 (544–1418) vs 951 (519–1269); p = 0.794]. In the negative HUT group, no significant differences were observed in ADMA levels before and after the HUT test [ADMA of 951 (519–1269) vs 951 (519–1566); p = 0.764]. However, in the positive HUT group, ADMA levels were significantly decreased following the HUT test [pretest ADMA of 958 (544–1418) vs post-test ADMA of 115 (67–198); p < 0.001]. Conclusion: ADMA levels significantly decreased after the HUT test in patients with VVS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adem Atıcı
- Cardiology Department, Istanbul Medeniyet University, Goztepe Training and Research Hospital, 34722 Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Gonul Aciksari
- Cardiology Department, Istanbul Medeniyet University, Goztepe Training and Research Hospital, 34722 Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Omer Faruk Baycan
- Cardiology Department, Istanbul Medeniyet University, Goztepe Training and Research Hospital, 34722 Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Hasan Ali Barman
- Cardiology Department, Okmeydani Training and Research Hospital, 34384 Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Mehmet Rasih Sonsöz
- Cardiology Department, Istanbul University Istanbul School of Medicine, 34093 Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Mustafa Sahin
- Biochemistry Department, Hitit University, Erol Olcok Training and Research Hospital, 19040 Corum, Turkey.
| | - Ramazan Asoglu
- Cardiology Department, Adiyaman Training and Research Hospital, 02200 Adiyaman, Turkey.
| | - Ahmet Demirkıran
- Cardiology Department, Istanbul University Istanbul School of Medicine, 34093 Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Şeref Kul
- Cardiology Department, Istanbul Medeniyet University, Goztepe Training and Research Hospital, 34722 Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Baris Gungor
- Department of Cardiology, Siyami Ersek Cardiothoracic Surgery Center, 34668 Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Eser Durmaz
- Cardiology Department, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Cerrahpasa School of Medicine, 34096 Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Ahmet Kaya Bilge
- Cardiology Department, Istanbul University Istanbul School of Medicine, 34093 Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Irfan Sahin
- Cardiology Department, Bagcilar Training ve Research Hospital, Bagcilar Center, 34100 Istanbul, Turkey.
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18
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Saxton SN, Clark BJ, Withers SB, Eringa EC, Heagerty AM. Mechanistic Links Between Obesity, Diabetes, and Blood Pressure: Role of Perivascular Adipose Tissue. Physiol Rev 2019; 99:1701-1763. [PMID: 31339053 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00034.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is increasingly prevalent and is associated with substantial cardiovascular risk. Adipose tissue distribution and morphology play a key role in determining the degree of adverse effects, and a key factor in the disease process appears to be the inflammatory cell population in adipose tissue. Healthy adipose tissue secretes a number of vasoactive adipokines and anti-inflammatory cytokines, and changes to this secretory profile will contribute to pathogenesis in obesity. In this review, we discuss the links between adipokine dysregulation and the development of hypertension and diabetes and explore the potential for manipulating adipose tissue morphology and its immune cell population to improve cardiovascular health in obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie N Saxton
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom; School of Environment and Life Sciences, University of Salford, Salford, United Kingdom; and Department of Physiology, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Ben J Clark
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom; School of Environment and Life Sciences, University of Salford, Salford, United Kingdom; and Department of Physiology, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Sarah B Withers
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom; School of Environment and Life Sciences, University of Salford, Salford, United Kingdom; and Department of Physiology, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Etto C Eringa
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom; School of Environment and Life Sciences, University of Salford, Salford, United Kingdom; and Department of Physiology, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Anthony M Heagerty
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom; School of Environment and Life Sciences, University of Salford, Salford, United Kingdom; and Department of Physiology, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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19
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Apelin Reduces Nitric Oxide-Induced Relaxation of Cerebral Arteries by Inhibiting Activation of Large-Conductance, Calcium-Activated K Channels. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2019; 71:223-232. [PMID: 29620606 DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0000000000000563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Activation of the apelin/APJ receptor signaling system causes endothelium-dependent and nitric oxide (NO)-dependent relaxation in several peripheral arteries. The effects of apelin in cerebral arteries are unknown; however, apelin inhibits voltage-dependent increases in large-conductance, calcium-activated K channel (BKCa) currents in cerebral artery smooth muscle cells. Because NO-induced relaxation of cerebral arteries is mediated, in part, by activation of BKCa channels, the goals of this study were to determine the net effect of apelin in cerebral arteries, as well as test the hypothesis that the actions of apelin in cerebral arteries are secondary to stimulation of APJ receptors. Immunoblot and quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction analyses detected APJ receptors in cerebral arteries of male Sprague-Dawley rats, and immunofluorescence studies using confocal microscopy confirmed APJ receptor localization in smooth muscle cells. In myograph studies, apelin itself had no direct vasomotor effect but inhibited relaxations to the NO-donor, diethylamine NONOate, and to the endothelium-dependent vasodilator, bradykinin. These effects of apelin were mimicked by the selective BKCa-channel blocker, iberiotoxin, and suppressed by the APJ receptor antagonist, F13A. Apelin also inhibited relaxations evoked by the BKCa-channel openers, NS1619 and BMS 191011, but had no effect on relaxation to levcromakalim, a selective KATP-channel opener. Apelin had no effect on diethylamine NONOate-induced or bradykinin-induced increases in cyclic guanosine monophosphate levels. Patch clamp recordings demonstrated that apelin and iberiotoxin each suppressed the increase in BKCa currents induced by DEA and NS1619 in freshly isolated cerebral artery smooth muscle cells. The results demonstrate that apelin inhibits NO-induced relaxation of cerebral arteries through a mechanism involving activation of APJ receptors and inhibition of BKCa channels in cerebral arterial smooth muscle cells.
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20
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Zhang Y, Wang Y, Lou Y, Luo M, Lu Y, Li Z, Wang Y, Miao L. Elabela, a newly discovered APJ ligand: Similarities and differences with Apelin. Peptides 2018; 109:23-32. [PMID: 30267732 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2018.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Revised: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The Apelin/APJ system is involved in a wide range of biological functions. For a long time, Apelin was thought to be the only ligand for APJ. Recently, a new peptide that acts via APJ and has similar functions, called Elabela, was identified. Elabela has beneficial effects on body fluid homeostasis, cardiovascular health, and renal insufficiency, as well as potential benefits for metabolism and diabetes. In this review, the properties and biological functions of this new peptide are discussed in comparison with those of Apelin. Important areas for future study are also discussed, with the consideration that research on Apelin could guide future research on Elabela.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixian Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, China; Pediatric Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, University of Louisville, Louisville, 40202, USA
| | - Yonggang Wang
- Cardiovascular Center, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Yan Lou
- Department of Nephrology, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, China
| | - Manyu Luo
- Department of Nephrology, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, China
| | - Yue Lu
- Department of Nephrology, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, China
| | - Zhuo Li
- Department of Nephrology, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, China
| | - Yangwei Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, China.
| | - Lining Miao
- Department of Nephrology, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, China.
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21
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Griffiths PR, Lolait SJ, Pearce LE, McBryde FD, Paton JFR, O'Carroll AM. Blockade of Rostral Ventrolateral Medulla Apelin Receptors Does Not Attenuate Arterial Pressure in SHR and L-NAME-Induced Hypertensive Rats. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1488. [PMID: 30459635 PMCID: PMC6232890 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Dysfunction of the apelinergic system, comprised of the neuropeptide apelin mediating its effects via the G protein-coupled apelin receptor (APJ), may underlie the onset of cardiovascular disease such as hypertension. Apelin expression is increased in the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM) in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) compared to Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) normotensive rats, however, evidence that the apelinergic system chronically influences mean arterial blood pressure (MABP) under pathophysiological conditions remains to be established. In this study we investigated, in conscious unrestrained rats, whether APJ contributes to MABP and sympathetic vasomotor tone in the progression of two models of hypertension - SHR and L-NAME-treated rats - and whether APJ contributes to the development of hypertension in pre-hypertensive SHR. In SHR we showed that APJ gene (aplnr) expression was elevated in the RVLM, and there was a greater MABP increase following microinjection of [Pyr1]apelin-13 to the RVLM of SHR compared to WKY rats. Bilateral microinjection of a lentiviral APJ-specific-shRNA construct into the RVLM of WKY, SHR, and L-NAME-treated rats, chronically implanted with radiotelemeters to measure MABP, decreased aplnr expression in the RVLM and abolished acute [Pyr1]apelin-13-induced increases in MABP. However, chronic knockdown of aplnr in the RVLM did not affect MABP in either SHR or L-NAME-treated rats. Moreover, knockdown of aplnr in the RVLM of prehypertensive SHR did not protect against the development of hypertension. These results show that endogenous apelin, acting via APJ, is not involved in the genesis or maintenance of hypertension in either animal model used in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip R Griffiths
- Laboratories for Integrative Neuroscience and Endocrinology, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen J Lolait
- Laboratories for Integrative Neuroscience and Endocrinology, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Louise E Pearce
- Laboratories for Integrative Neuroscience and Endocrinology, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Fiona D McBryde
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Julian F R Paton
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Anne-Marie O'Carroll
- Laboratories for Integrative Neuroscience and Endocrinology, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
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22
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Bülbül M, Sinen O, Abueid L, Akkoyunlu G, Özsoy Ö. Central apelin administration and restraint stress induce hypothalamic cholecystokinin release via the APJ receptor. J Neuroendocrinol 2018; 30:e12635. [PMID: 30044523 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Revised: 07/21/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to an acute stressor induces up-regulation of apelin and cholecystokinin (CCK) in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN), which is the key brain centre integrating the stress-induced alterations in neuroendocrine, autonomic and behavioural functions. We tested the hypothesis that the release of CCK from the PVN is increased by centrally administered or stress-induced up-regulated endogenous apelin via the APJ receptor. Additionally, the effect of hypothalamic CCK on autonomic outflow was investigated under basal and stressed conditions. In vivo brain microdialysis was performed in rats that received (i) intra-PVN administration of apelin-13 or (ii) acute restraint stress (ARS). For chemical stimulation of the neurones in the PVN, a high concentration of KCl was applied by reverse microdialysis. CCK-8 levels in microdialysates were quantified by an enzyme immunoassay. The immunoreactivity of the APJ receptor and CCK was detected by immunofluorescence in hypothalamic sections. Heart rate variability was assessed in rats that received PVN stimulation or ARS following pre-administration of vehicle or CCK1 receptor antagonist lorglumide. Both intra-PVN exogenous apelin-13 and ARS increased the CCK-8 levels in dialysates significantly. The ARS-induced elevations in CCK levels were reversed by intra-PVN pre-administration of the APJ receptor antagonist F13A. Within the PVN, robust APJ receptor expression was detected on the CCK-producing mediocellular cells, in addition to the parvocellular neurones in the periventricular region. Dual immunoreactivity of APJ/CCK was observed in magnocellular cells to a lesser degree. Both exogenous apelin and ARS increased the CCK immunoreactivity markedly within the PVN, which was diminished significantly by F13A. Sympathetic tonus was increased markedly both by PVN stimulation and ARS, which was attenuated by lorglumide. These results revealed the interaction between apelin and CCK in the brain, suggesting that hypothalamic CCK may contribute to the apelin-induced alterations in autonomic outflow under stressed conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Bülbül
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Osman Sinen
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Leyla Abueid
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Gökhan Akkoyunlu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Özlem Özsoy
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey
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23
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Huang Z, He L, Chen Z, Chen L. Targeting drugs to APJ receptor: From signaling to pathophysiological effects. J Cell Physiol 2018; 234:61-74. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.27047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Huang
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drugs Study, University of South China Hengyang China
- Department of Pharmacy The First Affiliated Hospital, University Of South China Hengyang China
| | - Lu He
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drugs Study, University of South China Hengyang China
| | - Zhe Chen
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drugs Study, University of South China Hengyang China
| | - Linxi Chen
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drugs Study, University of South China Hengyang China
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Nazari A, Zahabi K, Azizi Y, Moghimian M. EFFECTS OF EXERCISE COMBINED WITH APELIN-13 ON CARDIAC FUNCTION IN THE ISOLATED RAT HEART. REV BRAS MED ESPORTE 2018. [DOI: 10.1590/1517-869220182404175002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Exercise and apelin have been shown to increase cardiac function and elicit tolerance to ischemia/reperfusion (IR) injuries. This study aimed at determining whether the combination of exercise training and apelin pretreatment could integrate the protective effects of each of them in the heart against IR injury. Male rats were divided into four experimental groups: 1: Rats with ischemia/reperfusion (IR), 2: subjected to exercise training for 8 weeks (EX+IR), 3: apelin-13 (10 nmol/kg/day) for 7 days (Apel+IR) in the last week of training, and 4: exercise training plus apelin-13 (EX+Apel+IR). Isolated hearts were perfused using the Langendorff method and subjected to 30 min of regional ischemia followed by 60 min of reperfusion. Treadmill exercise training was conducted for 8 weeks. Hemodynamic parameters were recorded throughout the experiment. Ischemia-induced arrhythmias, myocardial infarct size (IS), creatine kinase-MB (CK-MB) isoenzyme and plasma lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity was measured in all animals. Administration of apelin-13 plus exercise increased left ventricular developed pressure (LVDP) at the end of ischemia and reperfusion compared with other groups. After 30 min of ischemia, dP/dtmax was higher in EX+Apel+IR than in Apel+IR and EX+IR groups. During 30 min ischemia, exercise training, apelin-13 and combined treatment produced a significant reduction in the numbers of premature ventricular complexes. A combination of exercise and apelin-13 also reduced infarct size, CK-MB, LDH and severity of arrhythmia. These results suggest that combined therapies with apelin-13 and exercise training may integrate the beneficial effects of each of them alone on cardiac contractility, arrhythmia and limiting of infarct size. Level of evidence I; Therapeutic Studies - Investigating the Results of Treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afshin Nazari
- Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Iran; Lorestan University of Medical, Iran
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Dual autonomic inhibitory action of central Apelin on gastric motor functions in rats. Auton Neurosci 2018; 212:17-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.autneu.2018.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2018] [Revised: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Abstract
Apelin is a vasoactive peptide and is an endogenous ligand for APJ receptors, which are widely expressed in blood vessels, heart, and cardiovascular regulatory regions of the brain. A growing body of evidence now demonstrates a regulatory role for the apelin/APJ receptor system in cardiovascular physiology and pathophysiology, thus making it a potential target for cardiovascular drug discovery and development. Indeed, ongoing studies are investigating the potential benefits of apelin and apelin-mimetics for disorders such as heart failure and pulmonary arterial hypertension. Apelin causes relaxation of isolated arteries, and systemic administration of apelin typically results in a reduction in systolic and diastolic blood pressure and an increase in blood flow. Nonetheless, vasopressor responses and contraction of vascular smooth muscle in response to apelin have also been observed under certain conditions. The goal of the current review is to summarize major findings regarding the apelin/APJ receptor system in blood vessels, with an emphasis on regulation of vascular tone, and to identify areas of investigation that may provide guidance for the development of novel therapeutic agents that target this system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amreen Mughal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North Dakota State University Fargo, ND, USA
| | - Stephen T O'Rourke
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North Dakota State University Fargo, ND, USA.
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Yan Z, Jiao H, Ding X, Ma Q, Li X, Pan Q, Wang T, Hou Y, Jiang Y, Liu Y, Chen J. Xiaoyaosan Improves Depressive-Like Behaviors in Mice through Regulating Apelin-APJ System in Hypothalamus. Molecules 2018; 23:E1073. [PMID: 29751542 PMCID: PMC6102542 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23051073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Revised: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The apelin-APJ system has been considered to play a crucial role in HPA axis function, and how the traditional Chinese compound prescription Xiaoyaosan regulates the apelin-APJ system as a supplement to treat depressive disorders. Objective: To investigate the depression-like behaviors and expression of apelin and APJ in hypothalamus of chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) mice and study whether these changes related to the regulation of Xiaoyaosan. Methods: 60 adult C57BL/6J mice were randomly divided into four groups, including control group, CUMS group, Xiaoyaosan treatment group and fluoxetine treatment group. Mice in the control group and CUMS group received 0.5 mL physiological saline once a day by intragastric administration. Mice in two treatment groups received Xiaoyaosan (0.25 g/kg/d) and fluoxetine (2.6 mg/kg/d), respectively. After 21 days of modeling with CUMS, the expression of apelin and APJ in hypothalamus were measured by real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR, western blot and immunohistochemical staining. The physical condition, body weight, food intake and behavior tests such as open field test, sucrose preference test and force swimming test were measured to evaluate depressive-like behaviors. Results: In this study, significant behavioral changes were found in CUMS-induced mice, meanwhile the expressions of apelin and APJ in the hypothalamus were changed after modeling. The body weight, food-intake and depressive-like behaviors in CUMS-induced mice could be improved by Xiaoyaosan treatment which is similar with the efficacy of fluoxetine, while the expressions of apelin and APJ in hypothalamus were modified by Xiaoyaosan. Conclusions: The data suggest that apelin-APJ system changes in the hypothalamus may be a target of depressive disorders, and the beneficial effects of Chinese compound prescription Xiaoyaosan on depressive-like behaviors may be mediated by the apelin-APJ system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyi Yan
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Haiyan Jiao
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Xiufang Ding
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Qingyu Ma
- Formula-pattern Research Center, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, Guangdong, China.
| | - Xiaojuan Li
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Qiuxia Pan
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Tingye Wang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Yajing Hou
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Youming Jiang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Yueyun Liu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Jiaxu Chen
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China.
- Formula-pattern Research Center, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, Guangdong, China.
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Lozić M, Šarenac O, Murphy D, Japundžić-Žigon N. Vasopressin, Central Autonomic Control and Blood Pressure Regulation. Curr Hypertens Rep 2018; 20:11. [DOI: 10.1007/s11906-018-0811-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Kurowska P, Barbe A, Różycka M, Chmielińska J, Dupont J, Rak A. Apelin in Reproductive Physiology and Pathology of Different Species: A Critical Review. Int J Endocrinol 2018; 2018:9170480. [PMID: 29977292 PMCID: PMC6011052 DOI: 10.1155/2018/9170480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Apelin has been isolated from the bovine stomach extracts as an endogenous ligand of the previously orphan receptor APJ. Expression of the apelinergic system (apelin and APJ) was described in many organs where pleiotropic effects like regulation of food intake, body weight, or cardiovascular and immune function were described. Recent studies have shown that apelin also plays an important role in the regulation of female and male reproduction. Some data showed that the gene and protein of apelin/APJ are expressed in the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonad (HPG) axis tissue. Thus, apelin is synthesized locally in the hypothalamus, pituitary, ovaries, and testis of many species and has autocrine and/or paracrine effects. Most research indicates that apelin has an inhibitory effect on gonadotropin secretion and participates in the direct regulation of steroidogenesis, cell proliferation, and apoptosis in gonads. The article summarizes also results of a series of recent studies on the effect of apelin on reproduction pathology, like polycystic ovarian syndrome, endometriosis, and ovarian cancer. Many of these pathologies are still in critical need of therapeutic intervention, and recent studies have found that apelin can be targets in reproductive pathological states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrycja Kurowska
- Department of Physiology and Toxicology of Reproduction, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
| | - Alix Barbe
- INRA, Unité Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, 37-380 Nouzilly, France
| | - Marta Różycka
- Department of Physiology and Toxicology of Reproduction, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
| | - Justyna Chmielińska
- Department of Physiology and Toxicology of Reproduction, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
| | - Joelle Dupont
- INRA, Unité Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, 37-380 Nouzilly, France
| | - Agnieszka Rak
- Department of Physiology and Toxicology of Reproduction, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
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Bejeshk MA, Joukar S, Shahouzehi B, Asadi-shekari M, Rajizadeh M, Raji-amirhasani A, Naderi-boldaji V. Combinatorial effect of lower extremity blood flow restriction and low intensity endurance exercise on aorta of old male rats: Histomorphological and molecular approach. Artery Res 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.artres.2018.10.226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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Abstract
Apelin and apela (ELABELA/ELA/Toddler) are two peptide ligands for a class A G-protein-coupled receptor named the apelin receptor (AR/APJ/APLNR). Ligand-AR interactions have been implicated in regulation of the adipoinsular axis, cardiovascular system, and central nervous system alongside pathological processes. Each ligand may be processed into a variety of bioactive isoforms endogenously, with apelin ranging from 13 to 55 amino acids and apela from 11 to 32, typically being cleaved C-terminal to dibasic proprotein convertase cleavage sites. The C-terminal region of the respective precursor protein is retained and is responsible for receptor binding and subsequent activation. Interestingly, both apelin and apela exhibit isoform-dependent variability in potency and efficacy under various physiological and pathological conditions, but most studies focus on a single isoform. Biophysical behavior and structural properties of apelin and apela isoforms show strong correlations with functional studies, with key motifs now well determined for apelin. Unlike its ligands, the AR has been relatively difficult to characterize by biophysical techniques, with most characterization to date being focused on effects of mutagenesis. This situation may improve following a recently reported AR crystal structure, but there are still barriers to overcome in terms of comprehensive biophysical study. In this review, we summarize the three components of the apelinergic system in terms of structure-function correlation, with a particular focus on isoform-dependent properties, underlining the potential for regulation of the system through multiple endogenous ligands and isoforms, isoform-dependent pharmacological properties, and biological membrane-mediated receptor interaction. © 2018 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 8:407-450, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyungsoo Shin
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Calem Kenward
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Jan K Rainey
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
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Fernández-Alfonso MS, Somoza B, Tsvetkov D, Kuczmanski A, Dashwood M, Gil-Ortega M. Role of Perivascular Adipose Tissue in Health and Disease. Compr Physiol 2017; 8:23-59. [PMID: 29357124 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c170004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) is cushion of fat tissue surrounding blood vessels, which is phenotypically different from other adipose tissue depots. PVAT is composed of adipocytes and stromal vascular fraction, constituted by different populations of immune cells, endothelial cells, and adipose-derived stromal cells. It expresses and releases an important number of vasoactive factors with paracrine effects on vascular structure and function. In healthy individuals, these factors elicit a net anticontractile and anti-inflammatory paracrine effect aimed at meeting hemodynamic and metabolic demands of specific organs and regions of the body. Pathophysiological situations, such as obesity, diabetes or hypertension, induce changes in its amount and in the expression pattern of vasoactive factors leading to a PVAT dysfunction in which the beneficial paracrine influence of PVAT is shifted to a pro-oxidant, proinflammatory, contractile, and trophic environment leading to functional and structural cardiovascular alterations and cardiovascular disease. Many different PVATs surrounding a variety of blood vessels have been described and exhibit regional differences. Both protective and deleterious influence of PVAT differs regionally depending on the specific vascular bed contributing to variations in the susceptibility of arteries and veins to vascular disease. PVAT therefore, might represent a novel target for pharmacological intervention in cardiovascular disease. © 2018 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 8:23-59, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Beatriz Somoza
- Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas y de la Salud, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad CEU-San Pablo, Madrid, Spain
| | - Dmitry Tsvetkov
- Department of Anestesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, HELIOS Klinikum, Berlin-Buch GmbH, Germany.,Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapy, Eberhard Karls University Hospitals and Clinics, and Interfaculty Center of Pharmacogenomics and Drug Research, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Artur Kuczmanski
- Department of Anestesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, HELIOS Klinikum, Berlin-Buch GmbH, Germany
| | - Mick Dashwood
- Royal Free Hospital Campus, University College Medical School, London, United Kingdom
| | - Marta Gil-Ortega
- Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas y de la Salud, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad CEU-San Pablo, Madrid, Spain
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Rostamzadeh F, Najafipour H, Yeganeh-Hajahmadi M, Joukar S. Opioid receptors mediate inotropic and depressor effects of apelin in rats with 2K1C-induced chronic renovascular hypertension. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2017; 45:187-197. [PMID: 28945940 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.12860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2017] [Revised: 09/16/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Apelin receptors (APJ) cross-talk with other G-protein-coupled receptors. However, the role of APJ interaction with opioid receptors (OPR) on the cardiovascular effects of apelin in hypertension is not clear. Renovascular hypertension was induced by placing a Plexiglas clip on the left kidney of rats. After 16 weeks, F13A (an APJ antagonist), naloxone (a general OPR inhibitor), and nor-binaltorphimine dihydrochloride (nor-BNI; a selective inhibitor of KOR) were given prior to injections of apelin at doses of 40 and 60 μg/kg. The arterial systolic/diastolic blood pressure and left ventricular contractility responses were then evaluated. The arterial systolic/diastolic blood pressure in sham and 2K1C rats was 110/71 mm Hg and 171/124 mm Hg, respectively. The hypotensive effects of apelin at both doses were inhibited by F13A and naloxone. Nor-BNI completely inhibited the effects of apelin 40 on arterial pressure, and decreased the effects of 60 μg/kg. KOR inhibition also prevented the compensation for the decrease in the left ventricle +dp/dt max and -dp/dt max caused by apelin 60. The simultaneous inhibition of OPR and APJ reduced arterial pressure and increased cardiac contractility. Findings showed that the OPR, particularly KOR, mediate the inotropic, lusitropic, and depressor effects of apelin. The interaction of the OPR and APJ augments the inotropic and vasodepressor effects of apelin. This interaction may have potential clinical applications in cardiac failure since opioids are currently used in the treatment of myocardial infarction and stroke, and apelin has been introduced as a potential therapeutic agent in cardiovascular complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farzaneh Rostamzadeh
- Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology and Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Hamid Najafipour
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Institute of Basic and Clinical Physiology Sciences and Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Mahboobeh Yeganeh-Hajahmadi
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Institute of Basic and Clinical Physiology Sciences and Department of Physiology and pharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Siyavash Joukar
- Physiology Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology and Department of Physiology and pharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
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Peyronnet R, Bollensdorff C, Capel RA, Rog-Zielinska EA, Woods CE, Charo DN, Lookin O, Fajardo G, Ho M, Quertermous T, Ashley EA, Kohl P. Load-dependent effects of apelin on murine cardiomyocytes. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 130:333-343. [PMID: 28935153 PMCID: PMC5726609 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2017.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2017] [Revised: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The apelin peptide is described as one of the most potent inotropic agents, produced endogenously in a wide range of cells, including cardiomyocytes. Despite positive effects on cardiac contractility in multicellular preparations, as well as indications of cardio-protective actions in several diseases, its effects and mechanisms of action at the cellular level are incompletely understood. Here, we report apelin effects on dynamic mechanical characteristics of single ventricular cardiomyocytes, isolated from mouse models (control, apelin-deficient [Apelin-KO], apelin-receptor KO mouse [APJ-KO]), and rat. Dynamic changes in maximal velocity of cell shortening and relaxation were monitored. In addition, more traditional indicators of inotropic effects, such as maximum shortening (in mechanically unloaded cells) or peak force development (in auxotonic contracting cells, preloaded using the carbon fibre technique) were studied. The key finding is that, using Apelin-KO cardiomyocytes exposed to different preloads with the 2-carbon fibre technique, we observe a lowering of the slope of the end-diastolic stress-length relation in response to 10 nM apelin, an effect that is preload-dependent. This suggests a positive lusitropic effect of apelin, which could explain earlier counter-intuitive findings on an apelin-induced increase in contractility occurring without matching rise in oxygen consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rémi Peyronnet
- Institute for Experimental Cardiovascular Medicine, University Heart Centre Freiburg · Bad Krozingen, Medical School of the University of Freiburg, Germany; Imperial College London, NHLI, Heart Science Centre, UK.
| | - Christian Bollensdorff
- Imperial College London, NHLI, Heart Science Centre, UK; Sidra Medical and Research Center, Qatar Foundation, Qatar
| | | | - Eva A Rog-Zielinska
- Institute for Experimental Cardiovascular Medicine, University Heart Centre Freiburg · Bad Krozingen, Medical School of the University of Freiburg, Germany; Imperial College London, NHLI, Heart Science Centre, UK
| | - Christopher E Woods
- Stanford University Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford, USA; Palo Alto Medical Foundation, Burlingame, CA, USA
| | - David N Charo
- Stanford University Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford, USA
| | - Oleg Lookin
- Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Ekaterinburg, Russian Federation
| | - Giovanni Fajardo
- Stanford University Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford, USA
| | - Michael Ho
- Stanford University Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford, USA
| | | | - Euan A Ashley
- Stanford University Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford, USA
| | - Peter Kohl
- Institute for Experimental Cardiovascular Medicine, University Heart Centre Freiburg · Bad Krozingen, Medical School of the University of Freiburg, Germany; Imperial College London, NHLI, Heart Science Centre, UK
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Targeting the apelin pathway as a novel therapeutic approach for cardiovascular diseases. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2017; 1863:1942-1950. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2016.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Revised: 10/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Griffiths PR, Lolait SJ, Harris LE, Paton JFR, O'Carroll AM. Vasopressin V1a receptors mediate the hypertensive effects of [Pyr 1 ]apelin-13 in the rat rostral ventrolateral medulla. J Physiol 2017; 595:3303-3318. [PMID: 28255983 PMCID: PMC5451710 DOI: 10.1113/jp274178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Key points Dysfunctions in CNS regulation of arterial blood pressure lead to an increase in sympathetic nerve activity that participates in the pathogenesis of hypertension. The apelin‐apelin receptor system affects arterial blood pressure homeostasis; however, the central mechanisms underlying apelin‐mediated changes in sympathetic nerve activity and blood pressure have not been clarified. We explored the mechanisms involved in the regulation of [Pyr1]apelin‐13‐mediated cardiovascular control within the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM) using selective receptor antagonists. We show that [Pyr1]apelin‐13 acts as a modulating neurotransmitter in the normotensive RVLM to affect vascular tone through interaction with the vasopressin V1a receptor but that [Pyr1]apelin‐13‐induced sympathoexcitation is independent of angiotensin II receptor type 1, oxytocin, ionotropic glutamate and GABAA receptors. Our data confirm a role for the apelin peptide system in cardiovascular regulation at the level of the RVLM and highlight that this system is a possible potential therapeutic target for the treatment of hypertension.
Abstract Apelin is a ubiquitous peptide that can elevate arterial blood pressure (ABP) yet understanding of the mechanisms involved remain incomplete. Bilateral microinjection of [Pyr1]apelin‐13 into the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM), a major source of sympathoexcitatory neurones, increases ABP and sympathetic nerve activity. We aimed to investigate the potential involvement of neurotransmitter systems through which the apelin pressor response may occur within the RVLM. Adult male Wistar rats were anaesthetized and ABP was monitored via a femoral arterial catheter. Bilateral RVLM microinjection of [Pyr1]apelin‐13 significantly increased ABP (9 ± 1 mmHg) compared to saline (−1 ± 2mmHg; P < 0.001), which was blocked by pretreatment with the apelin receptor antagonist, F13A (0 ± 1 mmHg; P < 0.01). The rise in ABP was associated with an increase in the low frequency spectra of systolic BP (13.9 ± 4.3% total power; P < 0.001), indicative of sympathetic vasomotor activation. The [Pyr1]apelin‐13‐mediated pressor response and the increased low frequency spectra of systolic BP response were fully maintained despite RVLM pretreatment with the angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonist losartan, the oxytocin receptor antagonist desGly‐NH2, d(CH2)5[D‐Tyr2,Thr4]OVT, the ionotropic glutamate receptor antagonist kynurenate or the GABAA antagonist bicuculline (P > 0.05). By contrast, the [Pyr1]apelin‐13 induced pressor and sympathoexcitatory effects were abolished by pretreatment of the RVLM with the vasopressin V1a receptor antagonist, SR 49059 (−1 ± 1 mmHg; 1.1 ± 1.1% total power, respectively; P < 0.001). These findings suggest that the pressor action of [Pyr1]apelin‐13 in the RVLM of normotensive rats is not mediated via angiotensin II type 1 receptor, oxytocin, ionotropic glutamate or GABAA receptors but instead involves a close relationship with the neuropeptide modulator vasopressin. Dysfunctions in CNS regulation of arterial blood pressure lead to an increase in sympathetic nerve activity that participates in the pathogenesis of hypertension. The apelin‐apelin receptor system affects arterial blood pressure homeostasis; however, the central mechanisms underlying apelin‐mediated changes in sympathetic nerve activity and blood pressure have not been clarified. We explored the mechanisms involved in the regulation of [Pyr1]apelin‐13‐mediated cardiovascular control within the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM) using selective receptor antagonists. We show that [Pyr1]apelin‐13 acts as a modulating neurotransmitter in the normotensive RVLM to affect vascular tone through interaction with the vasopressin V1a receptor but that [Pyr1]apelin‐13‐induced sympathoexcitation is independent of angiotensin II receptor type 1, oxytocin, ionotropic glutamate and GABAA receptors. Our data confirm a role for the apelin peptide system in cardiovascular regulation at the level of the RVLM and highlight that this system is a possible potential therapeutic target for the treatment of hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Louise E Harris
- School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Julian F R Paton
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Biomedical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
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Baysal SS, Pirat B, Okyay K, Bal UA, Uluçam MZ, Öztuna D, Müderrisoğlu H. Treatment-associated change in apelin concentration in patients with hypertension and its relationship with left ventricular diastolic function. Anatol J Cardiol 2017; 17:125-131. [PMID: 27599667 PMCID: PMC5336750 DOI: 10.14744/anatoljcardiol.2016.7035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We examined the change in apelin concentration and its relationship with left ventricular diastolic function in patients treated for hypertension. METHODS Ninety treatment-naive patients with newly diagnosed hypertension and 33 age- and sex-matched control subjects were prospectively enrolled. Patients with hypertension were randomized to treatment either with telmisartan 80 mg or amlodipine 10 mg. Apelin concentration was measured and echocardiography was performed at baseline and after 1 month of treatment. RESULTS The data of 77 patients and 33 controls were analyzed. Mean age, gender, baseline blood pressure, apelin levels, and echocardiographic measurements were similar between the treatment groups (p>0.05 for all). Apelin concentration was significantly lower in patients with hypertension than in controls. There was a significant increase in apelin level after 1 month of treatment in both groups (0.32±0.17 vs. 0.38±0.17 ng/dL in telmisartan group, p=0.009, and 0.27±0.13 vs. 0.34±0.18 ng/dL in amlodipine group, p=0.013). Diastolic function improved significantly in both groups (p<0.05) but was not significantly associated with change in apelin concentration. CONCLUSION Apelin concentration increased significantly after 1 month of effective treatment with telmisartan or amlodipine to a similar extent. Change in apelin concentration was not associated with improvement in diastolic function.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bahar Pirat
- Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, Başkent University; Ankara-Turkey
| | - Kaan Okyay
- Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, Başkent University; Ankara-Turkey
| | - Uğur Abbas Bal
- Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, Başkent University; Ankara-Turkey
| | - Melek Zekiye Uluçam
- Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, Başkent University; Ankara-Turkey
| | - Derya Öztuna
- Department of Biostatistics, Faculty of Medicine, Ankara University; Ankara-Turkey
| | - Haldun Müderrisoğlu
- Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, Başkent University; Ankara-Turkey
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Czarzasta K, Cudnoch-Jedrzejewska A, Szczepanska-Sadowska E, Fus L, Puchalska L, Gondek A, Dobruch J, Gomolka R, Wrzesien R, Zera T, Gornicka B, Kuch M. The role of apelin in central cardiovascular regulation in rats with post-infarct heart failure maintained on a normal fat or high fat diet. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2016; 43:983-94. [DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.12617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Revised: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Czarzasta
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Physiology; Laboratory of Centre for Preclinical Research; Medical University of Warsaw; Warsaw Poland
| | - Agnieszka Cudnoch-Jedrzejewska
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Physiology; Laboratory of Centre for Preclinical Research; Medical University of Warsaw; Warsaw Poland
| | - Ewa Szczepanska-Sadowska
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Physiology; Laboratory of Centre for Preclinical Research; Medical University of Warsaw; Warsaw Poland
| | - Lukasz Fus
- Department of Pathology; Medical University of Warsaw; Warsaw Poland
| | - Liana Puchalska
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Physiology; Laboratory of Centre for Preclinical Research; Medical University of Warsaw; Warsaw Poland
| | - Agata Gondek
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Physiology; Laboratory of Centre for Preclinical Research; Medical University of Warsaw; Warsaw Poland
| | - Jakub Dobruch
- Department of Urology; Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education; Warsaw Poland
| | - Ryszard Gomolka
- Faculty of Electronics and Information Technology; Warsaw University of Technology; Warsaw Poland
| | - Robert Wrzesien
- Central Laboratory of Experimental Animals; Medical University of Warsaw; Warsaw Poland
| | - Tymoteusz Zera
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Physiology; Laboratory of Centre for Preclinical Research; Medical University of Warsaw; Warsaw Poland
| | - Barbara Gornicka
- Department of Pathology; Medical University of Warsaw; Warsaw Poland
| | - Marek Kuch
- Chair and Department of Cardiology, Hypertension and Internal Medicine; Medical University of Warsaw; Warsaw Poland
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Esteban-Martínez RL, Pérez-Razo JC, Vargas-Alarcón G, Martínez-Rodríguez N, Cano-Martínez LJ, López-Hernández LB, Rojano-Mejía D, Canto P, Coral-Vazquez RM. Polymorphisms of APLN-APLNR system are associated with essential hypertension in Mexican-Mestizo individuals. Exp Mol Pathol 2016; 101:105-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2016.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Huang F, Zhu P, Huang Q, Yuan Y, Lin F, Li Q. Associations between gene polymorphisms of the apelin–APJ system and the risk of hypertension. Blood Press 2016; 25:257-62. [PMID: 27338090 DOI: 10.3109/08037051.2016.1156905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Feng Huang
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fujian Institute of Clinical Geriatrics, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, PR China
| | - Pengli Zhu
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fujian Institute of Clinical Geriatrics, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, PR China
| | - Qiuxia Huang
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fujian Institute of Clinical Geriatrics, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, PR China
| | - Yin Yuan
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fujian Institute of Clinical Geriatrics, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, PR China
| | - Fan Lin
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fujian Institute of Clinical Geriatrics, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, PR China
| | - Qiaowei Li
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fujian Institute of Clinical Geriatrics, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, PR China
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Apelin-13 Protects PC12 Cells from Corticosterone-Induced Apoptosis Through PI3K and ERKs Activation. Neurochem Res 2016; 41:1635-44. [PMID: 26961889 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-016-1878-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Revised: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
It is widely accepted that environmental stress is a risk factor for mental disorders. Glucocorticoid hormones play a vital role in the regulation of physiological response to stress. High concentrations of corticosterone can induce cellular damage in PC12 cells, which possess typical neuronal features. Apelin and its receptor APJ are widely distributed in the central nervous system including limbic structures involved in stress responses. Previous studies have suggested that apelin has a neuroprotective function. However, the effect of apelin on corticosterone-induced neuronal damage remains to be elucidated. In the present study, we explored the potential protective activity of apelin-13 in PC12 cells treated with corticosterone and its underling mechanisms. The viability of the cells, the apoptosis of the cells, the level of phosphorylation of Akt (p-Akt) and extracellular signal-regulated kinases (p-ERKs) and cleaved caspase-3 expression were detected by MTT, Hoechst staining and flow cytometer assays and Western blotting. Results showed that corticosterone induced cells viability loss, cell apoptosis, down-regulation of p-Akt and p-ERKs and up-regulation of cleaved caspase-3. The effects induced by corticosterone were attenuated by apelin-13 pretreatment. Furthermore, apelin-13-mediated anti-viability loss, antiapoptosis and caspase-3 suppression activities were blocked by specific inhibitors of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) (LY294002) and ERKs (PD98059). The data suggest that apelin-13 protects PC12 cells from corticosterone-induced apoptosis through activating PI3K/Akt and ERKs signaling pathways.
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Bülbül M, İzgüt-Uysal VN, Sinen O, Birsen İ, Tanrıöver G. Central apelin mediates stress-induced gastrointestinal motor dysfunction in rats. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2016; 310:G249-61. [PMID: 26680735 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00145.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 12/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Apelin, an endogenous ligand for APJ receptor, has been reported to be upregulated in paraventricular nucleus (PVN) following stress. Central apelin is known to stimulate release of corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) via APJ receptor. We tested the hypothesis that stress-induced gastrointestinal (GI) dysfunction is mediated by central apelin. We also assessed the effect of exogenous apelin on GI motility under nonstressed (NS) conditions in conscious rats. Prior to solid gastric emptying (GE) and colon transit (CT) measurements, APJ receptor antagonist F13A was centrally administered under NS conditions and following acute stress (AS), chronic homotypic stress (CHS), and chronic heterotypic stress (CHeS). Plasma corticosterone was assayed. Strain gage transducers were implanted on serosal surfaces of antrum and distal colon to record postprandial motility. Stress exposure induced coexpression of c-Fos and apelin in hypothalamic PVN. Enhanced hypothalamic apelin and CRF levels in microdialysates were detected following AS and CHeS, which were negatively and positively correlated with GE and CT, respectively. Central F13A administration abolished delayed GE and accelerated CT induced by AS and CHeS. Central apelin-13 administration increased the plasma corticosterone and inhibited GE and CT by attenuating antral and colonic contractions. The inhibitory effect elicited by apelin-13 was abolished by central pretreatment of CRF antagonist CRF9-41 in antrum, but not in distal colon. Central endogenous apelin mediates stress-induced changes in gastric and colonic motor functions through APJ receptor. The inhibitory effects of central exogenous apelin-13 on GI motility appear to be partly CRF dependent. Apelin-13 inhibits colon motor functions through a CRF-independent pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Bülbül
- Akdeniz University Faculty of Medicine Department of Physiology, Antalya, Turkey; and
| | - V Nimet İzgüt-Uysal
- Akdeniz University Faculty of Medicine Department of Physiology, Antalya, Turkey; and
| | - Osman Sinen
- Akdeniz University Faculty of Medicine Department of Physiology, Antalya, Turkey; and
| | - İlknur Birsen
- Akdeniz University Faculty of Medicine Department of Physiology, Antalya, Turkey; and
| | - Gamze Tanrıöver
- Akdeniz University Faculty of Medicine Department of Histology and Embryology, Antalya, Turkey
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Cudnoch-Jedrzejewska A, Gomolka R, Szczepanska-Sadowska E, Czarzasta K, Wrzesien R, Koperski L, Puchalska L, Wsol A. High-fat diet and chronic stress reduce central pressor and tachycardic effects of apelin in Sprague-Dawley rats. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2015; 42:52-62. [PMID: 25311903 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.12324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2014] [Revised: 09/26/2014] [Accepted: 10/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Central application of apelin elevates blood pressure and influences neuroendocrine responses to stress and food consumption. However, it is not known whether the central cardiovascular effects of apelin depend also on caloric intake or chronic stress. The purpose of the present study was to determine the effects of intracerebroventricular administration of apelin on blood pressure (mean arterial blood pressure) and heart rate in conscious Sprague-Dawley rats consuming either a normal-fat diet (NFD) or high-fat diet (HFD) for 12 weeks. During the last 4 weeks of the food regime, the rats were exposed (NFDS and HFDS groups) or not exposed (NFDNS and HFDNS groups) to chronic stress. Each group was divided into two subgroups receiving intracerebroventricular infusions of either vehicle or apelin. Apelin elicited significant increase of mean arterial blood pressure and heart rate in the NFDNS rats. This effect was abolished in the HFDNS, HFDS and NFDS groups. HFD resulted in a significant elevation of blood concentrations of total cholesterol, triglycerides glucose and insulin. Chronic stress reduced plasma concentration of total and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and increased plasma corticosterone concentration and APJ receptor mRNA expression in the hypothalamus, whereas a combination of a HFD with chronic stress resulted in the elevation of plasma triglycerides, total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and in increased plasma corticosterone concentration, apelin concentration and APJ receptor mRNA expression in the hypothalamus. It is concluded that a HFD and chronic stress result in significant suppression of the central pressor action of apelin, and cause significant though not unidirectional changes of metabolic and endocrine parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Cudnoch-Jedrzejewska
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Physiology, Laboratory of Centre for Preclinical Research, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
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Sandal S, Tekin S, Seker FB, Beytur A, Vardi N, Colak C, Tapan T, Yildiz S, Yilmaz B. The effects of intracerebroventricular infusion of apelin-13 on reproductive function in male rats. Neurosci Lett 2015; 602:133-8. [PMID: 26149233 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2015.06.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Revised: 06/22/2015] [Accepted: 06/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Apelin is a novel bioactive peptide as the endogenous ligand for APJ. Apelin and APJ have also been identified in the testis, hypothalamic nuclei such as arcuate, supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei, implicating roles in the control of reproduction. Therefore, the present study was designed to investigate the effects of chronic central infusion of apelin-13 on LH, FSH and testosterone levels and testis morphology. 21 Wistar-Albino male rats received continuous intracerebroventricular infusion via Alzet osmotic mini pumps filled artificial cerebrospinal fluid (vehicle) or apelin-13 at concentrations of 1 or 10 nmol (10 μl/h) for seven days. At the last 90 min of the infusion period, the blood samples were collected at 15 min intervals (0-90 min) for LH and FSH analyses. At the last sampling point, the blood samples were analyzed for testosterone levels. Infusion of high dose apelin-13 significantly suppressed LH release compared with the vehicle values at 30, 60 and 75 min (p<0.05). However, FSH levels did not significantly differ among the groups. Serum testosterone levels in high dose apelin-13 group were statistically lower than the control group (p<0.05). In addition, histological examination showed that infusion of high dose apelin-13 significantly decreased the number of Leydig cells compared with the control and lower dose apelin-13 groups (p<0.05, p<0.01). Our results suggest that apelin-13 may play a role in the central regulation and decreases testosterone release by suppressing LH secretion. Thus, antagonists of the apelin receptor may, therefore, be useful for pharmaceuticals in the treatment of infertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suleyman Sandal
- Inonu University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Physiology, Malatya 44280 Turkey.
| | - Suat Tekin
- Inonu University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Physiology, Malatya 44280 Turkey
| | - Fatma Burcu Seker
- Yeditepe University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Physiology, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ali Beytur
- Inonu University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Urology, Malatya, Turkey
| | - Nigar Vardi
- Inonu University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, Malatya, Turkey
| | - Cemil Colak
- Inonu University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, Malatya, Turkey
| | - Tuba Tapan
- Inonu University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Physiology, Malatya 44280 Turkey
| | - Sedat Yildiz
- Inonu University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Physiology, Malatya 44280 Turkey
| | - Bayram Yilmaz
- Yeditepe University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Physiology, Istanbul, Turkey
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Chaves-Almagro C, Castan-Laurell I, Dray C, Knauf C, Valet P, Masri B. Apelin receptors: From signaling to antidiabetic strategy. Eur J Pharmacol 2015; 763:149-59. [PMID: 26007641 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Revised: 03/09/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The G protein-coupled receptor APJ and its cognate ligand, apelin, are widely expressed throughout human body. They are implicated in different key physiological processes such as angiogenesis, cardiovascular functions, fluid homeostasis and energy metabolism regulation. On the other hand, this couple ligand-receptor is also involved in the development and progression of different pathologies including diabetes, obesity, cardiovascular disease and cancer. Recently, a new endogenous peptidic ligand of APJ, named Elabela/Toddler, has been identified and shown to play a crucial role in embryonic development. Whereas nothing is yet known regarding Elabela/Toddler functions in adulthood, apelin has been extensively described as a beneficial adipokine regarding to glucose and lipid metabolism and is endowed with anti-diabetic and anti-obesity properties. Indeed, there is a growing body of evidence supporting apelin signaling as a novel promising therapeutic target for metabolic disorders (obesity, type 2 diabetes). In this review, we provide an overview of the pharmacological properties of APJ and its endogenous ligands. We also report the activity of peptidic and non-peptidic agonists and antagonists targeting APJ described in the literature. Finally, we highlight the important role of this signaling pathway in the control of energy metabolism at the peripheral level and in the central nervous system in both physiological conditions and during obesity or diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Chaves-Almagro
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases (I2MC) - INSERM U1048, University Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - I Castan-Laurell
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases (I2MC) - INSERM U1048, University Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - C Dray
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases (I2MC) - INSERM U1048, University Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - C Knauf
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases (I2MC) - INSERM U1048, University Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - P Valet
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases (I2MC) - INSERM U1048, University Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - B Masri
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases (I2MC) - INSERM U1048, University Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France.
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The effects of apelin treatment on a rat model of type 2 diabetes. Adv Med Sci 2015; 60:94-100. [PMID: 25625368 DOI: 10.1016/j.advms.2014.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2014] [Revised: 11/17/2014] [Accepted: 11/25/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Apelin is an adipokine that plays a role in the regulation of many biological functions in mammals including the neuroendocrine, cardiovascular, immune systems, glucose homeostasis and obesity. It can act via autocrine, paracrine, endocrine, and exocrine signaling. We aimed to identify the role of apelin pathophysiology of diabetes. MATERIAL/METHODS 37 male Wistar Albino rats aged 8-10 weeks were divided in four experimental groups as: control group (C) control+apelin group (C+A), diabetic group (D) diabetic+apelin group (D+A). Apelin and apelin receptor mRNA gene expressions in heart and aorta tissue were determined by real-time polymerase chain reaction. The plasma levels of insulin and plasma apelin were determined by ELISA. RESULTS Plasma levels of insulin, glucose, blood pressure levels were significantly lower in D+A group. There was no statistically significant difference for level of apelin between diabetic groups. On the other hand, differences for apelin and APJ mRNA expression in heart and vascular tissue were found significant between groups. CONCLUSIONS Apelin can be used as a therapeutic agent in the treatment of type II diabetes in the future.
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Maresca F, Palma VD, Bevilacqua M, Uccello G, Taglialatela V, Giaquinto A, Esposito G, Trimarco B, Cirillo P. Adipokines, Vascular Wall, and Cardiovascular Disease. Angiology 2015; 66:8-24. [DOI: 10.1177/0003319713520463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiological evidence has shown that abdominal obesity is closely associated with the development of cardiovascular (CV) disease, suggesting that it might be considered as an independent CV risk factor. However, the pathophysiological mechanisms responsible for the association between these 2 clinical entities remain largely unknown. Adipocytes are considered able to produce and secrete chemical mediators known as “adipokines” that may exert several biological actions, including those on heart and vessels. Of interest, a different adipokine profile can be observed in the plasma of patients with obesity or metabolic syndrome compared with healthy controls. We consider the main adipokines, focusing on their effects on the vascular wall and analyzing their role in CV pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Maresca
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Division of Cardiology, University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Vito Di Palma
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Division of Cardiology, University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Michele Bevilacqua
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Division of Cardiology, University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Uccello
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Division of Cardiology, University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Vittorio Taglialatela
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Division of Cardiology, University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Alessandro Giaquinto
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Division of Cardiology, University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Giovanni Esposito
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Division of Cardiology, University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Bruno Trimarco
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Division of Cardiology, University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Plinio Cirillo
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Division of Cardiology, University of Naples, Naples, Italy
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Zhu P, Lin F, Huang F, Huang Q, Li Q, Gao Z, Chen F. Apelin andAPLNsingle nucleotide polymorphisms and combined hypertension and central retinal artery stenosis in a Chinese population. Clin Exp Hypertens 2014; 37:280-7. [DOI: 10.3109/10641963.2014.960970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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