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Lueschow-Guijosa SR, Stanford AH, Berger JN, Gong H, Boly TJ, Jensen BA, Nordkild P, Leegwater AJ, Wehkamp J, Underwood MA, McElroy SJ. Host defense peptides human β defensin 2 and LL-37 ameliorate murine necrotizing enterocolitis. iScience 2024; 27:109993. [PMID: 38846005 PMCID: PMC11154634 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.109993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is a leading cause of preterm infant morbidity and mortality. Treatment for NEC is limited and non-targeted, which makes new treatment and prevention strategies critical. Host defense peptides (HDPs) are essential components of the innate immune system and have multifactorial mechanisms in host defense. LL-37 and hBD2 are two HDPs that have been shown in prior literature to protect from neonatal sepsis-induced mortality or adult inflammatory bowel disease, respectively. Therefore, this article sought to understand if these two HDPs could influence NEC severity in murine preclinical models. NEC was induced in P14-16 C57Bl/6 mice and HDPs were provided as a pretreatment or treatment. Both LL-37 and hBD2 resulted in decreased NEC injury scores as a treatment and hBD2 as a pretreatment. Our data suggest LL-37 functions through antimicrobial properties, while hBD2 functions through decreases in inflammation and improvement of intestinal barrier integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amy H. Stanford
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Jennifer N. Berger
- Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55404, USA
| | - Huiyu Gong
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Timothy J. Boly
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Benjamin A.H. Jensen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1165 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | | | - Jan Wehkamp
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Tübingen, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Mark A. Underwood
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA 95616, USA
| | - Steven J. McElroy
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA 95616, USA
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Jiang N, Liu Z, Wang H, Zhang L, Li M, Li G, Li C, Wang B, Zhao C, Liu L. Alterations in metabolome and microbiome: new clues on cathelicidin-related antimicrobial peptide alleviates acute ulcerative colitis. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1306068. [PMID: 38380090 PMCID: PMC10877057 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1306068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic and recurrent inflammatory disease of the gastrointestinal tract. This study aimed to determine the effect of cathelicidin-related antimicrobial peptide (Cramp) on dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced acute experimental colitis in mice and to investigate the underlying mechanisms. Acute UC was induced in C57BL/6 mice with 3% DSS for 7 days, 4 mg/kg b.w. synthetic Cramp peptide was administrated once daily starting on day 4 of the experimental period. Mice were evaluated for body weight, colon length, colon histopathology, and inflammatory cytokines in colon tissue. Using 16 s rRNA sequencing, the composition structure of gut microbiota was characterized. Metabolomic profiling of the serum was performed. The results showed that DSS treatment significantly induced intestinal damage as reflected by disease activity index, histopathological features, and colon length, while Cramp treatment significantly prevented these trends. Meanwhile, Cramp treatment decreased the levels of inflammatory cytokines in both serum and colonic tissue on DSS-induced colitis. It was also observed that DSS damaged the integrity of the intestinal epithelial barrier, whereas Cramp also played a protective role by attenuating these deteriorated effects. Furthermore, Cramp treatment reversed the oxidative stress by increasing the antioxidant enzymes of GSH-PX and decreasing the oxidant content of MDA. Notably, compared to the DSS group, Cramp treatment significantly elevated the abundance of Verrucomicrobiota at the phylum level. Furthermore, at the genus level, Parasutterella and Mucispirllum abundance was increased significantly in response to Cramp treatment, although Roseburia and Enterorhabdus reduced remarkably. Metabolic pathway analysis of serum metabolomics showed that Cramp intervention can regulate various metabolic pathways such as α-linolenic acid, taurine and hypotaurine, sphingolipid, and arachidonic acid metabolism. The study concluded that Cramp significantly ameliorated DSS-induced colonic injury, colonic inflammation, and intestinal barrier dysfunction in mice. The underlying mechanism is closely related to the metabolic alterations derived from gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Jiang
- Department of Trauma Center, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Zhongyuan Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural Science and Technology University, Jilin, Jilin, China
| | - Haiyang Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural Science and Technology University, Jilin, Jilin, China
| | - Lichun Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural Science and Technology University, Jilin, Jilin, China
| | - Mengjiao Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural Science and Technology University, Jilin, Jilin, China
| | - Gaoqian Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural Science and Technology University, Jilin, Jilin, China
| | - Chang Li
- Department of Trauma Center and Gastrointestinal Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin, China
| | - Bo Wang
- Department of Trauma Center and Gastrointestinal Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin, China
| | - Cuiqing Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural Science and Technology University, Jilin, Jilin, China
| | - Liming Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural Science and Technology University, Jilin, Jilin, China
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Dong Z, Zhang X, Zhang Q, Tangthianchaichana J, Guo M, Du S, Lu Y. Anticancer Mechanisms and Potential Anticancer Applications of Antimicrobial Peptides and Their Nano Agents. Int J Nanomedicine 2024; 19:1017-1039. [PMID: 38317847 PMCID: PMC10840538 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s445333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Traditional chemotherapy is one of the main methods of cancer treatment, which is largely limited by severe side effects and frequent development of multi-drug resistance by cancer cells. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) with high efficiency and low toxicity, as one of the most promising new drugs to replace chemoradiotherapy, have become a current research hotspot, attracting the attention of worldwide researchers. AMPs are natural-source small peptides from the innate immune system, and certain AMPs can selectively kill a broad spectrum of cancer cells while exhibiting less damage to normal cells. Although it involves intracellular mechanisms, AMPs exert their anti-cancer effects mainly through membrane destruction effect; thus, AMPs also hold unique advantages in fighting drug-resistant cancer cells. However, the poor stability and hemolytic toxicity of peptides limit their clinical application. Fortunately, functionalized nanoparticles have many possibilities in overcoming the shortcomings of AMPs, which provides a huge prospect for better application of AMPs. In this paper, we briefly introduce the characteristics and different sources of AMPs, review and summarize the mechanisms of action and the research status of AMPs used as an anticancer therapy, and finally focus on the further use of AMPs nano agents in the anti-cancer direction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyi Dong
- Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- Research and Development Centre in Beijing, CSPC Pharmaceutical Group Limited, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xinyu Zhang
- Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qing Zhang
- Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jakkree Tangthianchaichana
- Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- Chulabhorn International College of Medicine, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | - Mingxue Guo
- Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shouying Du
- Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yang Lu
- Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
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Shih CC, Liao WC, Ke HY, Kuo CW, Tsao CM, Tsai WC, Chiu YL, Huang HC, Wu CC. Antimicrobial peptide cathelicidin LL-37 preserves intestinal barrier and organ function in rats with heat stroke. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 161:114565. [PMID: 36958193 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Global warming increases the incidence of heat stroke (HS) and HS causes the reduction of visceral blood flow during hyperthermia, leading to intestinal barrier disruption, microbial translocation, systemic inflammation and multiple organ failure. Cathelicidin LL-37 exhibits antimicrobial activities, helps innate immunity within the gut to maintain intestinal homeostasis, and augments intestinal wound healing and barrier function. Thus, we evaluated the effects and possible mechanisms of cathelicidin LL-37 on HS. Wistar rats were placed in a heating-chamber of 42 ̊C to induce HS. Changes in rectal temperature, hemodynamic parameters, and survival rate were measured during the experimental period. Blood samples and ilea were collected to analyze the effects of LL-37 on systemic inflammation, multiple organ dysfunction, and intestinal injury. Furthermore, LS174T and HT-29 cells were used to assess the underlying mechanisms. Our data showed cathelicidin LL-37 ameliorated the damage of intestinal cells induced by HS. Intestinal injury, systemic inflammation, and nitrosative stress (high nitric oxide level) caused by continuous hyperthermia were attenuated in HS rats treated with cathelicidin LL-37, and hence, improved multiple organ dysfunction, coagulopathy, and survival rate. These beneficial effects of cathelicidin LL-37 were attributed to the protection of intestinal goblet cells (by increasing transepithelial resistance, mucin-2 and Nrf2 expression) and the improvement of intestinal barrier function (less cyclooxygenase-2 expression and FITC-dextran translocation). Interestingly, high cathelicidin expression in the ileal samples of inflammatory bowel disease patients was associated with better clinical outcome. These results suggest that cathelicidin LL-37 could prevent heat stress-induced intestinal damage and heat-related illnesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Chin Shih
- Department and Graduate Institute of Pharmacology, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC.
| | - Wei-Chieh Liao
- Department and Graduate Institute of Pharmacology, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Hung-Yen Ke
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chia-Wen Kuo
- Department of Nephrology, Taichung Armed Forces General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Cheng-Ming Tsao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital and National Yang-Ming Chiao-Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Wen-Chiuan Tsai
- Department of Pathology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yi-Lin Chiu
- Department of Biochemistry, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Hsieh-Chou Huang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Cheng-Hsin General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chin-Chen Wu
- Department and Graduate Institute of Pharmacology, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC.
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Gamsjäger L, Cirone KM, Schluessel S, Campsall M, Herik A, Lahiri P, Young D, Dufour A, Sapountzis P, Otani S, Gomez DE, Windeyer MC, Cobo ER. Host innate immune responses and microbiome profile of neonatal calves challenged with Cryptosporidium parvum and the effect of bovine colostrum supplementation. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1165312. [PMID: 37207189 PMCID: PMC10189047 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1165312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Calves are highly susceptible to gastrointestinal infection with Cryptosporidium parvum (C. parvum), which can result in watery diarrhea and eventually death or impaired development. With little to no effective therapeutics, understanding the host's microbiota and pathogen interaction at the mucosal immune system has been critical to identify and test novel control strategies. Methods Herein, we used an experimental model of C. parvum challenge in neonatal calves to describe the clinical signs and histological and proteomic profiling of the mucosal innate immunity and microbiota shifts by metagenomics in the ileum and colon during cryptosporidiosis. Also, we investigated the impact of supplemental colostrum feeding on C. parvum infection. Results We showed that C. parvum challenged calves experienced clinical signs including pyrexia and diarrhea 5 days post challenge. These calves showed ulcerative neutrophil ileitis with a proteomic signature driven by inflammatory effectors, including reactive oxygen species and myeloperoxidases. Colitis was also noticed with an aggravated mucin barrier depletion and incompletely filled goblet cells. The C. parvum challenged calves also displayed a pronounced dysbiosis with a high prevalence of Clostridium species (spp.) and number of exotoxins, adherence factors, and secretion systems related to Clostridium spp. and other enteropathogens, including Campylobacter spp., Escherichia sp., Shigella spp., and Listeria spp. Daily supplementation with a high-quality bovine colostrum product mitigated some of the clinical signs and modulated the gut immune response and concomitant microbiota to a pattern more similar to that of healthy unchallenged calves. Discussion C. parvum infection in neonatal calves provoked severe diarrheic neutrophilic enterocolitis, perhaps augmented due to the lack of fully developed innate gut defenses. Colostrum supplementation showed limited effect mitigating diarrhea but demonstrated some clinical alleviation and specific modulatory influence on host gut immune responses and concomitant microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Gamsjäger
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Karina M. Cirone
- Laboratorio de Bacteriología, Grupo de Sanidad Animal, Unidad Integrada INTA, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata (UNMdP), Balcarce, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Mackenzie Campsall
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Aydin Herik
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Priyoshi Lahiri
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Daniel Young
- Physiology and Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Antoine Dufour
- Physiology and Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Panagiotis Sapountzis
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Institut national de recherche pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Saria Otani
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Diego E. Gomez
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - M. Claire Windeyer
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Eduardo R. Cobo
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- *Correspondence: Eduardo R. Cobo,
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Fang X, Nong K, Wang Z, Jin Y, Gao F, Zeng Q, Wang X, Zhang H. Human cathelicidin LL-37 exerts amelioration effects against EHEC O157:H7 infection regarding inflammation, enteric dysbacteriosis, and impairment of gut barrier function. Peptides 2023; 159:170903. [PMID: 36370932 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2022.170903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) O157:H7 infection impairs intestinal barrier function, causing intestinal inflammation and enteric dysbacteriosis. The human cathelicidin LL-37 can regulate excessive inflammatory responses, barrier function, and balance the intestinal microbial community; however, little is known about its effects on inflammation, intestinal barrier function, and microbiota disorders in EHEC O157:H7-infected mice. In this study, we investigated the protective effect of LL-37 against EHEC O157:H7 infection and elucidated the underlying mechanism using a mouse model. LL-37 treatment was found to inhibit body weight loss, restore edema and destruction of the intestinal villi, and significantly reduce epithelial apoptosis (P < 0.05) in EHEC O157:H7-infected mice. Furthermore, inflammatory infiltration of macrophages and neutrophils into the jejunum and colon was significantly decreased (P < 0.05). LL-37 significantly downregulated the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α) (P < 0.05) and upregulated the anti-inflammatory cytokine (IL-10) during EHEC O157:H7 infection. LL-37 increased the expression of tight junction proteins (ZO-1, ZO-2, claudin-1, and occludin), which are associated with intestinal barrier function, and had a positive effect on EHEC O157:H7-induced microbial disorders, particularly in terms of the inflammation-related microbiota. LL-37 also significantly decreased the E. coli load in the liver and spleen (P < 0.01) and restored the structure of the liver and kidney. Taken together, LL-37 conferred protection in a EHEC O157:H7-induced mouse model by reducing intestinal inflammation, enhancing intestinal barrier function, and restoring the balance of the intestinal microbiota, which indicates the therapeutic potential of LL-37 against pathogen infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Fang
- College of Animal Science and Technology of Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan 570228, China
| | - Keyi Nong
- College of Animal Science and Technology of Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan 570228, China
| | - Zihan Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology of Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan 570228, China
| | - Yuanli Jin
- College of Animal Science and Technology of Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan 570228, China
| | - Feng Gao
- College of Animal Science and Technology of Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan 570228, China
| | - Qiuyu Zeng
- College of Animal Science and Technology of Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan 570228, China
| | - Xuemei Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology of Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan 570228, China
| | - Haiwen Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology of Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan 570228, China.
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Antimicrobial Peptides in Early-Life Host Defense, Perinatal Infections, and Necrotizing Enterocolitis—An Update. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11175074. [PMID: 36079001 PMCID: PMC9457252 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11175074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 08/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Host defense against early-life infections such as chorioamnionitis, neonatal sepsis, or necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) relies primarily on innate immunity, in which antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) play a major role. AMPs that are important for the fetus and neonate include α and β defensins, cathelicidin LL-37, antiproteases (elafin, SLPI), and hepcidin. They can be produced by the fetus or neonate, the placenta, chorioamniotic membranes, recruited neutrophils, and milk-protein ingestion or proteolysis. They possess antimicrobial, immunomodulating, inflammation-regulating, and tissue-repairing properties. AMPs are expressed as early as the 13th week and increase progressively through gestation. Limited studies are available on AMP expression and levels in the fetus and neonate. Nevertheless, existing evidence supports the role of AMPs in pathogenesis of chorioamnionitis, neonatal sepsis, and NEC, and their association with disease severity. This suggests a potential role of AMPs in diagnosis, prevention, prognosis, and treatment of sepsis and NEC. Herein, we present an overview of the antimicrobial and immunomodulating properties of human AMPs, their sources in the intrauterine environment, fetus, and neonate, and their changes during pre- and post-natal infections and NEC. We also discuss emerging data regarding the potential utility of AMPs in early-life infections, as diagnostic or predictive biomarkers and as therapeutic alternatives or adjuncts to antibiotic therapy considering the increase of antibiotic resistance in neonatal intensive care units.
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Liang J, Chen J, Ye Z, Bao D. Cathelicidin LL-37 improves bone metabolic balance in rats with ovariectomy-induced osteoporosis via the Wnt/beta-catenin pathway. Physiol Res 2022; 71:369-377. [PMID: 35616038 DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.934820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoporosis is a bone disease characterized by low bone mineral density (BMD) and impaired bone microarchitecture due to the abnormal activity of osteoclasts. Cathelicidins are antimicrobial peptides present in the lysosomes of macrophages and polymorphonuclear leukocytes. LL-37, a cathelicidin, induces various biological effects, including modulation of the immune system, angiogenesis, wound healing, cancer growth, as well as inflammation, and bone loss. A previous study reported direct involvement of LL-37 suppressing osteoclastogenesis in humans. Here, we examined the role of LL-37 in the treatment of osteoporosis using an ovariectomy (OVX) rat model. Our results showed that LL-37 significantly reduced bone loss and pathological injury in OVX rats with osteoporosis. Furthermore, we found that LL-37 significantly increased the activity of the Wnt/beta-catenin pathway in OVX rats with osteoporosis, including the increased expression of beta-catenin, Osterix (Osx), and Runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2), whereas XAV-939, an inhibitor of the Wnt/beta-catenin pathway, significantly blocked the effects of LL-37 on bone loss and abnormal bone metabolism. Altogether, our findings suggested that LL-37 exerted a protective role in regulating bone loss and abnormal bone metabolism in rats with osteoporosis by activating the Wnt/beta-catenin pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Liang
- Department of Orthopedics, The First People's Hospital of Taizhou, Taizhou, China; Department of Pharmacy, The First People's Hospital of Taizhou, Taizhou, China.
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Stable Rates of Low Vitamin D Status Among Children Despite Increased Testing: A Population-Based Study. J Pediatr 2021; 239:212-218.e2. [PMID: 34293368 PMCID: PMC9156447 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2021.07.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the trends in testing and incidence of vitamin D deficiency/insufficiency in Olmsted County, Minnesota over a 16-year period. STUDY DESIGN The Rochester Epidemiology Project (REP) was used to identify Olmsted County, Minnesota residents aged <19 years who had 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] levels measured between January 2, 2002 and December 31, 2017. Using each patient's first 25(OH)D measurement during this period, patients were categorized into 3 groups: <20 ng/mL, 20-50 ng/mL, and >50 ng/mL. Vitamin D deficiency/insufficiency was defined as a total 25(OH)D level of <20 ng/mL. RESULTS There was a 42-fold increase in the proportion of the county's pediatric population tested each year, starting at 3.7 per 10 000 persons in 2002 and increasing to 156.1 per 10 000 persons in 2017. The largest increase in testing occurred in children aged ≥10 years, specifically the females in this age group, in whom we observed a 90-fold increase from 2002 to 2017. During the 16-year period, the incidence of vitamin D deficiency/insufficiency (per 10 000 persons) increased from 1.7 in 2002-2003 to 19.9 in 2016-2017, but the proportion that were tested and had vitamin D deficiency/insufficiency remained stable, with rates of 21.9% (95% CI, 16.1%-29.1%) in 2006-2007 and 18.5% (95% CI, 16.0%-21.2%) in 2016-2017. CONCLUSIONS The proportion of the county's pediatric population who underwent vitamin D testing increased from 2002 to 2017, in parallel to the increased incidence of vitamin D deficiency/insufficiency, but the proportion tested that had vitamin D deficiency/insufficiency remained stable over time.
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Su G, Luo Y, Chen D, Yu B, He J. NF-κB-dependent induction of porcine β-defensin 114 regulates intestinal epithelium homeostasis. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 192:241-249. [PMID: 34619281 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.09.163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) offer a primary physical barrier against commensal and pathogenic microorganisms in the gastrointestine. However, the influence of IECs on the development and regulation of mucosal immunity to infection is unknown. Here, we show that the porcine β-defensin 114 (PBD114) is an endotoxin-responsive gene expressed in IECs. Analysis on expression profiling of PBD114 gene using an infected porcine model and IPEC-J2 cells unveiled a pattern of induction in response to stimulation of various toll-like receptors (TLRs). By means of promoter analysis, PBD114 was found to be a NF-κB-dependent gene. Importantly, PBD114 suppresses endotoxin-induced inflammation and apoptosis in IECs through downregulation of two critical inflammation-associated signaling proteins, NF-kappa-B inhibitor alpha (IkB-α) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase1/2 (ERK1/2). PBD114 also suppresses inflammation and IEC apoptosis in mice exposed to bacterial endotoxins. Thus, we propose that TLR-activated NF-kB rapidly increases the expression of PBD114 that operates a feedback control of the NF-kB-dependent inflammation. The NF-kB-dependent induction of PBD114 may be a key event through which the mammalian host maintains intestinal epithelium homeostasis in response to various infections or diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoqi Su
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan Province, Chengdu 611130, PR China; Chongqing Academy of Animal Sciences, Chongqing 402460, PR China
| | - Yuheng Luo
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan Province, Chengdu 611130, PR China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-resistant Nutrition, Sichuan Province, Chengdu 611130, PR China
| | - Daiwen Chen
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan Province, Chengdu 611130, PR China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-resistant Nutrition, Sichuan Province, Chengdu 611130, PR China
| | - Bing Yu
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan Province, Chengdu 611130, PR China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-resistant Nutrition, Sichuan Province, Chengdu 611130, PR China
| | - Jun He
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan Province, Chengdu 611130, PR China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-resistant Nutrition, Sichuan Province, Chengdu 611130, PR China.
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Gubatan J, Holman DR, Puntasecca CJ, Polevoi D, Rubin SJS, Rogalla S. Antimicrobial peptides and the gut microbiome in inflammatory bowel disease. World J Gastroenterol 2021; 27:7402-7422. [PMID: 34887639 PMCID: PMC8613745 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v27.i43.7402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMP) are highly diverse and dynamic molecules that are expressed by specific intestinal epithelial cells, Paneth cells, as well as immune cells in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. They play critical roles in maintaining tolerance to gut microbiota and protecting against enteric infections. Given that disruptions in tolerance to commensal microbiota and loss of barrier function play major roles in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and converge on the function of AMP, the significance of AMP as potential biomarkers and novel therapeutic targets in IBD have been increasingly recognized in recent years. In this frontier article, we discuss the function and mechanisms of AMP in the GI tract, examine the interaction of AMP with the gut microbiome, explore the role of AMP in the pathogenesis of IBD, and review translational applications of AMP in patients with IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Gubatan
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Redwood City, CA 94063, United States
| | - Derek R Holman
- Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford , Stanford University, Stanford , CA 94305, United States
| | | | - Danielle Polevoi
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94063, United States
| | - Samuel JS Rubin
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94063, United States
| | - Stephan Rogalla
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Redwood City, CA 94063, United States
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12
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Gong T, Fu J, Shi L, Chen X, Zong X. Antimicrobial Peptides in Gut Health: A Review. Front Nutr 2021; 8:751010. [PMID: 34660671 PMCID: PMC8514777 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.751010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), known as broad-spectrum and high-efficiency antibacterial activity, are important effector molecules in innate immune system. AMPs not only have antimicrobial, antiviral and antitumor effects but also exhibit important effects in vivo, such as anti-inflammatory response, recruiting immune cells, promoting epithelial damage repair, and promoting phagocytosis of bacteria. However, research on the application of AMPs is incomplete and controversial. This review mainly introduces the classification of AMPs, biological functions, as well as the mechanisms of action, expression rules, and nutrition regulation from three perspectives, aiming to provide important information for the application of AMPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Gong
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jie Fu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lexuan Shi
- Guangzhou Dublin International College of Life Sciences and Technology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xin Chen
- School of Medicine, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Xin Zong
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in Eastern China, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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13
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Yarahmadi A, Alamdari DH, Azarpira N, Mostafavi-Pour Z. Vitamin D and diabetic foot ulcers: A missed topic. INT J VITAM NUTR RES 2021; 92:83-84. [PMID: 34587813 DOI: 10.1024/0300-9831/a000731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amir Yarahmadi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Transplant Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Daryoush Hamidi Alamdari
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Negar Azarpira
- Transplant Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Zohreh Mostafavi-Pour
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.,Autophagy Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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14
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Suwanchote S, Waitayangkoon P, Chancheewa B, Inthanachai T, Niwetbowornchai N, Edwards SW, Virakul S, Thammahong A, Kiatsurayanon C, Rerknimitr P, Chiewchengchol D. Role of antimicrobial peptides in atopic dermatitis. Int J Dermatol 2021; 61:532-540. [PMID: 34432296 DOI: 10.1111/ijd.15814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Host defense peptides (HDPs) or antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are short cationic amphipathic peptides of divergent sequences, which are part of the innate immune system and produced by various types of cells and tissues. The predominant role of HDPs is to respond to and protect humans against infection and inflammation. Common human HDPs include defensins, cathelicidin, psoriasin, dermcidin, and ribonucleases, but these peptides may be dysregulated in the skin of patients with atopic dermatitis (AD). Current evidence suggests that the antimicrobial properties and immunomodulatory effects of HDPs are involved in AD pathogenesis, making HDPs research a promising area for predicting disease severity and developing novel treatments for AD. In this review, we describe a potential role for human HDPs in the development, exacerbation, and progression of AD and propose their potential therapeutic benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Supaporn Suwanchote
- Center of Excellence in Immunology and Immune-mediated diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Palapun Waitayangkoon
- Center of Excellence in Immunology and Immune-mediated diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Bussabong Chancheewa
- Division of Dermatology, Skin and Allergy Research Unit, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Thananya Inthanachai
- Center of Excellence in Immunology and Immune-mediated diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Nattarika Niwetbowornchai
- Center of Excellence in Immunology and Immune-mediated diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Steven W Edwards
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Sita Virakul
- Center of Excellence in Immunology and Immune-mediated diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Arsa Thammahong
- Center of Excellence in Immunology and Immune-mediated diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Chanisa Kiatsurayanon
- Department of Medical Services, Institute of Dermatology, Ministry of Public Health, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Pawinee Rerknimitr
- Division of Dermatology, Skin and Allergy Research Unit, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Direkrit Chiewchengchol
- Center of Excellence in Immunology and Immune-mediated diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
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15
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Wang S, Kai L, Zhu L, Xu B, Chen N, Valencak TG, Wang Y, Shan T. Cathelicidin-WA Protects Against LPS-Induced Gut Damage Through Enhancing Survival and Function of Intestinal Stem Cells. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:685363. [PMID: 34381773 PMCID: PMC8350165 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.685363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Preservation of intestinal stem cells (ISCs) plays a critical role in initiating epithelial regeneration after intestinal injury. Cathelicidin peptides have been shown to participate in regulating intestinal damage repair. However, it is not known how exactly Cathelicidin-WA (CWA) exert its function after tissue damage. Using a gut injury model in mice involving Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), we observed that CWA administration significantly improved intestinal barrier function, preserved ISCs survival, and augmented ISCs viability within the small intestine (SI) under LPS treatment. In addition, CWA administration effectively prevented proliferation stops and promoted the growth of isolated crypts. Mechanistically, our results show that the appearance of γH2AX was accompanied by weakened expression of SETDB1, a gene that has been reported to safeguard genome stability. Notably, we found that CWA significantly rescued the decreased expression of SETDB1 and reduced DNA damage after LPS treatment. Taken together, CWA could protect against LPS-induced gut damage through enhancing ISCs survival and function. Our results suggest that CWA may become an effective therapeutic regulator to treat intestinal diseases and infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sisi Wang
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Laboratory of Feed and Animal Nutrition, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lixia Kai
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Laboratory of Feed and Animal Nutrition, Hangzhou, China
| | - Luoyi Zhu
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Laboratory of Feed and Animal Nutrition, Hangzhou, China
| | - Bocheng Xu
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Laboratory of Feed and Animal Nutrition, Hangzhou, China
| | - Nana Chen
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Laboratory of Feed and Animal Nutrition, Hangzhou, China
| | | | - Yizhen Wang
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Laboratory of Feed and Animal Nutrition, Hangzhou, China
| | - Tizhong Shan
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Laboratory of Feed and Animal Nutrition, Hangzhou, China
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16
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Chen K, Yoshimura T, Yao X, Gong W, Huang J, Dzutsev AK, McCulloch J, O'hUigin C, Bian XW, Trinchieri G, Wang JM. Distinct contributions of cathelin-related antimicrobial peptide (CRAMP) derived from epithelial cells and macrophages to colon mucosal homeostasis. J Pathol 2021; 253:339-350. [PMID: 33104252 PMCID: PMC7898386 DOI: 10.1002/path.5572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The cathelin‐related antimicrobial peptide CRAMP protects the mouse colon from inflammation, inflammation‐associated carcinogenesis, and disrupted microbiome balance, as shown in systemic Cnlp−/− mice (also known as Camp−/− mice). However, the mechanistic basis for the role and the cellular source of CRAMP in colon pathophysiology are ill defined. This study, using either epithelial or myeloid conditional Cnlp−/−mice, demonstrated that epithelial cell‐derived CRAMP played a major role in supporting normal development of colon crypts, mucus production, and repair of injured mucosa. On the other hand, myeloid cell‐derived CRAMP potently supported colon epithelial resistance to bacterial invasion during acute inflammation with exacerbated mucosal damage and higher rate of mouse mortality. Therefore, a well concerted cooperation of epithelial‐ and myeloid‐derived CRAMP is essential for colon mucosal homeostasis. © 2020 The Authors. The Journal of Pathology published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. on behalf of The Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keqiang Chen
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD, USA.,Laboratory of Cancer and Immunometabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Teizo Yoshimura
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Xiaohong Yao
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Wanghua Gong
- Basic Research Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Jiaqiang Huang
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD, USA.,College of Life Sciences, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Amiran K Dzutsev
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - John McCulloch
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Colm O'hUigin
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Xiu-Wu Bian
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Giorgio Trinchieri
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Ji Ming Wang
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD, USA.,Laboratory of Cancer and Immunometabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD, USA
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17
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Jeong YS, Bae YS. Formyl peptide receptors in the mucosal immune system. Exp Mol Med 2020; 52:1694-1704. [PMID: 33082511 PMCID: PMC7572937 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-020-00518-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Formyl peptide receptors (FPRs) belong to the G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) family and are well known as chemotactic receptors and pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that recognize bacterial and mitochondria-derived formylated peptides. FPRs are also known to detect a wide range of ligands, including host-derived peptides and lipids. FPRs are highly expressed not only in phagocytes such as neutrophils, monocytes, and macrophages but also in nonhematopoietic cells such as epithelial cells and endothelial cells. Mucosal surfaces, including the gastrointestinal tract, the respiratory tract, the oral cavity, the eye, and the reproductive tract, separate the external environment from the host system. In mucosal surfaces, the interaction between the microbiota and host cells needs to be strictly regulated to maintain homeostasis. By sharing the same FPRs, immune cells and epithelial cells may coordinate pathophysiological responses to various stimuli, including microbial molecules derived from the normal flora. Accumulating evidence shows that FPRs play important roles in maintaining mucosal homeostasis. In this review, we summarize the roles of FPRs at mucosal surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Sun Jeong
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoe-Sik Bae
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea.
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18
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Ho GT, Cartwright JA, Thompson EJ, Bain CC, Rossi AG. Resolution of Inflammation and Gut Repair in IBD: Translational Steps Towards Complete Mucosal Healing. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2020; 26:1131-1143. [PMID: 32232386 PMCID: PMC7365805 DOI: 10.1093/ibd/izaa045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Despite significant recent therapeutic advances, complete mucosal healing remains a difficult treatment target for many patients with inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) to achieve. Our review focuses on the translational concept of promoting resolution of inflammation and repair as a necessary adjunctive step to reach this goal. We explore the roles of inflammatory cell apoptosis and efferocytosis to promote resolution, the new knowledge of gut monocyte-macrophage populations and their secreted prorepair mediators, and the processes of gut epithelial repair and regeneration to bridge this gap. We discuss the need and rationale for this vision and the tangible steps toward integrating proresolution therapies in IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwo-tzer Ho
- Edinburgh IBD Science Unit, Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen’s Medical Research Unit, University of Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom,Address correspondence to: Gwo-tzer Ho, FRCP, PhD, Edinburgh IBD Science Unit, Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, Scotland, United Kingdom ()
| | - Jennifer A Cartwright
- Edinburgh IBD Science Unit, Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen’s Medical Research Unit, University of Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Emily J Thompson
- Edinburgh IBD Science Unit, Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen’s Medical Research Unit, University of Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Calum C Bain
- Edinburgh IBD Science Unit, Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen’s Medical Research Unit, University of Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Adriano G Rossi
- Edinburgh IBD Science Unit, Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen’s Medical Research Unit, University of Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
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19
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Blyth GAD, Connors L, Fodor C, Cobo ER. The Network of Colonic Host Defense Peptides as an Innate Immune Defense Against Enteropathogenic Bacteria. Front Immunol 2020; 11:965. [PMID: 32508838 PMCID: PMC7251035 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Host defense peptides, abundantly secreted by colonic epithelial cells and leukocytes, are proposed to be critical components of an innate immune response in the colon against enteropathogenic bacteria, including Shigella spp., Salmonella spp., Clostridium difficile, and attaching and effacing Escherichia coli and Citrobacter rodentium. These short cationic peptides are bactericidal against both Gram-positive and -negative enteric pathogens, but may also exert killing effects on intestinal luminal microbiota. Simultaneously, these peptides modulate numerous cellular responses crucial for gut defenses, including leukocyte chemotaxis and migration, wound healing, cytokine production, cell proliferation, and pathogen sensing. This review discusses recent advances in our understanding of expression, mechanisms of action and microbicidal and immunomodulatory functions of major colonic host defense peptides, namely cathelicidins, β-defensins, and members of the Regenerating islet-derived protein III (RegIII) and Resistin-like molecule (RELM) families. In a theoretical framework where these peptides work synergistically, aspects of pathogenesis of infectious colitis reviewed herein uncover roles of host defense peptides aimed to promote epithelial defenses and prevent pathogen colonization, mediated through a combination of direct antimicrobial function and fine-tuning of host immune response and inflammation. This interactive host defense peptide network may decode how the intestinal immune system functions to quickly clear infections, restore homeostasis and avoid damaging inflammation associated with pathogen persistence during infectious colitis. This information is of interest in development of host defense peptides (either alone or in combination with reduced doses of antibiotics) as antimicrobial and immunomodulatory therapeutics for controlling infectious colitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham A D Blyth
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Liam Connors
- Bachelor of Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Cristina Fodor
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Eduardo R Cobo
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
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20
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Honkanen J, Vuorela A, Muthas D, Orivuori L, Luopajärvi K, Tejesvi MVG, Lavrinienko A, Pirttilä AM, Fogarty CL, Härkönen T, Ilonen J, Ruohtula T, Knip M, Koskimäki JJ, Vaarala O. Fungal Dysbiosis and Intestinal Inflammation in Children With Beta-Cell Autoimmunity. Front Immunol 2020; 11:468. [PMID: 32265922 PMCID: PMC7103650 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Although gut bacterial dysbiosis is recognized as a regulator of beta-cell autoimmunity, no data is available on fungal dysbiosis in the children at the risk of type 1 diabetes (T1D). We hypothesized that the co-occurrence of fungal and bacterial dysbiosis contributes to the intestinal inflammation and autoimmune destruction of insulin-producing beta-cells in T1D. Fecal and blood samples were collected from 26 children tested positive for at least one diabetes-associated autoantibody (IAA, GADA, IA-2A or ICA) and matched autoantibody-negative children with HLA-conferred susceptibility to T1D (matched for HLA-DQB1 haplotype, age, gender and early childhood nutrition). Bacterial 16S and fungal ITS2 sequencing, and analyses of the markers of intestinal inflammation, namely fecal human beta-defensin-2 (HBD2), calprotectin and secretory total IgA, were performed. Anti-Saccharomyces cerevisiae antibodies (ASCA) and circulating cytokines, IFNG, IL-17 and IL-22, were studied. After these analyses, the children were followed for development of clinical T1D (median 8 years and 8 months). Nine autoantibody positive children were diagnosed with T1D, whereas none of the autoantibody negative children developed T1D during the follow-up. Fungal dysbiosis, characterized by high abundance of fecal Saccharomyces and Candida, was found in the progressors, i.e., children with beta-cell autoimmunity who during the follow-up progressed to clinical T1D. These children showed also bacterial dysbiosis, i.e., increased Bacteroidales and Clostridiales ratio, which was, however, found also in the non-progressors, and is thus a common nominator in the children with beta-cell autoimmunity. Furthermore, the progressors showed markers of intestinal inflammation detected as increased levels of fecal HBD2 and ASCA IgG to fungal antigens. We conclude that the fungal and bacterial dysbiosis, and intestinal inflammation are associated with the development of T1D in children with beta-cell autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarno Honkanen
- Clinicum, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Arja Vuorela
- Clinicum, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Daniel Muthas
- Translational & Experimental Medicine, Early Respiratory, Inflammation and Autoimmunity, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Laura Orivuori
- Clinicum, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kristiina Luopajärvi
- Children's Hospital, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Anton Lavrinienko
- Ecology and Genetics Research Unit, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | | | | | - Taina Härkönen
- Children's Hospital, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.,Research Program for Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jorma Ilonen
- Immunogenetics Laboratory, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Terhi Ruohtula
- Clinicum, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mikael Knip
- Children's Hospital, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.,Research Program for Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Janne J Koskimäki
- Ecology and Genetics Research Unit, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Outi Vaarala
- Clinicum, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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21
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Moreno-Angarita A, Aragón CC, Tobón GJ. Cathelicidin LL-37: A new important molecule in the pathophysiology of systemic lupus erythematosus. J Transl Autoimmun 2019; 3:100029. [PMID: 32743514 PMCID: PMC7388365 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtauto.2019.100029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cathelicidin LL-37 is an antimicrobial peptide that is synthesized by epithelial cells, neutrophils, or lymphocytes and act as an essential defense mechanism against bacterial, viral, or fungi infection of eukaryotic organisms. However, in recent years, this cathelicidin has gained the interest of the scientific community because, besides its antimicrobial properties, LL-37 is an immunomodulator that can contribute to the development of autoimmune diseases. The other non-antimicrobial function of this cathelicidin is its ability to form complexes with the DNA, stimulating plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) to produce type I IFN, deciding the course of autoimmune diseases, including systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). The chronic activation of pDCs by surrounding complexes is a crucial factor for the early development of autoimmunity in SLE patients. This stimulation is given by the complexes (LL-37-DNA/anti-DNA) recognized by the receptor FcγRII on pDCs, allowing its endocytosis and its recognition via TLR9, leading to the activation of pDCs and enhanced type I IFN production. In this article, we reviewed the structure, function, and importance of LL-37 in innate immunity, as well as its biological plausibility in the pathophysiology of autoimmune diseases such as SLE. In this narrative review, we included primary journal articles describing the function, structure, prevalence, and importance of LL-37 in various manifestations of SLE, as well as LL-37 and anti-LL37 antibodies in patients with SLE or other autoimmune diseases. In conclusion, LL-37 is an essential molecule in the pathophysiology of SLE, mainly by its role in increasing the production of IFN by pDCs, which postulates it as a crucial molecule in the pathophysiology of SLE and, given plausibility biology, could serve as a biomarker of the disease. LL-37 is an essential molecule in inflammatory processes. The complexes LL-37/DNA stimulates the production of type I interferon in plasmacytoid dendritic cells. Based on its pathophysiology, LL-37 is a useful biomarker of SLE activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Moreno-Angarita
- Universidad Icesi, Medical School, Cali, Colombia.,GIRAT: Grupo de Investigación en Reumatología, Autoinmunidad y Medicina Traslacional, Fundación Valle Del Lili and Universidad Icesi, Cali, Colombia
| | - Cristian C Aragón
- GIRAT: Grupo de Investigación en Reumatología, Autoinmunidad y Medicina Traslacional, Fundación Valle Del Lili and Universidad Icesi, Cali, Colombia
| | - Gabriel J Tobón
- GIRAT: Grupo de Investigación en Reumatología, Autoinmunidad y Medicina Traslacional, Fundación Valle Del Lili and Universidad Icesi, Cali, Colombia
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22
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Yoo JH, Donowitz M. Intestinal enteroids/organoids: A novel platform for drug discovery in inflammatory bowel diseases. World J Gastroenterol 2019; 25:4125-4147. [PMID: 31435168 PMCID: PMC6700704 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v25.i30.4125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The introduction of biologics such as anti-tumor necrosis factor (TNF) monoclonal antibodies followed by anti-integrins has dramatically changed the therapeutic paradigm of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). Furthermore, a newly developed anti-p40 subunit of interleukin (IL)-12 and IL-23 (ustekinumab) has been recently approved in the United States for patients with moderate to severe Crohn’s disease who have failed treatment with anti-TNFs. However, these immunosuppressive therapeutics which focus on anti-inflammatory mechanisms or immune cells still fail to achieve long-term remission in a significant percentage of patients. This strongly underlines the need to identify novel treatment targets beyond immune suppression to treat IBD. Recent studies have revealed the critical role of intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) in the pathogenesis of IBD. Physical, biochemical and immunologic driven barrier dysfunctions of epithelial cells contribute to the development of IBD. In addition, the recent establishment of adult stem cell-derived intestinal enteroid/organoid culture technology has allowed an exciting opportunity to study human IECs comprising all normal epithelial cells. This long-term epithelial culture model can be generated from endoscopic biopsies or surgical resections and recapitulates the tissue of origin, representing a promising platform for novel drug discovery in IBD. This review describes the advantages of intestinal enteroids/organoids as a research tool for intestinal diseases, introduces studies with these models in IBD, and gives a description of the current status of therapeutic approaches in IBD. Finally, we provide an overview of the current endeavors to identify a novel drug target for IBD therapy based on studies with human enteroids/organoids and describe the challenges in using enteroids/organoids as an IBD model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Hwan Yoo
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States
- Digestive Disease Center, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University, Seongnam 13496, South Korea
| | - Mark Donowitz
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States
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Zong X, Cao X, Wang H, Xiao X, Wang Y, Lu Z. Cathelicidin-WA Facilitated Intestinal Fatty Acid Absorption Through Enhancing PPAR-γ Dependent Barrier Function. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1674. [PMID: 31379865 PMCID: PMC6650583 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms underlying the cellular uptake of long-chain fatty acids and the regulation of this process have been debated in recent decades. Here, we established an intestinal barrier dysfunction model in mice and Caco2 cell line by Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and evaluated the fatty acid uptake capacity of the intestine. We found that LPS stimulation restricted the absorption of long chain fatty acid (LCFA), while Cathelicidin-WA (CWA) pretreatment facilitated this physiological process. At the molecular level, our results demonstrated that the stimulatory effects of CWA on intestinal lipid absorption were dependent on cluster determinant 36 and fatty acid transport protein 4, but not fatty acid–binding protein. Further, an enhanced intestinal barrier was observed in vivo and in vitro when CWA alleviated the fatty acid absorption disorder induced by LPS stimulation. Mechanistically, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR-γ) signaling was considered as a key pathway for CWA to enhance LCFA absorption and barrier function. Treatment with a PPAR-γ inhibitor led to impaired intestinal barrier function and suppressed LCFA uptake. Moreover, once PPAR-γ signaling was blocked, CWA pretreatment could not maintain the stability of the intestinal epithelial cell barrier or LCFA uptake after LPS stimulation. Collectively, these findings suggested that PPAR-γ may serve as a target for specific therapies aimed at alleviating fatty acid uptake disorder, and CWA showed considerable potential as a new PPAR-γ agonist to strengthen intestinal barrier function against fatty acid malabsorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zong
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in Eastern China, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoxuan Cao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in Eastern China, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in Eastern China, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiao Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in Eastern China, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yizhen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in Eastern China, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zeqing Lu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in Eastern China, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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24
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Yang L, Liu G, Lian K, Qiao Y, Zhang B, Zhu X, Luo Y, Shang Y, Gu XL. Dietary leonurine hydrochloride supplementation attenuates lipopolysaccharide challenge-induced intestinal inflammation and barrier dysfunction by inhibiting the NF-κB/MAPK signaling pathway in broilers. J Anim Sci 2019; 97:1679-1692. [PMID: 30789669 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skz078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was performed to evaluate the beneficial effects of dietary leonurine hydrochloride (LH) supplementation on intestinal morphology and barrier integrity and further illuminate its underlying antioxidant and immunomodulatory mechanisms in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated broilers. A total of 120 1-d-old male broilers (Ross 308) were assigned to 4 treatment groups with 6 replicates of 5 birds per cage. The experiment was designed in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement with LH (0 or 120 mg/kg) and LPS (injection of saline or 1.5 mg/kg body weight) as treatments. On days 14, 16, 18, and 20 of the trial, broilers were intraperitoneally injected with LPS or physiological saline. Compared with the control group, LPS-challenged broilers showed impaired growth performance (P < 0.05) from day 15 to day 21 of the trial, increased serum diamine oxidase (DAO) and D-lactic acid (D-LA) levels coupled with reduced glutathione (GSH) content and total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD) activity (duodenal and jejunal mucosa), reduced malondialdehyde (MDA) content (duodenal, jejunal, and ileal mucosa), and compromised morphological structure of the duodenum and jejunum. Additionally, LPS challenge increased (P < 0.05) the mRNA expression of proinflammatory cytokine genes and reduced tight junction (TJ) protein expression in the jejunum. However, dietary LH prevented LPS-induced reductions in average daily gain (ADG) and average daily feed intake (ADFI) in broilers. It also alleviated LPS challenge-induced increases in serum DAO levels, MDA content (duodenal and jejunal mucosa), and jejunal crypt depth (P < 0.05) but reduced villus height, GSH content (jejunal mucosa), and T-SOD activity (duodenal and jejunal mucosa) (P < 0.05). Additionally, LH supplementation significantly downregulated the mRNA expression of nuclear factor (NF)-κB, cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6) and upregulated the mRNA expression of zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) and Occludin in the jejunal mucosa induced by LPS (P < 0.05). On the other hand, LH administration prevented LPS-induced activation of the p38, extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and attenuated IkB alpha (IκBα) phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of NF-κB (p65) in the jejunal mucosa. In conclusion, dietary LH supplementation attenuates intestinal mucosal disruption mainly by accelerating the expression of TJ proteins and inhibiting activation of the NF-κB/MAPK signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Xinjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Gang Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Xinjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Kexun Lian
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Xinjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanjie Qiao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Xinjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Baojun Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Xinjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoqing Zhu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Xinjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Luo
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Xinjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunxia Shang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Xinjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin-Li Gu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Xinjiang, People's Republic of China
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25
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Singh P, Ochoa Allemant P, Brown J, Perides G, Freedman SD, Martin CR. Effect of polyunsaturated fatty acids on postnatal ileum development using the fat-1 transgenic mouse model. Pediatr Res 2019; 85:556-565. [PMID: 30653193 PMCID: PMC6397682 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-019-0284-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Revised: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFAs) play a critical role in neonatal health. We hypothesized that LCPUFAs play an essential role in priming postnatal gut development. We studied the effect of LCPUFAs on postnatal gut development using fat-1 transgenic mice, which are capable of converting n-6 to n-3 LCPUFAs, and wild-type (WT) C57BL/6 mice. METHODS Distal ileum sections were collected from fat-1 and WT mice on days 3, 14, and 28. Fatty acid analyses, histology, RT-qPCR and intestinal permeability were performed. RESULTS Fat-1 mice, relative to WT mice, showed increased n-3 LCPUFAs levels (α-linolenic acid, docosahexaenoic acid, and eicosapentaenoic acid, p < 0.05) and decreased arachidonic acid levels (p < 0.05) in the ileum. Preweaning fat-1 mice, compared to WT, showed >50% reduced muc2, Tff3, TLR9, and Camp expression (p < 0.05), markers of the innate immune response. There was a >two-fold increased expression of Fzd5 and EphB2, markers of cell differentiation (p < 0.05), and Fabp2 and 6, regulators of fatty acid transport and metabolism (p < 0.05). Despite reduced expression of tight junction genes, intestinal permeability in fat-1 was comparable to WT mice. CONCLUSIONS Our data support the hypothesis that fatty acid profiles early in development modulate intestinal gene expression in formative domains, such as cell differentiation, tight junctions, other innate host defenses, and lipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratibha Singh
- Division of Gastroenterology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, MA,,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Pedro Ochoa Allemant
- Division of Gastroenterology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, MA,,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Joanne Brown
- Division of Gastroenterology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, MA,,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - George Perides
- Division of Gastroenterology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, MA,,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Steven D. Freedman
- Division of Gastroenterology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, MA,,Division of Translational Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, MA,,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Camilia R Martin
- Department of Neonatology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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26
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Human cathelicidin improves colonic epithelial defenses against Salmonella typhimurium by modulating bacterial invasion, TLR4 and pro-inflammatory cytokines. Cell Tissue Res 2019; 376:433-442. [PMID: 30788579 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-018-02984-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The intestinal mucosa contributes to frontline gut defenses by forming a barrier (physical and biochemical) and preventing the entry of pathogenic microbes. One innate role of the human colonic epithelium is to secrete cathelicidin, a peptide with broad antimicrobial and immunomodulatory functions. In this study, the effect of cathelicidin in the maintenance of epithelial integrity, Toll-like receptor recognition, bacterial invasion and initiation of inflammatory response against Salmonella typhimurium is investigated in cultured human colonic epithelium. We found exogenous human cathelicidin restores the epithelial integrity in S. typhimurium-infected colonic epithelial (T84) cells by mostly post-translational effects associated with reorganization of zonula occludens (ZO)-1 tight junction proteins. Endogenous cathelicidin prevents S. typhimurium internalization as shown in colonic epithelial cells genetically deficient in the only human cathelicidin, LL-37 (shLL-37). Moreover, supplementation of shLL-37 cells with synthetic LL-37 reduces the grade of S. typhimurium internalization in a dose-dependent manner. Mechanistically, shLL-37 cells have lower gene expression of TLR4 and pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-1β in response to S. typhimurium. Thus, human cathelicidin aids in the early colonic epithelial defenses against enteric S. typhimurium by preventing bacterial invasion and maintaining epithelial barrier integrity, likely to occur due to the production of sensing TLR4 and pro-inflammatory cytokines.
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27
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Dias Bastos PA, Lara Santos L, Pinheiro Vitorino RM. How are the expression patterns of gut antimicrobial peptides modulated by human gastrointestinal diseases? A bridge between infectious, inflammatory, and malignant diseases. J Pept Sci 2018. [PMID: 29542263 DOI: 10.1002/psc.3071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The human gut barrier is the tissue exposed to the highest load of microorganisms, harbouring 100 trillion bacteria. In addition, the gut's renewal rate outruns that of any other human tissue. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are highly optimized defense molecules in the intestinal barrier optimized to maintain gastrointestinal homeostasis. Alterations in AMPs activity can lead to or result from human gastrointestinal diseases. In this review, unique, conserved, or otherwise regular alterations in the expression patterns of human AMPs across gastrointestinal inflammatory and infectious diseases were analyzed for pattern elucidation. Human gastrointestinal diseases are associated with alterations in gut AMPs' expression patterns in a peptide-specific, disease-specific, and pathogen-specific way, modulating human gastrointestinal functioning. Across diseases, there is a (i) marked reduction in otherwise constitutively expressed AMPs, leading to increased disease susceptibility, and a (ii) significant increase in the expression of inducible AMPs, leading to tissue damage and disease severity. Infections and inflammatory conditions are associated with altered gene expression in the gut, whose patterns may favour cellular metaplasia, mucosal dysfunction, and disease states. Altered expression of AMPs can thus thrive disease severity and evolution since its early stages. Nevertheless, the modulation of AMP expression patterns unveils promising therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lúcio Lara Santos
- Experimental Pathology and Therapeutics Group - Research Center, Portuguese Oncology Institute - Porto (IPO-Porto), Porto, Portugal.,Department of Surgical Oncology, Portuguese Oncology Institute - Porto (IPO-Porto), Porto, Portugal
| | - Rui Miguel Pinheiro Vitorino
- iBiMED, Institute for Biomedicine, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal.,Department of Physiology and Cardiothoracic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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28
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Poole A, Song Y, Brown H, Hart PH, Zhang G(B. Cellular and molecular mechanisms of vitamin D in food allergy. J Cell Mol Med 2018; 22:3270-3277. [PMID: 29577619 PMCID: PMC6010899 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.13607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 02/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Food allergies are becoming increasingly prevalent, especially in young children. Epidemiological evidence from the past decade suggests a role of vitamin D in food allergy pathogenesis. Links have been made between variations in sunlight exposure, latitude, birth season and vitamin D status with food allergy risk. Despite the heightened interest in vitamin D in food allergies, it remains unclear by which exact mechanism(s) it acts. An understanding of the roles vitamin D plays within the immune system at the cellular and genetic levels, as well as the interplay between the microbiome and vitamin D, will provide insight into the importance of the vitamin in food allergies. Here, we discuss the effect of vitamin D on immune cell maturation, differentiation and function; microbiome; genetic and epigenetic regulation (eg DNA methylation); and how these processes are implicated in food allergies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashlyn Poole
- School of Public HealthCurtin UniversityBentleyWAAustralia
| | - Yong Song
- School of Public HealthCurtin UniversityBentleyWAAustralia
- Centre for Genetic Origins of Health and DiseaseThe University of Western Australia and Curtin UniversityCrawleyWAAustralia
| | - Helen Brown
- School of Public HealthCurtin UniversityBentleyWAAustralia
| | - Prue H. Hart
- Telethon Kids InstituteThe University of Western AustraliaCrawleyWAAustralia
| | - Guicheng (Brad) Zhang
- School of Public HealthCurtin UniversityBentleyWAAustralia
- Centre for Genetic Origins of Health and DiseaseThe University of Western Australia and Curtin UniversityCrawleyWAAustralia
- Telethon Kids InstituteThe University of Western AustraliaCrawleyWAAustralia
- Curtin Health Innovation Research InstituteCurtin UniversityBentleyWAAustralia
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29
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Li Y, Chu X, Liu C, Huang W, Yao Y, Xia Y, Sun P, Long Q, Feng X, Li K, Yang X, Bai H, Sun W, Ma Y. Exogenous murine antimicrobial peptide CRAMP significantly exacerbates Ovalbumin-induced airway inflammation but ameliorates oxazolone-induced intestinal colitis in BALB/c mice. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2017; 14:146-158. [PMID: 29049008 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2017.1386823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cathelicidin has been reported to be multifunctional. The current study aimed to investigate the influences of exogenous cathelicidin-related antimicrobial peptide (CRAMP) on inflammatory responses in different disease models. In OVA-induced allergic airway inflammation, CRAMP significantly enhanced the infiltration of inflammatory cells and accumulation of proinflammatory Th2 cytokine IL-13 and IL-33 in bronchial alveolar lavage fluid (BALF), exacerbated lung tissue inflammation and airway goblet cell hyperplasia, and elevated OVA-specific IgE level in serum. In oxazolone-induced intestinal colitis, the expression levels of CRAMP and its receptor FPR2 significantly increased in comparison with those of TNBS-induced mice, vesicle and normal controls. Exogenous CRAMP significantly prevented the development of ulcerative colitis, evidenced by improved body weight regain, decreased colons weight/length ratio, elevated epithelial integrity, and ameliorated colon tissue inflammation. In addition, pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-4 and IL-13, as well as chemokines CXCL2 and CXCL5 for neutrophils recruitment were significantly decreased in CRAMP-treated mice, and epithelial repair-related factors MUC2 and Claudin1 were increased, determined by real time-PCR and ELISAs. The results indicated that although CRAMP has pro-inflammatory effects in airway, local application of exogenous CRAMP might be a potential approach for the treatment of ulcerative colitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Li
- a Laboratory of Molecular Immunology , Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College , Kunming , China.,b Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research & Development on Severe Infectious Diseases , Kunming , China.,c Yunnan Engineering Research Center of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Diseases , Kunming , China
| | - Xiaojie Chu
- a Laboratory of Molecular Immunology , Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College , Kunming , China.,b Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research & Development on Severe Infectious Diseases , Kunming , China.,c Yunnan Engineering Research Center of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Diseases , Kunming , China
| | - Cunbao Liu
- a Laboratory of Molecular Immunology , Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College , Kunming , China.,b Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research & Development on Severe Infectious Diseases , Kunming , China.,c Yunnan Engineering Research Center of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Diseases , Kunming , China
| | - Weiwei Huang
- a Laboratory of Molecular Immunology , Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College , Kunming , China.,b Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research & Development on Severe Infectious Diseases , Kunming , China.,c Yunnan Engineering Research Center of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Diseases , Kunming , China
| | - Yufeng Yao
- a Laboratory of Molecular Immunology , Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College , Kunming , China.,b Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research & Development on Severe Infectious Diseases , Kunming , China.,c Yunnan Engineering Research Center of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Diseases , Kunming , China
| | - Ye Xia
- a Laboratory of Molecular Immunology , Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College , Kunming , China.,b Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research & Development on Severe Infectious Diseases , Kunming , China.,c Yunnan Engineering Research Center of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Diseases , Kunming , China
| | - Pengyan Sun
- a Laboratory of Molecular Immunology , Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College , Kunming , China.,b Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research & Development on Severe Infectious Diseases , Kunming , China.,c Yunnan Engineering Research Center of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Diseases , Kunming , China
| | - Qiong Long
- a Laboratory of Molecular Immunology , Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College , Kunming , China.,b Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research & Development on Severe Infectious Diseases , Kunming , China.,c Yunnan Engineering Research Center of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Diseases , Kunming , China
| | - Xuejun Feng
- a Laboratory of Molecular Immunology , Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College , Kunming , China.,b Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research & Development on Severe Infectious Diseases , Kunming , China.,c Yunnan Engineering Research Center of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Diseases , Kunming , China
| | - Kui Li
- a Laboratory of Molecular Immunology , Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College , Kunming , China.,b Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research & Development on Severe Infectious Diseases , Kunming , China.,c Yunnan Engineering Research Center of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Diseases , Kunming , China
| | - Xu Yang
- a Laboratory of Molecular Immunology , Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College , Kunming , China.,b Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research & Development on Severe Infectious Diseases , Kunming , China.,c Yunnan Engineering Research Center of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Diseases , Kunming , China
| | - Hongmei Bai
- a Laboratory of Molecular Immunology , Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College , Kunming , China.,b Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research & Development on Severe Infectious Diseases , Kunming , China.,c Yunnan Engineering Research Center of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Diseases , Kunming , China
| | - Wenjia Sun
- a Laboratory of Molecular Immunology , Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College , Kunming , China.,b Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research & Development on Severe Infectious Diseases , Kunming , China.,c Yunnan Engineering Research Center of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Diseases , Kunming , China
| | - Yanbing Ma
- a Laboratory of Molecular Immunology , Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College , Kunming , China.,b Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research & Development on Severe Infectious Diseases , Kunming , China.,c Yunnan Engineering Research Center of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Diseases , Kunming , China
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30
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Sharp JA, Wanyonyi S, Modepalli V, Watt A, Kuruppath S, Hinds LA, Kumar A, Abud HE, Lefevre C, Nicholas KR. The tammar wallaby: A marsupial model to examine the timed delivery and role of bioactives in milk. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2017; 244:164-177. [PMID: 27528357 PMCID: PMC6408724 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2016.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Revised: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
It is now clear that milk has multiple functions; it provides the most appropriate nutrition for growth of the newborn, it delivers a range of bioactives with the potential to stimulate development of the young, it has the capacity to remodel the mammary gland (stimulate growth or signal cell death) and finally milk can provide protection from infection and inflammation when the mammary gland is susceptible to these challenges. There is increasing evidence to support studies using an Australian marsupial, the tammar wallaby (Macropus eugenii), as an interesting and unique model to study milk bioactives. Reproduction in the tammar wallaby is characterized by a short gestation, birth of immature young and a long lactation. All the major milk constituents change substantially and progressively during lactation and these changes have been shown to regulate growth and development of the tammar pouch young and to have roles in mammary gland biology. This review will focus on recent reports examining the control of lactation in the tammar wallaby and the timed delivery of milk bioactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie A Sharp
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Geelong 3216, Australia; Cancer Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton 3800, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Stephen Wanyonyi
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong 3216, Australia; Institute for Agriculture and the Environment, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, QLD 4350, Australia
| | | | - Ashalyn Watt
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Geelong 3216, Australia
| | | | - Lyn A Hinds
- CSIRO Health and Biosecurity, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Amit Kumar
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong 3216, Australia; PeterMac Callum Cancer Research Institute, East Melbourne 3002, Victoria, Australia
| | - Helen E Abud
- Cancer Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton 3800, Victoria, Australia
| | - Christophe Lefevre
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong 3216, Australia; Division of Bioinformatics, Walter and Eliza Hall Medical Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia; PeterMac Callum Cancer Research Institute, East Melbourne 3002, Victoria, Australia; Department of Medical Biology (WEHI), The University of Melbourne, Melbourne 3000, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kevin R Nicholas
- Cancer Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton 3800, Victoria, Australia
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31
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Soehnlein O, Steffens S, Hidalgo A, Weber C. Neutrophils as protagonists and targets in chronic inflammation. Nat Rev Immunol 2017; 17:248-261. [PMID: 28287106 DOI: 10.1038/nri.2017.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 374] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Traditionally, neutrophils have been acknowledged to be the first immune cells that are recruited to an inflamed tissue and have mainly been considered in the context of acute inflammation. By contrast, their importance during chronic inflammation has been studied in less depth. This Review aims to summarize our current understanding of the roles of neutrophils in chronic inflammation, with a focus on how they communicate with other immune and non-immune cells within tissues. We also scrutinize the roles of neutrophils in wound healing and the resolution of inflammation, and finally, we outline emerging therapeutic strategies that target neutrophils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Soehnlein
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, Pettenkoferstr. 9, 80336 Munich, Germany.,German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site Munich Heart Alliance, Pettenkoferstr. 9, 80336 Munich, Germany.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinksa Institutet, von Eulers Väg 8, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sabine Steffens
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, Pettenkoferstr. 9, 80336 Munich, Germany.,German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site Munich Heart Alliance, Pettenkoferstr. 9, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Andrés Hidalgo
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, Pettenkoferstr. 9, 80336 Munich, Germany.,Fundación Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, Calle de Melchor Fernández Almagro, 3, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Christian Weber
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, Pettenkoferstr. 9, 80336 Munich, Germany.,German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site Munich Heart Alliance, Pettenkoferstr. 9, 80336 Munich, Germany.,Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 50, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
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MUC2 Mucin and Butyrate Contribute to the Synthesis of the Antimicrobial Peptide Cathelicidin in Response to Entamoeba histolytica- and Dextran Sodium Sulfate-Induced Colitis. Infect Immun 2017; 85:IAI.00905-16. [PMID: 28069814 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00905-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Embedded in the colonic mucus are cathelicidins, small cationic peptides secreted by colonic epithelial cells. Humans and mice have one cathelicidin-related antimicrobial peptide (CRAMP) each, LL-37/hCAP-18 and Cramp, respectively, with related structure and functions. Altered production of MUC2 mucin and antimicrobial peptides is characteristic of intestinal amebiasis. The interactions between MUC2 mucin and cathelicidins in conferring innate immunity against Entamoeba histolytica are not well characterized. In this study, we quantified whether MUC2 expression and release could regulate the expression and secretion of cathelicidin LL-37 in colonic epithelial cells and in the colon. The synthesis of LL-37 was enhanced with butyrate (a product of bacterial fermentation) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) (a proinflammatory cytokine in colitis) in the presence of exogenously added purified MUC2. The LL-37 responses to butyrate and IL-1β were higher in high-MUC2-producing cells than in lentivirus short hairpin RNA (shRNA) MUC2-silenced cells. Activation of cyclic adenylyl cyclase (AMP) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways was necessary for the simultaneous expression of MUC2 and cathelicidins. In Muc2 mucin-deficient (Muc2-/-) mice, murine cathelicidin (Cramp) was significantly reduced compared to that in Muc2+/- and Muc2+/+ littermates. E. histolytica-induced acute inflammation in colonic loops stimulated high levels of cathelicidin in Muc2+/+ but not in Muc2-/- littermates. In dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis in Muc2+/+ mice, which depletes the mucus barrier and goblet cell mucin, Cramp expression was significantly enhanced during restitution. These studies demonstrate regulatory mechanisms between MUC2 and cathelicidins in the colonic mucosa where an intact mucus barrier is essential for expression and secretion of cathelicidins in response to E. histolytica- and DSS-induced colitis.
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Yi H, Hu W, Chen S, Lu Z, Wang Y. Cathelicidin-WA Improves Intestinal Epithelial Barrier Function and Enhances Host Defense against Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7 Infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 198:1696-1705. [PMID: 28062699 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1601221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Impaired epithelial barrier function disrupts immune homeostasis and increases inflammation in intestines, leading to many intestinal diseases. Cathelicidin peptides suppress intestinal inflammation and improve intestinal epithelial barrier function independently of their antimicrobial activity. In this study, we investigated the effects of Cathelicidin-WA (CWA) on intestinal epithelial barrier function, as well as the underlying mechanism, by using enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC)-infected mice and intestinal epithelial cells. The results showed that CWA attenuated EHEC-induced clinical symptoms and intestinal colitis, as did enrofloxacin (Enro). CWA decreased IL-6 production in the serum, jejunum, and colon of EHEC-infected mice. Additionally, CWA alleviated the EHEC-induced disruption of mucin-2 and goblet cells in the intestine. Interestingly, CWA increased the mucus layer thickness, which was associated with increasing expression of trefoil factor 3, in the jejunum of EHEC-infected mice. CWA increased the expression of tight junction proteins in the jejunum of EHEC-infected mice. Using intestinal epithelial cells and a Rac1 inhibitor in vitro, we demonstrated that the CWA-mediated increases in the tight junction proteins might depend on the Rac1 pathway. Furthermore, CWA improved the microbiota and short-chain fatty acid concentrations in the cecum of EHEC-infected mice. Although Enro and CWA had similar effects on intestinal inflammation, CWA was superior to Enro with regard to improving intestinal epithelial barrier and microbiota in the intestine. In conclusion, CWA attenuated EHEC-induced inflammation, intestinal epithelial barrier damage, and microbiota disruption in the intestine of mice, suggesting that CWA may be an effective therapy for many intestinal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongbo Yi
- Institute of Feed Science, College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China; and.,Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510640, China
| | - Wangyang Hu
- Institute of Feed Science, College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China; and
| | - Shan Chen
- Institute of Feed Science, College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China; and
| | - Zeqing Lu
- Institute of Feed Science, College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China; and
| | - Yizhen Wang
- Institute of Feed Science, College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China; and
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Verjans ET, Zels S, Luyten W, Landuyt B, Schoofs L. Molecular mechanisms of LL-37-induced receptor activation: An overview. Peptides 2016; 85:16-26. [PMID: 27609777 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2016.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Revised: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 09/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The human cathelicidin peptide LL-37 plays a crucial role in the immune system on many levels, from the first line of defense in epithelial cells to restoring the tissue after infection. On host cells, the majority of the LL-37-induced effects are mediated via the direct or indirect activation of several structurally unrelated cell surface receptors or intracellular targets. How LL-37 is able to affect multiple receptors is currently not well understood. So far, the mechanistic details underlying receptor activation are poorly investigated and evidence for a conventional ligand/receptor interaction is scarce. Over the past few decades, a large number of studies have reported on the activation of a receptor and/or components of the downstream signal transduction pathway induced by LL-37. This review summarizes the current knowledge on molecular mechanisms underlying LL-37-induced receptor activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eddy-Tim Verjans
- KU Leuven, Department of Biology, Division of Neurobiology and Animal Physiology, Naamsestraat 59, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Sven Zels
- KU Leuven, Department of Biology, Division of Neurobiology and Animal Physiology, Naamsestraat 59, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Walter Luyten
- KU Leuven, Department of Biology, Division of Neurobiology and Animal Physiology, Naamsestraat 59, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bart Landuyt
- KU Leuven, Department of Biology, Division of Neurobiology and Animal Physiology, Naamsestraat 59, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Liliane Schoofs
- KU Leuven, Department of Biology, Division of Neurobiology and Animal Physiology, Naamsestraat 59, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
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35
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Han F, Lu Z, Liu Y, Xia X, Zhang H, Wang X, Wang Y. Cathelicidin-BF ameliorates lipopolysaccharide-induced intestinal epithelial barrier disruption in rat. Life Sci 2016; 152:199-209. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2016.03.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Revised: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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36
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Abstract
The large number of intestinal microorganisms, which exceeds the total number of human cells by ten folds, alludes to a significant contribution to human health. This is vivid in enteric and some systemic diseases emanating from disruption of the microbiota. As life style keeps shifting towards disruption of the microbiota in most societies worldwide, interest in the contribution of the microbiota to gut health has grown enormously. Many studies have been conducted to elucidate the exact contribution of the microbiota to human health. The knowledge gained from these studies indicates that the microbiota interacts with the intestinal milieu to maintain gut health. In this review, the crosstalk of microbiota with the intestinal physicochemical barrier pivotal to the gut innate immunity is highlighted. In particular, the review focuses on the role of the microbiota on competitive exclusion of pathogens, intestinal pH, epithelial mechanical barrier integrity, apical actin cytoskeleton, antimicrobial peptides, and the mucus layer. Understanding this microbe-host relationship will provide useful insight into overcoming some diseases related to the disruption of the host microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Malago
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3203, Chuo Kikuu, Morogoro, Tanzania
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37
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Hoeksema M, van Eijk M, Haagsman HP, Hartshorn KL. Histones as mediators of host defense, inflammation and thrombosis. Future Microbiol 2016; 11:441-53. [PMID: 26939619 DOI: 10.2217/fmb.15.151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Histones are known for their ability to bind to and regulate expression of DNA. However, histones are also present in cytoplasm and extracellular fluids where they serve host defense functions and promote inflammatory responses. Histones are a major component of neutrophil extracellular traps that contribute to bacterial killing but also to inflammatory injury. Histones can act as antimicrobial peptides and directly kill bacteria, fungi, parasites and viruses, in vitro and in a variety of animal hosts. In addition, histones can trigger inflammatory responses in some cases acting through Toll-like receptors or inflammasome pathways. Extracellular histones mediate organ injury (lung, liver), sepsis physiology, thrombocytopenia and thrombin generation and some proteins can bind histones and reduce these potentially harmful effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marloes Hoeksema
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Infectious Diseases & Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, The Netherlands
| | - Martin van Eijk
- Department of Infectious Diseases & Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, The Netherlands
| | - Henk P Haagsman
- Department of Infectious Diseases & Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, The Netherlands
| | - Kevan L Hartshorn
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
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Höfs S, Mogavero S, Hube B. Interaction of Candida albicans with host cells: virulence factors, host defense, escape strategies, and the microbiota. J Microbiol 2016; 54:149-69. [DOI: 10.1007/s12275-016-5514-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Revised: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 11/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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39
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Robinson K, Deng Z, Hou Y, Zhang G. Regulation of the Intestinal Barrier Function by Host Defense Peptides. Front Vet Sci 2015; 2:57. [PMID: 26664984 PMCID: PMC4672242 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2015.00057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Intestinal barrier function is achieved primarily through regulating the synthesis of mucins and tight junction (TJ) proteins, which are critical for maintaining optimal gut health and animal performance. An aberrant expression of TJ proteins results in increased paracellular permeability, leading to intestinal and systemic disorders. As an essential component of innate immunity, host defense peptides (HDPs) play a critical role in mucosal defense. Besides broad-spectrum antimicrobial activities, HDPs promotes inflammation resolution, endotoxin neutralization, wound healing, and the development of adaptive immune response. Accumulating evidence has also indicated an emerging role of HDPs in barrier function and intestinal homeostasis. HDP deficiency in the intestinal tract is associated with barrier dysfunction and dysbiosis. Several HDPs were recently shown to enhance mucosal barrier function by directly inducing the expression of multiple mucins and TJ proteins. Consistently, dietary supplementation of HDPs often leads to an improvement in intestinal morphology, production performance, and feed efficiency in livestock animals. This review summarizes current advances on the regulation of epithelial integrity and homeostasis by HDPs. Major signaling pathways mediating HDP-induced mucin and TJ protein synthesis are also discussed. As an alternative strategy to antibiotics, supplementation of exogenous HDPs or modulation of endogenous HDP synthesis may have potential to improve intestinal barrier function and animal health and productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsy Robinson
- Department of Animal Science, Oklahoma State University , Stillwater, OK , USA
| | - Zhuo Deng
- Department of Animal Science, Oklahoma State University , Stillwater, OK , USA
| | - Yongqing Hou
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University , Wuhan , China
| | - Guolong Zhang
- Department of Animal Science, Oklahoma State University , Stillwater, OK , USA ; Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University , Wuhan , China
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40
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Bandurska K, Berdowska A, Barczyńska-Felusiak R, Krupa P. Unique features of human cathelicidin LL-37. Biofactors 2015; 41:289-300. [PMID: 26434733 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Cathelicidins are antimicrobial peptides produced by humans and animals in response to various pathogenic microbes. This review intends to provide a brief overview of the expression, structure, properties and function of human cathelicidin LL-37 which may be a therapeutic agent against a variety of bacterial and viral diseases, cancers, and hard-to-heal wounds. Cathelicidins act as a primary defense against bacteria and other pathogens in the case of inflammation. They are able to kill bacteria and fungi, inhibit and destroy bacterial biofilms, and possess antiviral and antiparasitics properties. They can also play a role in angiogenesis, wound healing, and the regulation of apoptosis. The host defense peptide LL-37 has emerged as a novel modulator of tumor growth and metastasis in carcinogenesis of various types of cancers. LL-37 is an antimicrobial peptide able of inducing various effects. It acts as an anti- and pro- inflammatory factor. Cathelicidins are able to directly and selectively destroy membranes of various microbes and cancer cells, but they do not attack normal cells. The role of cathelicidins in cancer is double-sided. They play an important role in killing cancer cells and may provide a new possibility for the development of cancer therapeutics. However, they also can participate in carcinogenesis. Due to its activity spectrum LL-37 could be applied in pharmacotherapy. Cathelicidin peptides could serve as a template for the development of modern anti-microbial and anti-viral drugs. LL-37 is an excellent candidate to develop into therapeutics for infected wounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Bandurska
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Jan Dlugosz University in Czestochowa, Czestochowa, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Berdowska
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Jan Dlugosz University in Czestochowa, Czestochowa, Poland
| | | | - Piotr Krupa
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Jan Dlugosz University in Czestochowa, Czestochowa, Poland
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41
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Raftery T, Martineau AR, Greiller CL, Ghosh S, McNamara D, Bennett K, Meddings J, O'Sullivan M. Effects of vitamin D supplementation on intestinal permeability, cathelicidin and disease markers in Crohn's disease: Results from a randomised double-blind placebo-controlled study. United European Gastroenterol J 2015; 3:294-302. [PMID: 26137304 DOI: 10.1177/2050640615572176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Accepted: 01/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vitamin D (vitD) supplementation may prolong remission in Crohn's disease (CD); however, the clinical efficacy and mechanisms are unclear. AIM To determine changes in intestinal permeability (IP), antimicrobial peptide (AMP) concentrations and disease markers in CD, in response to vitD supplementation. METHODS In a double-blind randomised placebo-controlled study, we assigned 27 CD patients in remission to 2000 IU/day vitD or placebo for 3 mos. We determined IP, plasma cathelicidin (LL-37 in ng/mL), human-beta-defensin-2 (hBD2 in pg/mL), disease activity (Crohn's Disease Activity Index (CDAI)), C-reactive protein (CRP in mg/L), fecal calprotectin (µg/g), Quality of Life (QoL) and serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D in nmol/L) at 0 and 3 mos. RESULTS At 3 mos., 25(OH)D concentrations were significantly higher in those whom were treated (p < 0.001). Intra-group analysis showed increased LL-37 concentrations (p = 0.050) and maintenance of IP measures in the treated group. In contrast, in the placebo group, the small bowel (p = 0.018) and gastro-duodenal permeability (p = 0.030) increased from baseline. At 3 mos., patients with 25(OH)D ≥ 75 nmol/L had significantly lower CRP (p = 0.019), higher QoL (p = 0.037), higher LL-37 concentrations (p < 0.001) and non-significantly lower CDAI scores (p = 0.082), compared to those with levels <75 nmol/L. CONCLUSION Short-term treatment with 2000 IU/day vitD significantly increased 25(OH)D levels in CD patients in remission and it was associated with increased LL-37 concentrations and maintenance of IP. Achieving 25(OH)D ≥ 75 nmol/l was accompanied by higher circulating LL-37, higher QoL scores and reduced CRP. Registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT01792388).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tara Raftery
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, St. James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Adrian R Martineau
- Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Claire L Greiller
- Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Subrata Ghosh
- Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Deirdre McNamara
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, Tallaght Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Kathleen Bennett
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, St. James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Jon Meddings
- Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Maria O'Sullivan
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, St. James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
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42
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IBUSUKI KAZUNARI, SAKIYAMA TOSHIO, KANMURA SHUJI, MAEDA TAKURO, IWASHITA YUJI, NASU YUICHIRO, SASAKI FUMISATO, TAGUCHI HIROKI, HASHIMOTO SHINICHI, NUMATA MASATSUGU, UTO HIROFUMI, TSUBOUCHI HIROHITO, IDO AKIO. Human neutrophil peptides induce interleukin-8 in intestinal epithelial cells through the P2 receptor and ERK1/2 signaling pathways. Int J Mol Med 2015; 35:1603-9. [DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2015.2156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2014] [Accepted: 03/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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43
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Guo FF, Fang JY. Antimicrobial peptide LL-37 and gastrointestinal diseases. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2014; 22:5454-5459. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v22.i35.5454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Host defense antimicrobial peptides are key components of the human innate immunity that plays an indispensable role in human health. Cathelicidins are a family of antimicrobial peptides in mammals. LL-37, the only cathelicidin described so far in humans, plays a critical role in host defense against pathogen invasion, as well as regulating the functions of anti-inflammation, anti-tumorigenesis and tissue repair. Emerging evidence suggests that LL-37 is related to several kinds of gastrointestinal diseases, and its application to the diagnosis and treatment of gastrointestinal diseases has become a growing concern. This review aims to elucidate the structure and biological activity of LL-37 and discuss the recent progress in understanding the relationship between LL-37 and gastrointestinal diseases.
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44
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Abstract
Vitamin D deficiency is common among patients with Crohn's disease. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) is the best measure of an individual's vitamin D status and current cut-off ranges for sufficiency are debatable. Several factors contribute to vitamin D deficiency in Crohn's disease. These include inadequate exposure to sunlight, inadequate dietary intake, impaired conversion of vitamin D to its active metabolite, increased catabolism, increased excretion and genetic variants in vitamin D hydroxylation and transport. The effects of low 25(OH)D on outcomes other than bone health are understudied in Crohn's disease. The aim of the present review is to discuss the potential roles of vitamin D and the possible levels required to achieve them. Emerging evidence suggests that vitamin D may have roles in innate and adaptive immunity, in the immune-pathogenesis of Crohn's disease, prevention of Crohn's disease-related hospitalisations and surgery, in reducing disease severity and in colon cancer prevention. The present literature appears to suggest that 25(OH)D concentrations of ≥75 nmol/l may be required for non-skeletal effects; however, further research on optimal levels is required.
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45
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Oever JT, Netea MG. The bacteriome-mycobiome interaction and antifungal host defense. Eur J Immunol 2014; 44:3182-91. [DOI: 10.1002/eji.201344405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Revised: 06/14/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jaap ten Oever
- Department of Internal Medicine; Radboud University Medical Center; Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Mihai G. Netea
- Department of Internal Medicine; Radboud University Medical Center; Nijmegen The Netherlands
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46
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De Vos M, Huygelen V, Van Raemdonck G, Willemen S, Fransen E, Van Ostade X, Casteleyn C, Van Cruchten S, Van Ginneken C. Supplementing formula-fed piglets with a low molecular weight fraction of bovine colostrum whey results in an improved intestinal barrier. J Anim Sci 2014; 92:3491-501. [PMID: 25012977 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2013-6437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
To test the hypothesis that a low molecular weight fraction of colostral whey could affect the morphology and barrier function of the small intestine, 30 3-d-old piglets (normal or low birth weight) were suckled (n = 5), artificially fed with milk formula (n = 5), or artificially fed with milk formula with a low molecular weight fraction of colostral whey (n = 5) until 10 d of age. The small intestine was sampled for histology (haematoxylin and eosin stain; anti-KI67 immunohistochemistry) and enzyme activities (aminopeptidase A, aminopeptidase N, dipeptidylpeptidase IV, lactase, maltase, and sucrase). In addition, intestinal permeability was evaluated via a dual sugar absorption test and via the measurement of occludin abundance. Artificially feeding of piglets reduced final BW (P < 0.001), villus height (P < 0.001), lactase (P < 0.001), and dipeptidylpeptidase IV activities (P < 0.07), whereas crypt depth (P < 0.001) was increased. No difference was observed with regard to the permeability measurements when comparing artificially fed with naturally suckling piglets. Supplementing piglets with the colostral whey fraction did not affect BW, enzyme activities, or the outcome of the dual sugar absorption test. On the contrary, the small intestines of supplemented piglets had even shorter villi (P = 0.001) than unsupplemented piglets and contained more occludin (P = 0.002). In conclusion, at 10 d of age, no differences regarding intestinal morphology and permeability measurements were observed between the 2 BW categories. In both weight categories, the colostral whey fraction affected the morphology of the small intestine but did not improve the growth performances or the in vivo permeability. These findings should be acknowledged when developing formulated milk for neonatal animals with the aim of improving the performance of low birth weight piglets.
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Affiliation(s)
- M De Vos
- Laboratory of Applied Veterinary Morphology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - V Huygelen
- Laboratory of Applied Veterinary Morphology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - G Van Raemdonck
- Laboratory Protein Science, Proteomics, and Epigenetic Signaling, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - S Willemen
- Laboratory of Applied Veterinary Morphology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - E Fransen
- StatUa Center for Statistics, University of Antwerp, Prinsstraat 13, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - X Van Ostade
- Laboratory Protein Science, Proteomics, and Epigenetic Signaling, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - C Casteleyn
- Laboratory of Applied Veterinary Morphology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - S Van Cruchten
- Laboratory of Applied Veterinary Morphology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - C Van Ginneken
- Laboratory of Applied Veterinary Morphology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
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Burnstock G. Purinergic signalling in the gastrointestinal tract and related organs in health and disease. Purinergic Signal 2014; 10:3-50. [PMID: 24307520 PMCID: PMC3944042 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-013-9397-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2013] [Accepted: 10/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Purinergic signalling plays major roles in the physiology and pathophysiology of digestive organs. Adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP), together with nitric oxide and vasoactive intestinal peptide, is a cotransmitter in non-adrenergic, non-cholinergic inhibitory neuromuscular transmission. P2X and P2Y receptors are widely expressed in myenteric and submucous enteric plexuses and participate in sympathetic transmission and neuromodulation involved in enteric reflex activities, as well as influencing gastric and intestinal epithelial secretion and vascular activities. Involvement of purinergic signalling has been identified in a variety of diseases, including inflammatory bowel disease, ischaemia, diabetes and cancer. Purinergic mechanosensory transduction forms the basis of enteric nociception, where ATP released from mucosal epithelial cells by distension activates nociceptive subepithelial primary afferent sensory fibres expressing P2X3 receptors to send messages to the pain centres in the central nervous system via interneurons in the spinal cord. Purinergic signalling is also involved in salivary gland and bile duct secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey Burnstock
- Autonomic Neuroscience Centre, University College Medical School, Rowland Hill Street, London, NW3 2PF, UK,
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48
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Kim JM. Antimicrobial proteins in intestine and inflammatory bowel diseases. Intest Res 2014; 12:20-33. [PMID: 25349560 PMCID: PMC4204685 DOI: 10.5217/ir.2014.12.1.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2013] [Revised: 10/29/2013] [Accepted: 10/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucosal surface of the intestinal tract is continuously exposed to a large number of microorganisms. To manage the substantial microbial exposure, epithelial surfaces produce a diverse arsenal of antimicrobial proteins (AMPs) that directly kill or inhibit the growth of microorganisms. Thus, AMPs are important components of innate immunity in the gut mucosa. They are frequently expressed in response to colonic inflammation and infection. Expression of many AMPs, including human β-defensin 2-4 and cathelicidin, is induced in response to invasion of pathogens or enteric microbiota into the mucosal barrier. In contrast, some AMPs, including human α-defensin 5-6 and human β-defensin 1, are constitutively expressed without microbial contact or invasion. In addition, specific AMPs are reported to be associated with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) due to altered expression of AMPs or development of autoantibodies against AMPs. The advanced knowledge for AMPs expression in IBD can lead to its potential use as biomarkers for disease activity. Although the administration of exogenous AMPs as therapeutic strategies against IBD is still at an early stage of development, augmented induction of endogenous AMPs may be another interesting future research direction for the protective and therapeutic purposes. This review discusses new advances in our understanding of how intestinal AMPs protect against pathogens and contribute to pathophysiology of IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Mogg Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Kahlenberg JM, Kaplan MJ. Little peptide, big effects: the role of LL-37 in inflammation and autoimmune disease. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 191:4895-901. [PMID: 24185823 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1302005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 287] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The innate immune system utilizes many approaches for defense against invading microorganisms, including complement-mediated lysis, engulfment, formation of neutrophil extracellular traps, and release of antimicrobial peptides. Although classically thought to be driven by adaptive immunity, the development of autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus is increasingly associated with dysregulated innate immune pathways. An emerging theme within this literature is the contribution of antimicrobial peptides to the development of autoimmune disorders. This is best exemplified in atopic dermatitis and psoriasis where the defensins and the single human cathelicidin, LL-37, may contribute to disease. Furthermore, in the past few years, a role for LL-37 has emerged in the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, atherosclerosis, and possibly other diseases. In this review, we discuss the role of LL-37 and its murine ortholog, mCRAMP, in the modulation of immune and inflammatory pathways and their effects on autoimmune and inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Michelle Kahlenberg
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
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50
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Immune modulation by multifaceted cationic host defense (antimicrobial) peptides. Nat Chem Biol 2013; 9:761-8. [DOI: 10.1038/nchembio.1393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 417] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2013] [Accepted: 10/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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