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Zhao X, Xiao H, Li X, Zhu L, Peng Y, Chen H, Chen L, Xu D, Wang H. Multi-organ developmental toxicity and its characteristics in fetal mice induced by dexamethasone at different doses, stages, and courses during pregnancy. Arch Toxicol 2024; 98:1891-1908. [PMID: 38522057 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-024-03707-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
Dexamethasone is widely used in pregnant women at risk of preterm birth to reduce the occurrence of neonatal respiratory distress syndrome and subsequently reduce neonatal mortality. Studies have suggested that dexamethasone has developmental toxicity, but there is a notable absence of systematic investigations about its characteristics. In this study, we examined the effects of prenatal dexamethasone exposure (PDE) on mother/fetal mice at different doses (0.2, 0.4, or 0.8 mg/kg b.i.d), stages (gestational day 14-15 or 16-17) and courses (single- or double-course) based on the clinical practice. Results showed that PDE increased intrauterine growth retardation rate, and disordered the serum glucose, lipid and cholesterol metabolic phenotypes, and sex hormone level of mother/fetal mice. PDE was further discovered to interfere with the development of fetal lung, hippocampus and bone, inhibits steroid synthesis in adrenal and testis, and promotes steroid synthesis in the ovary and lipid synthesis in the liver, with significant effects observed at high dose, early stage and double course. The order of severity might be: ovary > lung > hippocampus/bone > others. Correlation analysis revealed that the decreased serum corticosterone and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) levels were closely related to PDE-induced low birth weight and abnormal multi-organ development in offspring. In conclusion, this study systematically confirmed PDE-induced multi-organ developmental toxicity, elucidated its characteristics, and proposed the potential "glucocorticoid (GC)-IGF1" axis programming mechanism. This research provided an experimental foundation for a comprehensive understanding of the effect and characteristics of dexamethasone on fetal multi-organ development, thereby guiding the application of "precision medicine" during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqi Zhao
- Department of Pharmacology, Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Hao Xiao
- Division of Joint Surgery and Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Xiaomin Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Lu Zhu
- Department of Pharmacology, Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Yu Peng
- Department of Pharmacology, Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Huijun Chen
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Liaobin Chen
- Division of Joint Surgery and Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Dan Xu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China.
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, Wuhan, 430071, China.
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China.
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China.
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, Wuhan, 430071, China.
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2
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Durom EG, Aneesha VA, Kumar NVP, Bin Azeez A, Karikalan M, Lingaraju MC, Parida S, Telang AG, Singh TU. Prenatal exposure to ethion caused maternal and foetal toxicity in rats. Reprod Toxicol 2024; 126:108607. [PMID: 38734317 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2024.108607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2024] [Revised: 05/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
Ethion is a class II moderately toxic organothiophosphate pesticide. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the maternal and foetal toxicity of ethion in rats. Pregnant rats were divided into 5 groups. Group I served as control. Group II, III, IV, and V were orally administered with 0.86, 1.71, 3.43, and 6.9 mg/kg of ethion respectively, from gestational day (GD) 6-19. Dams were sacrificed on GD 20. Maternal toxicity was assessed by body weight gain, foetal resorptions, oxidative stress, liver and kidney function tests, and histopathology. Foetal toxicity was assessed by physical status, gross, teratological and histopathological examination. Ethion caused dose-dependent reduction in maternal body weight gain, increased resorptions, and reduced gravid uterine weights. Elevated MDA levels and altered levels of GSH, SOD and catalase were recorded in pregnant dam serum and tissues. SGOT, SGPT, total bilirubin, urea, uric acid, and creatinine were elevated in ethion groups indicating liver and kidney toxicity. Histology of uterus revealed myometrial degeneration and mucosal gland atrophy in uterus of pregnant dams and degenerative changes in placenta. It showed histological alterations in liver, kidney, and lungs. There was reduction in the foetal body weights and placental weights, and degenerative changes in the foetal liver and kidney. Gross evaluation of foetuses showed subcutaneous hematoma. Skeletal evaluation showed partial ossification of skull bones, costal separation, and agenesis of tail vertebrae, sternebrae, metacarpals and metatarsals. The findings reveal that prenatal exposure to ethion caused maternal and foetal toxicity in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Glanet Durom
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar-243122, UP, India
| | - V A Aneesha
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar-243122, UP, India.
| | - Nerella Venkata Pavan Kumar
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar-243122, UP, India
| | - Ajmi Bin Azeez
- Division of Physiology and Climatology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar-243122, UP, India
| | - M Karikalan
- Centre for Wildlife Conservation, Management and Disease Surveillance, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, 243122, UP, India
| | - Madhu C Lingaraju
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar-243122, UP, India
| | - Subhashree Parida
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar-243122, UP, India
| | - Avinash G Telang
- Centre for Animal Disease Research and Diagnosis (CADRAD), ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar-243122, UP, India
| | - Thakur Uttam Singh
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar-243122, UP, India
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3
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Wise LD, DeSesso JM. A critical look at adjusted fetal weights in rats. Birth Defects Res 2024; 116:e2278. [PMID: 38062877 DOI: 10.1002/bdr2.2278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A new derived (i.e., calculated) endpoint of developmental toxicology has appeared in a very few studies since 1990. This endpoint is adjusted mean live fetal weight per litter or adjusted fetal weight. Given our lack of familiarity with the endpoint, we evaluated the basis, prevalence, methods, and usefulness in embryo-fetal developmental toxicity (EFDT) studies in rats. METHODS Literature searches were performed with key terms using PubMed and Google Scholar. Major textbooks were consulted but lack of any mention of the endpoint. Unpublished EFDT data, which are readily available online, were utilized to test adjustment methods. RESULTS Pertinent information on factors that influence fetal weight goes back a century. Four papers utilizing rats were found in which fetal weights were adjusted using either statistical or formula-based methods to adjust fetal weights. Only one study showed a clear benefit to the endpoint when there was a marked decrease in live litter size; this pointed to situations in which the new endpoint might be useful. The lone formula-based adjustment method was found to be lacking adequate testing and justifications. A new experimental alternative formula-based adjustment is shown to produce results very similar to statistical methods. CONCLUSIONS From this assessment, we recommend that adjusted fetal weight should not be a routine endpoint at this time. However, there are likely cases where this derived endpoint could aid interpretation. We encourage other investigators to examine previous EFDT study data to establish guidance on the use of adjusted mean live fetal weights.
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Affiliation(s)
- L David Wise
- Independent Teratologist, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - John M DeSesso
- Principal Scientist, Exponent, Inc., Alexandria, Virginia, USA
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4
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Moon KN, Baek SK, Kim W, Jeong JS, Lee BS, Quah Y, Lee J, Kim SY, Lee SJ, Kim KB, Yu WJ. Prenatal developmental toxicity study of 2,4-dichlorobenzyl alcohol in rats. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2022; 132:105168. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2022.105168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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5
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Ismail OI, Shaltout ES, Abdellah NZ, Hetta DF, Abd El-Ghani WMA, Abdelzaher LA, Mahmoud AMM, Hasan AM, Rashed NA, Ebrahem NE. The teratogenic effect of pregabalin on heart, liver and kidney in rats: a light microscopic, electron microscopic and immunohistochemical study. BMC Pharmacol Toxicol 2022; 23:4. [PMID: 34986900 PMCID: PMC8734350 DOI: 10.1186/s40360-021-00546-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pregabalin (PGB) was approved as new anti-epileptic drugs with little information about its teratogenic effect. AIM OF THE WORK to evaluate the developmental toxicity of PGB. MATERIALS AND METHODS 60 pregnant albino rats were divided into three groups. PGB (500 mg/kg body weight/day) was given to group II, PGB (1250 mg/kg body weight/day) was given to Group III and no medications were given to group I. The pups were normally delivered. Liver, kidney and heart specimens were prepared for histological, immunohistochemical, and morphometric studies. RESULTS A dose of 500 mg of PGB had minimal toxic effects in the form of mild collagen deposition and moderate positive caspase-3 immunoexpression. PGB dose of 1250 mg/kg induced gross toxic effects in form of degenerated cardiac myofibres, ruptured blood vessels, vacuolations in the renal cortex, fibrosis and strong positive caspase-3 immunoexpression. CONCLUSION PGB at dose of 500 mg/kg revealed minimal toxic changes. PGB cause embryotoxicity in a dose-dependent manner, as the higher dose induced more degenerative changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omnia I. Ismail
- Department of Human Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, 71515 Egypt
| | - Eman S. Shaltout
- Department of Forensic Medicine & Clinical Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, 71515 Egypt
| | - Nora Z. Abdellah
- Department of Forensic Medicine & Clinical Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, 71515 Egypt
| | - Diab F. Hetta
- Department of Anesthesia and Pain Management, South East Institute, Assiut University, Assiut, 71515 Egypt
| | | | - Lobna A. Abdelzaher
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, 71515 Egypt
| | | | - Asmaa M. Hasan
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Assiut University hospital, Assiut, 71515 Egypt
| | - Noha A. Rashed
- Department of Human Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, 71515 Egypt
| | - Noha Esmael Ebrahem
- Department of Forensic Medicine & Clinical Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, 71515 Egypt
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6
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Ishida K, Werner JA, Davies R, Fan F, Thomas B, Wahlstrom J, Lipford JR, Monticello T. Nonclinical Safety Profile of Sotorasib, a KRAS G12C-Specific Covalent Inhibitor for the Treatment of KRAS p.G12C-Mutated Cancer. Int J Toxicol 2021; 40:427-441. [PMID: 34137282 DOI: 10.1177/10915818211022965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Sotorasib is a first-in-class KRASG12C covalent inhibitor in clinical development for the treatment of tumors with the KRAS p.G12C mutation. A comprehensive nonclinical safety assessment package, including secondary/safety pharmacology and toxicology studies, was conducted to support the marketing application for sotorasib. Sotorasib was negative in a battery of genotoxicity assays and negative in an in vitro phototoxicity assay. Based on in vitro assays, sotorasib had no off-target effects against various receptors, enzymes (including numerous kinases), ion channels, or transporters. Consistent with the tumor-specific target distribution (ie, KRASG12C), there were no primary pharmacology-related on-target effects identified. The kidney was identified as a target organ in the rat but not the dog. Renal toxicity in the rat was characterized by tubular degeneration and necrosis restricted to a specific region suggesting that the toxicity was attributed to the local formation of a putative toxic reactive metabolite. In the 3-month dog study, adaptive changes of hepatocellular hypertrophy due to drug metabolizing enzyme induction were observed in the liver that was associated with secondary effects in the pituitary and thyroid gland. Sotorasib was not teratogenic and had no direct effect on embryo-fetal development in the rat or rabbit. Human, dog, and rat circulating metabolites, M24, M10, and M18, raised no clinically relevant safety concerns based on the general toxicology studies, primary/secondary pharmacology screening, an in vitro human ether-à-go-go-related gene assay, or mutagenicity assessment. Overall, the results of the nonclinical safety program support a high benefit/risk ratio of sotorasib for the treatment of patients with KRAS p.G12C-mutated tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Fan Fan
- Amgen Inc, Research, Thousand Oaks, CA, USA
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Lee J, Choi SJ, Jeong JS, Kim SY, Lee SH, Yang MJ, Lee SJ, Shin YJ, Lee K, Jeong EJ, Nam SY, Yu WJ. A humidifier disinfectant biocide, polyhexamethylene guanidine phosphate, inhalation exposure during pregnancy induced toxicities in rats. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 404:124007. [PMID: 33049556 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.124007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Revised: 09/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Biocides are widely used for their effective antiseptic and disinfectant properties, including polyhexamethylene guanidine phosphate (PHMG-P), which is also used as a biocide as it selectively disrupts bacterial cell membrane. It is used to clean humidifiers commonly used in the dry winter season in South Korea, which exposes people to PHMG-P inhalation. However, comprehensive toxicological data on PHMG-P inhalation exposure, including in pregnant women, and the potential occurrence of lung disease is lacking. Therefore, in this study, we investigated PHMG-P inhalation exposure-induced toxicities in pregnant rats and prenatal development of their conceptus. Pregnant rats were exposed to PHMG-P via inhalation at target concentrations of 0, 0.14, 1.60, and 3.20 mg/m3 from implantation to nearly parturition (from gestation day 6-20) and then analyzed for relevant abnormalities. Results showed systemic toxicities in the pregnant rats including respiratory function abnormalities, decreased body weight gain, and decreased food consumption at ≥1.60 mg/m3. Prenatal development toxicities, including decreased fetal weight with ossification retardations of fetal bones, were observed at 3.20 mg/m3. These results will contribute to clarifying the PHMG-P inhalation exposure-induced toxicities during pregnancy and support its risk assessment in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinsoo Lee
- Developmental and Reproductive Toxicology Research Group, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea; College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Jin Choi
- Department of Chemical Assessment, Korea Environment Corporation, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Seong Jeong
- Developmental and Reproductive Toxicology Research Group, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Yun Kim
- Developmental and Reproductive Toxicology Research Group, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Hyub Lee
- Department of Chemical Assessment, Korea Environment Corporation, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi Jin Yang
- Toxicological Pathology Research Group, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Jeongeup, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Jin Lee
- Developmental and Reproductive Toxicology Research Group, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Jun Shin
- Developmental and Reproductive Toxicology Research Group, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyuhong Lee
- Inhalation Toxicology Research Group, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Jeongeup, Republic of Korea; Department of Human and Environmental Toxicology, University of Science & Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Ju Jeong
- Developmental and Reproductive Toxicology Research Group, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Yoon Nam
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Wook-Joon Yu
- Developmental and Reproductive Toxicology Research Group, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.
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8
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Bolandparvaz A, Vapniarsky N, Harriman R, Alvarez K, Saini J, Zang Z, Van De Water J, Lewis JS. Biodistribution and toxicity of epitope-functionalized dextran iron oxide nanoparticles in a pregnant murine model. J Biomed Mater Res A 2020; 108:1186-1202. [PMID: 32031743 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.36893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In pursuit of a preventive therapeutic for maternal autoantibody-related (MAR) autism, we assessed the toxicity, biodistribution, and clearance of a MAR specific peptide-functionalized dextran iron oxide nanoparticle system in pregnant murine dams. We previously synthesized ~15 nm citrate-coated dextran iron oxide nanoparticles (DIONPs), surface-modified with polyethylene glycol and MAR peptides to produce systems for nanoparticle-based autoantibody reception and entrapments (SNAREs). First, we investigated their immunogenicity and MAR lactate dehydrogenase B antibody uptake in murine serum in vitro. To assess biodistribution and toxicity, as well as systemic effects, we performed in vivo clinical and post mortem pathological evaluations. We observed minimal production of inflammatory cytokines-interleukin 10 (IL-10) and IL-12 following in vitro exposure of macrophages to SNAREs. We established the maximum tolerated dose of SNAREs to be 150 mg/kg at which deposition of iron was evident in the liver and lungs by histology and magnetic resonance imaging but no concurrent evidence of liver toxicity or lung infarction was detected. Further, SNAREs exhibited slower clearance from the maternal blood in pregnant dams compared to DIONPs based on serum total iron concentration. These findings demonstrated that the SNAREs have a prolonged presence in the blood and are safe for use in pregnant mice as evidenced by no associated organ damage, failure, inflammation, and fetal mortality. Determination of the MTD dose sets the basis for future studies investigating the efficacy of our nanoparticle formulation in a MAR autism mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Bolandparvaz
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Natalia Vapniarsky
- Department of Pathology Microbiology and Immunology, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Rian Harriman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Kenneth Alvarez
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Jasmeen Saini
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Zexi Zang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Judy Van De Water
- M.I.N.D. (Medical Investigation of Neurodevelopmental Disorders), University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Clinical Immunology, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Jamal S Lewis
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA
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9
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Lee J, Jeong JS, Kim SY, Im WJ, Shin YJ, Lee K, Choi SJ, Heo Y, Jeong EJ, Nam SY, Yu WJ. Reproductive and developmental toxicity screening of polyhexamethylene guanidine phosphate by oral gavage in rats. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2019; 108:104440. [PMID: 31398363 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2019.104440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Revised: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Polyhexamethylene guanidine phosphate (PHMG-P) has effective antimicrobial activity against various microorganisms and has been widely used as a biocide in commercial products. However, its use as a humidifier disinfectant has provoked fatal idiopathic lung disease in South Korea, especially in pregnant or postpartum women and their young children. PHMG-P-related toxicological studies of reproduction and development in experimental animals have not been identified, and thus, we investigated the potential effects of early-stage oral exposure to PHMG-P by assessing its toxicological properties. PHMG-P was repeatedly administered by oral gavage at dose levels of 0, 13, 40 and 120 mg/kg to Sprague-Dawley rats during the pre-mating, mating, gestation and early lactation periods, and then general systemic and reproductive/developmental toxicities were investigated. At 120 mg/kg, PHMG-P-related toxicities including subdued behavior, thin appearance, decreased body weight, decreased food consumption and decreased F1 pup body weight were observed. Based on the results of this study, the no-observed-adverse-effect levels (NOAELs) of PHMG-P for both general systemic effects and development are considered to be 40 mg/kg/day.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinsoo Lee
- Developmental and Reproductive Toxicology Research Group, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea; College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Seong Jeong
- Developmental and Reproductive Toxicology Research Group, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Yun Kim
- Developmental and Reproductive Toxicology Research Group, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Wan-Jung Im
- Toxicological Pathology Research Group, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Jun Shin
- Developmental and Reproductive Toxicology Research Group, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyuhong Lee
- Inhalation Toxicology Research Group, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Jeongeup, Republic of Korea; Department of Human and Environmental Toxicology, University of Science & Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Jin Choi
- Inhalation Toxicology Research Group, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Jeongeup, Republic of Korea
| | - Yongju Heo
- Inhalation Toxicology Research Group, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Jeongeup, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Ju Jeong
- Developmental and Reproductive Toxicology Research Group, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Yoon Nam
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Wook-Joon Yu
- Developmental and Reproductive Toxicology Research Group, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.
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10
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Siahi MR, Rahimi S, Monajjemzadeh F. Analytical Investigation of the Possible Chemical Interaction of Methyldopa with Some Reducing Carbohydrates Used as Pharmaceutical Excipients. Adv Pharm Bull 2018; 8:657-666. [PMID: 30607338 PMCID: PMC6311631 DOI: 10.15171/apb.2018.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Revised: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Assessment of drug substance and excipients compatibility is an important issue during pre-formulation studies as well as the quality control of pharmaceutical dosage forms. In this study, potential incompatibility between methyldopa and reducing excipients was evaluated using physicochemical methods. Methods: Dextrose and lactose (anhydrous & monohydrate) were selected as reducing carbohydrates. The initial incompatibility was studied with DSC and FTIR on binary mixtures with 1:1 mass ratio. Results were confirmed using HPLC studies coupled with mass spectrometry. Results: The DSC curves indicated the elimination of the melting endotherm of methyldopa in the binary mixtures. A new peak at 1719 cm-1 was observed in the FTIR spectra that can be attributed to the loss of type one amine functionality. The m/z of the proposed compound was observed in the mass spectra. Conclusion: The potential incompatibility of Methyldopa with reducing carbohydrates was established using physicochemical methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Reza Siahi
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Pharmaceutical and Food Control, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Soma Rahimi
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Farnaz Monajjemzadeh
- Food and Drug Safety Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Pharmaceutical and Food Control, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz, Iran
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11
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Li R, Zhang T, Qin M, Yue P, Cai M, He X, Qiao H. An embryo-fetal development toxicity study with dimethylaminoethyl ginkgolide B in rats and rabbits. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2018; 7:1225-1235. [PMID: 30542606 PMCID: PMC6240900 DOI: 10.1039/c8tx00135a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Ginkgo biloba (a herbal product) has long been used in traditional Chinese medicine to treat cerebrovascular and cardiovascular diseases. Ginkgolide B is one of the important pharmacologically active components of Ginkgo biloba. Dimethylaminoethyl ginkgolide B (a novel ginkgolide B derivative) has been developed to overcome the poor water-solubility of natural drugs and to achieve higher bioavailability. This study investigated the potential effects of dimethylaminoethyl ginkgolide B on pregnant dams and embryo-fetal development in Sprague-Dawley rats and New Zealand white rabbits following maternal exposure on gestational day (GD) 6-15 and GD 6-18, respectively. Dimethylaminoethyl ginkgolide B was administered by intravenous injection to pregnant rats (0, 10, 30 and 100 mg kg-1 d-1) and rabbits (0, 6, 18 and 60 mg kg-1 d-1). Maternal toxicity signs, such as lower maternal body weight gain and food consumption, were observed at 100 mg kg-1 d-1 in rats and 60 mg kg-1 d-1 in rabbits. The developmental toxic effects included a decrease in fetal and placental weights, increased incidences of skeletal variations and delay in fetal ossification. Fetal growth and development were affected by dimethylaminoethyl ginkgolide B in the high-dose group in rabbits. The no-observed-adverse-effect level of dimethylaminoethyl ginkgolide B is considered to be 30 mg kg-1 d-1 for rats and 18 mg kg-1 d-1 for rabbits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronghua Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Nanjing Tech University , Nanjing , 211816 , China . ;
| | - Tingting Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Nanjing Tech University , Nanjing , 211816 , China . ;
| | - Mei Qin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Nanjing Tech University , Nanjing , 211816 , China . ;
| | - Peng Yue
- JiangSu Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs , Nanjing , 211816 , China
| | - Ming Cai
- JiangSu Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs , Nanjing , 211816 , China
| | - Xuejun He
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Nanjing Tech University , Nanjing , 211816 , China . ;
| | - Hongqun Qiao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Nanjing Tech University , Nanjing , 211816 , China . ;
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DeSesso JM, Scialli AR. Bone development in laboratory mammals used in developmental toxicity studies. Birth Defects Res 2018; 110:1157-1187. [PMID: 29921029 DOI: 10.1002/bdr2.1350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Revised: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Evaluation of the skeleton in laboratory animals is a standard component of developmental toxicology testing. Standard methods of performing the evaluation have been established, and modification of the evaluation using imaging technologies is under development. The embryology of the rodent, rabbit, and primate skeleton has been characterized in detail and summarized herein. The rich literature on variations and malformations in skeletal development that can occur in the offspring of normal animals and animals exposed to test articles in toxicology studies is reviewed. These perturbations of skeletal development include ossification delays, alterations in number, shape, and size of ossification centers, and alterations in numbers of ribs and vertebrae. Because the skeleton is undergoing developmental changes at the time fetuses are evaluated in most study designs, transient delays in development can produce apparent findings of abnormal skeletal structure. The determination of whether a finding represents a permanent change in embryo development with adverse consequences for the organism is important in study interpretation. Knowledge of embryological processes and schedules can assist in interpretation of skeletal findings.
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Li T, Qiao H, Yue P, Cai M, He X. Embryo-fetal toxicity assessment of vonoprazan in rats and rabbits. J Appl Toxicol 2018; 38:987-995. [DOI: 10.1002/jat.3607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Revised: 12/30/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tianyi Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Nanjing Tech University; Nanjing 211816 China
| | - Hongqun Qiao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Nanjing Tech University; Nanjing 211816 China
| | - Peng Yue
- JiangSu Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs; Nanjing 211816 China
| | - Ming Cai
- JiangSu Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs; Nanjing 211816 China
| | - Xuejun He
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Nanjing Tech University; Nanjing 211816 China
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Teixidó E, Krupp E, Amberg A, Czich A, Scholz S. Species-specific developmental toxicity in rats and rabbits: Generation of a reference compound list for development of alternative testing approaches. Reprod Toxicol 2018; 76:93-102. [PMID: 29409988 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2018.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Revised: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
For regulatory information requirements, developmental toxicity testing is often conducted in two mammalian species. In order to provide a set of reference compounds that could be used to explore alternative approaches to supersede testing in a second species, a retrospective data analysis was conducted. The aim was to identify compounds for which species sensitivity differences between rats and rabbits are not caused by maternal toxicity or toxicokinetic differences. A total of 330 compounds were analysed and classified according to their species-specific differences. A lack of concordance between rat and rabbit was observed in 24% of the compounds, of which 10% were found to be selective developmental toxicants in one of the species. In contrast to previously published analyses the presented comparison is based entirely on publically data allowing validating and comparing alternative approaches for developmental toxicity testing. Furthermore, this list could be useful to identify mechanisms leading to species differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Teixidó
- Department of Bioanalytical Ecotoxicology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Permoserstraße 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - E Krupp
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Preclinical Safety, Industriepark Hoechst, D-65926, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - A Amberg
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Preclinical Safety, Industriepark Hoechst, D-65926, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - A Czich
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Preclinical Safety, Industriepark Hoechst, D-65926, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - S Scholz
- Department of Bioanalytical Ecotoxicology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Permoserstraße 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany
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15
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Nitzsche D. Effect of maternal feed restriction on prenatal development in rats and rabbits – A review of published data. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2017; 90:95-103. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2017.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2016] [Revised: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Almeida LLD, Teixeira ÁAC, Soares AF, Cunha FMD, Silva VAD, Vieira Filho LD, Wanderley-Teixeira V. Effects of melatonin in rats in the initial third stage of pregnancy exposed to sub-lethal doses of herbicides. Acta Histochem 2017; 119:220-227. [PMID: 28202179 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2017.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Revised: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to the herbicides Paraquat (PQ) and Roundup® may cause cell lesions due to an increase in oxidative stress levels in different biological systems, even in the reproductive system. OBJECTIVE Evaluate the possible changes in reproductive parameters and hepatic, as well as its prevention by simultaneous application of melatonin. METHODS Thirty-five female rats at the age of 3 months were divided into seven groups: three groups exposed to sub-lethal doses of the herbicides PQ (50mg/kg) and Roundup® (500mg/kg) (n=5, G2, G3 and G4); three groups exposed to herbicides and simultaneous treatment with 10mg/kg of Melatonin (n=5, G5, G6 and G7) and control group (n=5, G1) from the first to the seventh day of pregnancy. On the seventh day of pregnancy, the rats were anesthetized and euthanized, followed by laparotomy to remove their reproductive tissues and liver. Body and ovary weights were taken and the number of implantation sites, corpora lutea, preimplantation losses, implantation rates were counted and histopathology of the implantation sites, morphometry of the surface and glandular epithelia of endometrium and hepatic oxidative stress were undertaken. RESULTS The present study shows the decrease in body and ovary weight, decrease in the number of implantation sites, implantation rate, in the total number of corpora lutea and increase of preimplantation percentages were observed when compared to the G1: Fig. 1 and Table 1, (p>0.001 ANOVA/Tukey). The histopathological analysis of the implantation sites showed a disorder of the cytotrophoblast and cell degeneration within the blastocyst cavity in Fig. 4. Morphometry revealed a reduction in surface and glandular epithelia and in the diameter of the endometrial glands (Table 2; p>0.05 ANOVA/Tukey), whereas in liver, serum levels of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) were found to be significantly elevated (Fig. 2; p>0.001; p>0.05 ANOVA/Tukey), and serum level of reduced glutathione (GSH) was significantly lower (Fig. 3; p>0.001 ANOVA/Tukey). However, treatments with melatonin exhibited improvements in reproductive parameters, as well as reduced lesions in the implantation sites (Fig. 4.) and in serum levels TBARS (Fig. 2; p>0.001 ANOVA/Tukey), serum levels GSH (Fig. 3; p>0.001; p>0.05 ANOVA/Tukey). CONCLUSIONS These results reveal that melatonin is a protective agent against experimentally induced maternal/embryo toxicity with herbicides and favoring normalization of reproductive parameters and hepatic.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Anísio Francisco Soares
- Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | | | - Valdemiro Amaro da Silva
- Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
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Moraes-Souza RQ, Soares TS, Carmo NOL, Damasceno DC, Campos KE, Volpato GT. Adverse effects of Croton urucurana B. exposure during rat pregnancy. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2017; 199:328-333. [PMID: 27773799 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2016.10.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Revised: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Croton urucurana presents several beneficial pharmacological properties. In Brazil, women who intend to interrupt the pregnancy indiscriminately use extracts of this plant as an abortifacient agent. AIM OF STUDY To evaluated the effect of aqueous extract of Croton urucurana latex on the maternal-fetal repercussions in rats. METHODS Pregnant rats were randomly distributed into four experimental groups: Control=treated with water (vehicle); Treated 200=treated with a dose 200mg/kg; Treated 400=dose 400mg/kg and; and Treated 800=dose 800mg/kg. The rats were orally treated by gavage with Croton urucurana or vehicle (water) during whole pregnancy. At term of pregnancy, all rats were killed to obtain maternal blood and tissues samples and fetal weight and anomaly analyses. RESULTS C. urucurana treatment (Treated 400 and Treated 800) showed elevated liver enzymatic activities, reduced fetal body weight and placental efficiency. The Treated 800 group presented increased maternal total protein and cholesterol levels, and heart relative weight. All treated groups presented reduced maternal body weight and food intake, and increased pre-implantation loss rate compared to those of Control group. In addition, the treatment contributed to increased skeletal and visceral anomalies with higher doses. CONCLUSION Croton urucurana treatment caused maternal toxicity, which contributed for impairment embryo fetal development. These results showed that the indiscriminate use of plants during pregnancy should be avoided to prevent potential risk on maternal health as well as their offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafaianne Queiroz Moraes-Souza
- Laboratory of System Physiology and Reproductive Toxicology, Institute of Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Mato Grosso (UFMT), Barra do Garças, Mato Grosso, Brazil
| | - Thaigra Sousa Soares
- Laboratory of System Physiology and Reproductive Toxicology, Institute of Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Mato Grosso (UFMT), Barra do Garças, Mato Grosso, Brazil
| | - Nágilla Orleanne Lima Carmo
- Laboratory of System Physiology and Reproductive Toxicology, Institute of Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Mato Grosso (UFMT), Barra do Garças, Mato Grosso, Brazil
| | - Débora Cristina Damasceno
- Laboratory of Experimental Research on Gynecology and Obstetrics, Graduate Course of Gynecology, Obstetrics and Mastology, Univ Estadual Paulista_Unesp, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Kleber Eduardo Campos
- Laboratory of System Physiology and Reproductive Toxicology, Institute of Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Mato Grosso (UFMT), Barra do Garças, Mato Grosso, Brazil; Laboratory of Experimental Research on Gynecology and Obstetrics, Graduate Course of Gynecology, Obstetrics and Mastology, Univ Estadual Paulista_Unesp, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Tadeu Volpato
- Laboratory of System Physiology and Reproductive Toxicology, Institute of Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Mato Grosso (UFMT), Barra do Garças, Mato Grosso, Brazil; Laboratory of Experimental Research on Gynecology and Obstetrics, Graduate Course of Gynecology, Obstetrics and Mastology, Univ Estadual Paulista_Unesp, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Hofmann T, Buesen R, Schneider S, van Ravenzwaay B. Postnatal fate of prenatal-induced fetal alterations in laboratory animals. Reprod Toxicol 2016; 61:177-85. [PMID: 27094378 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2016.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Revised: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Currently it is common practice to evaluate the developmental toxicity hazard of chemicals or pharmaceuticals by evaluation of fetuses after administration of the compound to pregnant animals. These studies are designed to provide possible compound-related fetal changes near term, which are usually classified into malformations or variations. Malformations, but not variations are expected to adversely affect the survival or health. Therefore, classification has striking different regulatory consequences. For categorization as variation reversibility is an important criterion, but it is usually not examined in a standard guideline study. Although this issue has already been recognized long time ago, data dealing with the postnatal reversibility of fetal alterations are still rare. In the current review, literature data, regulatory documents as well as in-house data were compiled. Beside skeletal alterations of skull, vertebral column, ribs, shoulder and pelvic girdle, and extremities, kidney and heart defects are discussed and assessed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Hofmann
- BASF SE, Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, 67056 Ludwigshafen, Germany.
| | - Roland Buesen
- BASF SE, Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, 67056 Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Steffen Schneider
- BASF SE, Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, 67056 Ludwigshafen, Germany
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Morse DC. Embryo-Fetal Developmental Toxicity Studies with Pregabalin in Mice and Rabbits. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 107:85-93. [PMID: 27044003 PMCID: PMC6585796 DOI: 10.1002/bdrb.21174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Pregabalin was evaluated for potential developmental toxicity in mice and rabbits. Pregabalin was administered once daily by oral gavage to female albino mice (500, 1250, or 2500 mg/kg) and New Zealand White rabbits (250, 500, or 1250 mg/kg) during organogenesis (gestation day 6 through 15 [mice] or 6 through 20 [rabbits]). Fetuses were evaluated for viability, growth, and morphological development. Pregabalin administration to mice did not induce maternal or developmental toxicity at doses up to 2500 mg/kg, which was associated with a maternal plasma exposure (AUC0-24 ) of 3790 μg•hr/ml, ≥30 times the expected human exposure at the maximum recommended daily dose (MRD; 600 mg/day). In rabbits, treatment-related clinical signs occurred at all doses (AUC0-24 of 1397, 2023, and 4803 μg•hr/ml at 250, 500, and 1250 mg/kg, respectively). Maternal toxicity was evident at all doses and included ataxia, hypoactivity, and cool to touch. In addition, abortion and females euthanized moribund with total resorption occurred at 1250 mg/kg. There were no treatment-related malformations at any dose. At 1250 mg/kg, compared with study and historical controls, the percentage of fetuses with retarded ossification was significantly increased and the mean number of ossification sites was decreased, which correlated with decreased fetal and placental weights, consistent with in utero growth retardation. Therefore, the no-effect dose for developmental toxicity in rabbits was 500 mg/kg, which produced systemic exposure approximately 16-times human exposure at the MRD. These findings indicate that pregabalin, at the highest dose tested, was not teratogenic in mice or rabbits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis C Morse
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Drug Safety Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut
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20
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Wise LD. Numeric Estimates of Teratogenic Severity from Embryo-Fetal Developmental Toxicity Studies. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 107:60-70. [DOI: 10.1002/bdrb.21171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 01/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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21
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Kilanowicz A, Czekaj P, Sapota A, Skrzypinska-Gawrysiak M, Bruchajzer E, Darago A, Czech E, Plewka D, Wiaderkiewicz A, Sitarek K. Developmental toxicity of hexachloronaphthalene in Wistar rats. A role of CYP1A1 expression. Reprod Toxicol 2015; 58:93-103. [PMID: 26403959 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2015.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2015] [Revised: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 09/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Hexachloronaphthalene (HxCN) is one of the most toxic congeners of polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs). This study assesses the prenatal toxicity of HxCN after daily administration at doses of 0.1-1.0mg/kg b.w. to pregnant Wistar rats during organogenesis. We evaluated also the expression of CYP1A1 mRNA and protein in the livers of dams and fetuses, as well as the placenta. The results indicate that 0.3mg/kg b.w. was the lowest HxCN toxic dose for dams (LOAEL) while a dose of 0.1mg/kg b.w. was sufficient to impair the intrauterine development of embryos/fetuses without maternal toxicity. Regardless of the applied dose, HxCN generated embryotoxic effects. Dose-dependent fetotoxic effects were associated with HxCN exposure. HxCN was found to be a strong inducer of maternal and fetal CYP1A1. Expression of CYP1A1 mRNA in the placenta appears to be the most sensitive marker of HxCN exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Kilanowicz
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lodz, Poland.
| | - Piotr Czekaj
- Department of Cytophysiology, Chair of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Andrzej Sapota
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lodz, Poland
| | | | - Elzbieta Bruchajzer
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lodz, Poland
| | - Adam Darago
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lodz, Poland
| | - Ewa Czech
- Department of Histology, Chair of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Danuta Plewka
- Department of Cytophysiology, Chair of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Anna Wiaderkiewicz
- Department of Histology, Chair of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Krystyna Sitarek
- Department of Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, Lodz, Poland
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Lee J, Song J, Jeong EJ, Chung MK, Hwang KH, Koo SJ, Yu WJ. Developmental toxicity assessment of the new turf herbicide, methiozolin ([5-(2,6-difluorobenzyl)oxymethyl-5-methyl-3,3(3-methylthiophen-2-yl)-1,2-isoxazoline]), in rabbits. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2015; 72:639-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2015.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2015] [Revised: 05/08/2015] [Accepted: 05/10/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Dorce ALC, Dorce VA, Nencioni ALA. Mild reproductive effects of the Tityus bahiensis scorpion venom in rats. J Venom Anim Toxins Incl Trop Dis 2014; 20:4. [PMID: 24521392 PMCID: PMC3927621 DOI: 10.1186/1678-9199-20-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2013] [Accepted: 02/06/2014] [Indexed: 05/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Scorpion envenoming is a public health problem in Brazil, where Tityus serrulatus and T. bahiensis are considered the most dangerous scorpions. They are well adapted to urbanized environments, and there is an increasing probability of human exposure to these venoms, including during pregnancy. Not much is known about the effects of prenatal exposure to the venom, and no information is available to aid in the rational treatment of victims stung during pregnancy. Thus, this study aimed to investigate whether venom from the scorpion T. bahiensis administered once to pregnant female rats at a dose that causes a moderate envenomation may lead to deleterious effects on the reproductive performance of the dams and on the development of their offspring. This is the first work demonstrating that T. bahiensis venom, when administered experimentally to rats, alters maternal reproductive performance and the morphological development of fetuses. The venom was given to dams on the 5th (GD5) or on the 10th (GD10) gestational day. After laparotomy, on GD21, fetuses and placentas were counted, weighed and externally analyzed. The corpora lutea were counted. The sex and vitality of fetuses were evaluated, and each litter was then randomly divided for visceral or skeletal analyses. Data were analyzed by ANOVA followed by the Tukey-Kramer test and Fisher’s exact test. The significance level for all tests was set at p < 0.05. Results GD5 group presented an increased number of pre-implantation losses. Weight gains in fetuses and placentas were observed in the GD5 and GD10 groups. Weights of the heart and lungs were elevated in GD5 and GD10 and liver weight in GD10. Conclusions Moderate envenomation by T. bahiensis scorpion venom alters maternal reproductive performance and fetal development. However, these are preliminary results whose causes should be investigated more carefully in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ana Leonor A Nencioni
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Butantan Institute, Avenue Dr, Vital Brasil, 1500, São Paulo, SP CEP 05503-900, Brazil.
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Gonçalves CA, Siqueira JM, Carollo CA, Mauro MDO, de Davi N, Cunha-Laura AL, Monreal ACD, Castro AH, Fernandes L, Chagas RR, Auharek SA, Oliveira RJ. Gestational exposure to Byrsonima verbascifolia: teratogenicity, mutagenicity and immunomodulation evaluation in female Swiss mice. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2013; 150:843-50. [PMID: 24140582 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2013.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2013] [Revised: 09/01/2013] [Accepted: 09/06/2013] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Byrsonima verbascifolia is used in folk medicine to treat diarrhea, intestinal infections, chronic wounds, Chagas disease, inflammation and as a diuretic. However there is no investigation regarding the Byrsonima verbascifolia hydrometanolic extract (BVHME) used during gestation. MATERIALS AND METHODS The pregnant females were randomly divided into 5 groups. Control group received saline plus DMSO (1%) in a volume of 0.1 mL/10 g (b.w.), via gavage, for at least 15 days prior to mating and throughout the gestational period. The Pre-treatment group received the BVHME, via gavage, at a dose of 50 mg/kg (b.w.) for at least 15 days prior to mating and up to the appearance of the vaginal plug. The Organogenesis group received the BVHME at a dose of 50 mg/kg (b.w.), via gavage, on the 5-15th gestational day. The Gestational group received the BVHME at a dose of 50 mg/kg (b.w.), via gavage, throughout the gestational period (from the 1st to the 18th day of pregnancy). The Pre+Gestational group received the BVHME at a dose of 50mg/kg (b.w.), via gavage, for at least 15 days prior to mating and up to throughout the gestational period. The clinical signals of maternal and fetuses toxicity were evaluated, as the mutagenicity and immunomodulation tests were performed. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS The present investigation shows, for the first time, that the use of Byrsonima verbascifolia extract in pregnant Swiss mice, did not alter the female reproductive function, mutagenicity or immunostimulation as well as not interfere with embryofetal development at least in our experimental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Amélia Gonçalves
- Centro de Estudos em Células Tronco, Terapia Celular e Genética Toxicológica (CeTroGen), Núcleo de Hospital Universitário (NHU), Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS), Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil; Programa de Pós-graduação em Farmácia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde (CCBS), Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS), Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
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Rogers JM, Ellis-Hutchings RG, Grey BE, Zucker RM, Norwood J, Grace CE, Gordon CJ, Lau C. Elevated Blood Pressure in Offspring of Rats Exposed to Diverse Chemicals During Pregnancy. Toxicol Sci 2013; 137:436-46. [DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kft248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
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26
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Narotsky MG, Klinefelter GR, Goldman JM, Best DS, McDonald A, Strader LF, Suarez JD, Murr AS, Thillainadarajah I, Hunter ES, Richardson SD, Speth TF, Miltner RJ, Pressman JG, Teuschler LK, Rice GE, Moser VC, Luebke RW, Simmons JE. Comprehensive assessment of a chlorinated drinking water concentrate in a rat multigenerational reproductive toxicity study. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2013; 47:10653-10659. [PMID: 23909560 DOI: 10.1021/es402646c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Some epidemiological studies report associations between drinking water disinfection byproducts (DBPs) and adverse reproductive/developmental effects, e.g., low birth weight, spontaneous abortion, stillbirth, and birth defects. Using a multigenerational rat bioassay, we evaluated an environmentally relevant "whole" mixture of DBPs representative of chlorinated drinking water, including unidentified DBPs as well as realistic proportions of known DBPs at low-toxicity concentrations. Source water from a water utility was concentrated 136-fold, chlorinated, and provided as drinking water to Sprague-Dawley rats. Timed-pregnant females (P0 generation) were exposed during gestation and lactation. Weanlings (F1 generation) continued exposures and were bred to produce an F2 generation. Large sample sizes enhanced statistical power, particularly for pup weight and prenatal loss. No adverse effects were observed for pup weight, prenatal loss, pregnancy rate, gestation length, puberty onset in males, growth, estrous cycles, hormone levels, immunological end points, and most neurobehavioral end points. Significant, albeit slight, effects included delayed puberty for F1 females, reduced caput epidydimal sperm counts in F1 adult males, and increased incidences of thyroid follicular cell hypertrophy in adult females. These results highlight areas for future research, while the largely negative findings, particularly for pup weight and prenatal loss, are notable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael G Narotsky
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency , Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, United States
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Abstract
Although demonstration of some degree of maternal toxicity is required in regulatory developmental toxicology studies, marked maternal toxicity may be a confounding factor in data interpretation. Reduction in maternal body weight gain is the far most frequently used endpoint of toxicity, but alternative endpoints, like organ toxicity or exaggerated pharmacological response, can also be taken into consideration. The following conclusions are based on literature data and discussions at maternal toxicity workshops attended by representatives from regulatory agencies, academia, and industry: (1) Available results do not support that maternal toxicity (defined as clinical signs, decreased body weight gain or absolute body weight loss of up to 15% in rats or 7% in rabbits) can be used to explain the occurrence of major malformations. (2) There is clear evidence that substantial reductions in maternal weight gain (or absolute weight loss) are linked with other manifestations of developmental toxicity. Among these can be mentioned decreased fetal weight, and skeletal anomalies (e.g., wavy ribs) in rats and decreased fetal weights, post implantation loss, abortions, and some skeletal anomalies in rabbits. (3) There are several examples of misinterpretation among companies, where it was incorrectly expected that regulatory authorities would not label chemicals/drugs as "teratogens/developmental toxicants" because embryo fetal adverse effects were only observed at doses also causing signs of maternal toxicity. (4) Similarly, even if mechanistic studies indicate that a substance causes developmental toxicity via exaggerated pharmacological effects in the mother, such a mechanism does not automatically negate the observed fetal adverse effects.From a regulatory perspective, an observed developmental toxic finding is considered to be of potential human relevance (even if it is mediated via maternal pharmacological effects or occur at doses causing signs of maternal toxicity) unless the company can provide appropriate mechanistic and/or other convincing evidence to the contrary.
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Kim SH, Lee IC, Baek HS, Lim JH, Moon C, Shin DH, Kim SH, Park SC, Kim JC. Dose-Response Effects of Diphenylhydantoin on Pregnant Dams and Embryo-Fetal Development in Rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 95:337-45. [DOI: 10.1002/bdrb.21022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2012] [Accepted: 07/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Hwan Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine; Chonnam National University; Gwangju; Republic of Korea
| | - In-Chul Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine; Chonnam National University; Gwangju; Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung-Seon Baek
- College of Veterinary Medicine; Chonnam National University; Gwangju; Republic of Korea
| | | | - Changjong Moon
- College of Veterinary Medicine; Chonnam National University; Gwangju; Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Ho Shin
- College of Veterinary Medicine; Chonnam National University; Gwangju; Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Ho Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine; Chonnam National University; Gwangju; Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Chun Park
- College of Veterinary Medicine; Kyungpook National University; Daegu; Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Choon Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine; Chonnam National University; Gwangju; Republic of Korea
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de Queiroz GT, Santos TR, Macedo R, Peters VM, Leite MN, de Cássia da Silveira e Sá R, de Oliveira Guerra M. Efficacy of Morus nigra L. on reproduction in female Wistar rats. Food Chem Toxicol 2011; 50:816-22. [PMID: 22198063 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2011.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2011] [Revised: 12/09/2011] [Accepted: 12/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Morus nigra L. is a plant employed as a substitute for the conventional hormonal replacement therapy. This work analyzes the estrogenic effect of M. nigra on the reproductive system and embryonic development of Wistar rats. Female rats were orally treated with M. nigra hydroalcoholic extract (MnHE) at the dose levels of 25, 50, 75, 350 and 700 mg/kg of body weight over 15 days, and continued through mating until the 14th day of gestation. Vaginal smears were performed daily and the body weight of the females was recorded at 5 days intervals. On day 15 of gestation, the females were killed and their kidneys, liver, spleen and ovaries were removed and weighed. The number of implants, resorptions, and live and dead fetuses were evaluated. Histological sections of ovaries, measurement of the height of the uterine epithelium and vaginal smears were performed to assess the estrogenic activity. The results showed that the administration of MnHE did not significantly alter the analyzed variables. Therefore, considering the experimental model used in this study, the data obtained indicate that M. nigra did not exhibit any estrogenic activity nor did exert a toxic effect on the female reproductive system and on the embryonic development of rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graziela Tonioni de Queiroz
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas-Área de concentração em Comportamento e Biologia Animal/Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Campus Universitário, Bairro São Pedro, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, CEP 36036-330, Brazil.
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de Castro VLSS, Maia AH. Prenatal epoxiconazole exposure effects on rat postnatal development. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 95:123-9. [PMID: 22140080 DOI: 10.1002/bdrb.20345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2011] [Accepted: 10/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Although some studies have pointed out to embryo/fetal toxicity, knowledge about the potential toxicity of the fungicide epoxiconazole is still limited. Once the results of these previous studies have raised some concern, this study studied the effects of epoxiconazole maternal exposure on the physical endpoints in the development of rat pups. To accomplish that, the effects of epoxiconazole (50.0, 100.0, and 150.0 mg/kg) were examined when rats were exposed at two different developmental stages: during the first 6 days of pregnancy or in the organogenesis period (6-15 days). After parturition, pups were tested for growth and maturational milestones. Maternal exposure to the fungicide, independently of phase, resulted in significantly early mean time to vaginal opening and delayed time to testes descent in pups. Weight gain rate in pups and their mothers was not affected for the tested exposure period. The findings of this study emphasize that epoxiconazole maternal exposure may lead to alterations in developmental patterns in nursing pups, consistent with the known influence of epoxiconazole on steroid hormone synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera L S S de Castro
- Embrapa Environment, Ecotoxicology and Biosafety Laboratory, Jaguariúna, SP, Brazil.
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Wan H, Weng S, Liang L, Lu Q, He J. Evaluation of the developmental toxicity of leucomalachite green administered orally to rats. Food Chem Toxicol 2011; 49:3031-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2011.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2011] [Revised: 09/30/2011] [Accepted: 10/02/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Faqi AS, Prohaska D, Lopez R, McIntyre G. Developmental toxicity of the HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor (PPD10558) in rats and rabbits. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 95:23-37. [PMID: 22006546 DOI: 10.1002/bdrb.20337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2011] [Accepted: 08/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
PPD10558 is an orally active, lipid-lowering 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitor (statin) being developed as a treatment for hypercholesterolemia in patients who have not been able to tolerate statins because of statin-associated myalgia. We have studied the potential developmental toxicity effects of PPD10558 in pregnant rats and rabbits given daily oral doses during the period of organogenesis. Rats were dosed with 0, 20, 80, or 320 mg/kg/day from Gestation Day (GD) 6 to 17 and rabbits received dose levels of 0, 12.5, 25, or 50 mg/kg/day from GD 6 to 18. Additional groups in both studies served as toxicokinetic animals and received the PPD10558 in the same manner as the main study groups at the same dose levels. Blood samples were collected from toxicokinetic animals at designated time points on GD 6 and 17 in rats and GD 6 and 18 in rabbits. Fetal exposure in rats was assessed on GD 20. Maternal and developmental parameters were evaluated in rats and rabbits on GD 20 and GD 29, respectively. No maternal and developmental toxicity was observed at any of the dose levels used in the rat study. Evidence of fetal exposure was determined in fetal plasma with mean fetal concentrations of PPD10558 and the metabolite (PPD11901) found to be between 1 and 6% of the mean maternal concentrations. In rabbits, marked maternal toxicity including mortality (eight deaths; 1 dose at 25 and 7 at 50 mg/kg/day), abortions (2 at 25 mg/kg/day and 6 at 50 mg/kg/day) and reduction in gestation body weight, gestation body weight changes and decreased food consumption were observed. In addition, fetal body weights of the combined sexes were significantly reduced at 50 mg/kg/day in comparison with the controls. Mean peak exposure (Cmax) and total exposure (AUC(0-24)) of PPD11901 in both rats and rabbits were higher than that of PPD10558 on GD 6 and GD 17 at each of the three dose levels.. Based on the results of these studies, the no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) for maternal and developmental toxicity in rats was considered to be ≥ 320 mg/kg/day, the highest dose level used in the study. The NOAEL for maternal and developmental toxicity in rabbits was 12.5 mg/kg/day and 25 mg/kg/day, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali S Faqi
- MPI Research, Inc., Mattawan, Michigan, USA.
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Elmazoudy RH, Attia AA, Abdelgawad HS. Evaluation of developmental toxicity induced by anticholinesterase insecticide, diazinon in female rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 92:534-42. [PMID: 21770030 DOI: 10.1002/bdrb.20322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2011] [Accepted: 06/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Developmental toxicities, including birth defects, are significant public health problems. This study was planned to assess the cholinergic and developmental potentials of diazinon that is widely used as an organophosphate insecticide. Pregnant female Sprague-Dawley rats were given diazinon orally at doses of 0, 1.9, 3.8, and 7.6 mg/kg body weight (b.w.)/day on gestation days 6 to 15. Maternal brain acetylcholinesterase activities, measured on gestation day20, were significantly decreased at 3.8 and 7.6 mg/kg b.w./day, but fetal acetylcholinesterase activity was not altered. Maternal toxicities, as evidenced by cholinergic symptoms including diarrhea, tremors, weakness, salivation, and decreased activities, were observed at the 3.8 and 7.6 mg/kg b.w./day dose groups. Net gravid uterine weight was decreased at a dose of 7.6 mg/kg b.w./day. No maternal effects were apparent in the 1.9 mg/kg b.w./day dose group. Maternal toxicity at a dose of 3.8 mg/kg b.w./day did not induce fetotoxicity or teratogeneicity. However, 7.6 mg/kg b.w./day doses significantly resulted in fetal toxicity and malformations in addition to maternal toxicity in animals. In conclusion, teratogenic disorders only outlined by doses that produced marked maternal toxicity. Since the malformations were not morphologically related, they were considered to be secondary to maternal toxicity; hence, the malformations were not related to cholinesterase inhibition.
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Ellis-Hutchings RG, Zucker RM, Grey BE, Norwood J, Richards JH, Lau C, Rogers JM. Altered health outcomes in adult offspring of Sprague Dawley and Wistar rats undernourished during early or late pregnancy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 89:396-407. [PMID: 20973054 DOI: 10.1002/bdrb.20265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Birth weight in humans has been inversely associated with adult disease risk. Results of animal studies have varied depending on species, strain, and treatment. METHODS We compared birth weight and adult health in offspring following 50% maternal undernutrition on gestation days (GD) 1-15 (UN1-15) or GD 10-21 (UN10-21) in Sprague Dawley and Wistar rats. Offspring from food-deprived dams were weighed and cross-fostered to control dams. Litters were weighed during lactation and initiating at weaning males were fed either control or a high-fat diet. Young and mature adult offspring were evaluated for obesity, blood pressure (BP), insulin response to oral glucose, and serum lipids. Nephron endowment, renal glucocorticoid receptor, and renin-aldosterone-angiotensin system components were measured. RESULTS The UN10-21 groups had birth weights lower than controls and transient catch up growth by weaning. Neither strain demonstrated obesity or dyslipidemia following prenatal undernutrition, but long-term body weight deficits occurred in the UN groups of both strains. High-fat diet fed offspring gained more weight than control offspring without an effect of prenatal nutrition. Sprague Dawley were slightly more susceptible than Wistar rats to altered insulin response and increased BP following gestational undernutrition. Nephron endowment in Sprague Dawley but not Wistar offspring was lower in the UN10-21 groups. Glucocorticoid and renin-aldosterone-angiotensin system pathways were not altered. CONCLUSIONS The most consistent effect of maternal undernutrition was elevated BP in offspring. Long-term health effects occurred with undernutrition during either window, but the UN10-21 period resulted in lower birth weight and more severe adult health effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert G Ellis-Hutchings
- Toxicology Assessment Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA.
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Beyer BK, Chernoff N, Danielsson BR, Davis-Bruno K, Harrouk W, Hood RD, Janer G, Liminga UW, Kim JH, Rocca M, Rogers J, Scialli AR. ILSI/HESI maternal toxicity workshop summary: maternal toxicity and its impact on study design and data interpretation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 92:36-51. [DOI: 10.1002/bdrb.20281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2010] [Accepted: 10/30/2010] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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Ettlin RA, Kuroda J, Plassmann S, Hayashi M, Prentice DE. Successful drug development despite adverse preclinical findings part 2: examples. J Toxicol Pathol 2010; 23:213-34. [PMID: 22272032 PMCID: PMC3234630 DOI: 10.1293/tox.23.213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2010] [Accepted: 09/06/2010] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
To illustrate the process of addressing adverse preclinical findings (APFs) as
outlined in the first part of this review, a number of cases with unexpected APF
in toxicity studies with drug candidates is discussed in this second part. The
emphasis is on risk characterization, especially regarding the mode of action
(MoA), and risk evaluation regarding relevance for man. While severe APFs such
as retinal toxicity may turn out to be of little human relevance, minor findings
particularly in early toxicity studies, such as vasculitis, may later pose a
real problem. Rodents are imperfect models for endocrine APFs, non-rodents for
human cardiac effects. Liver and kidney toxicities are frequent, but they can
often be monitored in man and do not necessarily result in early termination of
drug candidates. Novel findings such as the unusual lesions in the
gastrointestinal tract and the bones presented in this review can be difficult
to explain. It will be shown that well known issues such as phospholipidosis and
carcinogenicity by agonists of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors
(PPAR) need to be evaluated on a case-by-case basis. The latter is of particular
interest because the new PPAR α and dual α/γ agonists resulted in a change of
the safety paradigm established with the older PPAR α agonists. General
toxicologists and pathologists need some understanding of the principles of
genotoxicity and reproductive toxicity testing. Both types of preclinical
toxicities are major APF and clinical monitoring is difficult, generally leading
to permanent use restrictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A. Ettlin
- Ettlin Consulting Ltd., 14 Mittelweg, 4142 Muenchenstein,
Switzerland
| | - Junji Kuroda
- KISSEI Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 2320-1 Maki, Hotaka, Azumino,
Nagano 399-8305, Japan
| | - Stephanie Plassmann
- PreClinical Safety (PCS) Consultants Ltd., 7 Gartenstrasse, 4132
Muttenz, Switzerland
| | - Makoto Hayashi
- Biosafety Research Center, Foods, Drugs, and Pesticides (BSRC),
582-2 Shioshinden, Iwata, Shizuoka 437-1213, Japan
| | - David E. Prentice
- PreClinical Safety (PCS) Consultants Ltd., 7 Gartenstrasse, 4132
Muttenz, Switzerland
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Fernandes ES, Pinto RM, de Paula Reis JE, de Oliveira Guerra M, Peters VM. Effects of Ginkgo biloba extract on the embryo-fetal development in Wistar rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 89:133-8. [PMID: 20437472 DOI: 10.1002/bdrb.20235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ginkgo biloba extract (GBE) is an herbal medicine used for treating neurodegenerative diseases, cerebrovascular insufficiency, peripheral arterial occlusive disease, and also vestibular disturbance. Some components of GBE have presented estrogenic effects and, in a previous study, high dosages of GBE caused intra-uterine growth retardation in fetuses of Wistar rats treated during the fetogenesis period. METHODS Pregnant Wistar rats were treated, through gavage, with different dosages of aqueous GBE (3.5, 7.0, and 14.0 mg/Kg/day), during the tubal transit and implantation period. Rats were killed on the 15th day of pregnancy and the following parameters were evaluated: clinical symptoms of maternal toxicity; maternal body weight; feed and water intake; maternal liver, kidney, and ovary weights; number of corpora lutea; implants per group ratio; pre- and post-implantation loss per group ratio; live fetuses mean; dead fetuses percentage; fetus and placenta weight per offspring ratio; and fetal external malformation. RESULTS No significant alteration was found for both the maternal and embryonic parameters evaluated. CONCLUSIONS The GBE treatment in pregnant Wistar rats, during the tubal transit and implantation period, caused no toxic effect on the maternal organism and did not induce embryonic death, growth retardation, and/or fetal malformations.
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Gilbert M, MacPhail R, Baldwin J, Moser V, Chernoff N. Moderate developmental undernutrition: Impact on growth and cognitive function in youth and old age. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2010; 32:362-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ntt.2009.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2009] [Revised: 10/29/2009] [Accepted: 12/21/2009] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Maternal and fetal toxicity indicators in regulatory embryo-fetal developmental toxicity studies. Reprod Toxicol 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2009.05.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Knudsen TB, Martin MT, Kavlock RJ, Judson RS, Dix DJ, Singh AV. Profiling the activity of environmental chemicals in prenatal developmental toxicity studies using the U.S. EPA's ToxRefDB. Reprod Toxicol 2009; 28:209-19. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2009.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2009] [Revised: 03/31/2009] [Accepted: 03/31/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Reproductive effects of maternal and pre-weaning undernutrition in rat offspring: age at puberty, onset of female reproductive senescence and intergenerational pup growth and viability. Reprod Toxicol 2009; 28:489-94. [PMID: 19539024 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2009.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2009] [Revised: 05/13/2009] [Accepted: 06/05/2009] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Maternal and/or postnatal undernutrition are widespread in human populations and are components of many experimental developmental and reproductive toxicology bio-assays. This study investigated in utero and/or pre-weaning undernutrition effects on reproductive maturation and senescence in the Sprague-Dawley rat as well as potential intergenerational effects. Pregnant rats were given food ad libitum or at 50% of normal dietary intake throughout pregnancy. Their offspring (control or IUGR) were cross-fostered to control dams with litter sizes of 8 or 16 pups (control and undernourished). Offspring body weights were reduced and onset of male puberty slightly delayed in animals from large postnatal litters. Similar body weight effects were observed in females but there was no difference in the age of vaginal opening. Female reproductive senescence as measured by onset of estrus acyclicity occurred at a younger age in IUGR-8-pup and Control-16-pup groups compared to Control-8-pup or IUGR-16-pup groups. Females were bred to control males and no evidence of adverse reproductive effects was found in any F2 groups. The offspring of the F1 generation did not show an intergenerational effect as documented in humans.
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Maternal and developmental toxicity study of sodium azide in rats. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2008; 52:158-62. [PMID: 18755233 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2008.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2008] [Revised: 08/02/2008] [Accepted: 08/05/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Sodium azide (NaN(3)) is being proposed for use as an active ingredient to control a broad spectrum of soil borne pathogens including insects, weeds, nematodes, fungi, and bacteria. The purpose of this study was to determine the maternal and developmental toxicity of NaN(3) in rats. Sperm-positive Sprague-Dawley rats were treated with NaN(3) via oral gavage once daily from Gestation Day (GD) 6 through 19 at respective dose levels of 0, 1, 5, and 17.5mg/kg/day. From GD 10-12, the high-dose was reduced to 10mg/kg/day due to maternal mortality. Cesarean section was performed on GD 20 and implantation and resorptions sites, live and dead fetuses were counted. Fetuses were weighed, sexed externally and processed for gross external, visceral and skeletal examinations. A high rate of maternal mortality; reduced gestation body weight, gestation body weight changes and food consumption; decreased corrected body weight and corrected weight gain were observed at 17.5/10mg/kg/day. Fetal weight was also reduced at 17.5/10mg/kg/day. There were no maternal deaths, clinical signs or body weight effects that were considered related to NaN(3) at 1 and 5mg/kg/day. No increase in the incidence of malformations and variations were observed at any of the doses evaluated. Based on the results of this study, the No Observed Adverse Effect Level (NOAEL) and the Lowest Observed Adverse Effect Level (LOAEL) for maternal and developmental toxicity of NaN(3) in rats were considered to be 5 and 17.5/10mg/kg/day, respectively.
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