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Pacyga DC, Papandonatos GD, Rosas L, Whalen J, Smith S, Park JS, Gardiner JC, Braun JM, Schantz SL, Strakovsky RS. Associations of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances with maternal early second trimester sex-steroid hormones. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2024; 259:114380. [PMID: 38657330 PMCID: PMC11127781 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2024.114380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Pregnant women are exposed to persistent environmental contaminants, including per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) that disrupt thyroid function. However, it is unclear if PFAS alter maternal sex-steroid hormone levels, which support pregnancy health and fetal development. METHODS In Illinois women with relatively high socioeconomic status (n = 460), we quantified perfluorononanoic (PFNA), perfluorooctane sulfonic (PFOS), perfluorooctanoic (PFOA), methyl-perfluorooctane sulfonamide acetic acid, perfluorohexanesulphonic (PFHxS), perfluorodecanoic (PFDeA), and perfluoroundecanoic (PFUdA) acid concentrations in fasting serum samples at median 17 weeks gestation, along with plasma progesterone, testosterone, and estradiol. We evaluated covariate-adjusted associations of ln-transformed hormones with each ln-transformed PFAS individually using linear regression and with the PFAS mixture using quantile-based g-computation (QGComp). RESULTS Interquartile range (IQR) increases in PFOS were associated with higher progesterone (%Δ 3.0; 95%CI: -0.6, 6.6) and estradiol (%Δ: 8.1; 95%CI: 2.2, 14.4) levels. Additionally, PFHxS was positively associated with testosterone (%Δ: 10.2; 95%CI: 4.0, 16.7), whereas both PFDeA and PFUdA were inversely associated with testosterone (%Δ: -5.7; 95%CI: -10.3, -0.8, and %Δ: -4.1; 95%CI: -7.6, -0.4, respectively). The IQR-standardized PFAS mixture was not associated with progesterone (%Δ: 1.6; 95%CI: -5.8, 9.2), due equal partial positive (%Δ: 9.2; driven by PFOA) and negative (%Δ: -7.4; driven by PFOS) mixture associations. Similarly, the mixture was not associated with testosterone (%Δ: 5.3; 95%CI: -9.0, 20.1), due to similar partial positive (%Δ: 23.6; driven by PFHxS) and negative (%Δ: -17.4; driven by PFDeA) mixture associations. However, we observed a slightly stronger partial positive (%Δ: 25.6; driven by PFOS and PFUdA) than negative (%Δ: -16.3; driven by PFOA) association resulting in an overall non-significant positive trend between the mixture and estradiol (%Δ: 8.5; 95%CI: -3.7, 20.9). CONCLUSION PFAS mixture modeled using QGComp was not associated with maternal sex-steroid hormones due to potential opposing effects of certain PFAS. Additional prospective studies could corroborate these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana C Pacyga
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; Institute for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | | | - Libeth Rosas
- The Beckman Institute, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL 61801, USA
| | - Jason Whalen
- Michigan Diabetes Research Center Chemistry Laboratory, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Sabrina Smith
- Environmental Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Toxic Substances Control, California Environmental Protection Agency, Berkeley, CA 94710, USA
| | - June-Soo Park
- Environmental Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Toxic Substances Control, California Environmental Protection Agency, Berkeley, CA 94710, USA; Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Joseph C Gardiner
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Joseph M Braun
- Department of Epidemiology, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Susan L Schantz
- The Beckman Institute, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL 61801, USA; Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL 61802, USA
| | - Rita S Strakovsky
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; Institute for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
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2
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Degitz SJ, Olker JH, Denny JS, Degoey PP, Hartig PC, Cardon MC, Eytcheson SA, Haselman JT, Mayasich SA, Hornung MW. In vitro screening of per- and polyfluorinated substances (PFAS) for interference with seven thyroid hormone system targets across nine assays. Toxicol In Vitro 2024; 95:105762. [PMID: 38072180 PMCID: PMC11081714 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2023.105762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
The US Environmental Protection Agency is evaluating the ecological and toxicological effects of per- and polyfluorinated chemicals. A number of perfluorinated chemicals have been shown to impact the thyroid axis in vivo suggesting that the thyroid hormone system is a target of these chemicals. The objective of this study was to evaluate the activity of 136 perfluorinated chemicals at seven key molecular initiating events (MIE) within the thyroid axis using nine in vitro assays. The potential MIE targets investigated are Human Iodothyronine Deiodinase 1 (hDIO1), Human Iodothyronine Deiodinase 2 (hDIO2), Human Iodothyronine Deiodinase 3 (hDIO3), Xenopus Iodothyronine Deiodinase (xDIO3); Human Iodotyrosine Deiodinase (hIYD), Xenopus Iodotyrosine Deiodinase (xIYD), Human Thyroid Peroxidase (hTPO); and the serum binding proteins Human Transthyretin (hTTR) and Human Thyroxine Binding Globulin (hTBG). Of the 136 PFAS chemicals tested, 85 had sufficient activity to produce a half-maximal effect concentration (EC50) in at least one of the nine assays. In general, most of these PFAS chemicals did not have strong potency towards the seven MIEs examined, apart from transthyretin binding, for which several PFAS had potency similar to the respective model inhibitor. These data sets identify potentially active PFAS chemicals to prioritize for further testing in orthogonal in vitro assays and at higher levels of biological organization to evaluate their capacity for altering the thyroid hormone system and causing potential adverse health and ecological effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sigmund J Degitz
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure (CCTE), Great Lakes Toxicology and Ecology Division (GLTED), Duluth, MN 55804, USA.
| | - Jennifer H Olker
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure (CCTE), Great Lakes Toxicology and Ecology Division (GLTED), Duluth, MN 55804, USA
| | - Jeffery S Denny
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure (CCTE), Great Lakes Toxicology and Ecology Division (GLTED), Duluth, MN 55804, USA
| | - Philip P Degoey
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure (CCTE), Great Lakes Toxicology and Ecology Division (GLTED), Duluth, MN 55804, USA
| | - Phillip C Hartig
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, Public Health and Integrated Toxicology Division, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Mary C Cardon
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, Public Health and Integrated Toxicology Division, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Stephanie A Eytcheson
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure (CCTE), Great Lakes Toxicology and Ecology Division (GLTED), Duluth, MN 55804, USA; Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Jonathan T Haselman
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure (CCTE), Great Lakes Toxicology and Ecology Division (GLTED), Duluth, MN 55804, USA
| | - Sally A Mayasich
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure (CCTE), Great Lakes Toxicology and Ecology Division (GLTED), Duluth, MN 55804, USA; Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Michael W Hornung
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure (CCTE), Great Lakes Toxicology and Ecology Division (GLTED), Duluth, MN 55804, USA
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Ko MY, Park H, Chon SH, Kim YB, Cha SW, Lee BS, Hyun SA, Ka M. Differential regulations of neural activity and survival in primary cortical neurons by PFOA or PFHpA. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 352:141379. [PMID: 38316277 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.141379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Perfluorinated compounds (PFCs), organofluoride compounds comprising carbon-fluorine and carbon-carbon bonds, are used as water and oil repellents in textiles and pharmaceutical tablets; however, they are associated with potential neurotoxic effects. Moreover, the impact of PFCs on neuronal survival, activity, and regulation within the brain remains unclear. Additionally, the mechanisms through which PFCs induce neuronal toxicity are not well-understood because of the paucity of data. This study elucidates that perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluoroheptanoic acid (PFHpA) exert differential effects on the survival and activity of primary cortical neurons. Although PFOA triggers apoptosis in cortical neurons, PFHpA does not exhibit this effect. Instead, PFHpA modifies dendritic spine morphogenesis and synapse formation in primary cortical neuronal cultures, additionally enhancing neural activity and synaptic transmission. This research uncovers a novel mechanism through which PFCs (PFHpA and PFOA) cause distinct alterations in dendritic spine morphogenesis and synaptic activity, shedding light on the molecular basis for the atypical behaviors noted following PFC exposure. Understanding the distinct effects of PFHpA and PFOA could guide regulatory policies on PFC usage and inform clinical approaches to mitigate their neurotoxic effects, especially in vulnerable population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moon Yi Ko
- Department of Advanced Toxicology Research, Korea Institute of Toxicology, KRICT, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Heejin Park
- Department of Advanced Toxicology Research, Korea Institute of Toxicology, KRICT, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea; Collage of Veterinary of Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, Jeonbuk 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun-Hwa Chon
- Department of Advanced Toxicology Research, Korea Institute of Toxicology, KRICT, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Bum Kim
- Department of Advanced Toxicology Research, Korea Institute of Toxicology, KRICT, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Sin-Woo Cha
- Department of Nonclinical Studies, Korea Institute of Toxicology, KRICT, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Byoung-Seok Lee
- Department of Advanced Toxicology Research, Korea Institute of Toxicology, KRICT, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sung-Ae Hyun
- Department of Advanced Toxicology Research, Korea Institute of Toxicology, KRICT, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea.
| | - Minhan Ka
- Department of Advanced Toxicology Research, Korea Institute of Toxicology, KRICT, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea.
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Zhang H, Wang S, Chen Y, Li J, Zhai Y, Tang Y, Li H, Sang J, Wang H, Lv J, Ge RS. Carbon chain length of perfluoroalkylated carboxylic acids determines inhibitory strength on gonadal 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases in humans, rats, and mice. Toxicol Lett 2023; 389:45-58. [PMID: 37871704 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2023.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 10/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
Perfluoroalkylated carboxylic acids (PFCAs) are a subclass of man-made chemicals that have been widely used in industrial production and consumer products. As a result, PFCAs have been found to accumulate in the environment and bioaccumulate in organisms, leading to potential health and environmental impacts. This study investigated the inhibition of 11 PFCAs on gonadal 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases in humans, rats, and mice. We observed a V-shaped inhibition pattern against human granulosa (KGN) cell 3β-HSD2 starting from C9 (half-maximal inhibitory concentration, IC50, 100.8 μM) to C11 (8.92 μM), with a V-shaped turn. The same V-shaped inhibition pattern was also observed for PFCAs against rat testicular 3β-HSD1 from C9 (IC50, 50.43 μM) to C11 (6.60 μM). Mouse gonadal 3β-HSD6 was insensitive to the inhibition of PFCAs, with an IC50 of 50.43 μM for C11. All of these PFCAs were mixed inhibitors of gonadal 3β-HSDs. Docking analysis showed that PFCAs bind to the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+)/steroid binding sites of these enzymes and bivariate correlation analysis showed that molecular length determines the inhibitory pattern of PFCAs on these enzymes. In conclusion, the carbon chain length determines the inhibitory strength of PFCAs on human, rat, and mouse gonadal 3β-HSDs, and the inhibitory strength of PFCAs against human and rat 3β-HSD enzymes shows V-shaped turn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huina Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Shaowei Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Ya Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Jingjing Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Yingna Zhai
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Yunbing Tang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Huitao Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Jianmin Sang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Hong Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Jieqiang Lv
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China.
| | - Ren-Shan Ge
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China.
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5
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Liu Y, Yu G, Zhang R, Feng L, Zhang J. Early life exposure to low-dose perfluorooctane sulfonate disturbs gut barrier homeostasis and increases the risk of intestinal inflammation in offspring. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 329:121708. [PMID: 37100370 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), one of the legacy per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), is associated with multiple adverse health effects on children. However, much remains to be known about its potential impacts on intestinal immune homeostasis during early life. Our study found that PFOS exposure during pregnancy in rats significantly increased the maternal serum levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and zonulin, a gut permeability biomarker, and decreased gene expressions of Tight junction protein 1 (Tjp1) and Claudin-4 (Cldn4), the tight junction proteins, in maternal colons on gestation day 20 (GD20). Being exposed to PFOS during pregnancy and lactation in rats significantly decreased the body weight of pups and increased the offspring's serum levels of IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) on postnatal day 14 (PND14), and induced a disrupted gut tight junction, manifested by decreased expressions of Tjp1 in pup's colons on PND14 and increased pup's serum concentrations of zonulin on PND28. By integrating high-throughput 16S rRNA sequencing and metabolomics, we demonstrated that early-life PFOS exposure altered the diversity and composition of gut microbiota that were correlated with the changed metabolites in serum. The altered blood metabolome was associated with increased proinflammatory cytokines in offspring. These changes and correlations were divergent at each developmental stage, and pathways underlying immune homeostasis imbalance were significantly enriched in the PFOS-exposed gut. Our findings provide new evidence for the developmental toxicity of PFOS and its underlying mechanism and explain in part the epidemiological observation of its immunotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongjie Liu
- Ministry of Education and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Health Impact Assessment of Emerging Contaminants, Shanghai Academy of Environment Sciences, Shanghai, 200233, PR China
| | - Guoqi Yu
- Ministry of Education and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Ruiyuan Zhang
- Ministry of Education and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Liping Feng
- Ministry of Education and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, China; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, USA
| | - Jun Zhang
- Ministry of Education and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, China.
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Li Z, Lin Z, Ji S, Lai KP, Wan HT, Wong CKC, Li L. Perfluorooctanesulfonic acid exposure altered hypothalamic metabolism and disturbed male fecundity. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 844:156881. [PMID: 35753445 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have examined the effects of perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) on disruption of the blood-testis barrier and spermatogenesis. Sertoli and Leydig cells were perturbed, resulting in a decrease in testosterone levels and sperm counts. However, the effects of PFOS on male fecundity are not limited to the testes. In this study, we demonstrated that oral PFOS exposure (1 μg/g BW and 5 μg/g BW) decreased the function of the Luteinizing hormone (LH)/Luteinizing hormone receptor (LHr) and decreased epididymal sperm motility. Consistently, testicular transcriptome analysis revealed that PFOS altered the expression of a cluster of genes associated with sperm motility and steroidogenesis. In mice exposed to PFOS, c-Fos immunostaining showed activation of the lateral septal nucleus (LS), paraventricular thalamus (PVT), locus coeruleus (LC), which are known to be related to anxiety-like behaviors. Metabolomic analyses of the hypothalamus revealed that exposure to PFOS perturbed the translation of proteins, as well as the biosynthesis of neurotransmitters and neuromodulators. Altogether, the activation of brain nuclei, shift of hypothalamic metabolome, and reduction of LH/LHr circuit resulted from PFOS exposure suggested the toxicant's systematic effects on male reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zijie Li
- Croucher Institute for Environmental Sciences, Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China; The Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Ziyi Lin
- The Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Shuqin Ji
- The Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Keng-Po Lai
- Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Integrative Omics, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Microenvironmental Regulation, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 530022, China
| | - Hin-Ting Wan
- Croucher Institute for Environmental Sciences, Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
| | - Chris Kong Chu Wong
- Croucher Institute for Environmental Sciences, Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China.
| | - Lei Li
- The Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518000, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Behavior, CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Manipulation, Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen 518000, China.
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Bell KS, O’Shaughnessy KL. The development and function of the brain barriers - an overlooked consideration for chemical toxicity. FRONTIERS IN TOXICOLOGY 2022; 4:1000212. [PMID: 36329715 PMCID: PMC9622783 DOI: 10.3389/ftox.2022.1000212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well known that the adult brain is protected from some infections and toxic molecules by the blood-brain and the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barriers. Contrary to the immense data collected in other fields, it is deeply entrenched in environmental toxicology that xenobiotics easily permeate the developing brain because these barriers are either absent or non-functional in the fetus and newborn. Here we review the cellular and physiological makeup of the brain barrier systems in multiple species, and discuss decades of experiments that show they possess functionality during embryogenesis. We next present case studies of two chemical classes, perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) and bisphenols, and discuss their potential to bypass the brain barriers. While there is evidence to suggest these pollutants may enter the developing and/or adult brain parenchyma, many studies suffer from confounding technical variables which complicates data interpretation. In the future, a more formal consideration of brain barrier biology could not only improve understanding of chemical toxicokinetics but could assist in prioritizing environmental xenobiotics for their neurotoxicity risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiersten S. Bell
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Public Health Integrated Toxicology Division, Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States,Oak Ridge Institute for Science Education, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
| | - Katherine L. O’Shaughnessy
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Public Health Integrated Toxicology Division, Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States,*Correspondence: Katherine L. O’Shaughnessy,
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Wang P, Liu D, Yan S, Cui J, Liang Y, Ren S. Adverse Effects of Perfluorooctane Sulfonate on the Liver and Relevant Mechanisms. TOXICS 2022; 10:toxics10050265. [PMID: 35622678 PMCID: PMC9144769 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10050265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) is a persistent, widely present organic pollutant. PFOS can enter the human body through drinking water, ingestion of food, contact with utensils containing PFOS, and occupational exposure to PFOS, and can have adverse effects on human health. Increasing research shows that the liver is the major target of PFOS, and that PFOS can damage liver tissue and disrupt its function; however, the exact mechanisms remain unclear. In this study, we reviewed the adverse effects of PFOS on liver tissue and cells, as well as on liver function, to provide a reference for subsequent studies related to the toxicity of PFOS and liver injury caused by PFOS.
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Weng X, Liang H, Tan Y, Chen J, Fei Q, Liu S, Guo X, Wen L, Wu Y, Jing C. Mixed effects of perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances exposure on cognitive function among people over 60 years old from NHANES. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:32093-32104. [PMID: 35013956 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-17789-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The relationship between perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) and cognitive function are inconsistent, and the mixed effects of PFAS on cognitive function are still unclear. We aimed to evaluate the joint effects of PFAS on cognitive function assessed using four tests as follows: the Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer's Disease Immediate Recall Test (IRT), Delayed Recall Test (DRT), the Animal Fluency Test (AFT), and the Digit Symbol Substitution Test (DSST) in the US elderly. A total of 777 individuals aged ≥ 60 from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2011-2014 were included in this study. Multivariable logistic regression and Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR) were constructed to estimate the overall and the individual effects of PFAS exposure on cognitive function. There were 21.36%, 22.65%, 21.62%, and 21.24% participants with cognitive decline in IRT, DRT, AFT, and DSST, respectively. After multivariable adjustment, perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) was inversely associated with cognitive decline in IRT, DRT, and AFT, while no significant association was observed between any other PFAS and cognitive decline. Compared with the lowest quartile, the adjusted odds ratio of cognitive decline with a 95% confidence interval (CI) for the highest quartile of PFOA was 0.33 (95% CI: 0.15-0.69) in IRT, 0.50 (0.26-0.96) in DRT, and 0.45 (0.21-0.95) in AFT. In BKMR analysis, the overall effect of mixtures was significantly protective on cognitive decline in IRT, of which PFOA made the greatest contribution. The consistent protective effect in DRT and DSST was observed when all the chemicals were at their 50th percentile or below it. No significant interaction was observed among PFAS for cognitive function. These findings suggested that PFAS mixture at a low level of current exposure of the US population may have a protective effect on cognitive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueqiong Weng
- Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, Jinan University, No. 601 Huangpu Ave West, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong, China
| | - Huanzhu Liang
- Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, Jinan University, No. 601 Huangpu Ave West, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong, China
| | - Yuxuan Tan
- Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, Jinan University, No. 601 Huangpu Ave West, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong, China
| | - Jingmin Chen
- Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, Jinan University, No. 601 Huangpu Ave West, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong, China
| | - Qiaoyuan Fei
- Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, Jinan University, No. 601 Huangpu Ave West, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong, China
| | - Shan Liu
- Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, Jinan University, No. 601 Huangpu Ave West, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong, China
| | - Xinrong Guo
- Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, Jinan University, No. 601 Huangpu Ave West, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong, China
| | - Lin Wen
- Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, Jinan University, No. 601 Huangpu Ave West, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong, China
| | - Yingying Wu
- Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, Jinan University, No. 601 Huangpu Ave West, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong, China
| | - Chunxia Jing
- Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, Jinan University, No. 601 Huangpu Ave West, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong, China.
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposure and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong, China.
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10
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Wu J, Wang F, Wang Z, Hu H, Yang L, Fu H. Global performance and trends of research on per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) between 2001 and 2018 using bibliometric analysis. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 295:133853. [PMID: 35122817 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.133853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Revised: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are widely used in food packaging, non-stick pots, and surfactants. However, their persistence in the environment, hazardous nature, and potential for bioaccumulation and long-range transport have alarmed an increasing number of scholars and research institutions. Although several literature reviews on PFASs research exist, only a few of them have considered bibliometric indices. In this study, 3,373 PFASs-related articles published between 2001 and 2018 were analyzed using a bibliometric analysis method based on the Science Citation Index (SCI) Expanded. The software tools for mapping knowledge domain (MKD) (VOSviewer and Science of Science (Sci2)) were used to analyze the performance of contributors and PFASs research topics, hotspots, and trends. Our results reveal that the number of PFASs-related articles published annually has increased significantly, with most originating from the United States (followed by those from China). The Chinese Academy of Sciences has published the most articles. A comprehensive analysis of title, keywords, and keywords plus showed that PFASs research hotspots include humans, precursors, and detection methods, with the main focuses being environmental science, toxicology, and environmental engineering. The four main research topics of PFASs were identified, and a literature review was carried out for each one. Overall, this study can supply researchers with a deeper understanding of the development of PFASs studies and provide a comprehensive data reference for researchers to further grasp the research direction in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wu
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Resource and Environmental System Optimization, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, 102206, PR China
| | - Fan Wang
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Resource and Environmental System Optimization, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, 102206, PR China
| | - Ziwei Wang
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Resource and Environmental System Optimization, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, 102206, PR China
| | - Huimin Hu
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Resource and Environmental System Optimization, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, 102206, PR China
| | - Lina Yang
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Resource and Environmental System Optimization, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, 102206, PR China
| | - Huizhen Fu
- Department of Information Resources Management, School of Public Affairs, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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11
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Starnes HM, Rock KD, Jackson TW, Belcher SM. A Critical Review and Meta-Analysis of Impacts of Per- and Polyfluorinated Substances on the Brain and Behavior. FRONTIERS IN TOXICOLOGY 2022; 4:881584. [PMID: 35480070 PMCID: PMC9035516 DOI: 10.3389/ftox.2022.881584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are a class of structurally diverse synthetic organic chemicals that are chemically stable, resistant to degradation, and persistent in terrestrial and aquatic environments. Widespread use of PFAS in industrial processing and manufacturing over the last 70 years has led to global contamination of built and natural environments. The brain is a lipid rich and highly vascularized organ composed of long-lived neurons and glial cells that are especially vulnerable to the impacts of persistent and lipophilic toxicants. Generally, PFAS partition to protein-rich tissues of the body, primarily the liver and blood, but are also detected in the brains of humans, wildlife, and laboratory animals. Here we review factors impacting the absorption, distribution, and accumulation of PFAS in the brain, and currently available evidence for neurotoxic impacts defined by disruption of neurochemical, neurophysiological, and behavioral endpoints. Emphasis is placed on the neurotoxic potential of exposures during critical periods of development and in sensitive populations, and factors that may exacerbate neurotoxicity of PFAS. While limitations and inconsistencies across studies exist, the available body of evidence suggests that the neurobehavioral impacts of long-chain PFAS exposures during development are more pronounced than impacts resulting from exposure during adulthood. There is a paucity of experimental studies evaluating neurobehavioral and molecular mechanisms of short-chain PFAS, and even greater data gaps in the analysis of neurotoxicity for PFAS outside of the perfluoroalkyl acids. Whereas most experimental studies were focused on acute and subchronic impacts resulting from high dose exposures to a single PFAS congener, more realistic exposures for humans and wildlife are mixtures exposures that are relatively chronic and low dose in nature. Our evaluation of the available human epidemiological, experimental, and wildlife data also indicates heightened accumulation of perfluoroalkyl acids in the brain after environmental exposure, in comparison to the experimental studies. These findings highlight the need for additional experimental analysis of neurodevelopmental impacts of environmentally relevant concentrations and complex mixtures of PFAS.
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12
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Su S, Billy LJ, Chang S, Gonzalez FJ, Patterson AD, Peters JM. The role of mouse and human peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α in modulating the hepatic effects of perfluorooctane sulfonate in mice. Toxicology 2022; 465:153056. [PMID: 34861291 PMCID: PMC10292111 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2021.153056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) is a stable environmental contaminant that can activate peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα). In the present work, the specific role of mouse and human PPARα in mediating the hepatic effects of PFOS was examined in short-term studies using wild type, Ppara-null and PPARA-humanized mice. Mice fed 0.006 % PFOS for seven days (∼10 mg/kg/day), or 0.003 % PFOS for twenty-eight days (∼5 mg/kg/day), exhibited higher liver and serum PFOS concentrations compared to controls. Relative liver weights were also higher following exposure to dietary PFOS in all three genotypes as compared vehicle fed control groups. Histopathological examination of liver sections from mice treated for twenty-eight days with 0.003 % PFOS revealed a phenotype consistent with peroxisome proliferation, in wild-type and PPARA-humanized mice that was not observed in Ppara-null mice. With both exposures, expression of the PPARα target genes, Acox1, Cyp4a10, was significantly increased in wild type mice but not in Ppara-null or PPARA-humanized mice. By contrast, expression of the constitutive androstane receptor (CAR) target gene, Cyp2b10, and the pregnane X receptor (PXR) target gene, Cyp3a11, were higher in response to PFOS administration in all three genotypes compared to controls for both exposure periods. These results indicate that mouse PPARα can be activated in the liver by PFOS causing increased expression of Acox1, Cyp4a10 and histopathological changes in the liver. While histopathological analyses indicated the presence of mouse PPARα-dependent hepatic peroxisome proliferation in wild-type (a response associated with activation of PPARα) and a similar phenotype in PPARA-humanized mice, the lack of increased Acox1 and Cyp4a10 mRNA by PFOS in PPARA-humanized mice indicates that the human PPARα was not as responsive to PFOS as mouse PPARα with this dose regimen. Moreover, results indicate that hepatomegaly caused by PFOS does not require mouse or human PPARα and could be due to effects induced by activation of CAR and/or PXR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengzhong Su
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences and The Center for Molecular Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States.
| | - Laura J Billy
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences and The Center for Molecular Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Sue Chang
- Corporate Occupational Medicine, 3M Company, St. Paul, MN, United States
| | - Frank J Gonzalez
- Laboratory of Metabolism, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Andrew D Patterson
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences and The Center for Molecular Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Jeffrey M Peters
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences and The Center for Molecular Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
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13
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Peripherally administered persistent organic pollutants distribute to the brain of developing chicken embryo in concentrations relevant for human exposure. Neurotoxicology 2021; 88:79-87. [PMID: 34757084 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2021.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) can reach the fetal brain and contribute to developmental neurotoxicity. To explore the distribution of POPs to the fetal brain, we exposed chicken embryos to a POP mixture, containing 29 different compounds with concentrations based on blood levels measured in the Scandinavian human population. The mixture was injected into the allantois at embryonic day 13 (E13), aiming at a theoretical concentration of 10 times human blood levels. POPs concentrations in the brain were measured at 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 6, 24, 48, and 72 h after administration. Twenty-seven of the individual compounds were detected during at least one of the time-points analyzed. Generally, the concentrations of most of the measured compounds were within the order of magnitude of those reported in human brain samples. Differences in the speed of distribution to the brain were observed between the per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs), which have protein binding potential, and the lipophilic polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and brominated flame retardants (BFRs). Based on pharmacokinetic modeling, PFASs were best described by a one compartment model. PFASs displayed relatively slow elimination (Kel) and persisted at high levels in the brain. Lipophilic OCPs and PCBs could be fitted to a 2-compartment model. These showed high levels in the brain relative to the dose administrated as calculated by area under the curve (AUC)/Dose. Altogether, our study showed that chicken is a suitable model to explore the distribution of POPs into the developing brain at concentrations which are relevant for humans.
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14
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Pierozan P, Karlsson O. Differential susceptibility of rat primary neurons and neural stem cells to PFOS and PFOA toxicity. Toxicol Lett 2021; 349:61-68. [PMID: 34126183 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2021.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Per and polifluorinated substances (PFAS) are ubiquitous and persistent contaminants. Studies have indicated that fetuses and infants can be exposed to these chemicals in utero and through breastfeeding. Despite this, limited data about their effects on brain development are available. Here, we compared the effects of perfluoroctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) exposure in rat primary neurons and neural stem cells (NSC). Treatment with 1-250 μM of either of these compounds caused no effects on cell viability or proliferation in primary neurons, while PFOS exposure increased the NSC proliferation already at the lowest concentration tested (1-100 μM). Further analysis showed that both PFOS and PFOA caused morphological alterations of NSC-derived neurons. The neurons derived from NSC treated with either of the PFAS demonstrated a decrease in cell body area. Exposure to 1 and 10 μM PFOA also affected the neurite network and caused an increase in the number of processes and branches per cell. None of the PFAS caused morphological alterations in primary neurons. These data suggest that NSC, mimicking the immature brain, is clearly more susceptible to PFOS and PFOA exposure than the primary neurons. The PFAS-induced alterations in NSC may be related to neurobehavioral alterations observed in rodents developmentally exposed to these compounds, and show the importance to consider the effects of these compounds on human brain development and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Pierozan
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, Stockholm, 114 18, Sweden.
| | - Oskar Karlsson
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, Stockholm, 114 18, Sweden
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15
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Andersen ME, Hagenbuch B, Apte U, Corton JC, Fletcher T, Lau C, Roth WL, Staels B, Vega GL, Clewell HJ, Longnecker MP. Why is elevation of serum cholesterol associated with exposure to perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in humans? A workshop report on potential mechanisms. Toxicology 2021; 459:152845. [PMID: 34246716 PMCID: PMC9048712 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2021.152845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Serum concentrations of cholesterol are positively correlated with exposure to perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) in humans. The associated change in cholesterol is small across a broad range of exposure to PFOA and PFOS. Animal studies generally have not indicated a mechanism that would account for the association in humans. The extent to which the relationship is causal is an open question. Nonetheless, the association is of particular importance because increased serum cholesterol has been considered as an endpoint to derive a point of departure in at least one recent risk assessment. To gain insight into potential mechanisms for the association, both causal and non-causal, an expert workshop was held Oct 31 and Nov 1, 2019 to discuss relevant data and propose new studies. In this report, we summarize the relevant background data, the discussion among the attendees, and their recommendations for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bruno Hagenbuch
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd - MS 1018, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA.
| | - Udayan Apte
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd - MS 1018, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA.
| | - J Christopher Corton
- Advanced Experimental Toxicology Models Branch, Biomolecular and Computational Toxicology Division, Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, US Environmental Protection Agency, 109 T.W. Alexander Dr., MD B105-03, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA.
| | - Tony Fletcher
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, UK.
| | - Christopher Lau
- Reproductive and Developmental Toxicology Branch, Public Health and Integrated Toxicology Division, Mail Code B105-04, Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA.
| | - William L Roth
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration (Retired), Numerical Animals, 16005 Frontier Rd., Reno, NV 89508, USA.
| | - Bart Staels
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU de Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1011-EGID, F-59019 Lille, France.
| | - Gloria L Vega
- Center for Human Nutrition, Dallas, TX, USA; Department of Clinical Nutrition, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX 75390-9052, USA.
| | - Harvey J Clewell
- Ramboll US Consulting, Inc., 3214 Charles B. Root Wynd, Suite 130, Raleigh, NC 27612, USA.
| | - Matthew P Longnecker
- Ramboll US Consulting, Inc., 3214 Charles B. Root Wynd, Suite 130, Raleigh, NC 27612, USA.
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16
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Tian J, Hong Y, Li Z, Yang Z, Lei B, Liu J, Cai Z. Immunometabolism-modulation and immunotoxicity evaluation of perfluorooctanoic acid in macrophage. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 215:112128. [PMID: 33773150 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Revised: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) is one of the most commonly used perfluorinated chemicals in industry. Wide concerns of PFOA toxicity are increased in recent years. However, report on immunotoxicity of PFOA was quite limited. This study aimed to investigate the immunotoxicity of PFOA exposure on macrophage RAW264.7. We assessed the effects of PFOA exposure on macrophage cell viability, cell apoptosis and cellular ROS level, and detected prominent cytokines release by RAW264.7. The results indicated that the cell viability of macrophage RAW264.7 was decreased by PFOA in dose- and time-dependent manners. Specifically, the exposure of 200 μM PFOA significantly increased apoptosis and ROS generation in macrophage, and thus caused cell damage. The ELISA results displayed that 100 μM PFOA exposure induced macrophage activation and enhanced cytokines secretion, including TNF-α, IL-1, IL-6, and IL-12. We also conducted nontargeted metabolomics based on LC-MS/MS and unveiled the perturbed metabolic pathways in macrophages induced by sublethal doses of PFOA (10 μM and 100 μM). Remarkably, global metabolomics results displayed that 10 μM PFOA exposure affected glutamine related pathways and the exposure at 100 μM conspicuously changed glutathione and fatty acid oxidation metabolism. These findings showed that 10 μM PFOA exposure could impel metabolic reprogramming of macrophage to trigger inflammatory response, although such dose displayed no obvious effect on cell viability, cellular ROS or apoptosis events of macrophage RAW264.7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinglin Tian
- Food Science and Technology Program, Beijing Normal University-Hong Kong Baptist University United International College, Zhuhai, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yanjun Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, China.
| | - Zhenchi Li
- Food Science and Technology Program, Beijing Normal University-Hong Kong Baptist University United International College, Zhuhai, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zhiyi Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China; Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Bo Lei
- Food Science and Technology Program, Beijing Normal University-Hong Kong Baptist University United International College, Zhuhai, China
| | - Jianjun Liu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology, Shenzhen Medical Key Discipline of Health Toxicology (2020-2024), Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Zongwei Cai
- Food Science and Technology Program, Beijing Normal University-Hong Kong Baptist University United International College, Zhuhai, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China.
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17
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Zhu Y, Yang D, Duan X, Zhang Y, Chen D, Gong Z, Liu C. Perfluorooctane sulfonate promotes doxycycline-induced liver tumor progression in male Kras v12 transgenic zebrafish. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 196:110962. [PMID: 33675800 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.110962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) is a persistent organic pollutant that has been widely detected in the environment and has caused growing international concern. The liver is the main target organ of PFOS exposure. Animal experiments have shown that PFOS exposure can increase the risk of liver tumorigenesis. However, whether PFOS can accelerate liver tumor progression is still unclear. In this study, transgenic zebrafish Tg(fabp10:rtTA2s-M2; TRE2:EGFP-KRASG12V), a hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) model that can cause liver tumorigenesis by doxycycline (DOX) induction, was used to investigate the effect of PFOS exposure in HCC progression. The male krasV12 transgenic zebrafish were exposed to 20 mg/L DOX, 500 μg/L PFOS or combined 20 mg/L DOX and 500 μg/L PFOS for 10 d. The results showed that co-treated with PFOS and DOX caused oncogenic Kras-induced liver enlargement, increased the percentages of zebrafish with HCC, and aggravated metabolic reprogramming of liver. To the best of our knowledge, this study for the first proved that PFOS could promote liver tumor progression. Decreased vitamin D level and increased fatty acid intake caused by PFOS might be responsible for the tumor-promoting effects. The results suggest that attention should be paid to the tumor-promoting effects of PFOS when assessing its environmental health risks, and these findings provide new insights into the toxicity of PFOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya Zhu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Watershed Science and Health, School of Public Health and Management, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, China
| | - Dandong Yang
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Xinbin Duan
- Yangtze River Fisheries Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan, 430223, China
| | - Yongkang Zhang
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Daqing Chen
- Yangtze River Fisheries Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan, 430223, China
| | - Zhiyuan Gong
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 117543, Singapore
| | - Chunsheng Liu
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
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18
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Mousavi SE, Delgado-Saborit JM, Godderis L. Exposure to per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances and premature skin aging. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 405:124256. [PMID: 33129602 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.124256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are a ubiquitous group of persistent chemicals distributed globally in the environment. Skin aging is a notorious process that is prematurely induced by the interaction between endogenous and exogenous factors, including exposure to environmental chemicals. The existing evidence suggests that skin absorption of PFASs through dermal contact may be an important route of exposure to these chemicals in humans. On the other hand, PFASs intake by other routes may lead to PFASs bioaccumulation in the skin via tissue bio-distribution. Additionally, the presence of PFASs in consumer and cosmetic products combined with their daily close contact with the skin could render humans readily susceptible to dermal absorption. Therefore, chronic low-dose dermal exposure to PFASs can occur in the human population, representing another important route of exposure to these chemicals. Studies indicate that PFASs can threaten skin health and contribute to premature skin aging. Initiation of inflammatory-oxidative cascades, induction of DNA damage such as telomere shortening, dysregulation of genes engaged in dermal barrier integrity and its functions, signaling of the mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway, and last but not least the down-regulation of extracellular matrix (ECM) components are among the most likely mechanisms by which PFASs can contribute to premature skin aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayed Esmaeil Mousavi
- Department of Water and Wastewater Treatment, Water and Wastewater Consulting Engineers (Design & Research), Isfahan, Iran.
| | - Juana Maria Delgado-Saborit
- Universitat Jaume I, Perinatal Epidemiology, Environmental Health and Clinical Research, School of Medicine, Castellon, Spain; ISGlobal Barcelona Institute for Global Health, Barcelona Biomedical Research Park, Barcelona, Spain; Environmental Research Group, MRC Centre for Environment and Health, Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Division of Environmental Health & Risk Management, School of Geography, Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Lode Godderis
- Laboratory for Occupational and Environmental Hygiene, Unit of Environment and Health, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; IDEWE, External Service for Prevention and Protection at Work, Interleuvenlaan 58, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
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19
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Chou WC, Lin Z. Development of a Gestational and Lactational Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic (PBPK) Model for Perfluorooctane Sulfonate (PFOS) in Rats and Humans and Its Implications in the Derivation of Health-Based Toxicity Values. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2021; 129:37004. [PMID: 33730865 PMCID: PMC7969127 DOI: 10.1289/ehp7671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is a great concern on potential adverse effects of exposure to perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) in sensitive subpopulations, such as pregnant women, fetuses, and neonates, due to its reported transplacental and lactational transfer and reproductive and developmental toxicities in animals and humans. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to develop a gestational and lactational physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model in rats and humans for PFOS to aid risk assessment in sensitive human subpopulations. METHODS Based upon existing PBPK models for PFOS, the present model addressed a data gap of including a physiologically based description of basolateral and apical membrane transporter-mediated renal reabsorption and excretion in kidneys during gestation and lactation. The model was calibrated with published rat toxicokinetic and human biomonitoring data and was independently evaluated with separate data. Monte Carlo simulation was used to address the interindividual variability. RESULTS Model simulations were generally within 2-fold of observed PFOS concentrations in maternal/fetal/neonatal plasma and liver in rats and humans. Estimated fifth percentile human equivalent doses (HEDs) based on selected critical toxicity studies in rats following U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) guidelines ranged from 0.08 to 0.91 μ g / kg per day . These values are lower than the HEDs estimated in U.S. EPA guidance (0.51 - 1.6 μ g / kg per day ) using an empirical toxicokinetic model in adults. CONCLUSIONS The results support the importance of renal reabsorption/excretion during pregnancy and lactation in PFOS dosimetry and suggest that the derivation of health-based toxicity values based on developmental toxicity studies should consider gestational/lactational dosimetry estimated from a life stage-appropriate PBPK model. This study provides a quantitative tool to aid risk reevaluation of PFOS, especially in sensitive human subpopulations, and it provides a basis for extrapolating to other per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS). All model codes and detailed tutorials are provided in the Supplemental Materials to allow readers to reproduce our results and to use this model. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP7671.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Chun Chou
- Institute of Computational Comparative Medicine, Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
| | - Zhoumeng Lin
- Institute of Computational Comparative Medicine, Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
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20
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Boesen SAH, Long M, Wielsøe M, Mustieles V, Fernandez MF, Bonefeld-Jørgensen EC. Exposure to Perflouroalkyl acids and foetal and maternal thyroid status: a review. Environ Health 2020; 19:107. [PMID: 33050930 PMCID: PMC7557068 DOI: 10.1186/s12940-020-00647-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exposure to perfluorinated-alkyl-acids (PFAAs) is ubiquitous. PFAAs are hormone-disrupting compounds that are strongly suspected to affect mother-child-health such as fetal growth. Thyroid disruption is a plausible mechanism of action. We aim to summarize the epidemiological evidence for the relation between prenatal and postnatal exposure to PFAAs and disruption of thyroid homeostasis in mothers and/or infants. METHOD Fifteen original publications on PFAAs concentrations and thyroid hormones (TH) in pregnant women and/or infants were found upon a literature search in the PubMed database. Information on exposure to seven PFAAs congeners [Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), Perfluorooctanoate (PFOA), Perfluorohexane sulfonate (PFHxS), Perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA), Perfluorodecanoic acid (PFDA), Perfluoroundecanoic acid (PFUnA), and Perfluorododecanoic acid (PFDoA)] and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), free and total thyroxine (FT4 and TT4), free and total triiodothyronine (FT3 and TT3), T3RU (Free triiodothyronine resin uptake) and FT4-index (FT4I) levels were recorded. We evaluated sampling of maternal TH by trimester, and infant TH by sex stratification. Reported associations between mother or infant PFAAs and TH were not uniformly assessed in the selected studies. RESULTS Ten out of the fifteen studies examined maternal PFAAs concentration and TSH level. Seven studies showed significant associations between TSH and exposure to six PFAAs congeners, most of them were positive. Maternal T4 and T3 were investigated in nine studies and five studies found inverse associations between exposure to six PFAAs congeners and TH (TT3, TT4, FT3, FT4 and FT4I) levels. Eight of the fifteen studies investigated PFAAs concentrations and infant TSH. Infant TSH level was significantly affected in four studies, positively in three studies. Nine studies investigated infant T4 and T3 and seven studies found significant associations with PFAAs exposure. However, both inverse and positive significant associations with infant TH were found eliciting no clear direction. CONCLUSION Results indicate a mainly positive relationship between maternal PFAAs concentrations and TSH levels, and suggestion of an inverse association with T4 and/or T3 levels. Associations of infant TH with PFAAs concentration were less consistent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie A H Boesen
- Centre for Arctic Health and Molecular Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Manhai Long
- Centre for Arctic Health and Molecular Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Maria Wielsøe
- Centre for Arctic Health and Molecular Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Vicente Mustieles
- School of Medicine, Center of Biomedical Research, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology & Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Mariana F Fernandez
- School of Medicine, Center of Biomedical Research, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology & Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Eva C Bonefeld-Jørgensen
- Centre for Arctic Health and Molecular Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
- Greenland Centre for Health Research, University of Greenland, Nuuk, Greenland.
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21
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Blake BE, Fenton SE. Early life exposure to per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) and latent health outcomes: A review including the placenta as a target tissue and possible driver of peri- and postnatal effects. Toxicology 2020; 443:152565. [PMID: 32861749 PMCID: PMC7530144 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2020.152565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are ubiquitous drinking water contaminants of concern due to mounting evidence implicating adverse health outcomes associated with exposure, including reduced kidney function, metabolic syndrome, thyroid disruption, and adverse pregnancy outcomes. PFAS have been produced in the U.S. since the 1940s and now encompass a growing chemical family comprised of diverse chemical moieties, yet the toxicological effects have been studied for relatively few compounds. Critically, exposures to some PFAS in utero are associated with adverse outcomes for both mother and offspring, such as hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (HDP), including preeclampsia, and low birth weight. Given the relationship between HDP, placental dysfunction, adverse health outcomes, and increased risk for chronic diseases in adulthood, the role of both developmental and lifelong exposure to PFAS likely contributes to disease risk in complex ways. Here, evidence for the role of some PFAS in disrupted thyroid function, kidney disease, and metabolic syndrome is synthesized with an emphasis on the placenta as a critical yet understudied target of PFAS and programming agent of adult disease. Future research efforts must continue to fill the knowledge gap between placental susceptibility to environmental exposures like PFAS, subsequent perinatal health risks for both mother and child, and latent health effects in adult offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bevin E Blake
- Curriculum in Toxicology and Environmental Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Division of the National Toxicology Program (DNTP), NTP Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), National Institute of Health (NIH), Research Triangle Park, NC, USA.
| | - Suzanne E Fenton
- Division of the National Toxicology Program (DNTP), NTP Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), National Institute of Health (NIH), Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
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22
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Hong SH, Lee SH, Yang JY, Lee JH, Jung KK, Seok JH, Kim SH, Nam KT, Jeong J, Lee JK, Oh JH. Orally Administered 6:2 Chlorinated Polyfluorinated Ether Sulfonate (F-53B) Causes Thyroid Dysfunction in Rats. TOXICS 2020; 8:toxics8030054. [PMID: 32784452 PMCID: PMC7560397 DOI: 10.3390/toxics8030054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The compound 6:2 chlorinated polyfluorinated ether sulfonate (F-53B), a replacement for perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) in the electroplating industry, has been widely detected in numerous environmental matrices, human sera, and organisms. Due to regulations that limit PFOS use, F-53B use is expected to increase. Therefore, in this study, we performed a subchronic oral toxicity study of F-53B in Sprague Dawley (SD) rats. F-53B was administered orally once daily to male and female rats for 28 days at doses of 5, 20, and 100 mg/kg/day. There were no toxicologically significant changes in F-53B-treated rats, except in the thyroid gland. However, F-53B slightly reduced the serum concentrations of thyroid hormones, including triiodothyronine and thyroxine, compared with their concentrations in the vehicle group. F-53B also induced follicular hyperplasia and was associated with increased thyroid hormone biosynthesis-associated protein expression. These results demonstrate that F-53B is a strong regulator of thyroid hormones in SD rats as it disrupts thyroid function. Thus, caution should be exercised in the industrial application of F-53B as an alternative for PFOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- So-Hye Hong
- Toxicological Research Division, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Osong, Chungcheongbuk-do 28159, Korea; (S.-H.H.); (S.H.L.); (J.-Y.Y.); (J.H.L.); (K.K.J.); (J.H.S.); (J.J.); (J.K.L.)
| | - Seung Hee Lee
- Toxicological Research Division, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Osong, Chungcheongbuk-do 28159, Korea; (S.-H.H.); (S.H.L.); (J.-Y.Y.); (J.H.L.); (K.K.J.); (J.H.S.); (J.J.); (J.K.L.)
| | - Jun-Young Yang
- Toxicological Research Division, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Osong, Chungcheongbuk-do 28159, Korea; (S.-H.H.); (S.H.L.); (J.-Y.Y.); (J.H.L.); (K.K.J.); (J.H.S.); (J.J.); (J.K.L.)
| | - Jin Hee Lee
- Toxicological Research Division, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Osong, Chungcheongbuk-do 28159, Korea; (S.-H.H.); (S.H.L.); (J.-Y.Y.); (J.H.L.); (K.K.J.); (J.H.S.); (J.J.); (J.K.L.)
| | - Ki Kyung Jung
- Toxicological Research Division, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Osong, Chungcheongbuk-do 28159, Korea; (S.-H.H.); (S.H.L.); (J.-Y.Y.); (J.H.L.); (K.K.J.); (J.H.S.); (J.J.); (J.K.L.)
| | - Ji Hyun Seok
- Toxicological Research Division, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Osong, Chungcheongbuk-do 28159, Korea; (S.-H.H.); (S.H.L.); (J.-Y.Y.); (J.H.L.); (K.K.J.); (J.H.S.); (J.J.); (J.K.L.)
| | - Sung-Hee Kim
- Severance Biomedical Science Institute, College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Seoul 03760, Korea; (S.-H.K.); (K.T.N.)
| | - Ki Taek Nam
- Severance Biomedical Science Institute, College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Seoul 03760, Korea; (S.-H.K.); (K.T.N.)
| | - Jayoung Jeong
- Toxicological Research Division, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Osong, Chungcheongbuk-do 28159, Korea; (S.-H.H.); (S.H.L.); (J.-Y.Y.); (J.H.L.); (K.K.J.); (J.H.S.); (J.J.); (J.K.L.)
| | - Jong Kwon Lee
- Toxicological Research Division, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Osong, Chungcheongbuk-do 28159, Korea; (S.-H.H.); (S.H.L.); (J.-Y.Y.); (J.H.L.); (K.K.J.); (J.H.S.); (J.J.); (J.K.L.)
| | - Jae-Ho Oh
- Toxicological Research Division, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Osong, Chungcheongbuk-do 28159, Korea; (S.-H.H.); (S.H.L.); (J.-Y.Y.); (J.H.L.); (K.K.J.); (J.H.S.); (J.J.); (J.K.L.)
- Correspondence:
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Dzierlenga MW, Moreau M, Song G, Mallick P, Ward PL, Campbell JL, Housand C, Yoon M, Allen BC, Clewell HJ, Longnecker MP. Quantitative bias analysis of the association between subclinical thyroid disease and two perfluoroalkyl substances in a single study. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 182:109017. [PMID: 31865168 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2019.109017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Revised: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) has been associated with the occurrence of thyroid disease in some epidemiologic studies. We hypothesized that in a specific epidemiologic study based on the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, the association of subclinical thyroid disease with serum concentration of PFOA and PFOS was due to reverse causality. Thyroid hormone affects glomerular filtration, which in turn affects excretion of PFOA and PFOS. We evaluated this by linking a model of thyroid disease status over the lifetime to physiologically based pharmacokinetic models of PFOA and PFOS. Using Monte Carlo methods, we simulated the target study population and analyzed the data using multivariable logistic regression. The target and simulated populations were similar with respect to age, estimated glomerular filtration rate, serum concentrations of PFOA and PFOS, and prevalence of subclinical thyroid disease. Our findings suggest that in the target study the associations with subclinical hypothyroidism were overstated and the results for subclinical hyperthyroidism were, in general, understated. For example, for subclinical hypothyroidism in men, the reported odds ratio per ln(PFOS) increase was 1.98 (95% CI 1.19-3.28), whereas in the simulated data the bias due to reverse causality gave an odds ratio of 1.19 (1.16-1.23). Our results provide evidence of bias due to reverse causality in a specific cross-sectional study of subclinical thyroid disease with exposure to PFOA and PFOS among adults.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Gina Song
- ScitoVation, LLC, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Miyoung Yoon
- ScitoVation, LLC, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA; ToxStrategies, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
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24
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Yu Y, Wang C, Zhang X, Zhu J, Wang L, Ji M, Zhang Z, Ji XM, Wang SL. Perfluorooctane sulfonate disrupts the blood brain barrier through the crosstalk between endothelial cells and astrocytes in mice. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 256:113429. [PMID: 31706766 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Revised: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), a classic environmental pollutant, is reported to accumulate in brain and induce neurotoxicity. However, little is known the route and mechanism of its entrance in brain. In the present study, ICR mice were treated with PFOS for 28 days, the cerebral PFOS were measured and the morphological and ultrastructural changes of blood-brain barrier (BBB) were observed. Also, the expression and localization of the proteins related to the cerebral damages, tight junctions (TJs) and p38 activation were detected. Additionally, U87 cells were used to explore the role of p38 in PFOS-induced damages of astrocytes. PFOS significantly decreased the expression of TJ-related proteins (ZO-1, Claudin-5, Claudin-11, Occludin) in endothelial cells and disrupted BBB, which subsequently led PFOS to astrocytes and increased the expression of the proteins related to astrocytic damages (Aquaporin 4 and S100β). These results aggravated BBB disruption and further increased the cerebral PFOS levels. Besides, phosphorylated p38 activation was involved into PFOS-induced astrocytic damages in vivo and in vitro. In conclusion, the crosstalk between endothelial cells and astrocytes facilitated the BBB disruption and increased the accumulation of PFOS in brain. Our findings provided a new insight into the toxicological and physiological profiles of PFOS-induced neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongquan Yu
- Key Lab of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, 211166, PR China; State Key Lab of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, 211166, PR China
| | - Chao Wang
- Key Lab of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, 211166, PR China; State Key Lab of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, 211166, PR China
| | - Xuhui Zhang
- Key Lab of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, 211166, PR China
| | - Jiansheng Zhu
- Key Lab of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, 211166, PR China; State Key Lab of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, 211166, PR China
| | - Li Wang
- Key Lab of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, 211166, PR China
| | - Minghui Ji
- Key Lab of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, 211166, PR China
| | - Zhan Zhang
- Key Lab of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, 211166, PR China
| | - Xiao-Ming Ji
- Key Lab of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, 211166, PR China
| | - Shou-Lin Wang
- Key Lab of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, 211166, PR China; State Key Lab of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, 211166, PR China.
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25
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Wu P, Ding C, Yan M, Qian B, Wang W, Sun P, Zhao J. Perfluorooctane sulfonate induces apoptosis via activation of FoxO3a and upregulation of proapoptotic Bcl-2 proteins in PC12 cells. J Toxicol Sci 2019; 44:657-666. [PMID: 31588057 DOI: 10.2131/jts.44.657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), a kind of organic pollutant widely found in the environment and biota, could alter normal brain development and produce cognitive dysfunction. For the past years, the neurotoxic effects of PFOS have been shown. Recent studies have proven that PFOS can induce neuronal apoptosis and cause neurotoxicity, but the regulatory proteins referred to the process have not been clarified. In this study, PC12 cells were used to investigate the changes of the expression of apoptosis-related proteins, forkhead box O3 (FoxO3a) and pro-apoptotic Bcl-2 proteins. We detected that the levels of cleaved caspase-3 and cleaved PARP were up-regulated obviously in PFOS-treated PC12 cells by using Western blotting, and that the apoptotic rate of PC12 cells was increased significantly by using flow cytometry, verifying that PFOS could induce neuronal apoptosis. Western blot analysis and immunofluorescence revealed obvious up-regulation of the expression of FoxO3a and proapoptotic Bcl-2 proteins. In addition, knockdown of FoxO3a gene inhibited Bim expression and apoptosis. According to the data, we believe that FoxO3a may play a crucial role in PFOS-induced neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Wu
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Nantong University, China
| | - Chuanjin Ding
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Central Hospital, China
| | - Meijuan Yan
- Department of Basic Medicine, The Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, China
| | - Biying Qian
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Nantong University, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Nantong University, China
| | - Pingping Sun
- Department of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nantong University, China
| | - Jianmei Zhao
- Department of Pediatrics, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong university, China
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26
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Interspecies differences in perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) toxicokinetics and application to health-based criteria. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2019; 106:239-250. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2019.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Revised: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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27
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Wang Y, Wang L, Chang W, Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Liu W. Neurotoxic effects of perfluoroalkyl acids: Neurobehavioral deficit and its molecular mechanism. Toxicol Lett 2019; 305:65-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2019.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Revised: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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28
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Du G, Hu J, Huang Z, Yu M, Lu C, Wang X, Wu D. Neonatal and juvenile exposure to perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS): Advance puberty onset and kisspeptin system disturbance in female rats. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 167:412-421. [PMID: 30368134 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2018] [Revised: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) are widespread and persistent chemicals in the environment, and limited data about their effects on puberty development are available. In order to explore the effects of neonatal and juvenile PFOA/PFOS exposure on puberty maturation, female rats were injected with PFOA or PFOS at 0.1, 1 and 10 mg/kg/day during postnatal day (PND) 1-5 or 26-30. The day of vaginal opening (VO) and first estrus were significantly advanced in 10 mg/kg PFOA, 1 and 10 mg/kg PFOS groups after neonatal and juvenile exposure. Besides, neonatal PFOA/PFOS exposure increased body weight and anogenital distance (AGD) in a non-dose-dependent manner. Estradiol and luteinizing hormone levels were also increased with more frequent occurrences of irregular estrous cycles in 0.1 and 1 mg/kg PFOA/PFOS exposure groups. Although no altered ovarian morphology was observed, follicles numbers were reduced in neonatal groups. Kiss1, Kiss1r and ERα mRNA expressions were downregulated after two periods' exposure in the hypothalamic anteroventral periventricular (AVPV) and arcuate (ARC) nuclei. PFOA/PFOS exposure also suppressed kisspeptin fiber intensities, especially at the high dose. In conclusion, neonatal and juvenile are critical exposure periods, during which puberty maturation may be vulnerable to environmental exposure of PFOA/PFOS, and kisspeptin system plays a key role during these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guizhen Du
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China; Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China; Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China.
| | - Jialei Hu
- Jiangsu Provincial Center for Diseases Control and Prevention, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Zhenyao Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China; Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Mingming Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China; Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Chuncheng Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China; Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China; Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Xinru Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China; Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China; Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Di Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China; Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China; Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China.
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29
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Knutsen HK, Alexander J, Barregård L, Bignami M, Brüschweiler B, Ceccatelli S, Cottrill B, Dinovi M, Edler L, Grasl-Kraupp B, Hogstrand C, Hoogenboom LR, Nebbia CS, Oswald IP, Petersen A, Rose M, Roudot AC, Vleminckx C, Vollmer G, Wallace H, Bodin L, Cravedi JP, Halldorsson TI, Haug LS, Johansson N, van Loveren H, Gergelova P, Mackay K, Levorato S, van Manen M, Schwerdtle T. Risk to human health related to the presence of perfluorooctane sulfonic acid and perfluorooctanoic acid in food. EFSA J 2018; 16:e05194. [PMID: 32625773 PMCID: PMC7009575 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The European Commission asked EFSA for a scientific evaluation on the risks to human health related to the presence of perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) in food. Regarding PFOS and PFOA occurrence, the final data set available for dietary exposure assessment contained a total of 20,019 analytical results (PFOS n = 10,191 and PFOA n = 9,828). There were large differences between upper and lower bound exposure due to analytical methods with insufficient sensitivity. The CONTAM Panel considered the lower bound estimates to be closer to true exposure levels. Important contributors to the lower bound mean chronic exposure were 'Fish and other seafood', 'Meat and meat products' and 'Eggs and egg products', for PFOS, and 'Milk and dairy products', 'Drinking water' and 'Fish and other seafood' for PFOA. PFOS and PFOA are readily absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract, excreted in urine and faeces, and do not undergo metabolism. Estimated human half-lives for PFOS and PFOA are about 5 years and 2-4 years, respectively. The derivation of a health-based guidance value was based on human epidemiological studies. For PFOS, the increase in serum total cholesterol in adults, and the decrease in antibody response at vaccination in children were identified as the critical effects. For PFOA, the increase in serum total cholesterol was the critical effect. Also reduced birth weight (for both compounds) and increased prevalence of high serum levels of the liver enzyme alanine aminotransferase (ALT) (for PFOA) were considered. After benchmark modelling of serum levels of PFOS and PFOA, and estimating the corresponding daily intakes, the CONTAM Panel established a tolerable weekly intake (TWI) of 13 ng/kg body weight (bw) per week for PFOS and 6 ng/kg bw per week for PFOA. For both compounds, exposure of a considerable proportion of the population exceeds the proposed TWIs.
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30
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Yuan Z, Shao X, Miao Z, Zhao B, Zheng Z, Zhang J. Perfluorooctane sulfonate induced neurotoxicity responses associated with neural genes expression, neurotransmitter levels and acetylcholinesterase activity in planarians Dugesia japonica. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 206:150-156. [PMID: 29738904 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Revised: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
As a persistent and widespread toxic organic pollutant in the environment, perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) has the potential to cause great harm to wildlife. In our study, the effects of PFOS on neurodevelopment gene expression, neurotransmitter content, neuronal morphology, acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity were examined, and the potential neurotoxicity mechanisms of PFOS were also investigated in planarians, Dugesia japonica. Using quantitative real-time PCR analysis, five neurodevelopmental related genes were measured, among which, DjotxA, DjotxB, DjFoxD, and DjFoxG were found to be down-regulated, while Djnlg was found to be up-regulated, following exposure to PFOS for 10 days compared with control groups. In addition, the neurotransmitters including dopamine, serotonin, and γ-aminobutyricacid as well as the acitivity of AChE were altered by PFOS exposure. Furthermore, PFOS exposure altered brain morphology as well as smaller cephalic ganglia which displayed reduced nerve fiber density decreased brain branches compared to controls. Our results demonstrate that neurotransmission was disturbed after exposure to PFOS and that exposure to this pollutant can cause neurotoxic defects. Results from this study provide valuable information regarding the neuro- and ecological toxicity of PFOS in aquatic animals and aquatic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuoqing Yuan
- School of Life Sciences, Shandong University of Technology, No. 266 Xincun West Road, Zibo 255000, China
| | - Xinxin Shao
- School of Life Sciences, Shandong University of Technology, No. 266 Xincun West Road, Zibo 255000, China
| | - Zili Miao
- School of Life Sciences, Shandong University of Technology, No. 266 Xincun West Road, Zibo 255000, China
| | - Bosheng Zhao
- School of Life Sciences, Shandong University of Technology, No. 266 Xincun West Road, Zibo 255000, China
| | - Ziyang Zheng
- School of Life Sciences, Shandong University of Technology, No. 266 Xincun West Road, Zibo 255000, China
| | - Jianyong Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Shandong University of Technology, No. 266 Xincun West Road, Zibo 255000, China.
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Zhao C, Hu G, Hou D, Yu L, Zhao Y, Wang J, Cao A, Zhai Y. Study on the effects of cations and anions on the removal of perfluorooctane sulphonate by nanofiltration membrane. Sep Purif Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2018.03.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Zhang S, Tan R, Pan R, Xiong J, Tian Y, Wu J, Chen L. Association of Perfluoroalkyl and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances With Premature Ovarian Insufficiency in Chinese Women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2018; 103:2543-2551. [PMID: 29986037 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2017-02783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2017] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs), a group of ubiquitous environmental chemicals with properties of endocrine disruption, are often detectable in humans. OBJECTIVE The current study investigated the association between exposure to PFAS and primary ovarian insufficiency (POI). DESIGN, PATIENTS, INTERVENTIONS, AND MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Levels of plasma PFAS were measured in 120 Chinese women with overt POI and 120 healthy control subjects from 2013 to 2016. Associations between PFAS levels and odds of POI, as well as hormonal profiles, were evaluated using multiple logistic regression and multiple linear regression models. RESULTS Levels of perfluorooctanate (PFOA), perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), and perfluorohexanesulfonate (PFHxS) were positively associated with the risks of POI (highest vs. lowest tertile, PFOA: OR, 3.80; 95% CI, 1.92-7.49; PFOS: OR, 2.81; 95% CI, 1.46-5.41; PFHxS: OR, 6.63; 95% CI, 3.22-13.65). In patients with POI, levels of PFOS and PFHxS exposure were positively associated with FSH (PFOS: adjusted β, 0.26; 95% CI, 0.15 to 0.38; PFHxS: adjusted β, 0.16; 95% CI, 0.04 to 0.28) and negatively associated with estradiol (PFOS: adjusted β, -0.30; 95% CI, -0.47 to -0.12; PFHxS: adjusted β, -0.19; 95% CI, -0.37 to -0.02). Exposure to PFOS and PFOA was associated with elevation of prolactin (PFOS: adjusted β, 0.17; 95% CI, 0.06 to 0.29; PFOA: adjusted β, 0.16; 95% CI, 0.01 to 0.30) or with a decrease of free triiodothyronine (PFOS: adjusted β, -0.88; 95% CI, -1.64 to -0.09; PFOA: adjusted β, -0.90; 95% CI, -1.88 to 0.09) and thyroxine (PFOS: adjusted β, -2.99; 95% CI, -4.52 to -1.46; PFOA: adjusted β, -3.42; 95% CI, -5.39 to -1.46). CONCLUSION High exposure to PFOA, PFOS, and PFHxS is associated with increased risk of POI in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suyun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Rongrong Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Rui Pan
- Ministry of Education-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianwei Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ying Tian
- Ministry of Education-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ling Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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Chen J, Zheng L, Tian L, Wang N, Lei L, Wang Y, Dong Q, Huang C, Yang D. Chronic PFOS Exposure Disrupts Thyroid Structure and Function in Zebrafish. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2018; 101:75-79. [PMID: 29802430 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-018-2359-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 05/12/2018] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS), as a potential endocrine disrupting chemical, is widely detected in the environment, wildlife and human. Currently few studies have documented the effects of chronic PFOS exposure on thyroid in aquatic organisms and the underlying mechanisms are largely unknown. The present study assessed the effect of chronic PFOS exposure on thyroid structure and function using zebrafish model. Zebrafish at 8 h post fertilization (hpf) were exposed to PFOS (250 µg/l) until 120 d post fertilization (dpf). Thyroid hormone (T3 and T4) level, thyroid morphology and thyroid function related gene expression were evaluated in zebrafish at 120 dpf. Our findings demonstrated that chronic PFOS exposure altered thyroid hormone level, thyroid follicular cell structure and thyroid hormone related gene expression, suggesting the validity of zebrafish as an alternative model for PFOS chronic toxicity screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangfei Chen
- Institute of Environmental Safety and Human Health, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, China
| | - Lidan Zheng
- Institute of Environmental Safety and Human Health, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, China
| | - Linjie Tian
- Institute of Environmental Safety and Human Health, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, China
| | - Nengzhuang Wang
- Institute of Environmental Safety and Human Health, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, China
| | - Lei Lei
- Institute of Environmental Safety and Human Health, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, China
| | - Yanbo Wang
- Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, 310035, China
| | - Qiaoxiang Dong
- Institute of Environmental Safety and Human Health, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, China
| | - Changjiang Huang
- Institute of Environmental Safety and Human Health, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, China.
| | - Dongren Yang
- Institute of Environmental Safety and Human Health, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, China.
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Chen X, Nie X, Mao J, Zhang Y, Yin K, Sun P, Luo J, Liu Y, Jiang S, Sun L. Perfluorooctane sulfonate mediates secretion of IL-1β through PI3K/AKT NF-кB pathway in astrocytes. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2018; 67:65-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ntt.2018.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Revised: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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35
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Chang S, Butenhoff JL, Parker GA, Coder PS, Zitzow JD, Krisko RM, Bjork JA, Wallace KB, Seed JG. Reproductive and developmental toxicity of potassium perfluorohexanesulfonate in CD-1 mice. Reprod Toxicol 2018; 78:150-168. [PMID: 29694846 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2018.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Revised: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Potassium perfluorohexanesulfonate (K+PFHxS) was evaluated for reproductive/developmental toxicity in CD-1 mice. Up to 3 mg/kg-d K+PFHxS was administered (n = 30/sex/group) before mating, for at least 42 days in F0 males, and for F0 females, through gestation and lactation. F1 pups were directly dosed with K+PFHxS for 14 days after weaning. There was an equivocal decrease in live litter size at 1 and 3 mg/kg-d, but the pup-born-to-implant ratio was unaffected. Adaptive hepatocellular hypertrophy was observed, and in 3 mg/kg-d F0 males, it was accompanied by concomitant decreased serum cholesterol and increased alkaline phosphatase. There were no other toxicologically significant findings on reproductive parameters, hematology/clinical pathology/TSH, neurobehavioral effects, or histopathology. There were no treatment-related effects on postnatal survival, development, or onset of preputial separation or vaginal opening in F1 mice. Consistent with previous studies, our data suggest that the potency of PFHxS is much lower than PFOS in rodents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sue Chang
- 3M Company, Medical Department, St. Paul, MN 55144, United States.
| | | | - George A Parker
- Charles River Pathology Associates Inc, Durham NC 27703, United States
| | - Prägati S Coder
- Charles River Laboratories, Ashland, OH 44805, United States
| | | | - Ryan M Krisko
- 3M Company, Medical Department, St. Paul, MN 55144, United States
| | - James A Bjork
- University of Minnesota Medical School, Duluth, MN 55812, United States
| | - Kendall B Wallace
- University of Minnesota Medical School, Duluth, MN 55812, United States
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Lai KP, Li JW, Cheung A, Li R, Billah MB, Chan TF, Wong CKC. Transcriptome sequencing reveals prenatal PFOS exposure on liver disorders. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2017; 223:416-425. [PMID: 28131474 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.01.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Revised: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/14/2017] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), a hepatic toxicant and a potential hepatocarcinogen, is commonly used in industrial products. The widespread contamination of PFOS in human maternal and cord blood has raised concerns about its potential risks to the fetus. It is believed that adverse environmental exposure during the critical period of embryo development can have long-lasting consequences in later life. In this report, we used transcriptome sequencing, followed by bioinformatics analysis, to elucidate the potential hepatotoxic and hepatocarcinogenic effects of prenatal PFOS exposure in the fetus. Our results demonstrated that prenatal PFOS exposure could activate the synthesis and metabolism of fatty acids and lipids, leading to liver damage and interference with liver development in the fetus. In addition, a number of cancer-promoting signaling pathways, including Wnt/β-catenin, Rac, and TGF-β, were found to be activated in the fetal liver. More importantly, hepatic transaminase activity, including aspartate aminotransferase and alanine transaminase activity, was induced in the liver of mice offspring after prenatal PFOS exposure. For the first time, our results demonstrate that the hepatotoxic effects of prenatal exposure to PFOS may predispose to a long-term liver disorder in the offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keng Po Lai
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
| | - Jing Woei Li
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Angela Cheung
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Rong Li
- Croucher Institute for Environmental Sciences, Department of Biology, Partner State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Md Baki Billah
- Department of Zoology, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka 1342, Bangladesh
| | - Ting Fung Chan
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Chris Kong Chu Wong
- Croucher Institute for Environmental Sciences, Department of Biology, Partner State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China.
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37
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Tsai MS, Lin CC, Chen MH, Hsieh WS, Chen PC. Perfluoroalkyl substances and thyroid hormones in cord blood. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2017; 222:543-548. [PMID: 28024813 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Revised: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 11/09/2016] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are pollutants that tend to accumulate in the environment and organisms. The animal and human studies to date have focused on thyroid function, but the results are inconsistent. METHODS A sample of 118 mother-infant pairs was obtained from the Taiwan Birth Panel Study (TBPS). Cord blood PFASs levels were evaluated using the Waters ACQUITY UPLC system coupled with a Waters Quattro Premier XE triple quadrupole mass spectrometer, and cord blood thyroid hormones were assessed using a Roche Analytics E170 modular analyser (Roche Diagnostics, Mannheim, Germany). PFASs concentrations were analysed in the final models to examine the associations between cord blood PFASs levels and thyroid hormone concentrations. RESULTS The cord blood perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) concentration was negatively associated with the cord blood thyroxine (T4) concentration [per ln unit: adjusted β (95% confidence interval, CI) = -0.458(-0.916, -0.001)]. Moreover, the level of cord blood thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) was positively associated with the cord blood PFOS concentration [per ln unit: adjusted β (95% confidence interval, CI) = 0.346(0.101, 0.592)]. The sex stratified effects of PFOS on T4 were suggestive of differential effects in high-exposure groups compared with low-exposure group in boys. CONCLUSIONS We found that cord blood thyroid hormone levels are affected by PFASs, with a negative association between T4 and PFOS and a positive association between TSH and PFOS. The causal associations of thyroid hormones and PFASs require further exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Shan Tsai
- Institute of Occupational Medicine and Industrial Hygiene, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Chun Lin
- Institute of Occupational Medicine and Industrial Hygiene, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Huei Chen
- Institute of Population Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Taiwan
| | - Wu-Shiun Hsieh
- Department of Pediatrics, National Taiwan University College of Medicine and Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Pau-Chung Chen
- Institute of Occupational Medicine and Industrial Hygiene, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Public Health, National Taiwan University College of Public Health, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Environmental and Occupational Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan.
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38
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Coperchini F, Awwad O, Rotondi M, Santini F, Imbriani M, Chiovato L. Thyroid disruption by perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoate (PFOA). J Endocrinol Invest 2017; 40:105-121. [PMID: 27837466 DOI: 10.1007/s40618-016-0572-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Accepted: 10/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) are two fluorinated compounds widely used in industry because of their useful chemical characteristics. They were identified as endocrine disruptors due to their ability to interfere with thyroid function. The resistance of PFOA and PFOS to environmental degradation, their bio-accumulation in food chains, and their long half-life raised concern in the scientific community, and several studies were performed with the aim to establish the real dangerousness of these compounds for the human health. PURPOSE The present review will focus on the effects of PFOA and PFOS on the thyroid gland taking into account in vitro experiments, animal studies, and human data. PFOS and PFOA reduce the circulating levels of thyroid hormones in diet-exposed animals, mainly by increasing their metabolic clearance rate. CONCLUSIONS An accumulation of PFOS and PFOA was documented in thyroid cells, and a cytotoxic effect was observed after exposure to extremely high concentrations of these compounds. In environmentally exposed communities and in the general population, the most consistent effect of exposure to PFOA, and to a less extent to PFOS, is the occurrence of hypothyroidism. Women and children appear to be more at risk of developing mild thyroid failure. Pregnant women with circulating thyroid antibodies might be at risk of developing subclinical hypothyroidism, mainly when exposed at high doses of PFOS. The relative risks for thyroid cancer in people exposed to PFOA and PFOS were low and based on a few cases. Moreover, there was no consistent finding across all or even most studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Coperchini
- Unit of Internal Medicine and Endocrinology, Laboratory for Endocrine Disruptors Fondazione, Salvatore Maugeri I.R.C.C.S., Chair of Endocrinology, University of Pavia, Via Maugeri 10, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - O Awwad
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Clinical Pharmacy, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - M Rotondi
- Unit of Internal Medicine and Endocrinology, Laboratory for Endocrine Disruptors Fondazione, Salvatore Maugeri I.R.C.C.S., Chair of Endocrinology, University of Pavia, Via Maugeri 10, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - F Santini
- Endocrinology Unit 1, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - M Imbriani
- Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - L Chiovato
- Unit of Internal Medicine and Endocrinology, Laboratory for Endocrine Disruptors Fondazione, Salvatore Maugeri I.R.C.C.S., Chair of Endocrinology, University of Pavia, Via Maugeri 10, 27100, Pavia, Italy.
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Li Z, Liu Q, Liu C, Li C, Li Y, Li S, Liu X, Shao J. Evaluation of PFOS-mediated neurotoxicity in rat primary neurons and astrocytes cultured separately or in co-culture. Toxicol In Vitro 2016; 38:77-90. [PMID: 27825932 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2016.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Revised: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) is a potential neurotoxicant reported by epidemiological investigations and experimental studies, while the underlying mechanisms are still unclear. Astrocytes not only support for the construction of neurons, but also conduct neuronal functions through glutamate-glutamine cycle in astrocyte-neuron crosstalk. In the present study, the effect of PFOS exposure on rat primary hippocampal neurons or cortex astrocytes was evaluated. Then the role of the astrocytes in PFOS-induced toxic effect on neurons was explored with astrocyte-neuron co-culture system. Exposure of rat primary hippocampal neurons to PFOS has led to oxidation-antioxidation imbalance, increased apoptosis and abnormal autophagy. The adverse effect of PFOS on rat primary cortex astrocytes manifested in the form of altered extracellular glutamate and glutamine concentrations, decreased glutamine synthase activity, as well as decreased gene expression of glutamine synthase, glutamate transporters and glutamine transporters in the glutamate-glutamine cycle. Especially, the alleviation of PFOS-inhibited neurite outgrowth in neurons could be observed in astrocyte-neuron co-culture system, though the ability of astrocytes in fostering neurite outgrowth was affected by PFOS. These results indicated that both astrocytes and neurons might be the targets of PFOS-induced neurotoxicity, and astrocytes could protect against PFOS-inhibited neurite outgrowth in primary cultured neurons. Our research might render some information in explaining the mechanisms of PFOS-induced neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenwei Li
- Department of Environmental Health and Toxicology, School of Public Health, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Qi Liu
- Department of Environmental Health and Toxicology, School of Public Health, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Chang Liu
- Department of Environmental Health and Toxicology, School of Public Health, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Chunna Li
- Department of Environmental Health and Toxicology, School of Public Health, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Yachen Li
- Department of Environmental Health and Toxicology, School of Public Health, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Shuangyue Li
- Department of Environmental Health and Toxicology, School of Public Health, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Xiaohui Liu
- Department of Environmental Health and Toxicology, School of Public Health, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China.
| | - Jing Shao
- Department of Environmental Health and Toxicology, School of Public Health, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China.
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40
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Zhuo Q, Luo M, Guo Q, Yu G, Deng S, Xu Z, Yang B, Liang X. Electrochemical Oxidation of Environmentally Persistent Perfluorooctane Sulfonate by a Novel Lead Dioxide Anode. Electrochim Acta 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2016.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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41
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Fai Tse WK, Li JW, Kwan Tse AC, Chan TF, Hin Ho JC, Sun Wu RS, Chu Wong CK, Lai KP. Fatty liver disease induced by perfluorooctane sulfonate: Novel insight from transcriptome analysis. CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 159:166-177. [PMID: 27289203 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.05.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Revised: 05/19/2016] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), a hepato-toxicant and potential non-genotoxic carcinogen, was widely used in industrial and commercial products. Recent studies have revealed the ubiquitous occurrence of PFOS in the environment and in humans worldwide. The widespread contamination of PFOS in human serum raised concerns about its long-term toxic effects and its potential risks to human health. Using fatty liver mutant foie gras (fgr(-/-))/transport protein particle complex 11 (trappc11(-/-)) and PFOS-exposed wild-type zebrafish embryos as the study model, together with RNA sequencing and comparative transcriptomic analysis, we identified 499 and 1414 differential expressed genes (DEGs) in PFOS-exposed wild-type and trappc11 mutant zebrafish, respectively. Also, the gene ontology analysis on common deregulated genes was found to be associated with different metabolic processes such as the carbohydrate metabolic process, glycerol ether metabolic process, mannose biosynthetic process, de novo' (Guanosine diphosphate) GDP-l-fucose biosynthetic process, GDP-mannose metabolic process and galactose metabolic process. Ingenuity Pathway Analysis further highlighted that these deregulated gene clusters are closely related to hepatitis, inflammation, fibrosis and cirrhosis of liver cells, suggesting that PFOS can cause liver pathogenesis and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in zebrafish. The transcriptomic alterations revealed may serve as biomarkers for the hepatotoxic effect of PFOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Ka Fai Tse
- Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China; Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
| | - Jing Woei Li
- School of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
| | - Anna Chung Kwan Tse
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR, China; The State Key Laboratory in Marine Pollution, Hong Kong SAR, China.
| | - Ting Fung Chan
- School of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
| | - Jeff Cheuk Hin Ho
- Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China.
| | - Rudolf Shiu Sun Wu
- The State Key Laboratory in Marine Pollution, Hong Kong SAR, China; Department of Science and Environmental Studies, Institute of Education, Hong Kong SAR, China.
| | - Chris Kong Chu Wong
- Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China; The State Key Laboratory in Marine Pollution, Hong Kong SAR, China.
| | - Keng Po Lai
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
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Perfluorooctane sulfonate induces neuronal vulnerability by decreasing GluR2 expression. Arch Toxicol 2016; 91:885-895. [PMID: 27155986 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-016-1731-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) is a persistent environmental contaminant. Although studies have described PFOS-induced neurotoxicity in animal brains and neuronal cells, the molecular mechanisms of PFOS-induced neurotoxicity based on the distribution properties, especially during developmental periods, have not been clarified. To clarify the mechanisms of PFOS-induced neuronal vulnerability during developmental periods, we examined changes in glutamate receptor 2 (GluR2) expression and related neurotoxicity in PFOS-treated primary cortical neurons and neonatal rat brains. Exposure of cortical neurons to 1 μM PFOS for 9 days resulted in decreased α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptor subunit GluR2 expression, which subsequently enhanced vulnerability to glutamate by increasing intracellular Ca2+ concentrations. The brain-plasma ratio of PFOS in pups was approximately five times higher than that in dams, although there were no differences in liver-plasma ratio between dams and pups. GluR2 expression in pup cerebral cortex decreased after exposure to 2.0 mg/kg PFOS, and kainic acid induced histopathological abnormalities in PFOS-exposed pups. Our findings suggest that decreased neuronal GluR2 expression is involved in PFOS-induced neurotoxicity, especially during the fetal and neonatal periods.
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Effects of Perfluorooctanoic Acid on Metabolic Profiles in Brain and Liver of Mouse Revealed by a High-throughput Targeted Metabolomics Approach. Sci Rep 2016; 6:23963. [PMID: 27032815 PMCID: PMC4817033 DOI: 10.1038/srep23963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), a perfluoroalkyl acid, can result in hepatotoxicity and neurobehavioral effects in animals. The metabolome, which serves as a connection among transcriptome, proteome and toxic effects, provides pathway-based insights into effects of PFOA. Since understanding of changes in the metabolic profile during hepatotoxicity and neurotoxicity were still incomplete, a high-throughput targeted metabolomics approach (278 metabolites) was used to investigate effects of exposure to PFOA for 28 d on brain and liver of male Balb/c mice. Results of multivariate statistical analysis indicated that PFOA caused alterations in metabolic pathways in exposed individuals. Pathway analysis suggested that PFOA affected metabolism of amino acids, lipids, carbohydrates and energetics. Ten and 18 metabolites were identified as potential unique biomarkers of exposure to PFOA in brain and liver, respectively. In brain, PFOA affected concentrations of neurotransmitters, including serotonin, dopamine, norepinephrine, and glutamate in brain, which provides novel insights into mechanisms of PFOA-induced neurobehavioral effects. In liver, profiles of lipids revealed involvement of β-oxidation and biosynthesis of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids in PFOA-induced hepatotoxicity, while alterations in metabolism of arachidonic acid suggesting potential of PFOA to cause inflammation response in liver. These results provide insight into the mechanism and biomarkers for PFOA-induced effects.
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Zhang Q, Liu W, Niu Q, Wang Y, Zhao H, Zhang H, Song J, Tsuda S, Saito N. Effects of perfluorooctane sulfonate and its alternatives on long-term potentiation in the hippocampus CA1 region of adult rats in vivo. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2016; 5:539-546. [PMID: 30090368 DOI: 10.1039/c5tx00184f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
With the limited but ongoing usage of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), the health effects of both PFOS and its alternatives are far from being understood. Long-term potentiation (LTP) was evaluated in rats after exposure to PFOS and its alternatives, aiming to provide some evidence about their potential to affect cognitive ability. Different dosages of PFOS and alternative chemicals, including perfluorohexane sulfonate (PFHxS), perfluorobutane sulfonate (PFBS) and chlorinated polyfluorinated ether sulfonate (Cl-PFAES), were given to rats via acute intracerebroventricular injection. The field excitatory postsynaptic potential (fEPSP) amplitude of the input/output functions, paired-pulse facilitations, and LTP in vivo were recorded. PFOS and its alternatives inhibited LTP in varying degrees, without significant effects on the normal synaptic transmission. In addition, PFHxS and Cl-PFAES exhibited comparable potential to PFOS in disturbing LTP. The results suggested that acute exposure to PFOS and its alternatives impaired the synaptic plasticity by a postsynaptic rather than a presynaptic mechanism. Besides, the fEPSP amplitude of the baseline was reduced by Cl-PFAES but not by other compounds, indicating that Cl-PFAES might act in a different mode. Providing some electrophysiological evidence and the potential mechanism of the neurotoxicity induced by PFOS and its alternatives, the present study addresses further evaluation of their safety and health risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE) , School of Environmental Science and Technology , Dalian University of Technology , Dalian 116024 , China . ; ; , +86-411-84706263
| | - Wei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE) , School of Environmental Science and Technology , Dalian University of Technology , Dalian 116024 , China . ; ; , +86-411-84706263
| | - Qiao Niu
- Department of Occupational Health , Shanxi Medical University , Taiyuan 030001 , Shanxi , China
| | - Yu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE) , School of Environmental Science and Technology , Dalian University of Technology , Dalian 116024 , China . ; ; , +86-411-84706263
| | - Huimin Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE) , School of Environmental Science and Technology , Dalian University of Technology , Dalian 116024 , China . ; ; , +86-411-84706263
| | - Huifang Zhang
- Department of Occupational Health , Shanxi Medical University , Taiyuan 030001 , Shanxi , China
| | - Jing Song
- Department of Occupational Health , Shanxi Medical University , Taiyuan 030001 , Shanxi , China
| | - Shuji Tsuda
- Research Institute for Environmental Sciences and Public Health of Iwate Prefecture , Morioka , Iwate , Japan
| | - Norimitsu Saito
- Research Institute for Environmental Sciences and Public Health of Iwate Prefecture , Morioka , Iwate , Japan
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Dong H, Curran I, Williams A, Bondy G, Yauk CL, Wade MG. Hepatic miRNA profiles and thyroid hormone homeostasis in rats exposed to dietary potassium perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS). ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2016; 41:201-210. [PMID: 26724606 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2015.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Revised: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) has been widely used in a variety of industrial and commercial applications as a surfactant and stain repellent. PFOS causes liver damage (including liver tumors) in experimental animals, primarily via interaction with PPARα and CAR/PXR. We investigated the involvement of microRNAs (miRNAs) in PFOS-induced hepatotoxicity, and mechanisms involved in abnormal thyroid hormone (TH) homeostasis, in the livers of adult male rats exposed in feed to 50mg PFOS/kg diet for 28 days. PFOS-treated rats exhibited expected histopathological and clinical chemistry changes, and global gene expression changes consistent with the involvement of PPARα and CAR/PXR. Thirty-eight miRNAs were significantly altered. Three members of the miR-200 family were the most increased, while miR-122-5p and miR-21-5p were the most decreased, in PFOS-treated rats. Expression of the miR-23b-3p/27b-3p/24-3p cluster also decreased in PFOS-treated animals. Pathway analysis of miRNAs and associated gene expression changes suggests involvement of epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT), which is a primary process of tumor cell motility and cancer metastasis. Our analysis also revealed transcripts that may mediate PFOS-induced effects on TH homeostasis including: activation of the CAR/PXR pathway, phase II/III enzymes, and deiodinase. These changes are consistent with low serum TH due to enhanced metabolic clearance of TH. However, most TH hepatic target genes were not altered in a manner consistent with reduced TH signaling, suggesting that PFOS exposure did not induce functional hypothyroidism. Collectively, the study suggests an important role for miRNAs in PFOS-induced hepatotoxicity and provides insight into the effects of PFOS on TH homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyan Dong
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1A 0K9
| | - Ivan Curran
- Bureau of Chemical Safety, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1A 0K9
| | - Andrew Williams
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1A 0K9
| | - Genevieve Bondy
- Bureau of Chemical Safety, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1A 0K9
| | - Carole L Yauk
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1A 0K9
| | - Michael G Wade
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1A 0K9.
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Salgado R, López-Doval S, Pereiro N, Lafuente A. Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) exposure could modify the dopaminergic system in several limbic brain regions. Toxicol Lett 2016; 240:226-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2015.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Revised: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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PFOS Disturbs BDNF-ERK-CREB Signalling in Association with Increased MicroRNA-22 in SH-SY5Y Cells. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:302653. [PMID: 26649298 PMCID: PMC4662996 DOI: 10.1155/2015/302653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), a ubiquitous environmental pollutant, is neurotoxic to mammalian species. However, the underlying mechanism of its neurotoxicity was unclear. We hypothesized that PFOS suppresses BDNF expression to produce its neurotoxic effects by inhibiting the ERK-CREB pathway. SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells were exposed to various concentrations of PFOS to examine the role of the BDNF-ERK-CREB signalling pathway in PFOS-induced apoptosis and cytotoxicity. Furthermore, to ascertain the mechanism by which PFOS reduces BDNF signalling, we examined the expression levels of miR-16 and miR-22, which potentially regulate BDNF mRNA translation at the posttranscriptional level. Results indicated that PFOS significantly decreased cell viability and induced apoptosis in SH-SY5Y cells. In addition, BDNF and pERK protein levels decreased after PFOS treatment; however, pCREB protein levels were significantly elevated in PFOS treated groups. TrkB protein expression increased in the 10 μM and 50 μM PFOS groups and significantly decreased in the 100 μM PFOS group. Our results demonstrated that PFOS exposure decreased miR-16 expression and increased miR-22 expression, which may represent a possible mechanism by which PFOS decreases BDNF protein levels. PFOS may inhibit BDNF-ERK-CREB signalling by increasing miR-22 levels, which may, in part, explain the mechanism of PFOS neurotoxicity.
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Xu J, Shimpi P, Armstrong L, Salter D, Slitt AL. PFOS induces adipogenesis and glucose uptake in association with activation of Nrf2 signaling pathway. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2015; 290:21-30. [PMID: 26548598 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2015.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Revised: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
PFOS is a chemical of nearly ubiquitous exposure in humans. Recent studies have associated PFOS exposure to adipose tissue-related effects. The present study was to determine whether PFOS alters the process of adipogenesis and regulates insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in mouse and human preadipocytes. In murine-derived 3T3-L1 preadipocytes, PFOS enhanced hormone-induced differentiation to adipocytes and adipogenic gene expression, increased insulin-stimulated glucose uptake at concentrations ranging from 10 to 100μM, and enhanced Glucose transporter type 4 and Insulin receptor substrate-1 expression. Nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2), NAD(P)H dehydrogenase, quinone 1 and Glutamate-cysteine ligase, catalytic subunit were significantly induced in 3T3-L1 cells treated with PFOS, along with a robust induction of Antioxidant Response Element (ARE) reporter in mouse embryonic fibroblasts isolated from ARE-hPAP transgenic mice by PFOS treatment. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assays further illustrated that PFOS increased Nrf2 binding to ARE sites in mouse Nqo1 promoter, suggesting that PFOS activated Nrf2 signaling in murine-derived preadipocytes. Additionally, PFOS administration in mice (100μg/kg/day) induced adipogenic gene expression and activated Nrf2 signaling in epididymal white adipose tissue. Moreover, the treatment on human visceral preadipocytes illustrated that PFOS (5 and 50μM) promoted adipogenesis and increased cellular lipid accumulation. It was observed that PFOS increased Nrf2 binding to ARE sites in association with Nrf2 signaling activation, induction of Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ and CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein α expression, and increased adipogenesis. This study points to a potential role of PFOS in dysregulation of adipose tissue expandability, and warrants further investigations on the adverse effects of persistent pollutants on human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jialin Xu
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, PR China; Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, United States
| | - Prajakta Shimpi
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, United States
| | - Laura Armstrong
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, United States
| | - Deanna Salter
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, United States
| | - Angela L Slitt
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, United States.
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Dong L, Yang X, Gu W, Zhao K, Ge H, Zhou J, Bai X. Connexin 43 mediates PFOS-induced apoptosis in astrocytes. CHEMOSPHERE 2015; 132:8-16. [PMID: 25770831 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.02.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2014] [Revised: 02/17/2015] [Accepted: 02/18/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) is a man-made environmental pollutant that is toxic to mammals. However, the neurotoxic effects of PFOS remain largely unexplored. In this study, we determined the role of an astrocyte specific gap junction protein, connexin 43 (Cx43), in PFOS-induced apoptosis. The rate of astrocyte apoptosis was higher in cortex astrocytes after PFOS treatment. These astrocytes also showed up-regulated expression of Cx43 and higher levels of cleaved caspase-3. Elevated ROS accumulation and decreased ΔΨm also confirmed the presence of PFOS-induced apoptosis. However, the exposure of astrocytes to PFOS together with carbenoxolone (CBX) significantly reduced both Cx43 and cleaved caspase-3 levels. These results indicate that Cx43 plays a proapoptotic role in PFOS-induced apoptosis in cortex astrocyte cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Dong
- Institute for Environmental Health and Related Product Safety, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 7 Panjiayuan Nanli Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100021, China.
| | - Xiaoyan Yang
- Institute for Environmental Health and Related Product Safety, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 7 Panjiayuan Nanli Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Wen Gu
- Institute for Environmental Health and Related Product Safety, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 7 Panjiayuan Nanli Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Kangfeng Zhao
- Institute for Environmental Health and Related Product Safety, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 7 Panjiayuan Nanli Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Huizheng Ge
- Beijing Biodonor Biotech Ltd., 88 The 6th Kechuang Street, Incubation Center Room 303, 101111 Beijing, China
| | - Jianjun Zhou
- Beijing Biodonor Biotech Ltd., 88 The 6th Kechuang Street, Incubation Center Room 303, 101111 Beijing, China
| | - Xuetao Bai
- Institute for Environmental Health and Related Product Safety, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 7 Panjiayuan Nanli Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100021, China.
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Yu Y, Xu D, Lu M, Zhou S, Peng T, Yue Z, Zhou Y. QuEChERs Combined with Online Interference Trapping LC-MS/MS Method for the Simultaneous Determination of 20 Polyfluoroalkane Substances in Dietary Milk. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2015; 63:4087-4095. [PMID: 25843108 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b00068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a highly sensitive and reliable method for the determination of 20 polyfluoroalkane substances (PFASs) in milk was established using the QuEChERS approach and an online interference trapping LC-MS/MS analysis. By a calibration with stable-isotope-labeled internal standards, we showed that the method displayed excellent linear dynamic ranges for 20 PFASs (correlation coefficients ≥0.997). The LOQs for the two types of PFASs, perfluorinated carboxylic acids (PFCAs) and perfluorinated sulfonic acids (PFSAs), were 0.010 and 0.050 μg/L, respectively. At the three spiking levels, the average recoveries for PFCAs ranged from 78.5 to 111% with the RSD (n = 6) within 1.20-13.1%, and those for PFSAs ranged from 72.8 to 105% with the RSD (n = 6) within 3.53-14.9%. By the developed method, 16 PFASs were found to be positive in 46 milk samples, and the levels for the PFASs with longer chains were significantly higher than those reported from other known regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yucheng Yu
- †Xiamen Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau, Xiamen 361026, China
- ‡School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Dunming Xu
- †Xiamen Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau, Xiamen 361026, China
- ‡School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Meiling Lu
- §Agilent Technologies (China) Limited, Beijing 100102, China
| | - Shan Zhou
- §Agilent Technologies (China) Limited, Beijing 100102, China
| | - Tao Peng
- ∥Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing 100123, China
| | - Zhenfeng Yue
- ⊥Shenzhen Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Yu Zhou
- †Xiamen Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau, Xiamen 361026, China
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