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Panzeri D, Perina M, Biffi E, Semino M, Diella E, Caprì T. Effects of Immersive Virtual Reality with Treadmill in Subjects with Rett Syndrome: A Pilot Study. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 11:1110. [PMID: 39334642 PMCID: PMC11429510 DOI: 10.3390/children11091110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2024] [Revised: 07/11/2024] [Accepted: 09/07/2024] [Indexed: 09/30/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Rett syndrome is a rare neurodevelopmental disorder that can severely affect motor functioning, particularly walking. Previous training programs proposed treadmills as tools to increase walking endurance of patients with Rett syndrome, but these trainings did not include virtual reality (VR). The aim of this study was to assess the feasibility of a short treadmill training coupled to VR in girls with Rett syndrome. METHODS Nine patients with Rett syndrome underwent a 3-day treadmill walking program performed in semi-immersive VR. During the training, the happiness index and performance metrics were collected. At the end of the training parents filled out the Suitability Evaluation Questionnaire (SEQ) and, when feasible, patients underwent a gait assessment. RESULTS All the subjects recruited performed the three GRAIL sessions and parents showed a good satisfaction and considered the integration of treadmill and VR a good possibility for future rehabilitative programs. Participants showed greater satisfaction in environments requiring walking and their attention increased during training sessions, hypothesizing the feasibility of longer trainings with treadmill and VR. Data collected from gait analysis provided insights, although preliminary, concerning differences in gait pattern amongst the recruited subjects. CONCLUSIONS Despite the small sample size and limited training duration, the paper suggests that a walking training with a treadmill combined with VR can represent a new strategy for Rett rehabilitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Panzeri
- Scientific Institute IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Via Don Luigi Monza, 20, Bosisio Parini, 23842 Lecco, Italy
| | - Michela Perina
- CARI (Airett Center Innovation and Research), Vicolo Volto S. Luca, 16, 37100 Verona, Italy
| | - Emilia Biffi
- Scientific Institute IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Via Don Luigi Monza, 20, Bosisio Parini, 23842 Lecco, Italy
| | - Martina Semino
- CARI (Airett Center Innovation and Research), Vicolo Volto S. Luca, 16, 37100 Verona, Italy
| | - Eleonora Diella
- Scientific Institute IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Via Don Luigi Monza, 20, Bosisio Parini, 23842 Lecco, Italy
| | - Tindara Caprì
- Department of Life and Health Sciences, and Health Professions, Link Campus University, Via del Casale di S. Pio V, 44, 00165 Rome, Italy
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Yıldız N, Serdaroğlu E, Kart PÖ, Besen S, Kanmaz S, Toprak DE, Kilic B, Ersoy O, Gencpinar P, Dundar NO, Okuyaz C, Serdaroglu A, Carman KB, Yarar C, Ekici B, Tatlı B, Erol İ, Aydın K, Tekgül H, Cansu A. Evaluation of seizure semiology, genetics, magnetic resonance imaging, and electroencephalogram findings in children with Rett syndrome: A multicenter retrospective study. Epilepsy Res 2024; 205:107399. [PMID: 39003968 DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2024.107399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 01/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to evaluate seizure semiology, electroencephalogram (EEG), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and genetic findings, as well as treatment choices in Rett syndrome (RTT). METHODS A retrospective analysis was conducted on one hundred and twenty cases diagnosed with RTT with a genetic mutation. Data were obtained from nine participating centers. RESULTS In this study, 93.3 % of patients were female, with typical RTT found in 70 % of cases. Genetic etiology revealed MECP2, FoxG1, and CDKL5 in 93.8 %, 2.7 %, and 1.8 % of cases, respectively. Atypical RTT clinics were observed in 50 % of male cases, with the first EEG being normal in atypical RTT cases (p = 0.01). Generalized tonic-clonic and myoclonic epilepsy were the most common seizure semiologies, while absence and focal epilepsy were less prevalent. Valproate, levetiracetam, lamotrigine, and clobazam were the most commonly used antiepileptic drugs, affecting the severity and frequency of seizures (p = 0.015, p=<0.001, p = 0.022, and p=<0.001, respectively). No significant differences were observed in EEG findings. The initiation of anti-seizure medications significantly altered seizure characteristics (Table 4). A ketogenic diet and vagal nerve stimulation (VNS) correlated with a 50 % improvement in cognitive function, while steroid treatment showed a 60 % improvement. Remarkably, seizures were substantially reduced after VNS application. CONCLUSION This study underscores the importance of genetic diagnosis in RTT cases with a clinical diagnosis. These preliminary results will be further validated with the inclusion of clinically diagnosed RTT cases in our ongoing study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nihal Yıldız
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Neurology, Farabi Hospital, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey.
| | - Esra Serdaroğlu
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Neurology, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Pınar Özkan Kart
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Neurology, Farabi Hospital, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey
| | - Seyda Besen
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Neurology, Baskent University, Adana, Turkey
| | - Seda Kanmaz
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Neurology, Ege University, İzmir, Turkey.
| | - Dilara Ece Toprak
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Neurology, Ege University, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Betul Kilic
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Neurology, Medipol University, İstanbul Turkey
| | - Ozlem Ersoy
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Neurology, Mersin University, Mersin, Turkey
| | - Pınar Gencpinar
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Neurology, Katip Celebi University, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Nihal Olgac Dundar
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Neurology, Katip Celebi University, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Cetin Okuyaz
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Neurology, Mersin University, Mersin, Turkey
| | - Ayse Serdaroglu
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Neurology, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Kursat Bora Carman
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Neurology, Eskisehir Osmangazi University, Eskisehir, Turkey
| | - Coşkun Yarar
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Neurology, Eskisehir Osmangazi University, Eskisehir, Turkey.
| | - Barış Ekici
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Neurology, İstanbul Pediatric Neurology Center, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Burak Tatlı
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Neurology, İstanbul Pediatric Neurology Center, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - İlknur Erol
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Neurology, Baskent University, Adana, Turkey
| | - Kürşad Aydın
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Neurology, Medipol University, İstanbul Turkey
| | - Hasan Tekgül
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Neurology, Ege University, İzmir, Turkey.
| | - Ali Cansu
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Neurology, Farabi Hospital, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey
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3
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Lopes AG, Loganathan SK, Caliaperumal J. Rett Syndrome and the Role of MECP2: Signaling to Clinical Trials. Brain Sci 2024; 14:120. [PMID: 38391695 PMCID: PMC10886956 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci14020120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Rett syndrome (RTT) is a neurological disorder that mostly affects females, with a frequency of 1 in 10,000 to 20,000 live birth cases. Symptoms include stereotyped hand movements; impaired learning, language, and communication skills; sudden loss of speech; reduced lifespan; retarded growth; disturbance of sleep and breathing; seizures; autism; and gait apraxia. Pneumonia is the most common cause of death for patients with Rett syndrome, with a survival rate of 77.8% at 25 years of age. Survival into the fifth decade is typical in Rett syndrome, and the leading cause of death is cardiorespiratory compromise. Rett syndrome progression has multiple stages; however, most phenotypes are associated with the nervous system and brain. In total, 95% of Rett syndrome cases are due to mutations in the MECP2 gene, an X-linked gene that encodes for the methyl CpG binding protein, a regulator of gene expression. In this review, we summarize the recent developments in the field of Rett syndrome and therapeutics targeting MECP2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adele Gaspar Lopes
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3G 2M1, Canada
- Cancer Research Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Sampath Kumar Loganathan
- Cancer Research Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
- Departments of Experimental Surgery and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Jayalakshmi Caliaperumal
- Ingram School of Nursing, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2M7, Canada
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Romano A, Lotan M, Fabio RA. A Severity Comparison between Italian and Israeli Rett Syndrome Cohorts. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:3390. [PMID: 37958286 PMCID: PMC10648171 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13213390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Rett syndrome (RTT) is a neurodevelopmental disorder marked by profound cognitive, communication, and motor impairments. Despite identified genotype/phenotype connections, the extent of clinical severity varies even among individuals sharing the same genetic mutation. Diverse sociocultural environments, such as the level of inclusivity of the scholar system, the time spent with family, and the intensity of the rehabilitative intervention provided, might influence their development diversely. This study examines the severity of RTT in people in Italy and Israel, countries with distinct contradictory approaches to caring for those with intricate disabilities, across two age groups. Data from 136 Italian and 59 Israeli girls and women with RTT were assessed and divided into two age categories: above and below 12 years. The RARS, a standardized RTT-specific clinical severity tool, was administered. Despite no differences in age and genetic characteristics, the Italian group showed better scores in the RARS motor and disease-related characteristics areas in both age groups. Moreover, the young Italian participants gathered better total RARS scores and emotional and behavioral characteristics area scores. Furthermore, the young group showed significantly less scoliosis, foot problems, and epilepsy than the older group. These findings endorse the inclusion of girls with RTT in the regular schooling system for a limited daily period, investing in high activity levels within the home and community environments, and suggest continuously providing the person with daily occasions of physical activity and socialization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Romano
- Department of Health System Management, Ariel University, Ariel 4070000, Israel
| | - Meir Lotan
- Department of Physiotherapy, Ariel University, Ariel 4070000, Israel
- Israeli Rett Syndrome National Evaluation Team, Ramat Gan 5200100, Israel
| | - Rosa Angela Fabio
- Department of Economics, University of Messina, 98122 Messina, Italy
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5
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Lotan M, Downs J, Stahlhut M, Romano A. Evaluation Tools Developed for Rett Syndrome. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:1708. [PMID: 37238191 PMCID: PMC10217473 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13101708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Rett syndrome (RTT) is a complex neurodevelopmental X-linked disorder associated with severe functional impairments and multiple comorbidities. There is wide variation in the clinical presentation, and because of its unique characteristics, several evaluation tools of clinical severity, behavior, and functional motor abilities have been proposed specifically for it. This opinion paper aims to present up-to date evaluation tools which have specifically been adapted for individuals with RTT often used by the authors in their clinical and research practice and to provide the reader with essential considerations and suggestions regarding their use. Due to the rarity of Rett syndrome, we found it important to present these scales in order to improve and professionalize their clinical work. The current article will review the following evaluation tools: (a) the Rett Assessment Rating Scale; (b) the Rett Syndrome Gross Motor Scale; (c) the Rett Syndrome Functional Scale; (d) the Functional Mobility Scale-Rett Syndrome; (e) the Two-Minute Walking Test modified for Rett syndrome; (f) the Rett Syndrome Hand Function Scale; (g) the StepWatch Activity Monitor; (h) the activPALTM; (i) the Modified Bouchard Activity Record; (j) the Rett Syndrome Behavioral Questionnaire; and (k) the Rett Syndrome Fear of Movement Scale. The authors recommend that service providers consider evaluation tools validated for RTT for evaluation and monitoring to guide their clinical recommendations and management. In this article, the authors suggest factors that should be considered when using these evaluation tools to assist in interpreting scores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meir Lotan
- Department of Physiotherapy, Ariel University, Ariel 4070000, Israel
- Israeli Rett Syndrome National Evaluation Team, Ramat Gan 5211401, Israel
| | - Jenny Downs
- Telethon Kids Institute, Centre for Child Health Research, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia
- School of Allied Health, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6102, Australia
| | - Michelle Stahlhut
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Center for Rett Syndrome, Rigshospitalet, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Alberto Romano
- Department of Health System Management, Ariel University, Ariel 4070000, Israel
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6
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Rodocanachi Roidi ML, Cozzi F, Isaias IU, Grange F, Ferrari EP, Ripamonti E. Clinical and genetic correlations of scoliosis in Rett syndrome. EUROPEAN SPINE JOURNAL : OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE EUROPEAN SPINE SOCIETY, THE EUROPEAN SPINAL DEFORMITY SOCIETY, AND THE EUROPEAN SECTION OF THE CERVICAL SPINE RESEARCH SOCIETY 2022; 31:2987-2993. [PMID: 35482072 DOI: 10.1007/s00586-022-07217-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
AIM To identify the clinical features correlating with the presence and severity of scoliosis in girls with Rett syndrome (RTT). METHOD Seventy-five girls with a clinical and genetically determined diagnosis of RTT participated in this cross-sectional study. Clinical scales administered included the Rett assessment rating scale, the modified Ashworth scale, the Rett syndrome motor evaluation scale, the PainAD, and the scale of evaluation of purposeful hand function. Multivariable analyses, such as ordinal logistic regression and ANCOVA, were used to assess the correlation between these scales and a clinical score of scoliosis. RESULTS About 60% of patients had scoliosis, in general mild or moderate. The severity of scoliosis correlated with age and important neurological factors such as muscular hypertonus and hyperreflexia, standing, walking (level walking and on stairs), and postural transitions. No association was found with global disease severity, hand function, pain, or type of genetic mutation. INTERPRETATION Scoliosis is a relevant problem in RTT. It should be carefully monitored along the life span, especially in conjunction with (loco-)motor impairment in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ioannis Ugo Isaias
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Würzburg and Julius Maximilian University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- Parkinson Institute Milan, ASST Gaetano Pini-CTO, Milan, Italy
| | | | | | - Enrico Ripamonti
- Milan Center for Neuroscience NeuroMi, University of Milan-Bicocca, Piazza dell'Ateneo Nuovo 1, 20126, Milan, Italy.
- Department of Economics and Management, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy.
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7
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Cooley Coleman JA, Fee T, Bend R, Louie R, Annese F, Stallworth J, Worthington J, Buchanan CB, Everman DB, Skinner S, Friez MJ, Jones JR, Spellicy CJ. Mosaicism of common pathogenic MECP2 variants identified in two males with a clinical diagnosis of Rett syndrome. Am J Med Genet A 2022; 188:2988-2998. [PMID: 35924478 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.62913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Rett (RTT) syndrome, a neurodevelopmental disorder caused by pathogenic variation in the MECP2 gene, is characterized by developmental regression, loss of purposeful hand movements, stereotypic hand movements, abnormal gait, and loss of spoken language. Due to the X-linked inheritance pattern, RTT is typically limited to females. Recent studies revealed somatic mosaicism in MECP2 in male patients with RTT-like phenotypes. While detecting mosaic variation using Sanger sequencing is theoretically possible for mosaicism over ~15%-20%, several variables, including efficiency of PCR, background noise, and/or human error, contribute to a low detection rate using this technology. Mosaic variants in two males were detected by next generation sequencing (NGS; Case 1) and by Sanger re-sequencing (Case 2). Both had targeted digital PCR (dPCR) to confirm the variants. In this report, we present two males with classic RTT syndrome in whom we identified pathogenic variation in the MECP2 gene in the mosaic state (c.730C > T (p.Gln244*) in Patient 1 and c.397C > T (p.Arg133Cys) in Patient 2). In addition, estimates and measures of mosaic variant fraction were surprisingly similar between Sanger sequencing, NGS, and dPCR. The mosaic state of these variants contributed to a lengthy diagnostic odyssey for these patients. While NGS and even Sanger sequencing may be viable methods of detecting mosaic variation in DNA or RNA samples, applying targeted dPCR to supplement these sequencing technologies would provide confirmation of somatic mosaicism and mosaic fraction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Timothy Fee
- Greenwood Genetic Center, Greenwood, South Carolina, USA
| | - Renee Bend
- Greenwood Genetic Center, Greenwood, South Carolina, USA.,PreventionGenetics LLC, Marshfield, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Raymond Louie
- Greenwood Genetic Center, Greenwood, South Carolina, USA
| | - Fran Annese
- Greenwood Genetic Center, Greenwood, South Carolina, USA
| | - Jennifer Stallworth
- Greenwood Genetic Center, Greenwood, South Carolina, USA.,Sanofi, Bridgewater, New Jersey, USA
| | | | | | | | - Steven Skinner
- Greenwood Genetic Center, Greenwood, South Carolina, USA
| | | | - Julie R Jones
- Greenwood Genetic Center, Greenwood, South Carolina, USA
| | - Catherine J Spellicy
- Greenwood Genetic Center, Greenwood, South Carolina, USA.,Myriad Genetics, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
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8
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Romero-Galisteo RP, González-Sánchez M, Costa L, Brandão R, Ramalhete C, Leão C, Jacobsohn L. Outcome measurement instruments in Rett syndrome: A systematic review. Eur J Paediatr Neurol 2022; 39:79-87. [PMID: 35717810 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpn.2022.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of the study was to identify and characterize outcome measures for objective and subjective assessment in persons with Rett syndrome (RS). METHODS A systematic review was conducted consulting the EBSCO, Cochrane, Web of Science, Scielo, MEDLINE and PsycINFO databases for published studies describing the use of patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) and other outcome measures in persons with RS. Validation studies and observational studies were included. The PROMs were first described, and then the measurement properties were evaluated using predefined criteria according to the COnsensus-based Standards for the selection of health Measurement Instruments (COSMIN). The outcome measures were then grouped according to the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) to establish a relationship between outcome measures and ICF domains. RESULTS Twenty out of 2327 articles were appraised, and seventeen different outcome measures were identified and described. Ten outcome measures corresponded to evaluation questionnaires, while the remaining seven assessed functional outcomes: walking distance, physical activity level and ability to interact visually. A relation between these outcome measures that assess RS and the ICF allows understanding that most of the instruments (fifteen) include the assessment of activity limitations. CONCLUSIONS The findings of this study seem to be promising for their use by clinicians and researchers, although they have methodological limitations. The accuracy and quality of these individual outcome measures should continue to be assessed in an attempt to gather a consensus on the best tools used in RS.
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Affiliation(s)
- R P Romero-Galisteo
- Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Health Science, University of Málaga, Biomedical Research Institute of Málaga (IBIMA), Málaga, Spain
| | - M González-Sánchez
- Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Health Science, University of Málaga, Biomedical Research Institute of Málaga (IBIMA), Málaga, Spain.
| | - L Costa
- Escola Superior de Saúde Atlantica, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - R Brandão
- Escola Superior de Saúde Atlantica, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - C Ramalhete
- Atlântica- Instituto Universitário, Oeiras, Portugal; Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - C Leão
- Escola Superior de Saúde Atlantica, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - L Jacobsohn
- Escola Superior de Saúde Atlantica, Oeiras, Portugal
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9
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Zwilling M, Romano A, Favetta M, Ippolito E, Lotan M. Impact of a Remotely Supervised Motor Rehabilitation Program on Maternal Well-Being During the COVID-19 Italian Lockdown. Front Psychol 2022; 13:834419. [PMID: 35345633 PMCID: PMC8957072 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.834419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 Lockdown was particularly challenging for most mothers of people with intellectual disabilities, including those with Rett syndrome (RTT), leading to feelings of abandonment from healthcare services of their children. Within those days, telerehabilitation has represented a valid alternative to support physical activity and treatment, supporting parents in structuring their children’s daily routine at home. This article aims to describe the well-being level of two groups of mothers of girls and women with RTT who were involved in a home-based remotely supervised motor rehabilitation program, respectively, before and during the COVID-19 Italian lockdown. Forty participants with classic RTT were recruited before the lockdown and randomly assigned to two groups that performed the intervention immediately before (Group 1) and during (Group 2) the lockdown, respectively. The intervention included an individualized daily physical activity program carried out for 12 weeks by participants’ parents and fortnightly supervised throughout Skype contacts to plan, monitor, and accommodate individual activities in the participant’s life at home. The short form Caregivers Well-Being Scale was collected for the mothers in each group 12 weeks before intervention (T1), at intervention initiation (T2), immediately after intervention termination (T3), as well as at 12 weeks after intervention termination (T4). Mothers of participants in the Group 1 showed a stable level of well-being across all four evaluations with a slight improvement during the lockdown, without significant change. Similarly, the well-being level of mothers in the Group 2 showed a statistically significant increase in their well-being between T2 and T3 (during the lockdown) and its reduction to the pre-intervention level between T3 and T4 (after the lockdown). The results suggest that the lockdown did not negatively affect the participants’ mothers’ well-being, leading to its improvement. Moreover, the proposed intervention could have supported the mothers in managing the new daily routine at home, positively affecting maternal well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moti Zwilling
- Department of Economics and Business Administration, Ariel University, Ari'el, Israel
| | - Alberto Romano
- Department of Health System Management, Ariel University, Ari'el, Israel.,Movement Analysis and Robotics Laboratory, Unit of Neurorehabilitation, Department of Neuroscience, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy.,Centro AIRETT Ricerca e Innovazione (CARI), Research and Innovation Airett Center, Verona, Italy
| | - Martina Favetta
- Movement Analysis and Robotics Laboratory, Unit of Neurorehabilitation, Department of Neuroscience, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Meir Lotan
- Department of Physiotherapy, Ariel University, Ari'el, Israel.,Israeli Rett Syndrome National Evaluation Team, Sheba Hospital, Ramat-Gan, Israel
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10
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Fabio RA, Semino M, Giannatiempo S. The GAIRS Checklist: a useful global assessment tool in patients with Rett syndrome. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2022; 17:116. [PMID: 35248112 PMCID: PMC8898428 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-022-02259-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Rett Syndrome is a severe, neurodevelopmental disorder mainly caused by mutations in the MECP2 gene, affecting around 1 in 10,000 female births. Severe physical, language, and social impairments impose a wide range of limitations in the assessment of the abilities of Rett patients. This study proposes an analysis and first validation of a Global Assessment and Intervention in Rett syndrome (GAIRS) Checklist for assessing behavioral, intellectual, academic, neuropsychological and psychosocial manifestations in patients with Rett Syndrome. We administered the GAIRS Checklist to 113 Italian patients with Rett Syndrome aged 4–42. Aims of this study To examine the psychometric characteristics of the GAIRS Checklist. Moreover, the aim is also to examine the validity of GAIRS with test–retest correlation, convergent validity with similar functional measurements, such as the Vineland scales, and divergent validity with severity of disease scale, such as the RARS scale and severity of neuropsychiatric evaluations. Results All 10 subscales of GAIRS were positively and significantly related to each other and to the total GAIRS score, and the subscales showed high levels of Cronbach’s alpha values (from .77 to .95). Principal axis factoring suggested two factors that explain 60% of the variance. Test–retest reliability is 0.82. This means that psychometric properties are reliable. Correlation for Concurrent validity with Vineland score was high and Divergent Validity with RARS was also high. Conclusion The GAIRS Checklist used for Rett syndrome is acceptable and feasible to complete assessment in a clinical setting. Moreover, it can detect the complexity of this disease and may suggest the next step in terms of specific training in Rett syndrome.
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11
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Signorini C, Leoncini S, Durand T, Galano JM, Guy A, Bultel-Poncé V, Oger C, Lee JCY, Ciccoli L, Hayek J, De Felice C. Circulating 4-F 4t-Neuroprostane and 10-F 4t-Neuroprostane Are Related to MECP2 Gene Mutation and Natural History in Rett Syndrome. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22084240. [PMID: 33921863 PMCID: PMC8073126 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22084240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 04/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroprostanes, a family of non-enzymatic metabolites of the docosahexaenoic acid, have been suggested as potential biomarkers for neurological diseases. Objective biological markers are strongly needed in Rett syndrome (RTT), which is a progressive X-linked neurodevelopmental disorder that is mainly caused by mutations in the methyl-CpG binding protein 2 (MECP2) gene with a predominant multisystemic phenotype. The aim of the study is to assess a possible association between MECP2 mutations or RTT disease progression and plasma levels of 4(RS)-4-F4t-neuroprostane (4-F4t-NeuroP) and 10(RS)-10-F4t-neuroprostane (10-F4t-NeuroP) in typical RTT patients with proven MECP2 gene mutation. Clinical severity and disease progression were assessed using the Rett clinical severity scale (RCSS) in n = 77 RTT patients. The 4-F4t-NeuroP and 10-F4t-NeuroP molecules were totally synthesized and used to identify the contents of the plasma of the patients. Neuroprostane levels were related to MECP2 mutation category (i.e., early truncating, gene deletion, late truncating, and missense), specific hotspot mutations (i.e., R106W, R133C, R168X, R255X, R270X, R294X, R306C, and T158M), and disease stage (II through IV). Circulating 4-F4t-NeuroP and 10-F4t-NeuroP were significantly related to (i) the type of MECP2 mutations where higher levels were associated to gene deletions (p ≤ 0.001); (ii) severity of common hotspot MECP2 mutation (large deletions, R168X, R255X, and R270X); (iii) disease stage, where higher concentrations were observed at stage II (p ≤ 0.002); and (iv) deficiency in walking (p ≤ 0.0003). This study indicates the biological significance of 4-F4t-NeuroP and 10-F4t-NeuroP as promising molecules to mark the disease progression and potentially gauge genotype-phenotype associations in RTT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cinzia Signorini
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy;
- Correspondence: (C.S.); (C.D.F.); Tel.: +39-0577-234499 (C.S.)
| | - Silvia Leoncini
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese, 53100 Siena, Italy;
- Child Neuropsychiatry Unit, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese, 53100 Siena, Italy;
| | - Thierry Durand
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, (IBMM), UMR 5247, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, ENSCM, CEDEX 5, 34093 Montpellier, France; (T.D.); (J.-M.G.); (A.G.); (V.B.-P.); (C.O.)
| | - Jean-Marie Galano
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, (IBMM), UMR 5247, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, ENSCM, CEDEX 5, 34093 Montpellier, France; (T.D.); (J.-M.G.); (A.G.); (V.B.-P.); (C.O.)
| | - Alexandre Guy
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, (IBMM), UMR 5247, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, ENSCM, CEDEX 5, 34093 Montpellier, France; (T.D.); (J.-M.G.); (A.G.); (V.B.-P.); (C.O.)
| | - Valérie Bultel-Poncé
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, (IBMM), UMR 5247, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, ENSCM, CEDEX 5, 34093 Montpellier, France; (T.D.); (J.-M.G.); (A.G.); (V.B.-P.); (C.O.)
| | - Camille Oger
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, (IBMM), UMR 5247, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, ENSCM, CEDEX 5, 34093 Montpellier, France; (T.D.); (J.-M.G.); (A.G.); (V.B.-P.); (C.O.)
| | | | - Lucia Ciccoli
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy;
| | - Joussef Hayek
- Child Neuropsychiatry Unit, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese, 53100 Siena, Italy;
- Pediatric Speciality Center “L’Isola di Bau”, 50052 Certaldo, Florence, Italy
| | - Claudio De Felice
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese, 53100 Siena, Italy;
- Correspondence: (C.S.); (C.D.F.); Tel.: +39-0577-234499 (C.S.)
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Effects of short- and long-term neurostimulation (tDCS) on Alzheimer's disease patients: two randomized studies. Aging Clin Exp Res 2021; 33:383-390. [PMID: 32301028 DOI: 10.1007/s40520-020-01546-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-invasive brain stimulation is an effective treatment for Alzheimer's disease. AIMS The purpose of the two studies presented here is to compare the short- and long-term effects of transcranial direct current stimulation (t-DCS) on two samples of advanced AD patients. METHODS In Study 1 26 patients were involved in a 10-day anodal vs. sham tDCS intervention stimulating the left frontotemporal cortex. A pre-post test assessment was run using two different neurocognitive tests and EEG data. The same protocol was used in Study 2, which involved 18 different patients who underwent the same intervention 10 days a month for 8 months. RESULTS Results confirmed how the t-DCS intervention was effective both in the short- and the long-term to slow down the progression of AD on specific neurophysiological domains and, to a certain extent, on neurophysiological activity. Discussion tDCS appear to be effective and to affect differently neurocognitive and neurophysiological functions when comparing short and long-term outcomes. Conclusions Anodal-tDCS is an effective way to slow down the progression of Alzheimer's both in the short and long term. It can also affect the EEG patterns, but this requires a more protracted intervention.
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Romano A, Caprì T, Semino M, Bizzego I, Di Rosa G, Fabio RA. Gross Motor, Physical Activity and Musculoskeletal Disorder Evaluation Tools for Rett Syndrome: A Systematic Review. Dev Neurorehabil 2020; 23:485-501. [PMID: 31668104 DOI: 10.1080/17518423.2019.1680761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, much attention has been paid to motor impairment of persons with Rett Syndrome (RTT), with increasing literature aimed to describe gross motor functioning and musculoskeletal disorders of the RTT population. The aim of this systematic review is to describe clinical evaluation tools used in the last decade to assess motor functioning and musculoskeletal abnormalities of patients with RTT. Thirty-four studies were reviewed and 20 tools were presented. Results showed that only two tools were used to measure functional change after rehabilitative or therapeutic interventions. This review underlies the lack of adequate evaluation tools to assess musculoskeletal abnormalities and deformities in RTT population. The absence of these assessments could be due to a statistical difficulty as it is challenging to build an evaluation tool that can score the entities of the abnormalities related to the amount of disability they cause.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Romano
- Movement Analysis and Robotics Laboratory (MARLab) , Rome, Italy
| | - Tindara Caprì
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina , Via Bivona, Messina, Italy
| | - Martina Semino
- Centro AIRETT Ricerca e Innovazione (CARI), Research and Innovation Airett Center , Verona, Italy
| | - Ilaria Bizzego
- Centro AIRETT Ricerca e Innovazione (CARI), Research and Innovation Airett Center , Verona, Italy
| | - Gabriella Di Rosa
- Division of Child Neurology and Psychiatry, G. Martino Hospital, University of Messina , Messina, Italy
| | - Rosa Angela Fabio
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina , Via Bivona, Messina, Italy
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Kucukkal TG, Amin RU. Computational and structural studies of MeCP2 and associated mutants. JOURNAL OF THEORETICAL & COMPUTATIONAL CHEMISTRY 2020. [DOI: 10.1142/s0219633620410011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Rett Syndrome is a rare genetic disorder exclusively seen in girls. Approximately 95% of RTT cases is caused by mutations in the MeCP2 gene which codes for Methyl-CpG-binding protein 2 (MeCP2). In this review, first, a brief introductory review of Rett Syndrome, MeCP2 protein structure and function, mutation types and frequencies, and phenotype–genotype relationships were provided. After that, the current knowledge on the wild-type and mutant MeCP2 protein structure and dynamics as well as its binding to DNA is reviewed. The review particularly focuses on computational (such as molecular dynamics) and experimental (such as electrophoretic mobility shift assays) studies on the MeCP2 binding to different types of DNA as well as the computational and experimental (such as circular dichroism) studies on the stability changes upon mutations. In the end, a brief opinion on future outlook for further computational studies is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tugba G. Kucukkal
- Department of Science, Technology and Mathematics, Gallaudet University, 800 Florida Ave NE, Washington, DC 20002, USA
- Quest Student Research Institute, 14153 Robert Paris Ct Chantilly, VA 20151, USA
| | - Rijul U. Amin
- Quest Student Research Institute, 14153 Robert Paris Ct Chantilly, VA 20151, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, 4200 Fifth Ave, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
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Pari E, Cozzi F, Rodocanachi Roidi ML, Grange F, Toshimori K, Ripamonti E. Parenting girls with Rett syndrome: An investigation on self-perceived levels of stress. JOURNAL OF APPLIED RESEARCH IN INTELLECTUAL DISABILITIES 2020; 33:1348-1356. [PMID: 32573922 DOI: 10.1111/jar.12755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2019] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although lives of parents of girls with Rett syndrome (RTT) are centred on the process of care, in the current literature their perceived levels of stress have been rarely investigated. METHODS We analysed levels of stress in a sample of 79 fathers and mothers parenting girls with RTT, who were required to compile the Parenting Stress Index (PSI) questionnaire. RESULTS We found clinical levels of stress in about 39% of fathers, as compared with 44% of the mothers. Severity of RTT, but not other factors such as the genetic domain, presence of epilepsy or scoliosis, predicted Total Stress scores in both fathers' subsample and mothers' subsample. A cumulative effect of caring, that is association of higher levels of stress with longer process of care, did also emerge from estimation of smoothing splines. CONCLUSIONS Fathers' resources should be taken more into account, especially in the rehabilitation and socialization process of adults with RTT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Pari
- IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, Milano, Italy
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16
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Jdila MB, Triki CC, Ghorbel R, Bouchalla W, Ncir SB, Kamoun F, Fakhfakh F. Unusual double mutation in MECP2 and CDKL5 genes in Rett-like syndrome: Correlation with phenotype and genes expression. Clin Chim Acta 2020; 508:287-294. [PMID: 32445745 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2020.05.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Rett syndrome (RTT) is a neuro-developmental disorder affecting almost exclusively females and it divided into classical and atypical forms of the disease. RTT-like syndrome was also described and presents an overlapping phenotype of RTT. RTT-like syndrome has been associated with several genes including MECP2 and CDKL5 having common biological pathways and regulatory interactions especially during neural maturation and synaptogenesis. METHODS We report patient with Rett-like syndrome for whom clinical features and their progression guided toward the screening of two candidate genes MECP2 and CDKL5 by sequencing. Severity score was evaluated by "Rett Assessment Rating Scale" (R.A.R.S.). Predictions of pahogenicity and functional effects used several bioinformatic tools and qRT-PCR was conducted to evaluate gene expression. RESULTS Mutational screening revealed two mutations c.1065 C > A (p.S355R) in MECP2 gene and c.616 G > A (p.D206N) mutation in CDKL5 gene in the patient with a high R.A.R.S. Bioinformatic investigations predicted a moderate effect of p.S355R in MECP2 gene but a more pathogenic one of p.D206N mutation in CDKL5. Effect of c.616 G > A mutation on structure and stability of CDKL5 mRNA was confirmed by qRT-PCR. Additionally, analysis of gene expression revealed a drastic effect of CDKL5 mutant on its MeCP2 and Dnmt1 substrates and also on its MYCN regulator. CONCLUSIONS The co-existence of the two mutations in CDKL5 and MECP2 genes could explain the severe phenotype in our patient with RTT-Like and is consistent with the data related to the interactions of CDKL5 with MeCP2 and Dnmt1 proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marwa Ben Jdila
- Research Laboratory 'NeuroPédiatrie' (LR19ES15), Sfax Medical School, Sfax University, Tunisia; Laboratory of Molecular and Functional Genetics, Faculty of Science of Sfax, Sfax University, Tunisia.
| | - Chahnez Charfi Triki
- Research Laboratory 'NeuroPédiatrie' (LR19ES15), Sfax Medical School, Sfax University, Tunisia; Child Neurology Department, Hedi Chaker Universitary Hospital of Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Rania Ghorbel
- Laboratory of Molecular and Functional Genetics, Faculty of Science of Sfax, Sfax University, Tunisia
| | - Wafa Bouchalla
- Research Laboratory 'NeuroPédiatrie' (LR19ES15), Sfax Medical School, Sfax University, Tunisia; Child Neurology Department, Hedi Chaker Universitary Hospital of Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Sihem Ben Ncir
- Research Laboratory 'NeuroPédiatrie' (LR19ES15), Sfax Medical School, Sfax University, Tunisia; Child Neurology Department, Hedi Chaker Universitary Hospital of Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Fatma Kamoun
- Research Laboratory 'NeuroPédiatrie' (LR19ES15), Sfax Medical School, Sfax University, Tunisia; Child Neurology Department, Hedi Chaker Universitary Hospital of Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Faiza Fakhfakh
- Laboratory of Molecular and Functional Genetics, Faculty of Science of Sfax, Sfax University, Tunisia.
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Effects of Combined Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation with Cognitive Training in Girls with Rett Syndrome. Brain Sci 2020; 10:brainsci10050276. [PMID: 32370253 PMCID: PMC7287589 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci10050276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Revised: 04/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) combined with traditional rehabilitative techniques has not been widely applied to Rett Syndrome (RTT). The aim of this study was to examine the effects of combined cognitive traditional training with tDCS applied to attention and language measures in subjects with RTT. Methods: 31 subjects with RTT were randomly allocated into two groups: non-sham tDCS (n = 18) and sham tDCS (n = 13). The former received the integrated intervention non-sham tDCS plus cognitive empowerment during the treatment phase. The latter received sham stimulation plus cognitive empowerment. All participants underwent neurological and cognitive assessment to evaluate attention and language measures: before integrated treatment (pre-test phase), at the conclusion of the treatment (post-test phase), and at 1 month after the conclusion of the treatment (follow-up phase). Results: the results indicated longer attention time in the non-sham tDCS group compared to the sham tDCS group with a stable trend also in the follow-up phase; an increase of the number of vowel/phoneme sounds in the non-sham tDCS group; and an improvement in the neurophysiological parameters in the non-sham tDCS group. Conclusions: This study supports the use of tDCS as a promising and alternative approach in the RTT rehabilitation field.
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Stasolla F, Caffò AO, Perilli V, Albano V. Experimental Examination and Social Validation of a Microswitch Intervention to Improve Choice-Making and Activity Engagement for Six Girls with Rett Syndrome. Dev Neurorehabil 2019; 22:527-541. [PMID: 31169045 DOI: 10.1080/17518423.2019.1624655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Background: The use of assistive technology, specifically microswitches, with children with RTT has been shown to effectively moderate the impact of their disability on their quality of life- by facilitating access to meaningful leisure and other activities. Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of a microswitch intervention on increased choice making, engagement in a targeted sorting activity, and indices of happiness, and decreased stereotypic behaviors for six girls with Rett syndrome. Targeted dependent variables were also assessed at six months post-intervention. Following the intervention study, 90 external raters completed a social validation procedure. Method: An ABABAB experimental sequence was implemented for each participant with a cross-over effect. A social validation assessment involving 90 external raters was carried out. Results: Data emphasized an improved performance for each participants involved (i.e., adaptive responses). Five participants showed a capacity of independent choice. One participant seemed to be closely linked to the position of the container. Social raters favorably endorsed the use of the program since they positively evaluated the use of the technology on all the dimensions investigated. Conclusion: A microswitch intervention may improve choice making and activity engagement for children with Rett syndrome. Further research is needed on the development of more sophisticated forms of individualized technological options to improve opportunities for enhanced engagement and choice-making for individuals with RTT.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Vincenza Albano
- Department of Educational Sciences, Psychology, Communication, University of Bari , Italy
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A New Scale to Evaluate Motor Function in Rett Syndrome: Validation and Psychometric Properties. Pediatr Neurol 2019; 100:80-86. [PMID: 31047758 DOI: 10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2019.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2018] [Revised: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We aim to describe and psychometrically validate the Rett Syndrome Motor Evaluation Scale, a 25-item ordinal scale examining (loco-)motor function across six sections: standing, sitting, transitions, walking, running, and walking up or downstairs. METHODS We illustrate the process of item construction and validation, report findings and normative data obtained on a standardization sample of 60 patients with Rett syndrome. We investigate the validity and reliability of the scale and illustrate its psychometric properties using modern multivariate techniques of data analysis. RESULTS Sixty patients with Rett syndrome were included (all female; mean age 12.45 (S.D. 8.75) years). The multidimensional latent structure of the scale was supported by the results of the confirmatory factor analysis. Rett Syndrome Motor Evaluation Scale showed strong internal consistency reliability as well as excellent inter-rater agreement. The Rett Syndrome Motor Evaluation Scale scores were not predicted by age, but were associated with disease severity, degree of spasticity, and hand dysfunction. We also identified three latent classes with different degrees of impairment. CONCLUSIONS Rett Syndrome Motor Evaluation Scale is a new, valid, and reliable scale that can be introduced in clinical practice when assessing (loco-)motor function in Rett syndrome.
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Rodocanachi Roidi ML, Isaias IU, Cozzi F, Grange F, Scotti FM, Gestra VF, Gandini A, Ripamonti E. Motor function in Rett syndrome: comparing clinical and parental assessments. Dev Med Child Neurol 2019; 61:957-963. [PMID: 30474854 DOI: 10.1111/dmcn.14109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIM To describe a new clinical tool, the Rett Syndrome Motor Evaluation Scale (RESMES) and to assess (loco-)motor function in people with Rett syndrome (RTT). METHOD Formal assessment provided by physicians was followed by parents' direct observation at home using the RESMES. Sixty females (mean [SD] age 12y 5mo [8y 9mo], range 3-40y) with a clinical diagnosis and genetically determined RTT participated in the study. Spearman's/Pearson's coefficients assessed the correlation between the clinicians' and caregivers' evaluations, as well as the correlation of RESMES scores with other scales, namely the Pain Assessment in Advanced Dementia, the Rett Assessment Rating Scale, the Modified Ashworth Scale, and hand function (assessed with a scale of evaluation of purposeful hand function). Scores provided by parents and clinicians were tested statistically by Mann-Whitney U test. RESULTS Approximately 88% of patients had moderate to severe RTT symptoms and, on average, moderate motor impairment based on the RESMES. RESMES total scores provided by clinicians and caregivers were highly correlated (r=0.91), as were the subscale scores. Postural transition was a critical area of the RESMES, where parents systematically provided lower scores than clinicians, indicating milder degrees of disability. Severity of scoliosis and mutation type emerged as significant predictors of motor function. INTERPRETATION The RESMES characterized the (loco-)motor impairments of the patients with RTT well. It also showed a close correlation between the evaluations of clinicians and caregivers, with the possible exception of postural transition tasks, which should be carefully addressed in a clinical setting. The type of mutation and presence of scoliosis should be evaluated, as they predicted the ability to walk. WHAT THIS PAPER ADDS Caregivers at home can reliably assess motor function in Rett syndrome using the Rett Syndrome Motor Evaluation Scale (RESMES). RESMES scores provided by clinicians and parents were highly correlated. The severity of scoliosis and the genetic mutation predicted standing and walking abilities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ioannis U Isaias
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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Abstract
Background: Stereotypical hand movements have been observed in most individuals diagnosed with Rett syndrome. Objectives: To investigate factors that increase or decrease hand stereotypies in individuals with Rett syndrome. Methods: A questionnaire regarding hand stereotypies or purposeful hand behaviours was sent to 1016 schools for special needs education and 204 facilities in Japan. Results: Information was acquired from 216 cases (3-53 years old) with Rett syndrome; 81.9% and 87.6% of individuals had factors that increased and decreased stereotypical hand movements, respectively. Stereotypies were mainly increased by displeasure (63.8%) or pleasure (48.5%), and decreased by somnolence (43.5%), pleasure (30.0%), or food (24.1%). Conclusion: Emotion was the main factor increasing stereotypical hand movements, whereas there were a large number of factors that decreased these movements. The factors that decrease stereotypies could be useful to prevent the skin problems or joint contracture observed in patients with Rett syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Hirano
- a International University of Health and Welfare Graduate School , Otawara , Japan.,b International University of Health and Welfare , Narita , Japan
| | - Takamichi Taniguchi
- a International University of Health and Welfare Graduate School , Otawara , Japan.,c International University of Health and Welfare , Otawara , Japan
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Rodocanachi Roidi ML, Grange F, Cozzi F, Pari E, Toshimori K, Ripamonti E. Parents' perception of health care services for girls with Rett syndrome. Child Care Health Dev 2019; 45:417-422. [PMID: 30870585 DOI: 10.1111/cch.12660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Revised: 03/09/2019] [Accepted: 03/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rett syndrome (RTT) is a severe neurodevelopmental disorder, implying impairment and disability across several domains. METHOD We investigated parents' perception of the caregiving process in a sample of 55 mothers and fathers of girls with RTT using the MPOC-20 questionnaire. The association of parents' satisfaction with clinical variables has also been explored. RESULTS We obtained intermediate levels of satisfaction on the MPOC-20 Coordinated and Comprehensive Care and Respectful and Supportive Care scales. The performance was lower on the scales Providing General Information and Providing Specific Information. Mothers' assessment was not associated with clinical variables such as walking disability, presence of scoliosis, or epilepsy. For children with greater degree of walking impairment, fathers expressed the need of having more information available. CONCLUSIONS Although parents seemed satisfied of the caregiving process, clinicians should put more emphasis on their need of receiving general and specific information on RTT along the entire rehabilitation program.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Elisa Pari
- IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, Milano, Italy
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Shovlin S, Tropea D. Transcriptome level analysis in Rett syndrome using human samples from different tissues. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2018; 13:113. [PMID: 29996871 PMCID: PMC6042368 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-018-0857-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms of neuro-genetic disorders have been mostly investigated in the brain, however, for some pathologies, transcriptomic analysis in multiple tissues represent an opportunity and a challenge to understand the consequences of the genetic mutation. This is the case for Rett Syndrome (RTT): a neurodevelopmental disorder predominantly affecting females that is characterised by a loss of purposeful movements and language accompanied by gait abnormalities and hand stereotypies. Although the genetic aetiology is largely associated to Methyl CpG binding protein 2 (MECP2) mutations, linking the pathophysiology of RTT and its clinical symptoms to direct molecular mechanisms has been difficult.One approach used to study the consequences of MECP2 dysfunction in patients, is to perform transcriptomic analysis in tissues derived from RTT patients or Induced Pluripotent Stem cells. The growing affordability and efficiency of this approach has led to a far greater understanding of the complexities of RTT syndrome but is also raised questions about previously held convictions such as the regulatory role of MECP2, the effects of different molecular mechanisms in different tissues and role of X Chromosome Inactivation in RTT.In this review we consider the results of a number of different transcriptomic analyses in different patients-derived preparations to unveil specific trends in differential gene expression across the studies. Although the analyses present limitations- such as the limited sample size- overlaps exist across these studies, and they report dysregulations in three main categories: dendritic connectivity and synapse maturation, mitochondrial dysfunction, and glial cell activity.These observations have a direct application to the disorder and give insights on the altered mechanisms in RTT, with implications on potential diagnostic criteria and treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Shovlin
- Neuropsychiatric Genetics Research Group, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute- TTMI, St James Hospital, D8, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Daniela Tropea
- Neuropsychiatric Genetics Research Group, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute- TTMI, St James Hospital, D8, Dublin, Ireland
- Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, TCIN, Loyd Building, Dublin2, Dublin, Ireland
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Fabio RA, Gangemi A, Capri T, Budden S, Falzone A. Neurophysiological and cognitive effects of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation in three girls with Rett Syndrome with chronic language impairments. RESEARCH IN DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2018; 76:76-87. [PMID: 29587149 DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2018.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2017] [Revised: 02/17/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND this study was based on both neurophysiological decelerated activity and communication deficits in Rett Syndrome (RTT). AIMS the aim was to examine the neurophysiological and cognitive effects of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) in three girls with RTT with chronic language impairments. METHODS AND PROCEDURES we proposed an integrated intervention: tDCS and cognitive empowerment applied to language in order to enhance speech production (new functional sounds and new words). Because maximal gains usually are achieved when tDCS is coupled with behavioral training, we applied tDCS stimulation on Broca's area together with linguistic training. OUTCOMES AND RESULTS the results indicated a general enhancement in language abilities (an increase in the number of vowel/consonant sounds and words and the production and comprehension through discrimination), motor coordination (functional movements), and neurophysiological parameters (an increase in the frequency and power of alpha, beta and theta bands). CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS we assume that tDCS stimulation combined with the cognitive empowerment applied to language can significantly influence a chronic impairment even in genetic syndromes. Our results provide data that support the role of tDCS in fostering brain plasticity and in particular in empowering speech production and comprehension in girls with RTT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Angela Fabio
- Department of Cognitive Science, Psychological, Education and Cultural Studies, University of Messina, Italy.
| | - Antonio Gangemi
- Department of Cognitive Science, Psychological, Education and Cultural Studies, University of Messina, Italy.
| | - Tindara Capri
- Department of Cognitive Science, Psychological, Education and Cultural Studies, University of Messina, Italy.
| | - Sarojini Budden
- St. Vincent's Hospital and Medical Center Portland, OR, United States.
| | - Alessandra Falzone
- Department of Cognitive Science, Psychological, Education and Cultural Studies, University of Messina, Italy.
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First report of an unusual novel double mutation affecting the transcription repression domain of MeCP2 and causing a severe phenotype of Rett syndrome: Molecular analyses and computational investigation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 497:93-101. [PMID: 29421650 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.02.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Rett syndrome is an X-linked neurodevelopmental disorder that develops a profound intellectual and motor disability and affects 1 from 10 000 to 15 000 live female births. This disease is characterized by a period of apparently normal development until 6-18 months of age when motor and communication abilities regress which is caused by mutations occurred in the X-linked MECP2 gene, encoding the methyl-CpG binding protein 2. This research study reports a molecular analysis via an exhaustive gene sequencing which reveals an unusual novel double mutation (c.695 G > T; c.880C > T) located in a highly conserved region in MECP2 gene affecting the transcription repression domain (TRD) of MeCP2 protein and leading for the first time to a severe phenotype of Rett syndrome. Moreover, a computational investigation of MECP2 mutations demonstrates that the novel mutation c.695 G > T is highly deleterious which affects the MeCP2 protein showing also an adverse impact on MECP2 gene expression and resulting in an affected folding and decreased stability of MECP2 structures. Thus, the altered TRD domain engenders a disrupted process of MECP2 functions. Therefore, this is the first study which highlights a novel double mutation among the transcription repression domain (TRD) of MeCP2 protein in Rett patient with a severe clinical phenotype in North Africa region.
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Gold WA, Krishnarajy R, Ellaway C, Christodoulou J. Rett Syndrome: A Genetic Update and Clinical Review Focusing on Comorbidities. ACS Chem Neurosci 2018; 9:167-176. [PMID: 29185709 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.7b00346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Rett syndrome (RTT) is a unique neurodevelopmental disorder that primarily affects females resulting in severe cognitive and physical disabilities. Despite the commendable collective efforts of the research community to better understand the genetics and underlying biology of RTT, there is still no cure. However, in the past 50 years, since the first report of RTT, steady progress has been made in the accumulation of clinical and molecular information resulting in the identification of a number of genes associated with RTT and associated phenotypes, improved diagnostic criteria, natural history studies, curation of a number of databases capturing genotypic and phenotypic data, a number of promising clinical trials and exciting novel therapeutic options which are currently being tested in laboratory and clinical settings. This Review focuses on the current knowledge of the clinical aspects of RTT, with particular attention being paid to clinical trials and the comorbidities of the disorder as well as the genetic etiology and the recognition of new diseases genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy A Gold
- Genetic
Metabolic Disorders Research Unit, Western Sydney Genetics Program, The Children’s Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Rahul Krishnarajy
- Genetic
Metabolic Disorders Research Unit, Western Sydney Genetics Program, The Children’s Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Carolyn Ellaway
- Genetic
Metabolic Disorders Service, Western Sydney Genetics Program, The Children’s Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - John Christodoulou
- Genetic
Metabolic Disorders Research Unit, Western Sydney Genetics Program, The Children’s Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, NSW 2145, Australia
- Neurodevelopmental
Genomics Research Group, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute,
and Department of Paediatrics, Melbourne Medical School, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
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27
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Marschik PB, Lemcke S, Einspieler C, Zhang D, Bölte S, Townend GS, Lauritsen MB. Early development in Rett syndrome - the benefits and difficulties of a birth cohort approach. Dev Neurorehabil 2018; 21:68-72. [PMID: 28534656 PMCID: PMC5796587 DOI: 10.1080/17518423.2017.1323970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Revised: 02/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSES Typically, early (pre-diagnostic) development in individuals later diagnosed with Rett syndrome (RTT) has been investigated retrospectively using parent reports, medical records and analysis of home videos. In recent years, prospective research designs have been increasingly applied to the investigation of early development in individuals with late phenotypical onset disorders, for example, autism spectrum disorder. METHODS In this study, data collected by the Danish National Birth Cohort lent itself to prospective exploration of the early development of RTT, in particular early motor-, speech-language, and socio-communicative behaviors, mood, and sleep. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Despite limitations, this quasi prospective methodology proved promising. In order to add substantially to the body of knowledge, however, specific questions relating to peculiarites in early development could usefully be added to future cohort studies. As this involves considerable work, it may be more realistic to consider a set of indicators which point to a number of developmental disorders rather than to one.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter B. Marschik
- Institute of Physiology, Research Unit iDN – Interdisciplinary Developmental Neuroscience, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- Center of Neurodevelopmental Disorders (KIND), Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- BEE – PRI, Brain, Ears & Eyes Pattern Recognition Initiative, BioTechMed – Graz, Austria
| | - Sanne Lemcke
- Centre for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Christa Einspieler
- Institute of Physiology, Research Unit iDN – Interdisciplinary Developmental Neuroscience, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Dajie Zhang
- Institute of Physiology, Research Unit iDN – Interdisciplinary Developmental Neuroscience, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Sven Bölte
- Center of Neurodevelopmental Disorders (KIND), Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Center for Psychiatry Research, Stockholm County Council, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gillian S. Townend
- Rett Expertise Centre Netherlands – GKC, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Marlene B. Lauritsen
- Research Unit for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
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28
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Fabio R, Martino G, Capri T, Giacchero R, Giannatiem S, Antonietti A, La Briola F, Banderali G, Canevini M, Vignoli A. Long Chain Poly-unsaturated Fatty Acid Supplementation in Rett Syndrome: A Randomized Placebo-controlled Trial. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.3923/ajcn.2018.37.46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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29
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Fabio RA, Billeci L, Crifaci G, Troise E, Tortorella G, Pioggia G. Cognitive training modifies frequency EEG bands and neuropsychological measures in Rett syndrome. RESEARCH IN DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2016; 53-54:73-85. [PMID: 26859707 DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2016.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2015] [Revised: 01/09/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Rett syndrome (RS) is a childhood neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by a primary disturbance in neuronal development. Neurological abnormalities in RS are reflected in several behavioral and cognitive impairments such as stereotypies, loss of speech and hand skills, gait apraxia, irregular breathing with hyperventilation while awake, and frequent seizures. Cognitive training can enhance both neuropsychological and neurophysiological parameters. The aim of this study was to investigate whether behaviors and brain activity were modified by training in RS. The modifications were assessed in two phases: (a) after a short-term training (STT) session, i.e., after 30 min of training and (b) after long-term training (LTT), i.e., after 5 days of training. Thirty-four girls with RS were divided into two groups: a training group (21 girls) who underwent the LTT and a control group (13 girls) that did not undergo LTT. The gaze and quantitative EEG (QEEG) data were recorded during the administration of the tasks. A gold-standard eye-tracker and a wearable EEG equipment were used. Results suggest that the participants in the STT task showed a habituation effect, decreased beta activity and increased right asymmetry. The participants in the LTT task looked faster and longer at the target, and show increased beta activity and decreased theta activity, while a leftward asymmetry was re-established. The overall result of this study indicates a positive effect of long-term cognitive training on brain and behavioral parameters in subject with RS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Angela Fabio
- Department of Cognitive Science, University of Messina, Messina, Italy.
| | - Lucia Billeci
- Department of Clinical Physiology, CNR Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Giulia Crifaci
- Department of Clinical Physiology, CNR Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Emilia Troise
- Department of Cognitive Science, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | | | - Giovanni Pioggia
- ISASI (Istituto di Scienze Applicate e Sistemi Intelligenti), CNR, Messina, Italy
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30
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MECP2 mutations in Czech patients with Rett syndrome and Rett-like phenotypes: novel mutations, genotype–phenotype correlations and validation of high-resolution melting analysis for mutation scanning. J Hum Genet 2016; 61:617-25. [DOI: 10.1038/jhg.2016.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2015] [Revised: 01/06/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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31
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Pohodich AE, Zoghbi HY. Rett syndrome: disruption of epigenetic control of postnatal neurological functions. Hum Mol Genet 2015; 24:R10-6. [PMID: 26060191 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddv217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Accepted: 06/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Loss-of-function mutations in the X-linked gene Methyl-CpG-binding protein 2 (MECP2) cause a devastating pediatric neurological disorder called Rett syndrome. In males, these mutations typically result in severe neonatal encephalopathy and early lethality. On the other hand, owing to expression of the normal allele in ∼50% of cells, females do not suffer encephalopathy but instead develop Rett syndrome. Typically females with Rett syndrome exhibit a delayed onset of neurologic dysfunction that manifests around the child's first birthday and progresses over the next few years. Features of this disorder include loss of acquired language and motor skills, intellectual impairment and hand stereotypies. The developmental regression observed in patients with Rett syndrome arises from altered neuronal function and is not the result of neurodegeneration. Maintenance of an appropriate level of MeCP2 appears integral to the function of healthy neurons as patients with increased levels of MeCP2, owing to duplication of the Xq28 region encompassing the MECP2 locus, also present with intellectual disability and progressive neurologic symptoms. Despite major efforts over the past two decades to elucidate the molecular functions of MeCP2, the mechanisms underlying the delayed appearance of symptoms remain unclear. In this review, we will highlight recent findings that have expanded our knowledge of MeCP2's functions, and we will discuss how epigenetic regulation, chromatin organization and circuit dynamics may contribute to the postnatal onset of Rett syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy E Pohodich
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston 77030, USA Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children's Hospital, Houston 77030, USA
| | - Huda Y Zoghbi
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston 77030, USA Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston 77030, USA Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston 77030, USA and Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children's Hospital, Houston 77030, USA
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32
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Zhao N, Ma D, Leong WY, Han J, VanDongen A, Chen T, Goh ELK. The methyl-CpG-binding domain (MBD) is crucial for MeCP2's dysfunction-induced defects in adult newborn neurons. Front Cell Neurosci 2015; 9:158. [PMID: 25964742 PMCID: PMC4408855 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2015.00158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2015] [Accepted: 04/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the human X-linked gene MECP2 are responsible for most Rett syndrome (RTT) cases, predominantly within its methyl-CpG-binding domain (MBD). To examine the role of MBD in the pathogenesis of RTT, we generated two MeCP2 mutant constructs, one with a deletion of MBD (MeCP2-ΔMBD), another mimicking a mutation of threonine 158 within the MBD (MeCP2-T158M) found in RTT patients. MeCP2 knockdown resulted in a decrease in total dendrite length, branching, synapse number, as well as altered spontaneous Ca(2+) oscillations in vitro, which could be reversed by expression of full length human MeCP2 (hMeCP2-FL). However, the expression of hMeCP2-ΔMBD in MeCP2-silenced neurons did not rescue the changes in neuronal morphology and spontaneous Ca(2+) oscillations, while expression of hMeCP2-T158M in these neurons could only rescue the decrease in dendrite length and branch number. In vivo over expression of hMeCP2-FL but not hMeCP2-ΔMBD in adult newborn neurons of the dentate gyrus also rescued the cell autonomous effect caused by MeCP2 deficiency in dendrites length and branching. Our results demonstrate that an intact and functional MBD is crucial for MeCP2 functions in cultured hippocampal neurons and adult newborn neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Zhao
- Programme in Neuroscience and Behavioral Disorder, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School Singapore, Singapore ; Key Laboratory of Health Ministry for Forensic Science, Department of Forensic Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Medicine Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Dongliang Ma
- Programme in Neuroscience and Behavioral Disorder, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School Singapore, Singapore
| | - Wan Ying Leong
- Programme in Neuroscience and Behavioral Disorder, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ju Han
- Programme in Neuroscience and Behavioral Disorder, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School Singapore, Singapore
| | - Antonius VanDongen
- Programme in Neuroscience and Behavioral Disorder, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School Singapore, Singapore ; Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore Singapore, Singapore
| | - Teng Chen
- Key Laboratory of Health Ministry for Forensic Science, Department of Forensic Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Medicine Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Eyleen L K Goh
- Programme in Neuroscience and Behavioral Disorder, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School Singapore, Singapore ; Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore Singapore, Singapore ; KK Research Center, KK Women's and Children's Hospital Singapore, Singapore
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