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Randall KN. Perceived Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Adults with Intellectual and Developmental Disability: A Qualitative Study. JOURNAL OF INTELLECTUAL DISABILITIES : JOID 2024; 28:118-136. [PMID: 38439515 PMCID: PMC9755036 DOI: 10.1177/17446295221146352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
The current study examined the impact that the COVID-19 pandemic and resulting restrictions have had on individuals with intellectual and developmental disability. Semi-structured focus groups were conducted to collect data from participants who attended day programming by local community agency. Results indicate that the COVID-19 pandemic and its safety restrictions impacted participants' knowledge of the disease, programming and work, relationships, activities, and emotions in ways that were both similar to and different from other findings in other populations. Implications of these findings for research and practice are discussed.
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2
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Crawford H, Oliver C, Groves L, Bradley L, Smith K, Hogan A, Renshaw D, Waite J, Roberts J. Behavioural and physiological indicators of anxiety reflect shared and distinct profiles across individuals with neurogenetic syndromes. Psychiatry Res 2023; 326:115278. [PMID: 37285621 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2023.115278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Anxiety is heightened in individuals with intellectual disability, particularly in those with specific neurogenetic syndromes. Assessment of anxiety for these individuals is hampered by a lack of appropriate measures that cater for communication impairment, differences in presentation, and overlapping features with co-occurring conditions. Here, we adopt a multi-method approach to identify fine-grained behavioural and physiological (via salivary cortisol) responses to anxiety presses in people with fragile X (FXS; n = 27; Mage = 20.11 years; range 6.32 - 47.04 years) and Cornelia de Lange syndromes (CdLS; n = 27; Mage = 18.42 years; range 4.28 - 41.08 years), two neurogenetic groups at high risk for anxiety, compared to neurotypical children (NT; n = 21; Mage = 5.97 years; range 4.34 - 7.30 years). Results indicate that physical avoidance of feared stimuli and proximity seeking to a familiar adult are prominent behavioural indicators of anxiety/stress in FXS and CdLS. Heightened pervasive physiological arousal was identified in these groups via salivary cortisol. An association between autistic characteristics and anxiety was evident in the FXS group but not in the CdLS group pointing to syndrome-specific nuances in the association between anxiety and autism. This study furthers understanding of the behavioural and physiological presentation of anxiety in individuals with intellectual disability and progresses theoretical developments regarding the development and maintenance of anxiety at the intersection of autism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayley Crawford
- Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, United Kingdom.
| | - Chris Oliver
- School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Laura Groves
- School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Louise Bradley
- Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Portsmouth, United Kingdom
| | - Kayla Smith
- Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, United Kingdom
| | - Abigail Hogan
- Department of Psychology, University of South Carolina, Columbia, United States
| | - Derek Renshaw
- Research Centre for Sport, Exercise and Life Sciences, Coventry University, United Kingdom
| | - Jane Waite
- School of Psychology, Aston University, United Kingdom
| | - Jane Roberts
- Department of Psychology, University of South Carolina, Columbia, United States
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3
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Victor Mbanuzuru A, Uwakwe R, Sochukwu Anyaoku C, Okwudili Ojimba A, Chinyere Mbanuzuru M, Ezenyeaku CA, Chukwudinma Obi D, Nkiru Okafor C, Prosper Okonkwo U. Generalized anxiety disorder screening using gad-7 among in-school adolescents of anambra state, nigeria: a comparative study between urban and rural areas. Child Adolesc Psychiatry Ment Health 2023; 17:91. [PMID: 37468988 DOI: 10.1186/s13034-023-00637-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have reported that general anxiety disorder manifestations differ in diverse settings. OBJECTIVE To determine and compare the prevalence of probable anxiety disorders among in-school adolescents in urban and rural areas of Anambra State. METHODS A total of 1187 in-school adolescents were recruited using a multi-stage sampling technique. The study instrument was an interviewer-administered pretested questionnaire adopted from General Anxiety Disorder (GAD-7). Data were analyzed with the IBM Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 22. RESULT One hundred and twenty of the participants out of the 1187 (10.1%) were found to have probable generalized anxiety disorders using GAD-7 as screening tool. The prevalence of symptoms of anxiety disorder revealed that urban participants had a higher prevalence compared to their rural counterparts (11% vs. 8.8%), while females had a higher prevalence compared to the males in the ratio of 3:2 (or 12% vs. 8%). The prevalence of symptoms of anxiety disorders among females was higher than that of males even when compared based on a rural and urban settings. When all other variables are held constant, urban participants were found to have a 50% higher chance of being identified with anxiety disorders compared to their rural participants (OR = 1.500, C.I.:1.002-2.246, p = 0.049). CONCLUSION The prevalence of probable anxiety disorders was found in 10% of the participants. The females have a higher propensity to exhibit symptoms of anxiety disorders than the males. Anxiety status affects how adolescents view their general health. The study started from the date of approval by the West African College of Physicians on the 21 February 2017, but Ethical Clearance from NAUTHEC was given on the 19th December 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahoma Victor Mbanuzuru
- Department of Community Medicine & Primary Health Care, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Anambra State, Nigeria
| | - Rechard Uwakwe
- Department of Psychiatry, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Anambra State, Nigeria
| | - Chinekwu Sochukwu Anyaoku
- Department of Family Medicine, Nnamdi Azikiwe University Teaching Hospital, Awka, Anambra State, Nigeria
| | - Anastacia Okwudili Ojimba
- Center for Communicable Disease Control and Research, Federal Medical Centre Asaba, Asaba, Delta State, Nigeria
| | | | | | - Darlington Chukwudinma Obi
- Department of Community Medicine and Primary Health Care, Faculty of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Anambra State, Nigeria
| | - Christiana Nkiru Okafor
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences and Technology, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Anambra State, Nigeria
| | - Uchenna Prosper Okonkwo
- Department of Medical Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health Sciences and Technology, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Anambra State, Nigeria.
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Uwimbabazi MP, Muziki JD, Muhayisa A, Uwera T, Mutabaruka J. The mediating role of anxiety between negative feelings and depression among students with congenital physical disabilities. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0281430. [PMID: 36862738 PMCID: PMC10045554 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0281430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Congenital physical disability is associated with various psychological challenges, including negative feelings, anxiety, and stress. These challenges will, in turn, predict significant negative emotional well-being among students with congenital physical disabilities, but the mechanisms of these effects are not well known. This study examined whether Negative Emotional Wellbeing Anxiety (NEWA) would mediate the effect of Negative Feelings (NF) and Negative Emotional Wellbeing Depression (NEWD) among students with congenital physical disabilities. Forty-six students with congenital physical disabilities (mean age: 20 years, SD = 2.05; 45.65% females) completed self-rating measures that included sociodemographic variables (age and sex), emotional state for Children to assess negative feelings, and an emotional distress protocol to assess NEWA and NEWD. Results show that NF was positively correlated with NEWA (r = .69, p < .001) and NEWD (r = .69, p < .001), and NEWA was positively correlated with NEWD (r = .86, p < .001). Findings further reported that NEWA significantly mediated the positive relationship between NF and NEWD (a*b = .37, Bootstrap CI95 = .23 and .52) [Sobel test statistic of 4.82 (p < .001)] among students with congenital physical disabilities. The results highlight the importance of screening students with congenital physical disabilities for common psychological challenges and providing suitable interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Paule Uwimbabazi
- Department of Clinical Psychology, College of Medicine, and Health Sciences, University of Rwanda, Kigali, Rwanda
| | | | - Assumpta Muhayisa
- Department of Clinical Psychology, College of Medicine, and Health Sciences, University of Rwanda, Kigali, Rwanda
| | - Thaoussi Uwera
- Department of Health Informatics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences of University of Rwanda, Kigali, Rwanda
| | - Jean Mutabaruka
- Department of Clinical Psychology, College of Medicine, and Health Sciences, University of Rwanda, Kigali, Rwanda
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5
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Kalinousky AJ, Rapp T, Hijazi H, Johnson J, Bjornsson HT, Harris JR. Neurobehavioral phenotype of Kabuki syndrome: Anxiety is a common feature. Front Genet 2022; 13:1007046. [PMID: 36276984 PMCID: PMC9582441 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.1007046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Kabuki syndrome (KS) is a Mendelian Disorder of the Epigenetic Machinery (MDEM) caused by loss of function variants in either of two genes involved in the regulation of histone methylation, KMT2D (34–76%) or KDM6A (9–13%). Previously, representative neurobehavioral deficits of KS were recapitulated in a mouse model, emphasizing the role of KMT2D in brain development, specifically in ongoing hippocampal neurogenesis in the granule cell layer of the dentate gyrus. Interestingly, anxiety, a phenotype that has a known association with decreased hippocampal neurogenesis, has been anecdotally reported in individuals with KS. In this study, anxiety and behavior were assessed in a cohort of 60 individuals with molecularly confirmed KS and 25 unaffected biological siblings, via questionnaires (SCARED/GAS-ID and CBCL/ABCL). Participant age ranged from 4 to 43 years old, with 88.3% of participants having a pathogenic variant in KMT2D, and the rest having variants in KDM6A. In addition, data was collected on adaptive function and positive affect/quality of life in participants with KS using appropriate online surveys including ABAS-III and PROMIS Positive Affect. Survey scores were compared within the KS participants across age groups and between KS participants and their unaffected siblings. We found that children with KS have significantly higher anxiety scores and total behavior problem scores than their unaffected siblings (p = 0.0225, p < 0.0001). Moreover, a large proportion of affected individuals (22.2% of children and 60.0% of adults) surpassed the established threshold for anxiety; this may even be an underestimate given many patients are already treated for anxiety. In this sample, anxiety levels did not correlate with level of cognitive or adaptive function in any KS participants, but negatively correlated with positive affect in children with KS (p = 0.0005). These findings indicate that anxiety is a common neurobehavioral feature of KS. Providers should therefore carefully screen individuals with KS for anxiety as well as other behavioral issues in order to allow for prompt intervention. Neurobehavioral anxiety measures may also prove to be important outcome measures for clinical trials in KS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison J. Kalinousky
- McKusick-Nathans Department of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Tyler Rapp
- University of North Carolina School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Hadia Hijazi
- McKusick-Nathans Department of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | | | - Hans Tomas Bjornsson
- McKusick-Nathans Department of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland
- Landspitali University Hospital, Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - Jacqueline R. Harris
- McKusick-Nathans Department of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, United States
- *Correspondence: Jacqueline R. Harris,
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Giani L, Michelini G, Ajmone PF, Scaini S, Selicorni A, Vizziello P, Costantino A. Age-related hallmarks of psychopathology in Cornelia de Lange and Rubinstein-Taybi syndromes. RESEARCH IN DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2022; 126:104235. [PMID: 35468572 DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2022.104235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM There is mounting evidence highlighting that Cornelia de Lange Syndrome (CdLS) and Rubinstein-Taybi Syndrome's (RSTS) behavioral phenotypes are not stable over individual developmental trajectories and that several psychiatric disorders might arise with age. Our study aims to examine the specific hallmarks of psychopathology and behavioral phenotypes in four different age ranges: infancy and toddlerhood, early childhood, middle childhood, and adolescence, in both genetic syndromes. METHOD The sample included 44 patients with CdLS (48% boys, age = 6.67 ± 4.36) and 31 with RSTS (48% boys, age = 6.89 ± 4.58) recruited through follow-ups. Cognitive, behavioral, and autism assessments were carried out with Griffith's scales or the Leiter-R, the Child Behavior Checklist, and the Child Autism Rating Scales 2. Multiple ANOVA 2 × 4 were run to outline behavioral phenotypic age-related syndromic markers and ANCOVA to value the weight of IQ and ASD-related traits on the psychopathological outcome. RESULTS Findings showed that anxiety is a crucial phenotypic hallmark, independent of IQ but associated with autistic traits, that increases from infancy to adolescence in both CdLS and RSTS. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS Being aware of the developmental challenges that growing children are called to face is essential for drawing up proper standards of assessment turning into target age-related interventions, ensuring these patients personalized healthcare and improvement in life quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludovica Giani
- Child and Youth Lab, Sigmund Freud University of Milan, Via Ripa di Porta Ticinese 77, 20143 Milan, Italy
| | - Giovanni Michelini
- Child and Youth Lab, Sigmund Freud University of Milan, Via Ripa di Porta Ticinese 77, 20143 Milan, Italy
| | - Paola Francesca Ajmone
- Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatric Service (UONPIA), Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via Pace 9, Milan, Italy.
| | - Simona Scaini
- Child and Youth Lab, Sigmund Freud University of Milan, Via Ripa di Porta Ticinese 77, 20143 Milan, Italy
| | | | - Paola Vizziello
- Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatric Service (UONPIA), Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via Pace 9, Milan, Italy
| | - Antonella Costantino
- Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatric Service (UONPIA), Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via Pace 9, Milan, Italy
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7
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Edwards G, Jones C, Pearson E, Royston R, Oliver C, Tarver J, Crawford H, Shelley L, Waite J. Prevalence of anxiety symptomatology and diagnosis in syndromic intellectual disability: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2022; 138:104719. [PMID: 35661754 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Individuals with syndromic intellectual disability are at increased risk of experiencing anxiety. Comparing prevalence estimates of anxiety will allow the identification of at-risk groups and inform causal pathways of anxiety. No known study has explored estimates of anxiety symptomatology and diagnosis, including specific anxiety profiles, across groups whilst accounting for methodological quality of studies. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to fill this gap. Prior to review completion, methodology and analysis plans were registered and documented in a protocol (CRD42019123561). Data from 83 papers, involving a pooled sample of 13,708 across eight syndromes were synthesised using a random effects model. Anxiety prevalence ranged from 9 % (95 % CI: 4-14) in Down syndrome to 73% in Rett syndrome (95 % CI: 70-77). Anxiety prevalence across syndromic intellectual disability was higher than for intellectual disability of mixed aetiology and general population estimates. Substantial variability between syndromes identified groups at higher risk than others. The identification of high-risk groups is crucial for early intervention, allowing us to refine models of risk and identify divergent profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgina Edwards
- The School of Psychology, College of Health and Life Sciences, Aston University, UK.
| | - Chris Jones
- School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, UK.
| | - Effie Pearson
- The School of Psychology, College of Health and Life Sciences, Aston University, UK.
| | - Rachel Royston
- School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, UK.
| | - Chris Oliver
- School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, UK.
| | - Joanne Tarver
- The School of Psychology, College of Health and Life Sciences, Aston University, UK.
| | - Hayley Crawford
- Mental Health and Wellbeing Unit, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, UK.
| | - Lauren Shelley
- The School of Psychology, College of Health and Life Sciences, Aston University, UK.
| | - Jane Waite
- The School of Psychology, College of Health and Life Sciences, Aston University, UK.
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8
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Validation of an Adapted Version of the Glasgow Anxiety Scale for People with Intellectual Disabilities (GAS-ID). J Autism Dev Disord 2022; 53:1560-1572. [PMID: 35138559 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-021-05398-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The objective of the study was to validate adapted versions of the Glasgow Anxiety Scale for people with Intellectual Disabilities (GAS-ID) simultaneously developed in English and French. A sample of 361 youth with mild to moderate intellectual disability (ID) (M = 15.78 years) from Australia (English-speaking) and Canada (French-speaking) participated in this study. The results supported the factor validity and reliability, measurement invariance (between English and French versions), a lack of differential items functioning (as a function of youth's age and ID level, but not sex in the English-Australian sample), temporal stability (over one year interval), and convergent validity (with global self-esteem and school loneliness) of a bi-factor exploratory structural equation modeling representation of the GAS-ID. The present study supports the psychometric properties of the English-Australian and French-Canadian versions of the adapted GAS-ID.
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9
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Tarver J, Vitoratou S, Mastroianni M, Heaney N, Bennett E, Gibbons F, Fiori F, Absoud M, Ramasubramanian L, Simonoff E, Santosh P. Development and Psychometric Properties of a New Questionnaire to Assess Mental Health and Concerning Behaviors in Children and Young People with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD): The Assessment of Concerning Behavior (ACB) Scale. J Autism Dev Disord 2021; 51:2812-2828. [PMID: 33051784 PMCID: PMC8254716 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-020-04748-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Although 70% of autistic children and young people meet criteria for co-occurring psychiatric conditions, there are few screening measures specifically for autistic individuals. We describe the development and validation of the Assessment of Concerning Behavior (ACB), an instrument co-developed with the autistic community to assess mental health and problematic/risky behaviors. Items include descriptions to facilitate symptom recognition by autistic people, and carers/professionals. The ACB was completed by 255 parents, 149 autistic children and young people and 30 teachers. Internal consistency, stability and validity was assessed. The ACB parent-version fit a two-factor model (internalizing and externalizing problems) and showed adequate test-retest reliability, internal consistency and construct validity. The ACB is a promising new measure for research and clinical use in autism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne Tarver
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
- Department of Psychology, School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, UK
| | - Silia Vitoratou
- Department of Biostatistics and Health Informatics, Psychometrics and Measurement Lab, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, London, UK
| | - Mathilde Mastroianni
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
- Centre for Interventional Paediatric Psychopharmacology and Rare Diseases, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Natalie Heaney
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Eleanor Bennett
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Felicity Gibbons
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Federico Fiori
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
- Centre for Interventional Paediatric Psychopharmacology and Rare Diseases, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
- HealthTracker Ltd, Gillingham, Kent, UK
| | - Michael Absoud
- Children's Neurosciences, Evelina London Children' Hospital, St Thomas' Hospital, King's Health Partners Academic Health Science Centre, London, UK
- Department of Women and Children's Health, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, School of Life Course Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Lakshmi Ramasubramanian
- Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services, Alder Hey Children's NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UK
| | - Emily Simonoff
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Paramala Santosh
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.
- Centre for Interventional Paediatric Psychopharmacology and Rare Diseases, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.
- HealthTracker Ltd, Gillingham, Kent, UK.
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10
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Smith K, Hogan AL, Will E, Roberts JE. Attention Bias and Prodromal Anxiety Symptoms in Toddlers With Fragile X Syndrome and Down Syndrome. AMERICAN JOURNAL ON INTELLECTUAL AND DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2021; 126:167-181. [PMID: 33651888 PMCID: PMC8108623 DOI: 10.1352/1944-7558-126.2.167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Early identification of behavioral risk markers for anxiety is essential to optimize long-term outcomes in children with neurodevelopmental disorders. This study analyzed attentional avoidance and its relation to anxiety and autism spectrum disorder (ASD) symptomatology during social and nonsocial fear conditions in toddlers with fragile X syndrome (FXS) and Down syndrome (DS). Toddlers with FXS and DS exhibited increased nonsocial attentional avoidance relative to typically developing (TD) toddlers. Attentional avoidance was not related to anxiety symptom severity in any group; however, higher ASD symptom severity was related to more social attentional avoidance in the FXS and TD groups. Findings suggest that there may be different underlying mechanisms driving attentional avoidance across neurodevelopmental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayla Smith
- Kayla Smith, Abigail L. Hogan, Elizabeth Will, and Jane E. Roberts, University of South Carolina
| | - Abigail L Hogan
- Kayla Smith, Abigail L. Hogan, Elizabeth Will, and Jane E. Roberts, University of South Carolina
| | - Elizabeth Will
- Kayla Smith, Abigail L. Hogan, Elizabeth Will, and Jane E. Roberts, University of South Carolina
| | - Jane E Roberts
- Kayla Smith, Abigail L. Hogan, Elizabeth Will, and Jane E. Roberts, University of South Carolina
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11
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Uljarević M, Frazier TW, Rached G, Busch RM, Klaas P, Srivastava S, Martinez-Agosto JA, Sahin M, Eng C, Hardan AY. Brief Report: Role of Parent-Reported Executive Functioning and Anxiety in Insistence on Sameness in Individuals with Germline PTEN Mutations. J Autism Dev Disord 2021; 52:414-422. [PMID: 33595755 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-021-04881-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to characterize the relationship between insistence on sameness (IS), executive functioning (EF) and anxiety among individuals with PTEN mutations and individuals with macrocephalic ASD. The sample included 38 individuals with PTEN mutation and ASD diagnosis (PTEN-ASD; Mage = 8.93 years, SDage = 4.75), 23 with PTEN mutation without ASD (PTEN-no ASD; Mage = 8.94 years; SDage = 4.85) and 25 with ASD and macrocephaly but with no PTEN mutation (Macro-ASD; Mage = 11.99 years; SDage = 5.15). The final model accounted for 45.7% of variance in IS, with Set-Shifting EF subdomain as a unique independent predictor (t = 4.12, p < 0.001). This investigation provides the first preliminary evidence for the EF-anxiety-IS interrelationship in individuals with PTEN mutations and with macrocephalic ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirko Uljarević
- Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry, and Health Sciences, Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
- La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, 3086, Australia.
| | - Thomas W Frazier
- Department of Psychology, John Carroll University, University Heights, OH, USA
| | | | - Robyn M Busch
- Department of Neurology, Neurological Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
- Genomic Medicine Institute, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
| | - Patricia Klaas
- Department of Neurology, Neurological Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
| | - Siddharth Srivastava
- Translational Neuroscience Center, Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Julian A Martinez-Agosto
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Mustafa Sahin
- Translational Neuroscience Center, Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Charis Eng
- Genomic Medicine Institute, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
| | - Antonio Y Hardan
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
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12
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Tarver J, Pearson E, Edwards G, Shirazi A, Potter L, Malhi P, Waite J. Anxiety in autistic individuals who speak few or no words: A qualitative study of parental experience and anxiety management. AUTISM : THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND PRACTICE 2020; 25:429-439. [PMID: 32998530 PMCID: PMC7874371 DOI: 10.1177/1362361320962366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Anxiety is a common co-occurring condition in autism and impacts quality of life of autistic individuals and their families; autistic individuals who speak few or no words represent an under-researched group. This qualitative study aimed to understand more about parental recognition and management of anxiety in autistic individuals who speak few or no words. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with parents/carers of 17 autistic individuals (mage = 14.29) recruited from an existing participant database and social media adverts. Using thematic analysis, 15 themes were placed under three a-priori grand themes: parental recognition of anxiety; parental management of anxiety; and anxiety impact on the autistic individual and their family. Due to reduced verbal language use and overlap with other behaviours, parents described difficulties recognising anxiety in their child. However, they also described use of a number of management strategies, including some which overlap with components of evidence-based interventions for emotional and behavioural problems in autistic individuals (e.g. exposure/sensory calming). Despite this, parents reported that anxiety continues to have significant impact on quality of life. The findings of this study can help to inform the development of targeted intervention and assessment measures for anxiety in autistic individuals who speak few or no words.
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Robles-Bello MA, Sánchez-Teruel D, Valencia Naranjo N. Adaptation of the Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders in Spanish with Nonspecific Intellectual Disability. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev 2020; 51:742-753. [PMID: 32337661 DOI: 10.1007/s10578-020-00996-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Anxiety continues to be one of the most frequent disorders with typically developing children and youth. However, people with intellectual disability (ID) lack validated diagnostic tests backed by sufficient methodological rigor. Analyze the psychometric properties of the Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders (SCARED) in this clinical population, specifically in children and young Spanish with Nonspecific Intellectual Disability. Descriptive statistics and item analysis (N = 542), exploratory factorial analysis (n = 245) and confirmatory (n = 297) and scale reliability analyses were performed and evaluated the internal consistency with various indices (Cronbach's alpha and omega) and the stability of the measurement (test-retest) of the resulting scale with better goodness-of-adjustment indices. A new scale called SCARED-DI was obtained in this clinical sample with three factors and a smaller number of items (22), offering important goodness-of-fit indices (RMSEA [95% CI] 03[0.01; .04]; CFI = 0.99; TLI = 0.98; GFI = 0.88; AGFI = 0.89) and high internal consistency (α = 0.91; ω = 0.93) and adequate measurement stability (rxx = 0.92). The importance of validating psychopathological anxiety tests for children and youth with ID in order to build good mental health is discussed, emphasizing the need to provide easy, short-duration tests on both cognitive and emotional aspects in this clinical sub-population. In addition, the results are assessed in terms of future research and practical implications. This new version of SCARED-ID represents a valid and reliable tool to evaluate the anxiety in people with intellectual disabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David Sánchez-Teruel
- Department of Psychology, University of Córdoba, Avda. San Alberto Magno s/n, 14071, Cordoba, Spain.
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Siegel M, McGuire K, Veenstra-VanderWeele J, Stratigos K, King B, Bellonci C, Hayek M, Keable H, Rockhill C, Bukstein OG, Walter HJ. Practice Parameter for the Assessment and Treatment of Psychiatric Disorders in Children and Adolescents With Intellectual Disability (Intellectual Developmental Disorder). J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2020; 59:468-496. [PMID: 33928910 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaac.2019.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Intellectual disability (intellectual developmental disorder) (ID/IDD) is both a psychiatric disorder and a risk factor for co-occurring psychiatric disorders in children and adolescents. DSM-5 introduced important changes in the conceptualization and diagnosis of ID/IDD, and current research studies clarify assessment and treatment of co-occurring psychiatric disorders in this population. Optimal assessment and treatment of psychiatric illness in children and adolescents with ID/IDD includes modifications in diagnostic and treatment techniques, appreciation of variations in the clinical presentation of psychiatric disorders, an understanding of the spectrum of etiologies of behavioral disturbance, and knowledge of psychosocial and medical interventions.
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Dovgan K, Clay CJ, Tate SA. Dog Phobia Intervention: A Case Study in Improvement of Physiological and Behavioral Symptoms in A Child with Intellectual Disability. Dev Neurorehabil 2020; 23:121-132. [PMID: 31682551 DOI: 10.1080/17518423.2019.1683909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Background: Children with intellectual disability are at risk for anxiety disorders involving intense physiological reactions and risky behavioral responses. Interventions have been identified in this field; however, assessment of underlying anxiety is limited and flawed.Method: We implemented a single-subject case study using differential reinforcement to treat dog phobia in a boy with intellectual disability. We recorded elopement and compliance with goals and measured physiological expressions of stress: galvanic skin response, heart rate variability, temperature, and latency to calm down.Results: After fifteen therapy sessions, the boy decreased elopement and noncompliance considerably and showed dramatic improvements in emotional self-regulation.Conclusions: Future research should examine the utility of including biosensing measures in clinical applications and the relationship between physiological measures of anxiety and traditional questionnaires. Children with intellectual disability at risk for anxiety disorders should be tracked longitudinally to examine the effect of interventions on social-emotional well-being and self-regulation.
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Assessment and Management of Depression and Anxiety in Children and Adolescents with Epilepsy. Behav Neurol 2019; 2019:2571368. [PMID: 31191736 PMCID: PMC6525933 DOI: 10.1155/2019/2571368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 04/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Anxiety and depression in children and adolescents with epilepsy are common comorbidities which place a significant burden on patients and families and complicate the clinical management of epilepsy. This paper presents a narrative review on the aetiology, phenomenology, assessment, and management of depression and anxiety among paediatric patients with epilepsy. The recognition of affective comorbidity in paediatric epilepsy is limited at present, and the contributory role of antiepileptic medication towards such comorbidity must be considered by clinicians.
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Roberts JE, Ezell JE, Fairchild AJ, Klusek J, Thurman AJ, McDuffie A, Abbeduto L. Biobehavioral composite of social aspects of anxiety in young adults with fragile X syndrome contrasted to autism spectrum disorder. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2018; 177:665-675. [PMID: 30307687 PMCID: PMC6532983 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.32674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Revised: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Social anxiety is a common disorder that has negative impacts across multiple domains of function. Several clinical groups are at elevated risk for social anxiety, including those with fragile X syndrome and those with autism spectrum disorder. Measuring social anxiety in these clinical subgroups is fraught with challenge, however, given the complexity of social anxiety and measurement limitations that are particularly acute in persons with neurodevelopmental disorders. The over-arching aim of this study was to contribute to our understanding of the nature of social anxiety in fragile X syndrome and its association with autism spectrum disorder. To address this aim, we created a multi-faceted composite representing behavioral and biological aspects of social anxiety and examined differences in two adolescent and young adult-aged groups: 59 males with fragile X syndrome and 18 males with autism spectrum disorder. Results indicated a lower score on the multivariate composite for the males with fragile X syndrome relative to autism spectrum disorder but with evidence that traits of autism and social anxiety overlap. We conclude that measuring anxiety and autism traits in fragile X syndrome and autism spectrum disorder is complex with features that overlap and interact in a dynamic manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane E Roberts
- Department of Psychology, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina
| | - Jordan E Ezell
- Department of Psychology, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina
| | - Amanda J Fairchild
- Department of Psychology, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina
| | - Jessica Klusek
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina
| | - Angela J Thurman
- MIND Institute and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California
| | - Andrea McDuffie
- MIND Institute and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California
| | - Leonard Abbeduto
- MIND Institute and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California
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Maïano C, Coutu S, Tracey D, Bouchard S, Lepage G, Morin AJS, Moullec G. Prevalence of anxiety and depressive disorders among youth with intellectual disabilities: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Affect Disord 2018; 236:230-242. [PMID: 29751238 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2018.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Revised: 03/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purpose of this meta-analytic study was to determine the pooled prevalence estimates of anxiety and depressive disorders among children and adolescents with intellectual disabilities (ID) and to assess the extent to which these pooled prevalence rates differed according to studies' characteristics. METHOD A systematic literature search was performed in nine databases and 21 studies, published between 1975 and 2015, met the inclusion criteria. RESULTS The resulting pooled prevalence estimates of combined subtypes of anxiety and depressive disorders were respectively (a) 5.4% and 2.8% across samples; (b) 1.2% and 0.03% among children; and (c) 7.9% and 1.4% among adolescents. Pooled prevalence estimates for specific subtypes of anxiety disorders ranged from (a) 0.2% to 11.5% across samples; (b) 0.7% to 17.6% among children; and (c) 0.6% to 19.8% among adolescents. Pooled prevalence estimates of dysthymic disorder and major depressive disorder were respectively (a) 3.4% and 2.5% across samples; (b) 2.1% and 3.2% among children; and (c) 6.9% and 5.7% among adolescents. Finally, subgroup analyses showed significant variations in the pooled prevalence estimates of combined subtypes of anxiety disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and generalized anxiety disorder; and combined subtypes of depressive disorders. LIMITATIONS The present findings of this meta-analysis should be interpreted with caution given several limitations related to the characteristics of the populations, diagnostic method and sampling method. CONCLUSION Findings provide recommendations for future studies investigating psychological disorders among youth with ID, as well as how clinicians and policy makers can improve diagnostic practices and support for youth with ID.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Maïano
- Cyberpsychology Laboratory, Department of Psychoeducation and Psychology, Université du Québec en Outaouais (UQO), Gatineau, Canada; Department of Psychoeducation and Psychology, Université du Québec en Outaouais (UQO), Saint-Jérôme, Canada; Substantive-Methodological Synergy Research Laboratory, Department of Psychology, Concordia University, Montréal, Canada.
| | - Sylvain Coutu
- Department of Psychoeducation and Psychology, Université du Québec en Outaouais (UQO), Saint-Jérôme, Canada
| | - Danielle Tracey
- School of Education, Western Sydney University, Sydney, Australia
| | - Stéphane Bouchard
- Cyberpsychology Laboratory, Department of Psychoeducation and Psychology, Université du Québec en Outaouais (UQO), Gatineau, Canada; Department of Psychoeducation and Psychology, Université du Québec en Outaouais (UQO), Saint-Jérôme, Canada
| | - Geneviève Lepage
- Department of Psychoeducation and Psychology, Université du Québec en Outaouais (UQO), Saint-Jérôme, Canada
| | - Alexandre J S Morin
- Substantive-Methodological Synergy Research Laboratory, Department of Psychology, Concordia University, Montréal, Canada
| | - Grégory Moullec
- Department of Psychoeducation and Psychology, Université du Québec en Outaouais (UQO), Saint-Jérôme, Canada; School of Public Health, Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada; Research Center, Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux (CIUSSS) du Nord-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Montréal, Canada
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Rumball F. A Systematic Review of the Assessment and Treatment of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorders. REVIEW JOURNAL OF AUTISM AND DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s40489-018-0133-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Royston R, Howlin P, Waite J, Oliver C. Anxiety Disorders in Williams Syndrome Contrasted with Intellectual Disability and the General Population: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Autism Dev Disord 2017; 47:3765-3777. [PMID: 27696186 PMCID: PMC5676825 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-016-2909-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Individuals with specific genetic syndromes associated with intellectual disability (ID), such as Williams syndrome (WS), are at increased risk for developing anxiety disorders. A systematic literature review identified sixteen WS papers that could generate pooled prevalence estimates of anxiety disorders for WS. A meta-analysis compared these estimates with prevalence estimates for the heterogeneous ID population and the general population. Estimated rates of anxiety disorders in WS were high. WS individuals were four times more likely to experience anxiety than individuals with ID, and the risk was also heightened compared to the general population. The results provide further evidence of an unusual profile of high anxiety in WS.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Royston
- The Cerebra Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.
| | - P Howlin
- Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychology, Psychiatry and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - J Waite
- The Cerebra Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - C Oliver
- The Cerebra Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
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21
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Crawford H, Waite J, Oliver C. Diverse Profiles of Anxiety Related Disorders in Fragile X, Cornelia de Lange and Rubinstein-Taybi Syndromes. J Autism Dev Disord 2017; 47:3728-3740. [PMID: 28144878 PMCID: PMC5676833 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-016-3015-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Anxiety disorders are heightened in specific genetic syndromes in comparison to intellectual disability of heterogeneous aetiology. In this study, we described and contrasted anxiety symptomatology in fragile X (FXS), Cornelia de Lange (CdLS) and Rubinstein-Taybi syndromes (RTS), and compared the symptomatology to normative data for typically-developing children and children diagnosed with an anxiety disorder. Scores did not differ between children diagnosed with an anxiety disorder and (a) participants with FXS on social phobia, panic/agoraphobia, physical injury fears, and obsessive-compulsive subscales (b) participants with CdLS on separation anxiety, generalized anxiety, panic/agoraphobia, physical injury fears and obsessive-compulsive subscales, and (c) participants with RTS on panic/agoraphobia and obsessive-compulsive subscales. The results highlight divergent profiles of anxiety symptomatology between these groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayley Crawford
- Centre for Research in Psychology, Behaviour and Achievement, Coventry University, James Starley Building (JSG12), Priory Street, Coventry, CV1 5FB, UK.
- Cerebra Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.
| | - Jane Waite
- Cerebra Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Chris Oliver
- Cerebra Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
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Flynn S, Vereenooghe L, Hastings RP, Adams D, Cooper SA, Gore N, Hatton C, Hood K, Jahoda A, Langdon PE, McNamara R, Oliver C, Roy A, Totsika V, Waite J. Measurement tools for mental health problems and mental well-being in people with severe or profound intellectual disabilities: A systematic review. Clin Psychol Rev 2017; 57:32-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2017.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Revised: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Abstract
Individuals with Williams syndrome (WS) often experience significant anxiety. A promising approach to anxiety intervention has emerged from cognitive studies of attention bias to threat. To investigate the utility of this intervention in WS, this study examined attention bias to happy and angry faces in individuals with WS (N = 46). Results showed a significant difference in attention bias patterns as a function of IQ and anxiety. Individuals with higher IQ or higher anxiety showed a significant bias toward angry, but not happy faces, whereas individuals with lower IQ or lower anxiety showed the opposite pattern. These results suggest that attention bias interventions to modify a threat bias may be most effectively targeted to anxious individuals with WS with relatively high IQ.
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Fallea A, Zuccarello R, Calì F. Dental anxiety in patients with borderline intellectual functioning and patients with intellectual disabilities. BMC Oral Health 2016; 16:114. [PMID: 27809836 PMCID: PMC5093997 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-016-0312-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background This study was aimed to investigate the prevalence of dental anxiety in a population of patients with Borderline Intellectual Functioning (BIF) and patients with mild and moderate intellectual disability (ID), and how dental anxiety correlated with their age and gender. Methods The sample was made of 700 patients, 287 females and 413 males, 6-to-47 years old, either with borderline intellectual functioning or mild/moderate intellectual disabilities. All patients were administered the Dental Anxiety Scale to assess their level of dental anxiety. Results Moderate Anxiety was the most prevalent dental anxiety category for patients with intellectual borderline functioning (15.56 %) and mild intellectual disabilities(18.79 %), while Severe Anxiety was the most prevalent category for patients with moderate intellectual disabilities(21 %). Overall, a statistically significant difference (p < 0.001) between the three groups (BIF, Mild-ID and Moderate-ID) was found. Also, the correlation analysis between participants’ age and dental anxiety was statistically significant (p < 0.001); indeed, dental anxiety turned out to decrease with the increasing of the age. Moreover, the analysis between gender and dental anxiety was found to be significant as well (p < 0.001), where higher prevalence of dental anxiety was found in females. Conclusions To our knowledge, this is the first study on dental anxiety carried out in the field of intellectual disability. Results show that the higher the level of intellectual disability – and consequently the lower the cognitive functioning – the higher the percentage and the severity of dental anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Fallea
- Unit of Dentistry, IRCCS Associazione Oasi Maria SS, Troina (EN), Italy.
| | - Rosa Zuccarello
- Unit of Pedagogy, IRCCS Associazione Oasi Maria SS, Troina (EN), Italy
| | - Francesco Calì
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Unit of Medical Genetics, IRCCS AssociazioneOasi Maria SS, Troina (EN), Italy
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