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Beasley R, Noble J, Weatherall M. The evidence base for ICS/formoterol maintenance and reliever therapy in severe asthma. Eur Respir J 2024; 63:2400523. [PMID: 38901890 PMCID: PMC11187315 DOI: 10.1183/13993003.00523-2024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
We agree with P.J. McDowell and co-workers that the patients whose data are recorded in the UK Severe Asthma Registry (UKSAR) have, on average, more severe asthma than participants in randomised controlled trials (RCTs) of inhaled corticosteroid (ICS)/formoterol maintenance and reliever therapy (MART) [1, 2]. However, poor generalisability from RCTs to severe asthma registries is also the case for RCTs of high dose ICS/long-acting β-agonist (LABA) plus short-acting β-agonist (SABA) reliever therapy. There are similar differences in average baseline severity between patients in the UKSAR database and participants in RCTs of high dose versus medium dose ICS/LABA plus SABA therapy, as with those in the MART studies (table 1) [3–13]. ICS/formoterol MART is an evidence-based alternative to high dose ICS/LABA in asthma patients at high risk of severe exacerbations; limited generalisability of RCTs to severe asthma registries applies similarly to high dose ICS/LABA therapy as to MART https://bit.ly/4aVFrNH
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Beasley
- Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Jonathan Noble
- Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand
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2
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Laitano R, Calzetta L, Matino M, Pistocchini E, Rogliani P. Asthma management with triple ICS/LABA/LAMA combination to reduce the risk of exacerbation: an umbrella review compliant with the PRIOR statement. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2024; 25:1071-1081. [PMID: 38864834 DOI: 10.1080/14656566.2024.2366991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION According to Global Initiative for Asthma (GINA) guidelines, long-acting muscarinic antagonists (LAMAs) should be considered as add-on therapy in patients with asthma that remains uncontrolled, despite treatment with medium-dose (MD) or high-dose (HD) inhaled corticosteroids (ICS)/long-acting β2-agonist (LABA) combinations. In patients ≥ 18 years, LAMA may be added in triple combination with an ICS and a LABA. To date, the precise efficacy of triple ICS/LABA/LAMA combination remains uncertain concerning the impact on exacerbation risk in patients with uncontrolled asthma. Therefore, an umbrella review was performed to systematically summarize available data on the effect of triple ICS/LABA/LAMA combination on the risk of asthma exacerbation. METHODS An umbrella review has been performed according to the PRIOR statement. RESULTS The overall results obtained from 5 systematic reviews and meta-analyses suggest that triple ICS/LABA/LAMA combination reduces the risk of asthma exacerbation. HD-ICS showed a greater effect particularly in reducing severe asthma exacerbation, especially in patients with evidence of type 2 inflammation biomarkers. CONCLUSIONS The findings of this umbrella review suggest an optimization of ICS dose in triple ICS/LABA/LAMA combination, based on the severity of exacerbation and type 2 biomarkers expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rossella Laitano
- Unit of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
| | - Luigino Calzetta
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Respiratory Disease and Lung Function Unit, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Matteo Matino
- Unit of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
| | - Elena Pistocchini
- Unit of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Rogliani
- Unit of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
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3
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Duh MS, Roberts MH, Rothnie KJ, Cheng WY, Thompson-Leduc P, Zhang S, Czira A, Slade D, Greatsinger A, Zhang A, Mapel D. Frequency and economic burden of exacerbations in inhaled corticosteroid/long-acting beta-agonist-treated patients with asthma: A retrospective US claims study. Respir Med 2024; 226:107629. [PMID: 38593885 DOI: 10.1016/j.rmed.2024.107629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Despite adherence to inhaled corticosteroid/long-acting β2-agonist (ICS/LABA) therapy, many patients with asthma experience moderate exacerbations. Data on the impact of moderate exacerbations on the healthcare system are limited. This study assessed the frequency and economic burden of moderate exacerbations in patients receiving ICS/LABA. METHODS Retrospective, longitudinal study analyzed data from Optum's de-identified Clinformatics® Data Mart Database recorded between October 1, 2015, and December 31, 2019. Eligibility criteria included patients ≥18 years of age with ≥1 ICS/LABA claim and ≥1 medical claim for asthma in the 12 months pre-index (first ICS/LABA claim). Primary objectives included describing moderate exacerbation frequency, and associated healthcare resource utilization (HRU) and costs. A secondary objective was assessing the relationship between moderate exacerbations and subsequent risk of severe exacerbations. Patients were stratified by moderate exacerbation frequency in the 12 months post index. Moderate exacerbations were identified using a newly developed algorithm. RESULTS In the first 12 months post index 61.6% of patients experienced ≥1 moderate exacerbation. Mean number of asthma-related visits was 4.1 per person/year and median total asthma-related costs was $3544. HRU and costs increased with increasing exacerbation frequency. Outpatient and inpatient visits accounted for a similar proportion of these costs. Moderate exacerbations were associated with an increased rate and risk of future severe exacerbations (incidence rate ratio, 1.56; hazard ratio, 1.51 [both p < 0.001]). CONCLUSIONS This study highlighted that a high proportion of patients continue to experience moderate exacerbations despite ICS/LABA therapy and subsequently experience increased economic burden and risk of future severe exacerbations.
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Al-Moamary MS, Alhaider SA, Allehebi R, Idrees MM, Zeitouni MO, Al Ghobain MO, Alanazi AF, Al-Harbi AS, Yousef AA, Alorainy HS, Al-Hajjaj MS. The Saudi initiative for asthma - 2024 update: Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of asthma in adults and children. Ann Thorac Med 2024; 19:1-55. [PMID: 38444991 PMCID: PMC10911239 DOI: 10.4103/atm.atm_248_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
The Saudi Initiative for Asthma 2024 (SINA-2024) is the sixth version of asthma guidelines for the diagnosis and management of asthma for adults and children that was developed by the SINA group, a subsidiary of the Saudi Thoracic Society. The main objective of the SINA is to have guidelines that are up-to-date, simple to understand, and easy to use by healthcare workers dealing with asthma patients. To facilitate achieving the goals of asthma management, the SINA Panel approach is mainly based on the assessment of symptom control and risk for both adults and children. The approach to asthma management is aligned for age groups: adults, adolescents, children aged 5-12 years, and children aged <5 years. SINA guidelines have focused more on personalized approaches reflecting a better understanding of disease heterogeneity with the integration of recommendations related to biologic agents, evidence-based updates on treatment, and the role of immunotherapy in management. The medication appendix has also been updated with the addition of recent evidence, new indications for existing medication, and new medications. The guidelines are constructed based on the available evidence, local literature, and the current situation at national and regional levels. There is also an emphasis on patient-doctor partnership in the management that also includes a self-management plan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Saad Al-Moamary
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sami A. Alhaider
- Department of Pediatrics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Riyad Allehebi
- Department of Medicine, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Majdy M. Idrees
- Department of Medicine, Respiratory Division, Prince Sultan Military Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed O. Zeitouni
- Department of Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed O. Al Ghobain
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah F. Alanazi
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Adel S. Al-Harbi
- Department of Pediatrics, Prince Sultan Military Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah A. Yousef
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hassan S. Alorainy
- Department of Respiratory Care, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed S. Al-Hajjaj
- Department of Paediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
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Karcher H, Schoenberger M, Rayban T, Kelly C, Heaney A, Mackay A. Impact of COVID-19 measures on exacerbation rates and healthcare visits in US asthma patients. Allergy Asthma Proc 2023; 44:422-428. [PMID: 37919845 PMCID: PMC10629374 DOI: 10.2500/aap.2023.44.230061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
Objective: To compare exacerbation rates and healthcare resource utilization (HCRU) in real-world patients in the United States who had moderate-to-severe asthma on medium- or high-dose inhaled corticosteroid/long-acting β₂-agonist therapy at different stages before and after the pandemic. Methods: This noninterventional, retrospective study described demographics, exacerbations, HCRU, and medication use in patients from a US-wide healthcare claims database in 4 consecutive years anchored around March 15, 2020 (start date of the first emergency health measures against coronavirus disease 2019 [COVID-19], or the first lockdown, in the United States, termed "restriction onset" hereafter). Four cohorts of patients potentially eligible for moderate-to-severe asthma clinical trials at the beginning (index) of each of four 1-year periods (March 15, 2018, 2019, 2020, 2021, respectively) were built. Exacerbations, healthcare visits, and asthma medication use were counted in the 1-year period after the index for each cohort. Results: The prevalence of patients with one or more exacerbation per year decreased by 10.00% in the first year after the restriction onset compared with the year before and attenuated over time to 6.37% in the second year. The proportion of inpatient, emergency department, and physician's office visits remained stable over the time periods evaluated for all patients and those patients who experienced one or more exacerbations. Asthma treatment of patients who experienced one or more exacerbations also remained stable over the 4 years. Conclusion: The effect of COVID-19 public health measures on asthma exacerbation rates might have affected clinical trials being run during this period and should be considered in their analysis. Asthma clinical trials run under pandemic hygiene restrictions should consider lower exacerbation frequency in their study design, while treatment and healthcare visits seem unchanged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helene Karcher
- From the Global Medical Affairs, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Tejaswini Rayban
- Real World Evidence, Novartis Healthcare Private Limited, Hyderabad, India; and
| | | | | | - Alexander Mackay
- From the Global Medical Affairs, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
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Plaza Moral V, Alobid I, Álvarez Rodríguez C, Blanco Aparicio M, Ferreira J, García G, Gómez-Outes A, Garín Escrivá N, Gómez Ruiz F, Hidalgo Requena A, Korta Murua J, Molina París J, Pellegrini Belinchón FJ, Plaza Zamora J, Praena Crespo M, Quirce Gancedo S, Sanz Ortega J, Soto Campos JG. GEMA 5.3. Spanish Guideline on the Management of Asthma. OPEN RESPIRATORY ARCHIVES 2023; 5:100277. [PMID: 37886027 PMCID: PMC10598226 DOI: 10.1016/j.opresp.2023.100277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The Spanish Guideline on the Management of Asthma, better known by its acronym in Spanish GEMA, has been available for more than 20 years. Twenty-one scientific societies or related groups both from Spain and internationally have participated in the preparation and development of the updated edition of GEMA, which in fact has been currently positioned as the reference guide on asthma in the Spanish language worldwide. Its objective is to prevent and improve the clinical situation of people with asthma by increasing the knowledge of healthcare professionals involved in their care. Its purpose is to convert scientific evidence into simple and easy-to-follow practical recommendations. Therefore, it is not a monograph that brings together all the scientific knowledge about the disease, but rather a brief document with the essentials, designed to be applied quickly in routine clinical practice. The guidelines are necessarily multidisciplinary, developed to be useful and an indispensable tool for physicians of different specialties, as well as nurses and pharmacists. Probably the most outstanding aspects of the guide are the recommendations to: establish the diagnosis of asthma using a sequential algorithm based on objective diagnostic tests; the follow-up of patients, preferably based on the strategy of achieving and maintaining control of the disease; treatment according to the level of severity of asthma, using six steps from least to greatest need of pharmaceutical drugs, and the treatment algorithm for the indication of biologics in patients with severe uncontrolled asthma based on phenotypes. And now, in addition to that, there is a novelty for easy use and follow-up through a computer application based on the chatbot-type conversational artificial intelligence (ia-GEMA).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Isam Alobid
- Otorrinolaringología, Hospital Clinic de Barcelona, España
| | | | | | - Jorge Ferreira
- Hospital de São Sebastião – CHEDV, Santa Maria da Feira, Portugal
| | | | - Antonio Gómez-Outes
- Farmacología clínica, Agencia Española de Medicamentos y Productos Sanitarios (AEMPS), Madrid, España
| | - Noé Garín Escrivá
- Farmacia Hospitalaria, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, España
| | | | | | - Javier Korta Murua
- Neumología Pediátrica, Hospital Universitario Donostia, Donostia-San, Sebastián, España
| | - Jesús Molina París
- Medicina de familia, semFYC, Centro de Salud Francia, Fuenlabrada, Dirección Asistencial Oeste, Madrid, España
| | | | - Javier Plaza Zamora
- Farmacia comunitaria, Farmacia Dr, Javier Plaza Zamora, Mazarrón, Murcia, España
| | | | | | - José Sanz Ortega
- Alergología Pediátrica, Hospital Católico Universitario Casa de Salud, Valencia, España
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7
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van Zyl-Smit RN, Kerstjens HAM, Maspero J, Tanase AM, Lawrence D, Mezzi K, D'Andrea P, Chapman KR. Triple Therapy with Mometasone/Indacaterol/Glycopyrronium or Doubling the ICS/LABA Dose in GINA Step 4: IRIDIUM Analyses. Pulm Ther 2023; 9:395-409. [PMID: 37526856 PMCID: PMC10447675 DOI: 10.1007/s41030-023-00234-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION GINA guidelines recommend increasing the dose of inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) as a step-up option for patients with inadequately controlled asthma at GINA step 4 [inadequately controlled asthma on medium-dose ICS/long-acting beta-2 agonist (LABA)]. The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy and safety of long-acting muscarinic antagonists (LAMA) add-on to medium-dose ICS/LABA in patients at GINA 2022 step 4. METHODS This post hoc analysis of the IRIDIUM study evaluated the change from baseline in trough forced expiratory volume (FEV1 ) in patients receiving medium-dose MF/IND/GLY versus high-dose MF/IND and high-dose FLU/SAL at Week 26. Other outcomes included improvement in lung functions [peak expiratory flow (PEF), forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory flow between 25% and 75% of the FVC (FEF)25-75%)], asthma control [Asthma Control Questionnaire (ACQ-7)], responder analysis (≥ 0.5 unit improvement in ACQ-7), and reduction in asthma exacerbations at Weeks 26 and 52. RESULTS A total of 1930 patients were included in this analysis. Medium-dose MF/IND/GLY improved trough FEV1 versus high-dose MF/IND (Δ 41 mL; 95% CI - 7-90) and high-dose FLU/SAL (Δ 88 mL; 95% CI 39-137) at Week 26 which were sustained until Week 52. Exacerbation rates were 16% lower with medium-dose MF/IND/GLY versus high-dose MF/IND for all (mild, moderate, and severe) exacerbations and 21-30% lower versus high-dose FLU/SAL for all (mild, moderate, and severe), moderate or severe, and severe exacerbations over 52 weeks. Further improvements in other lung functions were observed with medium-dose MF/IND/GLY. No new safety signals were identified. CONCLUSION Medium-dose MF/IND/GLY improved lung function and reduced asthma exacerbations compared to high-dose ICS/LABA and may be an undervalued option in patients at GINA 2022 step 4. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02571777.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard N van Zyl-Smit
- Division of Pulmonology and UCT Lung Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Huib A M Kerstjens
- Department of Pulmonology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, and Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jorge Maspero
- Allergy and Respiratory Research Unit, Fundación CIDEA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | | | | | - Peter D'Andrea
- Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, East Hanover, NJ, USA
| | - Kenneth R Chapman
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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8
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Wechsler ME, Oppenheimer JJ. Open-inhaler versus single-inhaler triple therapy (long-acting muscarinic antagonist, inhaled corticosteroid, and long-acting β 2-agonist) in asthma patients: a narrative review. J Asthma 2023; 60:1633-1645. [PMID: 36964764 DOI: 10.1080/02770903.2023.2188556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2023] [Indexed: 03/26/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To review the evidence for the use of open-inhaler (inhaled corticosteroid [ICS] plus long-acting β2-agonist [LABA] with separate add-on long-acting muscarinic antagonist [LAMA]) versus single-inhaler triple therapy (ICS/LABA/LAMA combination) and the merits of add-on LAMA to ICS/LABA in patients with uncontrolled asthma. DATA SOURCES Original research articles were identified from PubMed using the search term "triple therapy asthma." Information was also retrieved from the ClinicalTrials.gov website. STUDY SELECTIONS Articles detailing the use of add-on LAMA to ICS plus LABA (open-inhaler triple therapy), and closed triple therapy compared with ICS plus LABA dual therapy, addressing patient symptoms, exacerbations, and health-related quality of life. RESULTS Open-inhaler triple therapy was associated with a significantly reduced incidence of hospitalizations and emergency department visits and a decrease in ICS dose, oral corticosteroids use, and antibiotics use. Exacerbations and acute respiratory events were also reduced. Single-inhaler triple therapy showed a greater improvement in lung function, asthma control, and health status and was noninferior to open-inhaler triple therapy for Asthma Quality of Life Questionnaire scores. Single-inhaler triple therapy may also lead to improved therapy adherence. CONCLUSION Add-on LAMA to ICS plus LABA (open- or single-inhaler triple therapy) improves the response in patients who remain symptomatic and provides a reasonable alternative to ICS dose escalation in treatment-refractory patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael E Wechsler
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, USA
| | - John J Oppenheimer
- Pulmonary and Allergy Associates, Morristown; UMDNJ-Rutgers, Newark, NJ, USA
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9
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Arslan B, Çetin GP, Yilmaz İ. The Role of Long-Acting Antimuscarinic Agents in the Treatment of Asthma. J Aerosol Med Pulm Drug Deliv 2023; 36:189-209. [PMID: 37428619 DOI: 10.1089/jamp.2022.0059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The journey of using anticholinergics in the treatment of asthma started with anticholinergic-containing plants such as Datura stramonium and Atropa belladonna, followed by ipratropium bromide and continued with tiotropium, glycopyrronium, and umeclidinium. Although antimuscarinics were used in the maintenance treatment of asthma over a century ago, after a long time (since 2014), it has been recommended to be used as an add-on long-acting antimuscarinic agent (LAMA) therapy in the maintenance treatment of asthma. The airway tone controlled by the vagus nerve is increased in asthma. Allergens, toxins, or viruses cause airway inflammation and inflammation-related epithelial damage, increased sensory nerve stimulation, ganglionic and postganglionic acetylcholine (ACh) release by inflammatory mediators, intensification of ACh signaling at M1 and M3 muscarinic ACh receptors (mAChRs), and dysfunction of M2 mAChR. Optimal anticholinergic drug for asthma should effectively block M3 and M1 receptors, but have minimal effect on M2 receptors. Tiotropium, umeclidinium, and glycopyrronium are anticholinergic agents with this feature. Tiotropium has been used in a separate inhaler as an add-on treatment to inhaled corticosteroid (ICS)/long-acting β2-agonist (LABA), and glycopyrronium and umeclidinium have been used in a single inhaler as a combination of ICS/LABA/LAMA in asthma in recent years. Guidelines recommend this regimen as an optimization step for patients with severe asthma before initiating any biologic or systemic corticosteroid therapy. In this review, the history of antimuscarinic agents, their effectiveness and safety in line with randomized controlled trials, and real-life studies in asthma treatment will be discussed according to the current data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahar Arslan
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Chest Diseases, Erciyes University School of Medicine, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Gülden Paçacı Çetin
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Chest Diseases, Erciyes University School of Medicine, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - İnsu Yilmaz
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Chest Diseases, Erciyes University School of Medicine, Kayseri, Turkey
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Lommatzsch M, Criée CP, de Jong CCM, Gappa M, Geßner C, Gerstlauer M, Hämäläinen N, Haidl P, Hamelmann E, Horak F, Idzko M, Ignatov A, Koczulla AR, Korn S, Köhler M, Lex C, Meister J, Milger-Kneidinger K, Nowak D, Nothacker M, Pfaar O, Pohl W, Preisser AM, Rabe KF, Riedler J, Schmidt O, Schreiber J, Schuster A, Schuhmann M, Spindler T, Taube C, Christian Virchow J, Vogelberg C, Vogelmeier CF, Wantke F, Windisch W, Worth H, Zacharasiewicz A, Buhl R. [Diagnosis and treatment of asthma: a guideline for respiratory specialists 2023 - published by the German Respiratory Society (DGP) e. V.]. Pneumologie 2023; 77:461-543. [PMID: 37406667 DOI: 10.1055/a-2070-2135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
The management of asthma has fundamentally changed during the past decades. The present guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of asthma was developed for respiratory specialists who need detailed and evidence-based information on the new diagnostic and therapeutic options in asthma. The guideline shows the new role of biomarkers, especially blood eosinophils and fractional exhaled NO (FeNO), in diagnostic algorithms of asthma. Of note, this guideline is the first worldwide to announce symptom prevention and asthma remission as the ultimate goals of asthma treatment, which can be achieved by using individually tailored, disease-modifying anti-asthmatic drugs such as inhaled steroids, allergen immunotherapy or biologics. In addition, the central role of the treatment of comorbidities is emphasized. Finally, the document addresses several challenges in asthma management, including asthma treatment during pregnancy, treatment of severe asthma or the diagnosis and treatment of work-related asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek Lommatzsch
- Zentrum für Innere Medizin, Abt. für Pneumologie, Universitätsmedizin Rostock
| | | | - Carmen C M de Jong
- Abteilung für pädiatrische Pneumologie, Abteilung für Pädiatrie, Inselspital, Universitätsspital Bern
| | - Monika Gappa
- Klinik für Kinder und Jugendliche, Evangelisches Krankenhaus Düsseldorf
| | | | | | | | - Peter Haidl
- Abteilung für Pneumologie II, Fachkrankenhaus Kloster Grafschaft GmbH, Schmallenberg
| | - Eckard Hamelmann
- Kinder- und Jugendmedizin, Evangelisches Klinikum Bethel, Bielefeld
| | | | - Marco Idzko
- Abteilung für Pulmologie, Universitätsklinik für Innere Medizin II, Medizinische Universität Wien
| | - Atanas Ignatov
- Universitätsklinik für Frauenheilkunde, Geburtshilfe und Reproduktionsmedizin, Universitätsklinikum Magdeburg
| | - Andreas Rembert Koczulla
- Schön-Klinik Berchtesgadener Land, Berchtesgaden
- Klinik für Innere Medizin Schwerpunkt Pneumologie, Universitätsklinikum Marburg
| | - Stephanie Korn
- Pneumologie und Beatmungsmedizin, Thoraxklinik, Universitätsklinikum Heidelberg
| | - Michael Köhler
- Deutsche Patientenliga Atemwegserkrankungen, Gau-Bickelheim
| | - Christiane Lex
- Klinik für Kinder- und Jugendmedizin, Universitätsmedizin Göttingen
| | - Jochen Meister
- Klinik für Kinder- und Jugendmedizin, Helios Klinikum Aue
| | | | - Dennis Nowak
- Institut und Poliklinik für Arbeits-, Sozial- und Umweltmedizin, LMU München
| | - Monika Nothacker
- Arbeitsgemeinschaft der Wissenschaftlichen Medizinischen Fachgesellschaften e. V
| | - Oliver Pfaar
- Klinik für Hals-Nasen-Ohrenheilkunde, Kopf- und Hals-Chirurgie, Sektion für Rhinologie und Allergie, Universitätsklinikum Marburg, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg
| | - Wolfgang Pohl
- Gesundheitszentrum Althietzing, Karl Landsteiner Institut für klinische und experimentelle Pneumologie, Wien
| | - Alexandra M Preisser
- Zentralinstitut für Arbeitsmedizin und Maritime Medizin, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg
| | - Klaus F Rabe
- Pneumologie, LungenClinic Großhansdorf, UKSH Kiel
| | - Josef Riedler
- Abteilung für Kinder- und Jugendmedizin, Kardinal Schwarzenberg Klinikum Schwarzach
| | | | - Jens Schreiber
- Universitätsklinik für Pneumologie, Universitätsklinikum Magdeburg
| | - Antje Schuster
- Klinik für Allgemeine Pädiatrie, Neonatologie und Kinderkardiologie, Universitätsklinikum Düsseldorf
| | | | | | - Christian Taube
- Klinik für Pneumologie, Universitätsmedizin Essen-Ruhrlandklinik
| | | | - Christian Vogelberg
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Kinder- und Jugendmedizin, Universitätsklinikum Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden
| | | | | | - Wolfram Windisch
- Lungenklinik Köln-Merheim, Lehrstuhl für Pneumologie, Universität Witten/Herdecke
| | - Heinrich Worth
- Pneumologische & Kardiologische Gemeinschaftspraxis, Fürth
| | | | - Roland Buhl
- Klinik für Pneumologie, Zentrum für Thoraxerkrankungen, Universitätsmedizin Mainz
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11
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Kotoulas SC, Tsiouprou I, Domvri K, Ntontsi P, Pataka A, Porpodis K. Open and Closed Triple Inhaler Therapy in Patients with Uncontrolled Asthma. Adv Respir Med 2023; 91:288-300. [PMID: 37489386 PMCID: PMC10366885 DOI: 10.3390/arm91040023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
Long-acting muscarinic antagonists (LAMAs) are a class of inhalers that has recently been included as add-on therapy in the GINA guidelines, either in a single inhaler device with inhaled corticosteroids plus long-acting β2-agonists (ICS + LABA) (closed triple inhaler therapy) or in a separate one (open triple inhaler therapy). This review summarizes the existing evidence on the addition of LAMAs in patients with persistently uncontrolled asthma despite ICS + LABA treatment based on clinical efficacy in the reduction of asthma symptoms and exacerbations, the improvement in lung function, and its safety profile.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ioanna Tsiouprou
- Pulmonary Clinic of Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, General Hospital of Thessaloniki "Georgios Papanikolaou", Leoforos Papanikolaou, Exohi, 57010 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Kalliopi Domvri
- Laboratory of Histology-Embryology, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Leoforos Agiou Dimitriou, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Polyxeni Ntontsi
- 2nd University Department of Respiratory Medicine, Attikon Hospital, 1st Rimini Street, Haidari,12462 Athens, Greece
| | - Athanasia Pataka
- Respiratory Failure Clinic of Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, General Hospital of Thessaloniki "Georgios Papanikolaou", Leoforos Papanikolaou, Exohi, 57010 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Porpodis
- Pulmonary Clinic of Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, General Hospital of Thessaloniki "Georgios Papanikolaou", Leoforos Papanikolaou, Exohi, 57010 Thessaloniki, Greece
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12
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Niimi A, Fukunaga K, Taniguchi M, Nakamura Y, Tagaya E, Horiguchi T, Yokoyama A, Yamaguchi M, Nagata M. Executive summary: Japanese guidelines for adult asthma (JGL) 2021. Allergol Int 2023; 72:207-226. [PMID: 36959028 DOI: 10.1016/j.alit.2023.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Asthma is characterized by chronic airway inflammation, variable airway narrowing, and sensory nerve irritation, which manifest as wheezing, dyspnea, chest tightness, and cough. Longstanding asthma may result in airway remodeling and become intractable. Despite the increased prevalence of asthma in adults, asthma-associated deaths have decreased in Japan (0.94 per 100,000 people in 2020). The goals of asthma treatment include the control of symptoms and reduction of future risks. A functional partnership between physicians and patients is indispensable for achieving these goals. Long-term management with medications and the elimination of triggers and risk factors are fundamental to asthma treatment. Asthma is managed via four steps of pharmacotherapy ("controllers"), ranging from mild to intensive treatments, depending on disease severity; each step involves daily administration of an inhaled corticosteroid, which varies from low to high dosage. Long-acting β2 agonists, leukotriene receptor antagonists, sustained-release theophylline, and long-acting muscarinic antagonists are recommended as add-on drugs. Allergen immunotherapy is a new option that is employed as a controller treatment. Further, as of 2021, anti-IgE antibody, anti-IL-5 and anti-IL-5 receptor α-chain antibodies, and anti-IL-4 receptor α-chain antibodies are available for the treatment of severe asthma. Bronchial thermoplasty can be performed for asthma treatment, and its long-term efficacy has been reported. Algorithms for their usage have been revised. Comorbidities, such as allergic rhinitis, chronic rhinosinusitis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease, should also be considered during the treatment of chronic asthma. Depending on the severity of episodes, inhaled short-acting β2 agonists, systemic corticosteroids, short-acting muscarinic antagonists, oxygen therapy, and other approaches are used as needed ("relievers") during exacerbation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akio Niimi
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan.
| | - Koichi Fukunaga
- Pulmonary Division, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masami Taniguchi
- Center for Immunology and Allergology, Shonan Kamakura General Hospital, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yoichi Nakamura
- Medical Center for Allergic and Immune Diseases, Yokohama City Minato Red Cross Hospital, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Etsuko Tagaya
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takahiko Horiguchi
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Toyota Regional Medical Center, Toyota, Japan
| | - Akihito Yokoyama
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Kochi, Japan
| | - Masao Yamaguchi
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Third Department of Medicine, Teikyo University Chiba Medical Center, Chiba, Japan
| | - Makoto Nagata
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan; Allergy Center, Saitama Medical University Hospital, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan
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Sagara H, D'Andrea P, Tanase AM, Pethe A, Tanaka Y, Matsuo K, Hosoe M, Nakamura Y. Long-term safety of once-daily indacaterol acetate/glycopyrronium bromide/mometasone furoate high-dose, and indacaterol acetate/mometasone furoate high-dose, in Japanese patients with inadequately controlled asthma: Results from two open-label, 52-week studies. J Asthma 2023; 60:403-411. [PMID: 35348408 DOI: 10.1080/02770903.2022.2056048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The 52-week long-term safety of once-daily indacaterol acetate/glycopyrronium bromide/mometasone furoate (IND/GLY/MF) high-dose (150/50/160 µg) and IND/MF high-dose (150/320 µg) was evaluated in two studies enrolling Japanese patients with inadequately controlled asthma. METHODS Study 1 (IND/GLY/MF) and Study 2 (IND/MF) were 52-week, phase III, open-label, single-arm, multicenter studies conducted in Japanese adult patients with inadequately controlled asthma. The primary endpoint was incidence and severity of treatment-emergent adverse events (AEs) over 52-weeks. RESULTS In Study 1, 94 patients received IND/GLY/MF high-dose and 84 (89.4%) patients completed the 52-week study treatment; in Study 2, 51 patients received IND/MF high-dose and 48 (94.1%) patients completed the 52-week study treatment. In Study 1, 68.1% and 6.4% of 94 patients reported ≥1 AE and ≥1 serious AE (SAE) respectively. In Study 2, 78.4% of 51 patients reported ≥1 AE; no patients reported SAEs. The most commonly reported AEs were asthma (exacerbation; 30.9% and 54.9%) and nasopharyngitis (18.1% and 29.4%) in Study 1 and Study 2, respectively. Severe AEs including asthma (exacerbation) were reported in 13.8% and 13.7% of patients in Study 1 and Study 2, respectively. In Study 1, 10 patients (10.6%) reported treatment-related AEs, of which dysphonia (9 patients [9.6%]) was the most commonly reported; no treatment-related AEs were reported in Study 2. In Study 1, one death (not study drug-related) was reported after study discontinuation (92 days after last dose of study medication). CONCLUSIONS Once-daily IND/GLY/MF and IND/MF high-dose were well-tolerated in Japanese patients with inadequately controlled asthma. No unexpected safety findings were observed. Supplemental data for this article is available online at.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hironori Sagara
- Department of Medicine, Division of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Showa University, School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Peter D'Andrea
- Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, East Hanover, NJ, USA
| | | | - Abhijit Pethe
- Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, East Hanover, NJ, USA
| | | | | | | | - Yoichi Nakamura
- Department of Allergology, Medical Center for Allergy and Immune Diseases, Yokohama City Minato Red Cross Hospital, Kanagawa, Japan
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14
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van Zyl-Smit RN, Chapman KR, Kerstjens HAM, Gessner C, Sagara H, Tanase AM, Hosoe M, Pethe A, Lawrence D, Tillmann HC, D’Andrea P. Mometasone/Indacaterol/Glycopyrronium (MF/IND/GLY) and MF/IND at Different MF Strengths versus Fluticasone Propionate/Salmeterol Xinafoate (FLU/SAL) and FLU/SAL+ Tiotropium in Patients with Asthma. J Asthma Allergy 2023; 16:123-134. [PMID: 36714049 PMCID: PMC9880009 DOI: 10.2147/jaa.s392975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Once-daily, single-inhaler mometasone furoate/indacaterol acetate/glycopyrronium bromide (MF/IND/GLY, an ICS/LABA/LAMA) and MF/IND (an ICS/LABA) via Breezhaler® have been approved for the maintenance treatment of patients with asthma inadequately controlled with medium-or high-dose ICS or medium-or high-dose ICS/LABA treatment. Objective Once-daily (o.d.) formulations of MF/IND/GLY and MF/IND at different MF dose strengths have been compared with twice-daily (b.i.d.) fluticasone propionate/salmeterol xinafoate (FLU/SAL), and b.i.d. FLU/SAL+ o.d. tiotropium (TIO) in the PALLADIUM, IRIDIUM and ARGON studies. Methods The similarity in study design and consistent outcomes in these studies prompted the pooling of data in this review to better characterise these novel once-daily controller formulations. Results Pooled data from PALLADIUM and IRIDIUM studies showed comparable or greater efficacy with o.d. MF/IND formulations versus b.i.d. FLU/SAL. The o.d. MF/IND/GLY was superior to b.i.d. FLU/SAL in the IRIDIUM study, and similar to, if not more efficacious than b.i.d. FLU/SAL + o.d. TIO in the ARGON study. Conclusion These formulations therefore provide novel once-daily treatment options for patients across asthma severity and flexibility for clinicians to step-up or step-down the treatment using the same device and formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard N van Zyl-Smit
- Division of Pulmonology and UCT Lung Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Kenneth R Chapman
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Huib A M Kerstjens
- Department of Pulmonology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, and Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Christian Gessner
- Universitätsklinikum Leipzig, Germany POIS Leipzig GbR, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Hironori Sagara
- Department of Medicine, Division of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ana-Maria Tanase
- Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland,Correspondence: Ana-Maria Tanase, Novartis Pharma AG, Fabrikstrasse 4, Novartis Campus, Basel, Switzerland, Tel +41 79 899 98 22, Email
| | | | - Abhijit Pethe
- Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, East Hanover, NJ, USA
| | | | | | - Peter D’Andrea
- Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, East Hanover, NJ, USA
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Oba Y, Anwer S, Maduke T, Patel T, Dias S. Effectiveness and tolerability of dual and triple combination inhaler therapies compared with each other and varying doses of inhaled corticosteroids in adolescents and adults with asthma: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2022; 12:CD013799. [PMID: 36472162 PMCID: PMC9723963 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd013799.pub2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Current guidelines recommend a higher-dose inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) or adding a long-acting muscarinic antagonist (LAMA) when asthma is not controlled with medium-dose (MD) ICS/long-acting beta2-agonist (LABA) combination therapy. OBJECTIVES To assess the effectiveness and safety of dual (ICS/LABA) and triple therapies (ICS/LABA/LAMA) compared with each other and with varying doses of ICS in adolescents and adults with uncontrolled asthma. SEARCH METHODS We searched multiple databases for pre-registered randomised controlled trials (RCTs) of at least 12 weeks of study duration from 2008 to 18 February 2022. SELECTION CRITERIA We searched studies, including adolescents and adults with uncontrolled asthma who had been treated with, or were eligible for, MD-ICS/LABA, comparing dual and triple therapies. We excluded cluster- and cross-over RCTs. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS We conducted a systematic review and network meta-analysis according to the previously published protocol. We used Cochrane's Screen4ME workflow to assess search results and Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) to assess the certainty of evidence. The primary outcome was steroid-requiring asthma exacerbations and asthma-related hospitalisations (moderate to severe and severe exacerbations). MAIN RESULTS We included 17,161 patients with uncontrolled asthma from 17 studies (median duration 26 weeks; mean age 49.1 years; male 40%; white 81%; mean forced expiratory volume in 1 second (MEF 1)1.9 litres and 61% predicted). The quality of included studies was generally good except for some outcomes in a few studies due to high attrition rates. Medium-dose (MD) and high-dose (HD) triple therapies reduce steroid-requiring asthma exacerbations (hazard ratio (HR) 0.84 [95% credible interval (CrI) 0.71 to 0.99] and 0.69 [0.58 to 0.82], respectively) (high-certainty evidence), but not asthma-related hospitalisations, compared to MD-ICS/LABA. High-dose triple therapy likely reduces steroid-requiring asthma exacerbations compared to MD triple therapy (HR 0.83 [95% CrI 0.69 to 0.996], [moderate certainty]). Subgroup analyses suggest the reduction in steroid-requiring exacerbations associated with triple therapies may be only for those with a history of asthma exacerbations in the previous year but not for those without. High-dose triple therapy, but not MD triple, results in a reduction in all-cause adverse events (AEs) and likely reduces dropouts due to AEs compared to MD-ICS/LABA (odds ratio (OR) 0.79 [95% CrI 0.69 to 0.90], [high certainty] and 0.50 [95% CrI 0.30 to 0.84], [moderate certainty], respectively). Triple therapy results in little to no difference in all-cause or asthma-related serious adverse events (SAEs) compared to dual therapy (high certainty). The evidence suggests triple therapy results in little or no clinically important difference in symptoms or quality of life compared to dual therapy considering the minimal clinically important differences (MCIDs) and HD-ICS/LABA is unlikely to result in any significant benefit or harm compared to MD-ICS/LABA. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS Medium-dose and HD triple therapies reduce steroid-requiring asthma exacerbations, but not asthma-related hospitalisations, compared to MD-ICS/LABA especially in those with a history of asthma exacerbations in the previous year. High-dose triple therapy is likely superior to MD triple therapy in reducing steroid-requiring asthma exacerbations. Triple therapy is unlikely to result in clinically meaningful improvement in symptoms or quality of life compared to dual therapy considering the MCIDs. High-dose triple therapy, but not MD triple, results in a reduction in all-cause AEs and likely reduces dropouts due to AEs compared to MD-ICS/LABA. Triple therapy results in little to no difference in all-cause or asthma-related SAEs compared to dual therapy. HD-ICS/LABA is unlikely to result in any significant benefit or harm compared to MD-ICS/LABA, although long-term safety of higher rather than MD- ICS remains to be demonstrated given the median duration of included studies was six months. The above findings may assist deciding on a treatment option when asthma is not controlled with MD-ICS/LABA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Oba
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Sumayya Anwer
- Centre for Reviews and Dissemination, University of York, York, UK
| | - Tinashe Maduke
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Tarang Patel
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Sofia Dias
- Centre for Reviews and Dissemination, University of York, York, UK
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Shim JS, Jin J, Kim SH, Lee T, Jang AS, Park CS, Jung JW, Kwon JW, Moon JY, Yang MS, Lee J, Choi JH, Shin YS, Kim HK, Kim S, Kim JH, Cho SH, Nam YH, Kim SH, Park SY, Hur GY, Kim SH, Park HK, Jin HJ, Lee JH, Park JW, Yoon HJ, Choi BW, Cho YJ, Kim MH, Kim TB. Clinical predictors of treatment response to tiotropium add-on therapy in adult asthmatic patients: From multicenter real-world cohort data in Korea. World Allergy Organ J 2022; 15:100720. [DOI: 10.1016/j.waojou.2022.100720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Cazzola M, Calzetta L, Rinaldi B, De Novellis V, Rogliani P, Matera MG. Clinical characteristics, treatment patterns and adherence in patients with asthma on multiple inhaler triple therapy: a review of findings. Expert Rev Respir Med 2022; 16:1205-1212. [PMID: 36629483 DOI: 10.1080/17476348.2023.2167715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The value of treating asthma with the triple regimen of inhaled corticosteroid (ICS), long-acting β2-agonist (LABA), and long-acting muscarinic antagonist (LAMA) delivered using multiple inhalers (MITT), or a single inhaler (SITT) is supported by a growing body of evidence, although research is still limited regarding the use of MITT. AREAS COVERED Clinical characteristics, treatment patterns, disease burden, and persistence/adherence associated with MITT use in asthma. The MEDLINE database was searched to identify references from inception until October 2022. EXPERT OPINION The use of MITT is not very frequent in asthma patients, although it improves lung function and reduces the incidence of severe exacerbations. This may be due to existing concerns about using different devices on adherence and persistence to treatment, with a negative influence on outcomes, and to the fear that the patient will discontinue ICS/LABA but not LAMA. Nevertheless, although the current trend favors the SITT approach, some physicians may be induced to prescribe MITT over SITT because it allows the titration of individual components of triple therapy to be increased or decreased. Therefore, there is an evident need for pragmatic real-life studies to document when to prefer SITT and when MITT should be used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Cazzola
- Unit of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
| | - Luigino Calzetta
- Unit of Respiratory Disease and Lung Function, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Barbara Rinaldi
- Unit of Pharmacology, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania 'Luigi Vanvitelli', Naples, Italy
| | - Vito De Novellis
- Unit of Pharmacology, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania 'Luigi Vanvitelli', Naples, Italy
| | - Paola Rogliani
- Unit of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Gabriella Matera
- Unit of Pharmacology, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania 'Luigi Vanvitelli', Naples, Italy
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Casale TB, Foggs MB, Balkissoon RC. Optimizing asthma management: Role of long-acting muscarinic antagonists. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2022; 150:557-568. [PMID: 35933228 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2022.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Patients with asthma who are suboptimally responsive to inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) and long-acting β2-agonists (LABAs) are frequently exposed to oral corticosteroids and high-dose ICS, which can lead to significant side effects. Long-acting muscarinic antagonists (LAMAs) have demonstrated efficacy and safety in a subset of these patients. This review summarizes the results of key studies using LAMAs in patients with asthma aged 12 years or older. LAMA as an add-on treatment improved lung function and asthma control in patients with uncontrolled asthma across studies. The efficacy of LAMAs as an add-on to ICS was superior to that of placebo and ICS dose escalation and comparable with that of LABAs. LAMA plus ICS plus LABA provided modest improvements in bronchodilation and increased the time to first severe exacerbation versus ICS plus LABA. Single-inhaler triple therapy was associated with decreased health care resource utilization and improved cost-effectiveness versus multiple inhalers. LAMAs were generally well tolerated; asthma exacerbations, bronchitis, and nasopharyngitis were common adverse events with LAMA in combination with ICS alone or ICS plus LABA. Thus, the overall evidence presented in this review supports the use of add-on LAMA treatment as a reasonable option in patients with asthma uncontrolled with ICS plus LABA or ICS alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas B Casale
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, University of South Florida, Tampa, Fla.
| | | | - Ronald C Balkissoon
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care & Sleep Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colo
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Cazzola M, Braido F, Calzetta L, Matera MG, Piraino A, Rogliani P, Scichilone N. The 5T approach in asthma: Triple Therapy Targeting Treatable Traits. Respir Med 2022; 200:106915. [PMID: 35753188 DOI: 10.1016/j.rmed.2022.106915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Using a therapeutic strategy that is free from traditional diagnostic labels and based on the identification of "treatable traits" (TTs), which are influential in clinical presentations in each patient, might overcome the difficulties in identifying and validating asthma phenotypes and endotypes. Growing evidence is documenting the importance of using the triple therapy with ICS, LABA, and LAMAs in a single inhaler (SITT) in cases of asthma not controlled by ICS/LABA and in the prevention of exacerbations. The identification of TTs may overcome the possibility of using SITT without considering the specific needs of the patient. In effect, it allows a treatment strategy that is closer to the precision strategy now widely advocated for the management of patients with asthma. There are different TTs in asthma that may benefit from treatment with SITT, regardless of guideline recommendations. The airflow limitation and small airway dysfunction are key TTs that are present in different phenotypes/endotypes, do not depend on the degree of T2 inflammation, and respond better than other treatments to SITT. We suggest that the 5T (Triple Therapy Targeting Treatable Traits) approach should be applied to the full spectrum of asthma, not just severe asthma, and, consequently, SITT should begin earlier than currently recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Cazzola
- Unit of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy.
| | - Fulvio Braido
- Department of Allergy and Respiratory Diseases, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Luigino Calzetta
- Unit of Respiratory Diseases and Lung Function, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Maria Gabriella Matera
- Unit of Pharmacology, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Alessio Piraino
- Respiratory Area, Medical Affairs, Chiesi Italia, Parma, Italy
| | - Paola Rogliani
- Unit of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
| | - Nicola Scichilone
- Division of Respiratory Diseases, Department of Health Promotion Sciences, Maternal and Infant Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (PROMISE), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
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20
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Brittain D, D’Andrea P, Gruen E, Hosoe M, Jain D, Jauernig J, Pethe A, Scosyrev E, Tanase AM, Tillmann HC. A Review of the Unique Drug Development Strategy of Indacaterol Acetate/Glycopyrronium Bromide/Mometasone Furoate: A First-in-Class, Once-Daily, Single-Inhaler, Fixed-Dose Combination Treatment for Asthma. Adv Ther 2022; 39:2365-2378. [PMID: 35072888 PMCID: PMC9122880 DOI: 10.1007/s12325-021-02025-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
A novel, once-daily (o.d.), fixed-dose combination (FDC) of indacaterol acetate (IND), glycopyrronium bromide (GLY), and mometasone furoate (MF), delivered by the inhaler Breezhaler® device, is the first long-acting beta2-adrenergic agonist/long-acting muscarinic antagonist/inhaled corticosteroid (LABA/LAMA/ICS) therapy to be approved for maintenance treatment of asthma in adults inadequately controlled on LABA/ICS. The approval of IND/GLY/MF in the European Union (EU) also included an optional electronic sensor and smartphone (or other suitable device) application, making it the first “digital companion” that can be prescribed with an asthma medication. As a result, the European Medicines Agency included this approval as one of the “outstanding contributions to public health” (for Pneumology/Allergology) in their 2020 highlights report. Alongside IND/GLY/MF, an o.d. LABA/ICS FDC, IND/MF, was also developed and approved. This review outlines the unique strategy used in the accelerated development of IND/GLY/MF that combined various approaches: (1) selecting individual components with established efficacy/safety, (2) bridging doses to optimize efficacy/safety of IND/GLY/MF and IND/MF delivered via the Breezhaler® device, (3) developing IND/GLY/MF and IND/MF in parallel, and (4) submission for regulatory approval before formal completion of the pivotal phase III studies. IND/GLY/MF and IND/MF were combined in a single-development plan (PLATINUM program), which comprised four phase III studies: QUARTZ and PALLADIUM evaluated IND/MF while IRIDIUM and ARGON evaluated IND/GLY/MF. A unique feature was the inclusion of two LABA/ICS comparators in the pivotal IRIDIUM study—IND/MF as an internal comparator, and high-dose salmeterol xinafoate/fluticasone propionate (SAL/FLU) as a marketed comparator. In the ARGON study, IND/GLY/MF was compared against o.d. tiotropium (via Respimat®) plus twice-daily (b.i.d.) high-dose SAL/FLU (via Diskus®). As a result of this development strategy, the development and approval of IND/GLY/MF was accelerated by ca. 4 years as against what would be expected from a traditional approach, novel data were generated, and a unique optional digital companion was approved in the EU. A Video Abstract by Dr Dominic Brittain, Global Drug Development, Novartis. (MP4 228293 kb)
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21
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Muiser S, Gosens R, van den Berge M, Kerstjens HAM. Understanding the role of long-acting muscarinic antagonists in asthma treatment. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2022; 128:352-360. [PMID: 35074516 DOI: 10.1016/j.anai.2021.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Long-acting muscarinic antagonists (LAMAs) have been used in the treatment of obstructive pulmonary diseases for years. Long-acting muscarinic antagonists were previously mainly used as bronchodilators in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, but the use of LAMAs in the treatment of asthma has gained great interest. There is now ample evidence of the efficacy and safety of LAMAs as add-on therapy to inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) plus long-acting β2-agonist (LABA) combinations in patients with moderate to severe uncontrolled asthma. Long-acting muscarinic antagonists have subsequently been included in asthma guidelines. This review summarizes the scientific evidence on the use of LAMAs in asthma and aims to provide a better understanding of the role of LAMAs in the asthma treatment care algorithm and the current gaps in our knowledge. DATA SOURCES PubMed review using the following words: long-acting muscarinic antagonists, asthma, muscarinic receptors, tiotropium, glycopyrronium, umeclidinium. STUDY SELECTIONS This review focused on the key trials that led to the inclusion of LAMAs in asthma guidelines. In addition, we highlighted a number of studies with other study designs and populations. RESULTS We identified 6 major studies that led to inclusion in asthma guidelines and 3 studies with other study designs and populations. CONCLUSION Long-acting muscarinic antagonists add-on therapy to ICS-LABA improves lung function, reduces exacerbations, and modestly improves asthma control in patients with moderate to severe asthma who are uncontrolled despite the use of ICS-LABA. Long-acting muscarinic antagonists are effective in all asthma phenotypes and endotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Muiser
- Department of Pulmonology and Tuberculosis, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD (GRIAC), University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Reinoud Gosens
- Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD (GRIAC), University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Department of Molecular Pharmacology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Maarten van den Berge
- Department of Pulmonology and Tuberculosis, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD (GRIAC), University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Huib A M Kerstjens
- Department of Pulmonology and Tuberculosis, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD (GRIAC), University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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22
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Agusti A, Fabbri L, Lahousse L, Singh D, Papi A. Single inhaler triple therapy (SITT) in asthma: Systematic review and practice implications. Allergy 2022; 77:1105-1113. [PMID: 34478578 PMCID: PMC9290056 DOI: 10.1111/all.15076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A significant number of patients with asthma remain uncontrolled despite treatment with inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) and long-acting β2 adrenergic bronchodilators (LABA). The addition of long-acting antimuscarinic agents (LAMA) can improve the management of asthma in these patients. Recently, three novel triple therapy (ICS/LABA/LAMA) formulations in a single-inhaler device (SITT) have been investigated in patients with uncontrolled asthma despite ICS/LABA treatment. Here, we review systematically the evidence available to date in relation to SITT in patients with uncontrolled asthma despite ICS-LABA treatment and conclude that SITT is a safe and effective therapeutic alternative in these patients. We also discuss how to position this new therapeutic alternative in their practical clinical management as well as the opportunities and challenges that it may generate for patients, physicians, and payers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvar Agusti
- Respiratory Institute IDIBAPS CIBERES Hospital ClinicUniv. Barcelona Barcelona Spain
| | - Leonardo Fabbri
- Section of Respiratory Medicine Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine University of Ferrara Ferrara Italy
| | - Lies Lahousse
- Department of Bioanalysis Ghent University Ghent Belgium
| | - Dave Singh
- Medicines Evaluation Unit University of ManchesterManchester University NHS Foundation Trust Manchester UK
| | - Alberto Papi
- Emergency Department, Respiratory Medicine University of FerraraUniversity Hospital S. Anna Ferrara Italy
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23
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Busse WW, Kraft M. Current unmet needs and potential solutions to uncontrolled asthma. Eur Respir Rev 2022; 31:31/163/210176. [PMID: 35082128 PMCID: PMC9488919 DOI: 10.1183/16000617.0176-2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the availability of effective inhaled therapies, many patients with asthma have poor asthma control. Uncontrolled asthma presents a significant burden on the patient and society, and, for many, remains largely preventable. There are numerous reasons why a patient may remain uncontrolled despite access to therapies, including incorrect inhaler technique, poor adherence to treatment, oversight of triggers and suboptimal medical care. Shared decision-making, good patient–clinician communication, supported self-management, multidisciplinary patient education, new technology and risk stratification may all provide solutions to this major unmet need in asthma. Novel treatments such as biologics could benefit patients’ lives, while the investigations into biomarkers, non-Type 2 asthma, treatable traits and disease modification give an exciting glimpse into the future of asthma care. Despite effective therapies, many patients with asthma have poor asthma control, which is preventable. The benefits of shared decision-making, supported self-management, risk stratification and novel treatments in transforming patient care are reviewed.https://bit.ly/3A386Nm
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Affiliation(s)
- William W Busse
- Dept of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Monica Kraft
- University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ, USA
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24
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Papi A, Kostikas K, Nikolaev I, Kottakis I. Indacaterol acetate/glycopyrronium bromide/mometasone furoate: a combination therapy for asthma. CURRENT RESPIRATORY MEDICINE REVIEWS 2022. [DOI: 10.2174/1573398x18666220217151845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Abstract:
Despite the wide range of available therapies, asthma remains uncontrolled in 40–65% of patients for a number of different reasons. Treatment with an inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) is recommended in the Global Initiative for Asthma 2021 report for patients across all asthma severities, with treatment options combining an ICS with a long-acting β2-agonist (LABA) or a LABA and a long-acting muscarinic antagonist (LAMA), depending on disease severity. Based on this, the availability of single inhaler fixed-dose ICS/LABA/LAMA combination is a major need in asthma management. Indacaterol acetate/glycopyrronium bromide/mometasone furoate has been developed as a once-daily inhaled asthma treatment that combines an ICS (mometasone furoate), a LABA (indacaterol acetate) and a LAMA (glycopyrronium bromide) in a formulation delivered using the dry powder inhaler Breezhaler®, for patients with uncontrolled asthma on medium- or high-dose ICS/LABA. This article provides an overview of the different and complementary mechanisms of action, and the clinical effectiveness of the monocomponents of the indacaterol/glycopyrronium/mometasone furoate fixed combination, and highlights the benefits of using the three agents in combination in patients with moderate and severe asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Papi
- Respiratory Medicine, University of Ferrara, Italy
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25
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Plaza V, Alobid I, Alvarez C, Blanco M, Ferreira J, García G, Gómez-Outes A, Gómez F, Hidalgo A, Korta J, Molina J, Pellegrini FJ, Pérez M, Plaza J, Praena M, Quirce S, Sanz J. [Translated article] Spanish Asthma Management Guidelines (GEMA) v.5.1. Highlights and Controversies. Arch Bronconeumol 2022; 58:T150-T158. [PMID: 35971814 DOI: 10.1016/j.arbres.2021.05.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In this fifth phase of development, the contents of the Spanish Asthma Management Guidelines (GEMA), which include versions 5.0 and 5.1, have undergone a thorough review. The aim here is to set the main changes in context. These could be summarized as follows: DIAGNOSIS: new FENO cut-off and severity classification based on treatment needed to maintain control; INTERMITTENT ASTHMA: a more restrictive concept and treatment extended to include a glucocorticoid/adrenergic combination as needed; MILD ASTHMA: glucocorticoid/adrenergic therapy as needed as an alternative in case of low therapeutic adherence to conventional fixed-dose steroids; SEVERE ASTHMA: readjustment of phenotypes, incorporation of triple therapy in a single inhaler, and criteria for selection of a biologic in severe uncontrolled asthma; OTHERS: specific scoring in childhood asthma, incorporation of certain organizational aspects (care circuits, asthma units, telemedicine), new sections on COVID-19 and nasal polyposis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vicente Plaza
- Comité Ejecutivo GEMA, Servicio de Neumología y Alergia, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Isam Alobid
- Sociedad Española de Otorrinolaringología (SEORL), Hospital Clinic, Universidad de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cesáreo Alvarez
- Sociedad Española de Medicina de Urgencias y Emergencias (SEMES), Hospital de Verín, Orense, Spain
| | - Marina Blanco
- Sociedad Española de Neumología y Cirugía Torácica (SEPAR), Complejo Hospitalario Universitario A Coruña, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Jorge Ferreira
- Sociedad Portuguesa de Pneumologia (SPP), Hospital de São Sebastião • CHEDV, Santa Maria da Feira, Portugal
| | - Gabriel García
- Asociación Latinoamericana del Tórax (ALAT), Hospital Rossi La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Antonio Gómez-Outes
- Sociedad Española de Farmacología Clínica (SEFC), Agencia Española de Medicamentos y Productos Sanitarios (AEMPS), Madrid, Spain
| | - Fernando Gómez
- Sociedad Española de Médicos Generales y de Familia (SEMG), Centro de Salud de Bargas, Toledo, Spain
| | - Antonio Hidalgo
- Sociedad Española de Médicos de Atención Primaria (SEMERGEN), Centro de Salud Lucena I. Lucena, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Javier Korta
- Sociedad Española de Neumología Pediátrica (SENP), Hospital Universitario Donostia, Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Jesús Molina
- Sociedad Española de Medicina Familiar y Comunitaria (semFYC) y Sociedad de Respiratorio de Atención Primaria (GRAP), Centro de Salud Francia, Fuenlabrada, Dirección Asistencial Oeste, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Javier Pellegrini
- Sociedad Española de Pediatría Extrahospitalaria y Atención Primaria (SEPEAP), Centro de Salud de Pizarrales, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Montserrat Pérez
- Sociedad Española de Farmacia Hospitalaria (SEFH), Hospital Universitario Fundación Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Plaza
- Sociedad Española de Farmacia Clínica, Familiar y Comunitaria (SEFAC), Farmacia Dres. Zamora Navarro, Mazarrón, Murcia, Spain
| | - Manuel Praena
- Asociación Española de Pediatría de Atención Primaria (AEPap), Centro de Salud La Candelaria, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Santiago Quirce
- Sociedad Española de Alergia e Inmunología Clínica (SEAIC), Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain
| | - José Sanz
- Sociedad Española de Inmunología Clínica•Alergología y Asma Pediátrica (SEICAP), Hospital Católico Universitario Casa de Salud, Valencia, Spain
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26
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Rogliani P, Calzetta L. Clinical Interpretation of Efficacy Outcomes in Pharmacological Studies on Triple Fixed-Dose Combination Therapy for Uncontrolled Asthma: Assessment of IRIDIUM and ARGON Studies. J Exp Pharmacol 2022; 14:1-5. [PMID: 35046733 PMCID: PMC8762517 DOI: 10.2147/jep.s336304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The IRIDIUM and ARGON studies provided positive findings concerning the benefits of the once-daily triple mometasone furoate/indacaterol/glycopyrronium (MF/IND/GLY) fixed-dose combination (FDC) for the treatment of uncontrolled asthma, at the least by a strict statistical point of view. In the IRIDIUM study patients received medium-dose (MD) or high-dose (HD) MF/IND/GLY or MF/IND oncex daily or HD fluticasone/salmeterol (FLU/SAL) twice daily; in the ARGON study patients received MD or HD MF/IND/GLY once daily or HD FLU/SAL twice daily + tiotropium (TIO) once daily. Since a detailed interpretation of clinical results has not yet been performed, we provided the clinical interpretation of efficacy outcomes resulting from the IRIDIUM and ARGON studies according to the currently available minimal clinically important difference (MCID) thresholds. The triple MF/IND/GLY FDC elicited beneficial clinically relevant effects compared to active comparators in asthmatic patients, according to the levels of ICS doses, by generally achieving and overcoming the MCID. The level of clinical benefit was usually greater in patients treated with HD-MF/IND/GLY compared to those treated with MD-MF/IND/GLY. Overall, HD-MF/IND/GLY induced greater clinically relevant benefits even when compared to HD-FLU/SAL + TIO. Considering that a balanced triple MF/IND/GLY FDC with MD ICS resulted as effective as HD-MF/IND in preventing moderate or severe exacerbations, thus triple ICS/LABA/LAMA FDCs with MD ICS should be considered for the treatment not only of uncontrolled asthma but also for those patients suffering from less severe forms of disease with airflow limitation as well as a possible as-needed therapeutic option.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Rogliani
- Unit of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
| | - Luigino Calzetta
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Respiratory Disease and Lung Function Unit, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
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27
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Pelaia C, Crimi C, Crimi N, Ricciardi L, Scichilone N, Valenti G, Bonavita O, Andaloro S, Morini P, Rizzi A, Pelaia G. Indacaterol/glycopyrronium/mometasone fixed dose combination for uncontrolled asthma. Expert Rev Respir Med 2021; 16:183-195. [PMID: 34845963 DOI: 10.1080/17476348.2021.2011222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Asthma symptoms can be relieved through a maintenance treatment combining long-acting β2-agonist and inhaled corticosteroids (LABA/ICS). However, for patients with inadequately controlled asthma, the LABA/ICS combination might not be sufficient, and clinical guidelines recommend the administration of inhaled long-acting muscarinic antagonists (LAMA) as an add-on therapy to better control asthma and improve lung function. For nearly two decades, the only LAMA to be approved on the market has been tiotropium. AREAS COVERED We reviewed recent clinical studies evaluating the safety and efficacy of LABA/LAMA/ICS fixed dose combinations by searching the PubMed database. Molecular mechanisms and clinical data support the use of a once-daily, single-inhaler fixed dose combination of the LABA/LAMA/ICS indacaterol/glycopyrronium/mometasone (IND/GLY/MF), the first therapy combining three agents in a fixed dose approved in Europe for the treatment of uncontrolled asthma. EXPERT OPINION IND/GLY/MF was superior to both IND/MF and salmeterol/fluticasone, a well-established LABA/ICS combination improving the lung function in uncontrolled asthma. Moreover, IND/GLY/MF, delivered through the Breezhaler inhaler in a single inhalation, is the first inhaled therapy prescribed alongside a digital companion, a sensor and the Propeller app, allowing for improved treatment adherence, reduced rescue inhaler usage and hospitalizations, increased patient satisfaction and asthma control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corrado Pelaia
- Department of Health Sciences, University Magna Græcia of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Claudia Crimi
- Respiratory Disease Unit, University Hospital of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Nunzio Crimi
- Respiratory Disease Unit, University Hospital of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Luisa Ricciardi
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Unit, A.O.U. Policlinico "G. Martino", Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Nicola Scichilone
- Medicine of the Respiratory System, Hospital 'P. Giaccone', University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Valenti
- Allergology and Pulmonology Unit, Pta Biondo, ASP Palermo, Italy
| | | | | | - Paolo Morini
- Medical Department, Novartis Farma Origgio, Varese, Italy
| | - Andrea Rizzi
- Medical Department, Novartis Farma Origgio, Varese, Italy
| | - Girolamo Pelaia
- Department of Health Sciences, University Magna Græcia of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
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28
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Braido F, Tiotiu A, Guidos-Fogelbach G, Baiardini I, Cosini F, Correia de Sousa J, Bikov A, Novakova S, Labor M, Kaidashev I, Nedeva D, Kowal K, Mihaicuta S, Urrutia Pereira M, Solé D, Novakova P, Chong-Neto H, Vrzy L, Ansotegui IJ, Bernstein JA, Boulet LP, Canonica GW, Dubuske L, Nunes C, Ivancevich JC, Santus P, Rosario N, Emelyanov A, Steiropoulos P. Manifesto on inhaled triple therapy in asthma: an Interasma (Global Asthma Association - GAA) document. J Asthma 2021; 59:2402-2412. [PMID: 34936532 DOI: 10.1080/02770903.2021.2022160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The optimal use of drug combinations for the management of asthma is providing significant results. This has prompted INTERASMA (Global Asthma Association) to take a position on inhaled triple therapy in asthma. Starting from an extensive literature review, Interasma executive committee discussed and approved this Manifesto, developed by Interasma scientific network (INES) members. The manifesto describes the evidence gathered to date and states, advocates, and proposes issues on Inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) plus Long-acting beta 2 agonist (LABA) and long-acting muscarinic antagonists (LAMA) with the aim of challenging assumptions, fostering commitment, and bringing about change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fulvio Braido
- IRCCS, Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy.,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, Genova, Italy
| | - Angelica Tiotiu
- Department of Pulmonology, University Hospital of Nancy, Nancy, France.,EA 3450 DevAH - Development, Adaptation and Disadvantage, Cardiorespiratory Regulations and Motor Control, University of Lorraine, Nancy, France
| | - Guillermo Guidos-Fogelbach
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, E.N.M.H/S.E.P.I, Laboratorio de Bioquímica Estructural, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Ilaria Baiardini
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, Genova, Italy.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, Milan, Italy.,IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Jaime Correia de Sousa
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's, PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Andras Bikov
- Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom.,Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Sylvia Novakova
- Allergy Unit of Internal Consulting Department, University Hospital "St. George", Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | | | - Igor Kaidashev
- Ukrainian Medical Stomatological Academy, Poltava, Ukraine
| | | | - Krzysztof Kowal
- Department of Allergology and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Stefan Mihaicuta
- Pulmonology Department, Cardio Prevent Foundation, University of Medicine and Pharmacy "Dr Victor Babes", Timisoara, Romania
| | - Marilyn Urrutia Pereira
- Federal University of Pampa - campus Uruguaiana, Pediatic Program of Asthma Prevention (PIPA), Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba
| | - Dirceu Solé
- Associação Brasileira de Alergia e Imunologia, Sociedade Brasileira de Pediatria, Universidade Federal de São Paulo
| | | | - Herberto Chong-Neto
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | | | | | - Jonathan A Bernstein
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Immunology, Allergy Section University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | | | - Giorgio Walter Canonica
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, Milan, Italy.,Personalized Medicine, Asthma and Allergy, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Lawrence Dubuske
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, George Washington University Medical Faculty Associates, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Carlos Nunes
- Centro de ImmunoAlergologia de Algarve, Porto, Portugal
| | - Juan Carlos Ivancevich
- Immunology Department, Faculty of Medicine, del Salvador University, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Pierachille Santus
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, Division of Respiratory Diseases "L. Sacco" Hospital, ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Alexander Emelyanov
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, North-Western Medical University named after I.I.Mechnikov, St-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Paschalis Steiropoulos
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Medical School, Democritus University of Thrace, University General Hospital Dragana, Alexandroupolis, Greece
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29
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Mtibaa M, Gupta S, Muthukumar M, Marvel J, Kaur H, Ishikawa R, Olivenstein R. Cost-Effectiveness of Once-Daily, Single-Inhaler Indacaterol Acetate/ Glycopyrronium Bromide/ Mometasone Furoate in Patients with Uncontrolled Moderate-to-Severe Asthma in Canada. CLINICOECONOMICS AND OUTCOMES RESEARCH 2021; 13:957-967. [PMID: 34887668 PMCID: PMC8650773 DOI: 10.2147/ceor.s336915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose We evaluated the cost-effectiveness of high-dose indacaterol acetate (IND)/glycopyrronium bromide (GLY)/mometasone furoate (MF) (150/50/160 μg, once daily) compared with high-dose salmeterol/fluticasone (SAL/FLU; 50/500 µg, twice daily)+tiotropium (TIO; 5 µg, once daily) (SAL/FLU+TIO) and with high-dose SAL/FLU (50/500 µg, twice daily) for the treatment of inadequately controlled moderate-to-severe asthma. Patients and Methods A Markov model estimated the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of treatment with high-dose IND/GLY/MF compared with SAL/FLU+TIO and high-dose IND/GLY/MF compared with SAL/FLU. The model included three health states (day-to-day symptoms without exacerbations, day-to-day symptoms with exacerbations, and death) with a 4-week cycle length. A lifetime time horizon was used. Exacerbation rates and utility values were derived from ARGON and IRIDIUM clinical trials. Canadian dollars (CAD$, 2020) were applied. Results IND/GLY/MF was the less costly and more effective treatment strategy compared with SAL/FLU+TIO and SAL/FLU in the base-case analyses. IND/GLY/MF had lower costs (CAD $33,501 versus CAD $50,907) and higher quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs) (18.37 versus 18.06 QALYs) compared with SAL/FLU+TIO. Compared with SAL/FLU, IND/GLY/MF had lower costs (CAD $33,408 versus CAD $36,577) and higher QALYs (19.33 versus 19.04 QALYs). IND/GLY/MF was the most cost-effective option in all scenarios tested. Conclusion IND/GLY/MF was cost-effective at a willingness-to-pay threshold of CAD $50,000/QALY in patients with uncontrolled, moderate-to-severe asthma versus SAL/FLU+TIO and SAL/FLU in the base case and all scenarios tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mondher Mtibaa
- Novartis Pharmaceuticals Canada Inc., Dorval, Quebec, Canada
| | | | | | | | - Harneet Kaur
- Novartis Healthcare Private Limited, Hyderabad, India
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30
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Damiański P, Kardas G, Panek M, Kuna P, Kupczyk M. Improving the risk-to-benefit ratio of inhaled corticosteroids through delivery and dose: current progress and future directions. Expert Opin Drug Saf 2021; 21:499-515. [PMID: 34720035 DOI: 10.1080/14740338.2022.1999926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) are known to increase the risk of systemic and local adverse effects, especially with high doses and long-term use. Hence, considerable resources are invested to improve pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) properties of ICS, effective delivery systems and novel combination therapies to enhance the risk-to-benefit ratio of ICS. AREAS COVERED There is an unmet need for new solutions to achieve optimal clinical outcomes with minimal dose of ICS. This paper gives an overview of novel treatment strategies regarding the safety of ICS therapy on the basis of the three most recent molecules introduced to our everyday clinical practice - ciclesonide, mometasone furoate, and fluticasone furoate. Advances in aerosol devices and new areas of inhalation therapy are also discussed. EXPERT OPINION Current progress in improving the risk-to-benefit ratio of ICS through dose and delivery probably established pathways for further developments. This applies both to the improvement of the PK/PD properties of ICS molecules but also includes technical aspects that lead to simplified applicability of the device with simultaneous optimal drug deposition in the lungs. Indubitably, the future of medicine lies not only in the development of new molecules but also in technology and digital revolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Damiański
- Clinical Department of Internal Medicine, Asthma and Allergy, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Kardas
- Clinical Department of Internal Medicine, Asthma and Allergy, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Michał Panek
- Clinical Department of Internal Medicine, Asthma and Allergy, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Piotr Kuna
- Clinical Department of Internal Medicine, Asthma and Allergy, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Maciej Kupczyk
- Clinical Department of Internal Medicine, Asthma and Allergy, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
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de Llano LP, Naval E, Mejía N, Domínguez-Ortega J. Inhaled indacaterol/glycopyrronium/mometasone furoate fixed-dose combination in moderate-to-severe asthma. Expert Rev Respir Med 2021; 16:1-15. [PMID: 34783265 DOI: 10.1080/17476348.2021.2005585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Fixed-dose long-acting beta2-agonist (LABA)/inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) combinations and add-on therapies as needed are the mainstay for maintenance therapy in asthma. However, more than 40% of patients have an inadequately controlled disease. The development of triple fixed-dose combinations consisting of long-acting muscarinic antagonist (LAMA)/LABA/ICS has paved the way for a new approach to reach therapeutic goals of an optimal control of symptoms and an effective prevention of future exacerbations. AREAS COVERED A search was conducted on PubMed (MEDLINE), using the MeSH terms [asthma] + [indacaterol] + [glycopyrronium] +[mometasone furoate] + [treatment], until October 2021. Original data from clinical trials, prospective and retrospective studies and reviews were selected. Clinical studies with IND/MF/GLY (Enerzair Breezhaler) are summarized, and its place in current asthma therapy is examined. EXPERT OPINION Triple therapy has been shown to be an effective and safe therapeutic option for asthma patients who remain uncontrolled despite ICS/LABA combination. The recently approved single-inhaler indacaterol/glycopyrronium/mometasone fixed dose combination has demonstrated to significantly reduce exacerbations, improve FEV1, symptoms and quality of life compared to ICS/LABA, including, salmeterol/fluticasone combination. Moreover, once-daily dosing may improve adherence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Pérez de Llano
- Pneumology Service, Lucus Augusti University Hospital, EOXI Lugo, Cervo y Monforte, Lugo, Spain
| | - Elsa Naval
- Pneumology Service, Hospital Universitario de la Ribera, Alzira, Valencia, Spain
| | - Natalia Mejía
- Medical Affairs Department. Novartis Farmacéutica, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Javier Domínguez-Ortega
- Allergy Department, Hospital La Paz Institute for Health Research, Madrid, Spain.,Respiratory Disease Network Biomedical Research Centre (CIBERES), Madrid, Spain
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Indacaterol, glycopyrronium, and mometasone: pharmacological interaction and anti-inflammatory profile in hyperresponsive airways. Pharmacol Res 2021; 172:105801. [PMID: 34363950 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
LABA/ICS and LABA/LAMA/ICS combinations elicit beneficial effects in asthma. Specific evidence concerning the impact of combining indacaterol acetate (IND), glycopyrronium bromide (GLY), and mometasone furoate (MF) on human airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) and airway inflammation is still missing. The aim of this study was to characterize the synergy of IND/MF and IND/GLY/MF combinations, both once-daily treatments for asthma, in hyperresponsive airways. Passively sensitized human medium and small airways were stimulated by histamine and treated with IND/MF (molar ratio: 100/45, 100/90) and IND/GLY/MF (molar ratio: 100/37/45, 100/37/90). The effect on contractility and airway inflammation was tested. Drug interaction was assessed by Bliss Independence equation and Unified Theory. IND/MF 100/90 elicited middle-to-very strong synergistic relaxation in medium and small airways (+≈20-30% vs. additive effect, P<0.05), for IND/MF 100/45 the synergy was middle-to-very strong in small airways (+≈20% vs. additive effect, P<0.05), and additive in medium bronchi (P>0.05 vs. additive effect). IND/GLY/MF 100/37/45 and 100/37/90 induced very strong synergistic relaxation in medium and small airways (+≈30-50% vs. additive effect, P<0.05). Synergy was related with significant (P<0.05) reduction in IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-9, IL-13, TNF-α, TSLP, NKA, SP, and non-neuronal ACh, and enhancement in cAMP. IND/MF and IND/GLY/MF combinations synergistically interact in hyperresponsive medium and small airways and modulate the levels of cytokines, neurokinins, ACh, and intracellular cAMP. The concentrations of MF in the combinations modulate the effects in the target tissue.
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Cost-Utility Analysis of Fixed-Dose Combination of Indacaterol Acetate Glycopyrronium Bromide and Mometasone Furoate as a Maintenance Treatment in Adult Patients with Asthma Not Adequately Controlled with a Maintenance Combination of a Long-Acting Beta-Agonist and a High Dose of an Inhaled Corticosteroid Who Experienced One or More Asthma Exacerbations in the Previous Year. Clin Drug Investig 2021; 41:785-794. [PMID: 34333742 PMCID: PMC8390398 DOI: 10.1007/s40261-021-01067-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Background and Objective In asthma, symptom control is a primary goal that is not consistently met with available treatment options. The first commercially available fixed-dose combination in a single inhaler of a long-acting beta-agonist (indacaterol, IND), an inhaled corticosteroid (mometasone furoate, MF) and a long-acting muscarinic antagonist (glycopyrronium, GLY) has shown promising clinical results in phase III trials. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the cost-utility of IND/GLY/MF fixed-dose combination relative to a combination of salmeterol/fluticasone and tiotropium or salmeterol/fluticasone or IND/MF in adult patients with asthma, from the Italian Health Service (NHS) perspective. Methods A two-state and 4-week cycle Markov model was used to estimate lifetime clinical outcomes and costs. Patients entered the model in stable disease and could experience a non-fatal exacerbation event. The exacerbation rate is dependent upon the therapy a patient is receiving, as per the IND/GLY/MF clinical trials. The impact of each type of exacerbation is accounted by applying a utility decrement, obtained from the literature, and a treatment cost. Utility values were obtained from the EQ-5D questionnaires in the IND/GLY/MF clinical trials. Lifetime costs considered in the analysis were drugs and exacerbation management. Probabilistic sensitivity analyses were carried out, with the aim of evaluating the impact of uncertainty on input parameters. Results IND/GLY/MF is associated with a higher quality of life [+ 0.25 quality-adjusted life-year (QALY)] than salmeterol/fluticasone plus tiotropium, with an incremental cost of −€3213.90. The incremental cost-utility ratio indicates dominance. At a threshold of €5000 per QALY, IND/GLY/MF has nearly a 100% probability of being cost effective. IND/GLY/MF is associated with a higher quality of life (+ 0.21 QALY) than salmeterol/fluticasone, with an incremental cost of €2547.76. Incremental cost-utility ratio results in €11,897 per QALY. At a threshold of €20,000 per QALY, IND/GLY/MF has nearly a 100% probability of being cost effective. IND/GLY/MF is associated with a higher quality of life (+ 0.34 QALY) than IND/MF, with an incremental cost of €4745.91. Incremental cost-utility ratio results in €14,088 per QALY. At a threshold of €20,000 per QALY, IND/GLY/MF has nearly a 100% probability of being cost effective. Conclusion The results indicate that IND/GLY/MF is cost effective against the considered comparators in a cohort representative of adult patients with asthma in Italy.
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Ora J, Calzetta L, Ritondo BL, Matera MG, Rogliani P. Current long-acting muscarinic antagonists for the treatment of asthma. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2021; 22:2343-2357. [PMID: 34219573 DOI: 10.1080/14656566.2021.1952182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The role of long-acting muscarinic antagonists (LAMAs) is well established in uncontrolled asthma, but not in milder stages. AREAS COVERED This review examines the main randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that have investigated LAMAs administered as monotherapy or in combination to asthmatic patients, according to the different phenotypes. It offers an overview of the role of LAMAs or their fixed dose combinations (FDCs) in the treatment across all the different stages of asthma. EXPERT OPINION Tiotropium is now widely recognized as treatment for moderate to severe uncontrolled asthma (step 4-5) in adults and children. The most recent new evidence is: a) in adults, three different LAMA/long-acting β2-agonist (LABA)/inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) FDCs have been recently approved, extending the treatment options for these patients; b) therapy with LAMAs does not depend on patient's Th2 status and justifies the indication regardless of patient's phenotyping; c) in the milder stages, the high variability of response to LAMAs and the lack of a good phenotyping of patients represents the main obstacle in prescribing LAMAs. A better characterization of parasympathetic tone activity could improve LAMAs prescription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josuel Ora
- Respiratory Medicine Unit, University Hospital "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
| | - Luigino Calzetta
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | | | - Maria Gabriella Matera
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy
| | - Paola Rogliani
- Respiratory Medicine Unit, University Hospital "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy.,Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
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Mekov E, Nuñez A, Sin DD, Ichinose M, Rhee CK, Maselli DJ, Coté A, Suppli Ulrik C, Maltais F, Anzueto A, Miravitlles M. Update on Asthma-COPD Overlap (ACO): A Narrative Review. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis 2021; 16:1783-1799. [PMID: 34168440 PMCID: PMC8216660 DOI: 10.2147/copd.s312560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Although chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and asthma are well-characterized diseases, they can coexist in a given patient. The term asthma-COPD overlap (ACO) was introduced to describe patients that have clinical features of both diseases and may represent around 25% of COPD patients and around 20% of asthma patients. Despite the increasing interest in ACO, there are still substantial controversies regarding its definition and its position within clinical guidelines for patients with obstructive lung disease. In general, most definitions indicate that ACO patients must present with non-reversible airflow limitation, significant exposure to smoking or other noxious particles or gases, together with features of asthma. In patients with a primary diagnosis of COPD, the identification of ACO has therapeutic implication because the asthmatic component should be treated with inhaled corticosteroids and some studies suggest that the most severe patients may respond to biological agents indicated for severe asthma. This manuscript aims to summarize the current state-of-the-art of ACO. The definitions, prevalence, and clinical manifestations will be reviewed and some innovative aspects, such as genetics, epigenetics, and biomarkers will be addressed. Lastly, the management and prognosis will be outlined as well as the position of ACO in the COPD and asthma guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgeni Mekov
- Department of Occupational Diseases, Medical Faculty, Medical University of Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Alexa Nuñez
- Pneumology Department, Hospital Universitari Vall d´Hebron, Vall d’Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Vall d’Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Don D Sin
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, St. Paul’s Hospital, Department of Medicine (Respiratory Division), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | | | - Chin Kook Rhee
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Diego Jose Maselli
- Division of Pulmonary Diseases & Critical Care, University of Texas Health, South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Andréanne Coté
- Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Charlotte Suppli Ulrik
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital-Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - François Maltais
- Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Antonio Anzueto
- Division of Pulmonary Diseases & Critical Care, University of Texas Health, South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Marc Miravitlles
- Pneumology Department, Hospital Universitari Vall d´Hebron, Vall d’Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Vall d’Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Barcelona, Spain
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Plaza V, Alobid I, Alvarez C, Blanco M, Ferreira J, García G, Gómez-Outes A, Gómez F, Hidalgo A, Korta J, Molina J, Pellegrini FJ, Pérez M, Plaza J, Praena M, Quirce S, Sanz J. Spanish Asthma Management Guidelines (GEMA) VERSION 5.1. Highlights and Controversies. Arch Bronconeumol 2021; 58:150-158. [PMID: 34167859 DOI: 10.1016/j.arbres.2021.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
In this fifth phase of development, the contents of the Spanish Asthma Management Guidelines (GEMA), which include versions 5.0 and 5.1, have undergone a thorough review. The aim here is to set the main changes in context. These could be summarized as follows: DIAGNOSIS: new FENO cut-off and severity classification based on treatment needed to maintain control; INTERMITTENT ASTHMA: a more restrictive concept and treatment extended to include a glucocorticoid/adrenergic combination as needed; MILD ASTHMA: glucocorticoid/adrenergic therapy as needed as an alternative in case of low therapeutic adherence to conventional fixed-dose steroids; SEVERE ASTHMA: readjustment of phenotypes, incorporation of triple therapy in a single inhaler, and criteria for selection of a biologic in severe uncontrolled asthma; OTHERS: specific scoring in childhood asthma, incorporation of certain organizational aspects (care circuits, asthma units, telemedicine), new sections on COVID-19 and nasal polyposis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vicente Plaza
- Comité Ejecutivo GEMA, Servicio de Neumología y Alergia, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, España.
| | - Isam Alobid
- Sociedad Española de Otorrinolaringología (SEORL), Hospital Clinic, Universidad de Barcelona, Barcelona, España
| | - Cesáreo Alvarez
- Sociedad Española de Medicina de Urgencias y Emergencias (SEMES), Hospital de Verín, Orense, España
| | - Marina Blanco
- Sociedad Española de Neumología y Cirugía Torácica (SEPAR), Complejo Hospitalario Universitario A Coruña, A Coruña, España
| | - Jorge Ferreira
- Sociedad Portuguesa de Pneumologia (SPP), Hospital de São Sebastião - CHEDV, Santa Maria da Feira, Portugal
| | - Gabriel García
- Asociación Latinoamericana del Tórax (ALAT), Hospital Rossi La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Antonio Gómez-Outes
- Sociedad Española de Farmacología Clínica (SEFC), Agencia Española de Medicamentos y Productos Sanitarios (AEMPS), Madrid, España
| | - Fernando Gómez
- Sociedad Española de Médicos Generales y de Familia (SEMG), Centro de Salud de Bargas, Toledo, España
| | - Antonio Hidalgo
- Sociedad Española de Médicos de Atención Primaria (SEMERGEN), Centro de Salud Lucena I. Lucena, Córdoba, España
| | - Javier Korta
- Sociedad Española de Neumología Pediátrica (SENP), Hospital Universitario Donostia, Donostia-San Sebastián, España
| | - Jesús Molina
- Sociedad Española de Medicina Familiar y Comunitaria (semFYC) y Sociedad de Respiratorio de Atención Primaria (GRAP), Centro de Salud Francia, Fuenlabrada, Dirección Asistencial Oeste, Madrid, España
| | - Francisco Javier Pellegrini
- Sociedad Española de Pediatría Extrahospitalaria y Atención Primaria (SEPEAP), Centro de Salud de Pizarrales, Salamanca, España
| | - Montserrat Pérez
- Sociedad Española de Farmacia Hospitalaria (SEFH), Hospital Universitario Fundación Alcorcón, Madrid, España
| | - Javier Plaza
- Sociedad Española de Farmacia Clínica, Familiar y Comunitaria (SEFAC), Farmacia Dres. Zamora Navarro, Mazarrón, Murcia, España
| | - Manuel Praena
- Asociación Española de Pediatría de Atención Primaria (AEPap), Centro de Salud La Candelaria, Sevilla, España
| | - Santiago Quirce
- Sociedad Española de Alergia e Inmunología Clínica (SEAIC), Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, España
| | - José Sanz
- Sociedad Española de Inmunología Clínica-Alergología y Asma Pediátrica (SEICAP), Hospital Católico Universitario Casa de Salud, Valencia, España
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Beier J, Watz H, Diamant Z, Hohlfeld JM, Singh D, Pinot P, Jones I, Tillmann HC. Lung function improvements following inhaled indacaterol/glycopyrronium/mometasone furoate are independent of dosing time in asthma patients: a randomised trial. ERJ Open Res 2021; 7:00425-2020. [PMID: 33898609 PMCID: PMC8053816 DOI: 10.1183/23120541.00425-2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Once-daily asthma treatment should prevent night-time deterioration, irrespective of the time of dosing. IND/GLY/MF, a fixed-dose combination of inhaled indacaterol acetate (IND, long-acting β2-agonist (LABA)), glycopyrronium bromide (GLY, long-acting muscarinic antagonist) and mometasone furoate (MF, inhaled corticosteroid (ICS)) delivered by Breezhaler, is indicated in adult asthma patients inadequately controlled on LABA/ICS. A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, three-period, crossover, phase II study was performed to investigate the bronchodilator effect of IND/GLY/MF (150/50/80 μg) dosed morning and evening versus placebo in patients with mild-moderate asthma. The primary end-point was weighted mean forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) over 24 h following 14 days of IND/GLY/MF dosed a.m. and p.m. versus placebo. Secondary end-points included the effect of dosing time on peak expiratory flow (PEF) and safety/tolerability. Of 37 randomised patients (age 18–72 years; 21 male, 16 female) 34 completed all three treatment periods. At screening, median (range) pre-bronchodilator FEV1 was 75.8% (60–96%). Patients were using stable low- (83.8%) or medium-dose (16.2%) ICS. Morning and evening dosing of IND/GLY/MF improved FEV1 (area under the curve from 0 to 24 h) by 610 mL (90% CI 538–681 mL) and 615 mL (90% CI 544–687 mL), respectively, versus placebo. Mean PEF over 14 days increased by 70.7 L·min−1 (90% CI 60.5–80.9 L·min−1) following a.m. dosing, and by 59.7 L·min−1 (90% CI 49.5–69.9 L·min−1) following p.m. dosing of IND/GLY/MF versus placebo. IND/GLY/MF demonstrated a safety profile comparable with placebo. Once-daily inhaled IND/GLY/MF was well tolerated and provided sustained lung function improvements over 24 h, irrespective of a.m. or p.m. dosing, in patients with mild–moderate asthma. This randomised study found single-inhaler indacaterol/glycopyrronium/mometasone furoate improved respiratory parameters FEV1 and PEF in asthma patients, and showed similar efficacy when taken once daily in the morning or eveninghttps://bit.ly/3fH0I1K
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Affiliation(s)
- Jutta Beier
- Insaf Respiratory Research Institute, Wiesbaden, Germany
| | - Henrik Watz
- Pulmonary Research Institute at LungenClinic Grosshansdorf, Airway Research Center North, German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Grosshansdorf, Germany
| | - Zuzana Diamant
- Dept of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Institute for Clinical Science, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden.,Dept of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, Catholic University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Dept of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre and QPS-NL, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jens M Hohlfeld
- German Center for Lung Research (BREATH), Hannover, Germany.,Dept of Respiratory Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,Fraunhofer Institute of Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Hannover, Germany
| | - Dave Singh
- University of Manchester, Medicines Evaluation Unit, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - Pascale Pinot
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
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Buhl R, Bals R, Baur X, Berdel D, Criée CP, Gappa M, Gillissen A, Greulich T, Haidl P, Hamelmann E, Horak F, Kardos P, Kenn K, Klimek L, Korn S, Magnussen H, Nowak D, Pfaar O, Rabe KF, Riedler J, Ritz T, Schultz K, Schuster A, Spindler T, Taube C, Vogelmeier C, von Leupoldt A, Wantke F, Wildhaber J, Worth H, Zacharasiewicz A, Lommatzsch M. [Guideline for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Asthma - Addendum 2020 - Guideline of the German Respiratory Society and the German Atemwegsliga in Cooperation with the Paediatric Respiratory Society and the Austrian Society of Pneumology]. Pneumologie 2021; 75:191-200. [PMID: 33728628 DOI: 10.1055/a-1352-0296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The present addendum of the guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of asthma (2017) complements new insights into the diagnosis and management of asthma as well as for the newly approved drugs for the treatment of asthma. Current, evidence-based recommendations on diagnostic and therapeutic approaches are presented for children and adolescents as well as for adults with asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Buhl
- Universitätsmedizin der Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Schwerpunkt Pneumologie, III. Medizinische Klinik, Mainz
| | - R Bals
- Universitätsklinikum des Saarlandes, Klinik für Innere Medizin V, Homburg/Saar
| | - X Baur
- Haut- und Lasercentrum, Standort Berlin, Berlin
| | | | - C-P Criée
- Evangelisches Krankenhaus Göttingen Weende, Abteilung für Pneumologie, Bovenden-Lenglern
| | - M Gappa
- Evangelisches Krankenhaus Düsseldorf, Klinik für Kinder und Jugendmedizin, Düsseldorf
| | - A Gillissen
- Klinikum Am Steinenberg, Ermstalklinik, Medizinische Klinik III/Innere Medizin und Pneumologie, Reutlingen-Bad Urach
| | - T Greulich
- Universitätsklinikum Gießen und Marburg, Klinik für Innere Medizin mit Schwerpunkt Pneumologie, Marburg
| | - P Haidl
- Fachkrankenhaus Kloster Grafschaft GmbH, Abteilung Pneumologie II, Schmallenberg
| | - E Hamelmann
- Universitäts-Klinikum OWL, Universität Bielefeld, Kinderzentrum Bethel, Bielefeld
| | - F Horak
- Allergiezentrum Wien West, Wien
| | - P Kardos
- Lungenpraxis an der Klinik Maingau vom Roten Kreuz, Frankfurt am Main
| | - K Kenn
- Philips Universität Marburg, Lehrstuhl für pneumologische Rehabilitation, Marburg
| | - L Klimek
- Zentrum für Rhinologie und Allergologie, Wiesbaden
| | - S Korn
- Universitätsmedizin der Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Schwerpunkt Pneumologie, III. Medizinische Klinik, Mainz
| | - H Magnussen
- Pneumologisches Forschungsinstitut an der LungenClinic Grosshansdorf GmbH, Großhansdorf
| | - D Nowak
- Klinikum der Universität München, Institut und Poliklinik für Arbeits-, Sozial- und Umweltmedizin, LMU München
| | - O Pfaar
- Klinik für Hals-, Nasen-und Ohrenheilkunde, Sektion Rhinologie und Allergologie, Universitätsklinikum Gießen und Marburg GmbH, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg
| | - K F Rabe
- LungenClinic Grosshansdorf GmbH, Abteilung für Pneumologie, Großhansdorf
| | - J Riedler
- Kardinal Schwarzenberg Klinikum, Kinder- und Jugendmedizin, Schwarzach im Pongau, Österreich
| | - T Ritz
- Southern Methodist University, Department of Psychology, Dallas, USA
| | - K Schultz
- Klinik Bad Reichenhall, Zentrum für Rehabilitation, Pneumologie und Orthopädie, Bad Reichenhall
| | - A Schuster
- Universitätsklinikum Düsseldorf, Zentrum für Kinder- und Jugendmedizin, Düsseldorf
| | - T Spindler
- Hochgebirgsklinik Davos, Abteilung für Kinder und Jugendliche, Davos, Schweiz
| | - C Taube
- Universitätsmedizin Essen, Ruhrlandklinik, Klinik für Pneumologie, Essen
| | - C Vogelmeier
- Universitätsklinikum Gießen und Marburg, Klinik für Innere Medizin mit Schwerpunkt Pneumologie, Marburg
| | - A von Leupoldt
- University of Leuven, Health Psychology, Leuven, Belgien
| | - F Wantke
- Floridsdorfer Allergiezentrum, Wien, Österreich
| | - J Wildhaber
- HFR Freiburg, Kantonsspital, Klinik für Pädiatrie, Freiburg, Schweiz
| | - H Worth
- Facharztzentrum Fürth, Fürth
| | - A Zacharasiewicz
- Klinikum Ottakring, Wilhelminenspital, Lehrkrankenhaus der Medizinischen Universität Wien, Abteilung für Kinder- und Jugendheilkunde, Wien, Österreich
| | - M Lommatzsch
- Universitätsmedizin Rostock, Abteilung für Pneumologie, Rostock
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Papi A, Fabbri LM, Kerstjens HAM, Rogliani P, Watz H, Singh D. Inhaled long-acting muscarinic antagonists in asthma - A narrative review. Eur J Intern Med 2021; 85:14-22. [PMID: 33563506 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejim.2021.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Long-acting muscarinic antagonists (LAMAs) have a recognised role in the management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. In asthma, muscarinic antagonists (both short- and long-acting) were historically considered less effective than β2-agonists; only relatively recently have studies been conducted to evaluate the efficacy of LAMAs, as add-on to either inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) monotherapy or ICS/long-acting β2-agonist (LABA) combinations. These studies led to the approval of the first LAMA, tiotropium, as an add-on therapy in patients with poorly controlled asthma. Subsequently, a number of single-inhaler ICS/LABA/LAMA triple therapies have been approved or are in clinical development for the management of asthma. There is now substantial evidence of the efficacy and safety of LAMAs in asthma that is uncontrolled despite treatment with an ICS/LABA combination. This regimen is recommended by GINA as an optimisation step for patients with severe asthma before any biologic or systemic corticosteroid treatment is initiated. This narrative review summarises the potential mechanisms of action of LAMAs in asthma, together with the initial clinical evidence supporting this use. We also discuss the studies that led to the approval of tiotropium for asthma and the data evaluating the efficacy and safety of the various triple therapies, before considering other potential uses for triple therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Papi
- Respiratory Medicine Unit, University of Ferrara, University Hospital S.Anna, Ferrara, Italy.
| | - Leonardo M Fabbri
- Section of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Huib A M Kerstjens
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, and Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Paola Rogliani
- Unit of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
| | - Henrik Watz
- Pulmonary Research Institute at Lung Clinic Grosshansdorf, Airway Research Center North (ARCN), German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Grosshansdorf, Germany
| | - Dave Singh
- Medicines Evaluation Unit, The University of Manchester, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
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Rogliani P, Ritondo BL, Calzetta L. Triple therapy in uncontrolled asthma: a network meta-analysis of Phase III studies. Eur Respir J 2021; 58:13993003.04233-2020. [PMID: 33509960 DOI: 10.1183/13993003.04233-2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Conflicting evidence is currently available concerning the impact on asthma exacerbation of triple inhaled corticosteroid (ICS), long-acting β2-adrenoceptor agonist (LABA), and long-acting muscarinic receptor antagonist (LAMA) fixed-dose combination (FDC). Since meta-analyses allow settling controversies of apparently inconsistent results, we performed a network meta-analysis of Phase III randomised controlled trials including 9535 patients to assess the effect of ICS/LABA/LAMA combinations in uncontrolled asthma. Triple combination therapies with an ICS administered at high dose (HD) were more effective (p<0.05) than medium dose (MD) ICS/LABA/LAMA FDC and both MD and HD ICS/LABA FDCs against moderate to severe exacerbation (relative risk [RR] from 0.61 to 0.80) and increasing trough forced expiratory volume in the 1st second (mL from +33 to +114). Triple combination therapies including HD ICS were superior (p<0.05) than MD ICS/LABA/LAMA FDC in preventing severe exacerbation (RR from 0.46 to 0.65), but not with respect to moderate exacerbation (p>0.05). Triple combination therapies were equally effective on asthma control, with no safety concerns. This quantitative synthesis suggests that ICS/LABA/LAMA FDCs are effective and safe in uncontrolled asthma, and that the dose of ICS in the combination represents the discriminating factor to treat patients with a history of moderate or severe exacerbation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Rogliani
- Unit of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
| | - Beatrice Ludovica Ritondo
- Unit of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
| | - Luigino Calzetta
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Respiratory Disease and Lung Function Unit, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
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Scosyrev E, van Zyl-Smit R, Kerstjens H, Gessner C, Kornmann O, Jain D, Aubrun E, D'Andrea P, Hosoe M, Pethe A, Brittain D. Cardiovascular safety of mometasone/indacaterol and mometasone/indacaterol/glycopyrronium once-daily fixed-dose combinations in asthma: pooled analysis of phase 3 trials. Respir Med 2021; 180:106311. [PMID: 33711782 DOI: 10.1016/j.rmed.2021.106311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate cardiovascular safety of two new inhaled fixed-dose combinations for treatment of asthma: (i) the inhaled corticosteroid/long-acting beta2-agonist (ICS/LABA) mometasone furoate/indacaterol acetate (MF/IND), (ii) the ICS/LABA/long-acting muscarinic antagonist (LAMA) MF/IND/glycopyrronium bromide (GLY). METHODS Patient-level data were pooled from four randomized trials, including 52-week studies PALLADIUM (n = 2216) and IRIDIUM (n = 3092), 24-week study ARGON (n = 1426), and 12-week study QUARTZ (n = 802). Cardio-/cerebrovascular (CCV) event frequencies were examined in the following comparisons: (1) LABA effect: pooled-dose MF/IND vs. pooled-dose MF; (2) LAMA effect: pooled-dose MF/IND/GLY vs. pooled-dose MF/IND; (3) ICS-dose effects: (a) high-dose MF/IND vs. medium-dose MF/IND, (b) high-dose MF/IND/GLY vs. medium-dose MF/IND/GLY; (4) intra-class effects: (a) high-dose MF/IND vs. Fluticasone/Salmeterol (F/S), (b) high-dose MF/IND/GLY vs. F/S + Tiotropium (TIO). Risk estimates (percentage of patients with ≥1 CCV event) and risk differences (RDs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated for each comparison. RESULTS The frequency of CCV events was low, without notable differences between comparison groups. Risk estimates and corresponding RDs (95% CIs) were as follows: (1) pooled-dose MF/IND = 2.35%, pooled-dose MF = 2.18%, RD = 0.17% (-1.00%, 1.34%); (2) pooled-dose MF/IND/GLY = 3.65%, pooled-dose MF/IND = 3.77%, RD = -0.12% (-1.63%, 1.39%); (3a) high-dose MF/IND = 3.69%, medium-dose MF/IND = 3.35%, RD = 0.34% (-1.25%, 1.94%); (3b) high-dose MF/IND/GLY = 2.84%, medium-dose MF/IND/GLY = 2.02%, RD = 0.82% (-0.49%, 2.13%); (4a) high-dose MF/IND = 3.69%, F/S = 2.82%, RD = 0.87% (-0.66%, 2.40%); (4b) high-dose MF/IND/GLY = 1.26%, F/S + TIO = 1.05%, RD = 0.21% (-1.26%, 1.68%). CONCLUSIONS There was no evidence of increased cardiovascular risk attributable to the addition of IND to MF or addition of GLY to MF/IND. Similarly, no evidence of increased cardiovascular risk was observed with an increase in the ICS-dose or relative to F/S ± TIO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emil Scosyrev
- Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, East Hanover, NJ, USA.
| | - Richard van Zyl-Smit
- Division of Pulmonology and UCT Lung Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Huib Kerstjens
- Department of Pulmonology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, and Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Christian Gessner
- Universitätsklinikum Leipzig, Germany POIS Leipzig GbR, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Oliver Kornmann
- IKF Pneumologie Frankfurt, Clinical Research Centre Respiratory Diseases, Frankfurt, Germany
| | | | | | - Peter D'Andrea
- Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, East Hanover, NJ, USA
| | | | - Abhijit Pethe
- Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, East Hanover, NJ, USA
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Oba Y, Maduke T, Anwer S, Patel T, Dias S. Effectiveness and tolerability of dual and triple combination inhaler therapies compared with each other and varying doses of inhaled corticosteroids in adolescents and adults with asthma: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Hippokratia 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd013799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Oba
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine; University of Missouri; Columbia MO USA
| | - Tinashe Maduke
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine; University of Missouri; Columbia MO USA
| | - Sumayya Anwer
- Centre for Reviews and Dissemination; University of York; York UK
| | - Tarang Patel
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine; University of Missouri; Columbia MO USA
| | - Sofia Dias
- Centre for Reviews and Dissemination; University of York; York UK
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