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Xiong Z, He Y, Guan W, Lv X, Chen J, Ma D. Investigating the impact of common migration substances found in milk packaging on proteases: A multispectral and molecular docking approach. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2024; 318:124517. [PMID: 38801790 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2024.124517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Revised: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
The effects of common migration substances in milk packaging on digestive protease were studied. We choose the common migrants found in eight types of multi-layer composite milk packaging. Enzyme activity experiments revealed that pepsin activity decreased by approximately 18 % at 500 μg/mL of stearic acid and stearamide treatment, while trypsin activity decreased by approximately 18 % only by stearic acid treatment (500 μg/mL). Subsequently, fluorescence spectroscopy, circular dichroism spectroscopy, and molecular docking technology were employed to investigate the inhibition mechanism of protease activity by migrating substances in three systems: stearic acid-trypsin, stearic acid-pepsin, and stearamide-pepsin. Results showed that the inhibitory effect of stearic acid on trypsin is a reversible mixed inhibition, whereas the inhibitory effects of stearic acid and stearamide on pepsin are non-competitive. In all three systems, ΔH < 0, ΔS < 0, and ΔG < 0, indicating the binding process between the migrant and the protease is a spontaneous exothermic process primarily driven by hydrogen bonding and van der Waals forces. In addition, their binding constants are all around 104 L/moL, indicating that there are moderate binding affinities exist between migrants and proteases. The binding process results in the quenching of the protease's endogenous fluorescence and induces alterations in the enzyme's secondary structure. Synchronized fluorescence spectroscopy showed that stearic acid enhanced the hydrophobicity near the Tyr residue of trypsin. The molecular docking results indicated that the binding affinity of stearic acid-trypsin, stearic acid-pepsin, and stearamide-pepsin was -22.51 kJ/mol, -12.35 kJ/mol, -19.28 kJ/mol respectively, which consistent with the trend in the enzyme activity results. This study can provide references for the selection of milk packaging materials and the use of processing additives, ensuring food health and safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zijian Xiong
- College of Packaging Engineering, Jinan University, Zhuhai, Guangdong 519070, China
| | - Yue He
- Zhuhai Institute for Food and Drug Control, Zhuhai, Guangdong 519000, China
| | - Weiyan Guan
- College of Packaging Engineering, Jinan University, Zhuhai, Guangdong 519070, China
| | - Xinguang Lv
- College of Packaging Engineering, Jinan University, Zhuhai, Guangdong 519070, China
| | - Jing Chen
- Institute for Advanced and Applied Chemical Synthesis, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
| | - Da Ma
- College of Packaging Engineering, Jinan University, Zhuhai, Guangdong 519070, China; Packaging Engineering Institute, Jinan University, Zhuhai, Guangdong 519070 China; Key Laboratory of Product Packaging and Logistics of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Jinan University, Zhuhai, Guangdong 519070, China.
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2
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Ali MS, Teixeira LMC, Ramos MJ, Fernandes PA, Al-Lohedan HA. Interaction of major saffron constituent safranal with trypsin: An experimental and computational investigation. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 274:133231. [PMID: 38897495 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.133231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Revised: 06/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Trypsin is a serine protease, an important digestive enzyme that digests the proteins in the small intestine. In the present study, we have investigated the interaction of safranal, a major saffron metabolite, with trypsin using spectroscopic and molecular docking analyses. Fluorescence emission spectra of trypsin were largely affected by the inner filter effect from safranal; that's why these were corrected using the standard procedure. The corrected fluorescence spectra have shown that the safranal quenched the intrinsic fluorescence of trypsin with a blue shift in the wavelength of emission maximum, which revealed that the microenvironment of the fluorophore became more hydrophobic. There was approximately 1: 1 fair binding between them, which increased with a rise in temperature. The interaction was favored, principally, by hydrophobic forces, and there was an efficient energy transfer from the fluorophore to the safranal. Synchronous fluorescence spectra suggested that the tryptophan residues were the major ones taking part in the fluorescence quenching of trypsin. Safranal also influenced the secondary structure of trypsin and caused partial unfolding. Molecular Docking and the Molecular Dynamics simulation of the free and complexed trypsin was also carried out. Safranal formed a stable, non-covalent complex within the S2'-S5' subsite. Moreover, two nearby tyrosine residues (Tyr39 and Tyr151) stabilized safranal through π-π interactions. Additionally, the presence of safranal led to changes in the protein flexibility and compactness, which could indicate changes in the surrounding of tryptophan residues, impacting their fluorescence. Furthermore, a loss in compactness is in line with the partial unfolding observed experimentally. Thus, both experimental and computational studies were in good agreement with each other.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Sajid Ali
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box-2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Luís M C Teixeira
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências,Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria J Ramos
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências,Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Pedro A Fernandes
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências,Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Hamad A Al-Lohedan
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box-2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
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Zhong Q, Zeng J, Jia X. Self-Assembled Aggregated Structures of Natural Products for Oral Drug Delivery. Int J Nanomedicine 2024; 19:5931-5949. [PMID: 38887690 PMCID: PMC11182358 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s467354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
The self-assembling aggregated structures of natural products have gained significant interest due to their simple synthesis, lack of carrier-related toxicity, and excellent biological efficacy. However, the mechanisms of their assembly and their ability to traverse the gastrointestinal (GI) barrier remain unclear. This review summarizes various intermolecular non-covalent interactions and aggregated structures, drawing on research indexed in Web of Science from 2010 to 2024. Cheminformatics analysis of the self-assembly behaviors of natural small molecules and their supramolecular aggregates reveals assembly-favorable conditions, aiding drug formulation. Additionally, the review explores the self-assembly properties of macromolecules like polysaccharides, proteins, and exosomes, highlighting their role in drug delivery. Strategies to overcome gastrointestinal barriers and enhance drug bioavailability are also discussed. This work underscores the potential of natural products in oral drug delivery and offers insights for designing more effective drug delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiyuan Zhong
- School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jingqi Zeng
- School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaobin Jia
- School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, People’s Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, People’s Republic of China
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Pitocchi R, Cicatiello P, Illiano A, Fontanarosa C, Spina F, Varese GC, Amoresano A, Piscitelli A, Giardina P. The essential role of aggregation for the emulsifying ability of a fungal CYS-rich protein. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 108:358. [PMID: 38829381 PMCID: PMC11147851 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-024-13182-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
Biosurfactants are in demand by the global market as natural commodities suitable for incorporation into commercial products or utilization in environmental applications. Fungi are promising producers of these molecules and have garnered interest also for their metabolic capabilities in efficiently utilizing recalcitrant and complex substrates, like hydrocarbons, plastic, etc. Within this framework, biosurfactants produced by two Fusarium solani fungal strains, isolated from plastic waste-contaminated landfill soils, were analyzed. Mycelia of these fungi were grown in the presence of 5% olive oil to drive biosurfactant production. The characterization of the emulsifying and surfactant capacity of these extracts highlighted that two different components are involved. A protein was purified and identified as a CFEM (common in fungal extracellular membrane) containing domain, revealing a good propensity to stabilize emulsions only in its aggregate form. On the other hand, an unidentified cationic smaller molecule exhibits the ability to reduce surface tension. Based on the 3D structural model of the protein, a plausible mechanism for the formation of very stable aggregates, endowed with the emulsifying ability, is proposed. KEY POINTS: • Two Fusarium solani strains are analyzed for their surfactant production. • A cationic surfactant is produced, exhibiting the ability to remarkably reduce surface tension. • An identified protein reveals a good propensity to stabilize emulsions only in its aggregate form.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rossana Pitocchi
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cintia, Naples, 80126, Italy
| | - Paola Cicatiello
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cintia, Naples, 80126, Italy.
| | - Anna Illiano
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cintia, Naples, 80126, Italy
| | - Carolina Fontanarosa
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cintia, Naples, 80126, Italy
| | - Federica Spina
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Viale P.A. Mattioli 25, Turin, 10125, Italy
| | - Giovanna Cristina Varese
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Viale P.A. Mattioli 25, Turin, 10125, Italy
| | - Angela Amoresano
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cintia, Naples, 80126, Italy
| | - Alessandra Piscitelli
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cintia, Naples, 80126, Italy
| | - Paola Giardina
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cintia, Naples, 80126, Italy
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Asgharzadeh S, Shareghi B, Farhadian S. Probing the toxic effect of chlorpyrifos as an environmental pollutant on the structure and biological activity of lysozyme under physiological conditions. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 355:141724. [PMID: 38499074 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.141724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
The pervasive use of pesticides like chlorpyrifos (CPY) has been associated with deleterious effects on biomolecules, posing significant risks to environmental integrity, public health, and overall ecosystem equilibrium. Accordingly, in this study, we investigated the potential binding interaction between the well-conserved enzyme, lysozyme (LSZ), and CPY through various spectroscopic techniques and molecular modeling. The UV-vis absorption and fluorescence experiments confirmed the complex formation and static quenching of the intrinsic fluorescence intensity. LSZ revealed a singular binding site for CPY, with binding constants around 105 M-1 across different temperature ranges. Analysis of thermodynamic parameters showed the spontaneous nature of the complexation process, while also revealing the pivotal role of hydrophobic interactions in stabilizing the LSZ-CPY system. According to circular dichroism and Fourier transform infrared studies, CPY binding changed the secondary structure of LSZ by boosting α-helix presence and reducing the levels of β-sheet and β-turn content. Further, CPY decreased the stability and activity of LSZ. Computational docking delineated the specific and highly preferred binding site of CPY within the structure of LSZ. Molecular dynamic simulation indicated the enduring stability of the LSZ/CPY complex and revealed structural modifications in the LSZ after binding with CPY. This research provides a detailed understanding of the intermolecular dynamics between CPY and LSZ, concurrently elucidating the molecular-level implications for the potential hazards of pesticides in the natural environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanaz Asgharzadeh
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, P. O. Box.115, Iran; Central Laboratory, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Behzad Shareghi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, P. O. Box.115, Iran; Central Laboratory, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Iran.
| | - Sadegh Farhadian
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, P. O. Box.115, Iran; Central Laboratory, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Iran.
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Queiroz-Souza P, Galue-Parra A, Silveira Moraes L, Macedo CG, Rodrigues APD, H. S. Marinho V, H. Holanda F, M. Ferreira I, Oliveira da Silva E. Polymeric nanoparticles containing kojic acid induce structural alterations and apoptosis-like death in Leishmania ( Leishmania) amazonensis. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1331240. [PMID: 38323082 PMCID: PMC10844493 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1331240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis encompasses a cluster of neglected tropical diseases triggered by kinetoplastid phatogens belonging to the genus Leishmania. Current therapeutic approaches are toxic, expensive, and require long-term treatment. Nanoparticles are emerging as a new alternative for the treatment of neglected tropical diseases. Silk Fibroin is a biocompatible and amphiphilic protein that can be used for formulating nanoemulsions, while kojic acid is a secondary metabolite with antileishmanial actions. Thus, this study evaluated the efficacy of a nanoemulsion, formulated with silk fibroin as the surfactant and containing kojic acid (NanoFKA), against promastigote and amastigote forms of Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis. The NanoFKA had an average particle size of 176 nm, Polydispersity Index (PDI) of 0.370, and a Zeta Potential of -32.3 mV. It presented inhibitory concentration (IC50) values of >56 μg/mL and >7 μg/mL for the promastigote and amastigote forms, respectively. Ultrastructural analysis, cell cycle distribution and phosphatidylserine exposure showed that NanoFKA treatment induces apoptosis-like cell death and cell cycle arrest in L. (L.) amazonensis. In addition, NanoFKA exhibited no cytotoxicity against macrophages. Given these results, NanoFKA present leishmanicidal activity against L. (L.) amazonensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poliana Queiroz-Souza
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Para, Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | - Adan Galue-Parra
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Structural Biology and Bioimaging, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Lienne Silveira Moraes
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Para, Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | - Caroline Gomes Macedo
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Para, Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Drummond Rodrigues
- Laboratory of Electron Microscopy, Department of Health Surveillance, Ministry of Health, Evandro Chagas Institute, Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | - Victor H. S. Marinho
- Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Applied Organic Synthesis, Federal University of Amapá, Macapá, Amapá, Brazil
| | - Fabricio H. Holanda
- Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Applied Organic Synthesis, Federal University of Amapá, Macapá, Amapá, Brazil
| | - Irlon M. Ferreira
- Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Applied Organic Synthesis, Federal University of Amapá, Macapá, Amapá, Brazil
| | - Edilene Oliveira da Silva
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Para, Belém, Pará, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Structural Biology and Bioimaging, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Zhu S, Wang T, Zheng Y, Shi Q, Guo Q, Zhu J, Mao Y. Spectroscopic and molecular docking study of three kinds of cinnamic acid interaction with pepsin. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2023; 303:123169. [PMID: 37517266 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2023.123169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
In this work, under simulated physiological conditions (pH = 2.2, glycine hydrochloric acid buffer solution), the interactions of cinnamic acid (CA), m-hydroxycinnamic acid (m-CA) and p-hydroxycinnamic acid (p-CA) with pepsin were studied by fluorescence spectroscopy, ultraviolet-visible absorption spectroscopy, circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), molecular docking and molecular dynamic simulation (MD). The spectrogram results showed that these three kinds of CA had a strong ability to quench the intrinsic fluorescence of pepsin, and the quenching effects were obvious with the increase of concentration of these three kinds of molecules. The quenching mechanism of CA, m-CA and p-CA on the fluorescence of pepsin was static quenching. In addition, a stable complex was formed between three kinds of CA with pepsin. Thermodynamic data and docking information suggested that three kinds of CA combine with pepsin were mainly driven by electrostatic force and hydrogen bond. The binding constant and the number of binding sites were determined. The interaction of CA, m-CA and p-CA with pepsin was spontaneous, and accompanied by non-radiative energy transfer. The results from CD, FTIR, UV-Vis and synchronous fluorescence spectra measurements manifested that the secondary structure of pepsin was changed by the binding of three kinds of CA. The β-sheet of pepsin increased after the interaction with three kinds of CA. The assay results of pepsin activity showed that three kinds of CA led to a decrease in pepsin activity within the investigated concentrations. Molecular docking investigation revealed the formation of polar hydrogen bonds as well as hydrophobic interactions between three kinds of CA with pepsin, and the ligand within the binding pocket of pepsin. MD results implied the formation of a stable complex between three kinds of CA and pepsin. The research suggested that cinnamic acid and its derivatives could be a potential effect on the structure and properties of digestive enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujuan Zhu
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, PR China.
| | - Ting Wang
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, PR China
| | - Ying Zheng
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, PR China
| | - Qiang Shi
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, PR China
| | - Qian Guo
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, PR China
| | - Jing Zhu
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, PR China
| | - Yiyang Mao
- Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, PR China.
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Mostafavi ES, Asoodeh A, Chamani J. New insights on the binding of butyl-paraben to trypsin: experimental and computational approaches. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2023; 41:10302-10314. [PMID: 36510660 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2022.2154268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Butyl-paraben (BP) is one of the most widely used preservatives in numerous foodstuffs, skin care products, and a variety of drugs, and trypsin is the main digestive enzyme, the research on the binding between the two is essential for human health. In the present paper, the effect of BP on trypsin has been explored using experimental and computational techniques to evaluate BP toxicity at the protein level. The obtained results from molecular docking and kinetic assay revealed BP was embedded in the hydrophobic cavity-S1 binding pocket of the enzyme to inhibit its activity by a competitive model. Intrinsic fluorescence of trypsin after interaction with BP revealed the static mode of quenching. FRET indicated that the distance of the enzyme to BP is 1.89 nm with high energy efficiency. Thermodynamic results proved that BP spontaneously bound to trypsin in an enthalpy-driven manner, the van der Waals interactions and H-bonds serving as the predominant forces in binding processes. CD spectroscopy and molecular dynamics (MD) simulation revealed that the trypsin structure transformed from the β-Sheet structure to the unordered Coil structure upon interacting with BP. Resonance light scattering (RLS), synchronous fluorescence, and three-dimensional (3 D) spectroscopies further supported the alteration in the conformation of trypsin. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) showed that trypsin was somewhat destabilized in the presence of BP. Accordingly, all of the experimental data were confirmed by MD simulation.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elham Sadat Mostafavi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Ahmad Asoodeh
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
- Cellular and Molecular Research Group, Institute of Biotechnology, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Jamshidkhan Chamani
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Mashhad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Mashhad, Iran
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Gökoğlu E, Doyuran B, Özen G, Duyar H, Taskin-Tok T, Seferoğlu Z. Evaluation of the Binding Properties of A New Phenylurea Appended Carbazole Compound to Pepsin/Trypsin by Computational and Multi-Spectral Analysis. J Fluoresc 2023:10.1007/s10895-023-03451-5. [PMID: 37782448 DOI: 10.1007/s10895-023-03451-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
A novel carbazole compound, named 1-(9-ethyl-9H-carbazol-3-yl)-3-phenylurea (Cpu) was synthesized and its binding properties with protease enzymes (pepsin and trypsin) has been examined by steady-state fluorescence measurements, UV/vis absorption, infrared (FT-IR) and circular dicroism (CD) spectroscopies and also computational methods. The fluorescence experimental results indicated that the quenching mechanism of enzyme by Cpu is static process. The thermodynamic parameters (both negative ΔH/ΔS) and molecular docking results suggested that the binding of Cpu to pepsin/trypsin were driven by hydrogen bonds and van der Waals forces. Based on Förster's theory, the binding distance (r) between pepsin/trypsin and Cpu was calculated to be 3.072/2.784 nm, which implies that non-radiative energy transfer occurs from enzyme to Cpu. Furthermore, absorption, CD, and FT-IR spectral analysis provided an evidence that the presence of Cpu induced notable changes in the secondary structures and microenvironmental of both pepsin and trypsin, supporting its significant influence on these enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elmas Gökoğlu
- Department of Chemistry, Hacettepe University, 06800, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Bensu Doyuran
- Department of Chemistry, Hacettepe University, 06800, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Gülşah Özen
- Department of Chemistry, Hacettepe University, 06800, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Halil Duyar
- Department of Chemistry, Gebze Technical University, 41400, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Tugba Taskin-Tok
- Department of Chemistry, Gaziantep University, 27310, Gaziantep, Turkey
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Gaziantep University, 27310, Gaziantep, Turkey
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Holanda FH, Pereira RR, Marinho VHS, Jimenez DEQ, Costa Ferreira LMM, Ribeiro-Costa RM, de Sousa FFO, Ferreira IM. Development of nanostructured formulation from naringenin and silk fibroin and application for inhibition of lipoxygenase (LOX). RSC Adv 2023; 13:23063-23075. [PMID: 37529367 PMCID: PMC10388158 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra02374e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023] Open
Abstract
A simple low-energy method was used to obtain polymeric nanoparticles containing silk fibroin (SF), fatty butyl esters (oily phase) and the flavonoid naringenin. Experimental planning (Box-Behnken) was applied to investigate the optimal conditions for three factors (variation of the concentrations of SF, naringenin and fatty butyl ester) at three levels, with evaluation of particle size, polydispersity index (PDI) and zeta potential (ZP) as responses. The results showed that the polymeric particle was formed with sizes of 179.6 to 633.9 nm, PDI of 0.33 to 0.77 and ZP of -60.4 to -38.8 mV. The best responses under the optimized conditions (Nari-SF 9 and 15) were characterized through transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR), visible ultraviolet (UV-vis) and fluorescence, which confirmed that coated nanoparticles had been obtained. It was shown that the nanoformulation had excellent stability, the bioavailability of naringenin had been improved through use of the biopolymer and high inhibition of the enzyme lipoxygenase had been achieved in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrício H Holanda
- Laboratório de Biocatálise e Síntese Orgânica Aplicada, Departamento de Ciências Exatas e Tecnológicas, Universidade Federal do Amapá Rod. JK, km 02 68902-280 Macapá Amapá Brazil
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Inovação Farmacêuticas, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Amapá Rod. JK, km 02 68902-280 Macapá Amapá Brazil
| | - Rayanne R Pereira
- Universidade Federal do Oeste do Pará, Instituto de Saúde Coletiva (Unidade Tapajós) 68035-110 Santarém Pará Brazil
| | - Victor Hugo S Marinho
- Laboratório de Biocatálise e Síntese Orgânica Aplicada, Departamento de Ciências Exatas e Tecnológicas, Universidade Federal do Amapá Rod. JK, km 02 68902-280 Macapá Amapá Brazil
| | - David E Q Jimenez
- Laboratório de Biocatálise e Síntese Orgânica Aplicada, Departamento de Ciências Exatas e Tecnológicas, Universidade Federal do Amapá Rod. JK, km 02 68902-280 Macapá Amapá Brazil
| | | | - Roseane M Ribeiro-Costa
- Laboratório de Planejamento e Desenvolvimento de Fármacos, Universidade Federal do Pará Belém PA Brazil
| | - Francisco Fábio O de Sousa
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Inovação Farmacêuticas, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Amapá Rod. JK, km 02 68902-280 Macapá Amapá Brazil
| | - Irlon M Ferreira
- Laboratório de Biocatálise e Síntese Orgânica Aplicada, Departamento de Ciências Exatas e Tecnológicas, Universidade Federal do Amapá Rod. JK, km 02 68902-280 Macapá Amapá Brazil
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Inovação Farmacêuticas, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Amapá Rod. JK, km 02 68902-280 Macapá Amapá Brazil
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Taniguchi M, LaRocca CA, Bernat JD, Lindsey JS. Digital Database of Absorption Spectra of Diverse Flavonoids Enables Structural Comparisons and Quantitative Evaluations. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2023; 86:1087-1119. [PMID: 36848595 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.2c00720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Flavonoids play diverse roles in plants, comprise a non-negligible fraction of net primary photosynthetic production, and impart beneficial effects in human health from a plant-based diet. Absorption spectroscopy is an essential tool for quantitation of flavonoids isolated from complex plant extracts. The absorption spectra of flavonoids typically consist of two major bands, band I (300-380 nm) and band II (240-295 nm), where the former engenders a yellow color; in some flavonoids the absorption tails to 400-450 nm. The absorption spectra of 177 flavonoids and analogues of natural or synthetic origin have been assembled, including molar absorption coefficients (109 from the literature, 68 measured here). The spectral data are in digital form and can be viewed and accessed at http://www.photochemcad.com. The database enables comparison of the absorption spectral features of 12 distinct types of flavonoids including flavan-3-ols (e.g., catechin, epigallocatechin), flavanones (e.g., hesperidin, naringin), 3-hydroxyflavanones (e.g., taxifolin, silybin), isoflavones (e.g., daidzein, genistein), flavones (e.g., diosmin, luteolin), and flavonols (e.g., fisetin, myricetin). The structural features that give rise to shifts in wavelength and intensity are delineated. The availability of digital absorption spectra for diverse flavonoids facilitates analysis and quantitation of these valuable plant secondary metabolites. Four examples are provided of calculations─multicomponent analysis, solar ultraviolet photoprotection, sun protection factor (SPF), and Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET)─for which the spectra and accompanying molar absorption coefficients are sine qua non.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiko Taniguchi
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, United States
| | - Connor A LaRocca
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, United States
| | - Jake D Bernat
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, United States
| | - Jonathan S Lindsey
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, United States
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Yu Y, Xu S, He R, Liang G. Application of Molecular Simulation Methods in Food Science: Status and Prospects. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:2684-2703. [PMID: 36719790 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c06789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Molecular simulation methods, such as molecular docking, molecular dynamic (MD) simulation, and quantum chemical (QC) calculation, have become popular as characterization and/or virtual screening tools because they can visually display interaction details that in vitro experiments can not capture and quickly screen bioactive compounds from large databases with millions of molecules. Currently, interdisciplinary research has expanded molecular simulation technology from computer aided drug design (CADD) to food science. More food scientists are supporting their hypotheses/results with this technology. To understand better the use of molecular simulation methods, it is necessary to systematically summarize the latest applications and usage trends of molecular simulation methods in the research field of food science. However, this type of review article is rare. To bridge this gap, we have comprehensively summarized the principle, combination usage, and application of molecular simulation methods in food science. We also analyzed the limitations and future trends and offered valuable strategies with the latest technologies to help food scientists use molecular simulation methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuandong Yu
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, Bioengineering College, Chongqing University, Chongqing400030, China
| | - Shiqi Xu
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, Bioengineering College, Chongqing University, Chongqing400030, China
| | - Ran He
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, Bioengineering College, Chongqing University, Chongqing400030, China
| | - Guizhao Liang
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, Bioengineering College, Chongqing University, Chongqing400030, China
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Xiao Q, Luo H, Cao H, Li B, Liu J, Liu Y, Huang S. Investigation on conformational variation and enzymatic activity of trypsin affected by Ti 3C 2 QDs via spectroscopic technique and molecular modeling. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2023; 285:121878. [PMID: 36183537 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2022.121878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, Ti3C2 quantum dots (Ti3C2 QDs) were synthesized by simply treating Ti3C2 MXene powder with acid and base via hydrothermal method. Ti3C2 QDs exhibited superior fluorescence property and were used for the fluorescent imaging of living HeLa cells successfully. In order to evaluate the influence of Ti3C2 QDs on protease with specific biological functions, binding interaction of Ti3C2 QDs with trypsin was studied comprehensively and deeply through spectroscopic strategies and molecular modeling technique. The intrinsic fluorescence of trypsin was spontaneously quenched by Ti3C2 QDs through static quenching mode under van der Waals interaction force, and Ti3C2 QDs bound with the inactive residue domain of trypsin firmly with stoichiometric ratio of 1:1. Ti3C2 QDs induced the microenvironmental variation of the amino acid residues in trypsin, reducing the thermal stability of trypsin significantly. Gel electrophoresis experiments and microscopic imaging experiments demonstrated that Ti3C2 QDs inhibited the enzymatic activity of trypsin on the digestion of human serum albumin and HeLa cells obviously. These results revealed not only the deep interaction mechanism between Ti3C2 QDs and protease but also the influence of Ti3C2 QDs on the enzymatic activity of trypsin, paving the way for the safe biological application of Ti3C2 QDs in the diagnosis and the therapy of protease-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Xiao
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Natural Polymer Chemistry and Physics, College of Chemistry and Materials, Nanning Normal University, Nanning 530001, PR China.
| | - Huajian Luo
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Natural Polymer Chemistry and Physics, College of Chemistry and Materials, Nanning Normal University, Nanning 530001, PR China
| | - Huishan Cao
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Natural Polymer Chemistry and Physics, College of Chemistry and Materials, Nanning Normal University, Nanning 530001, PR China
| | - Bo Li
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Natural Polymer Chemistry and Physics, College of Chemistry and Materials, Nanning Normal University, Nanning 530001, PR China
| | - Jiajia Liu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Natural Polymer Chemistry and Physics, College of Chemistry and Materials, Nanning Normal University, Nanning 530001, PR China
| | - Yi Liu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Natural Polymer Chemistry and Physics, College of Chemistry and Materials, Nanning Normal University, Nanning 530001, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane Processes, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300378, PR China
| | - Shan Huang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Natural Polymer Chemistry and Physics, College of Chemistry and Materials, Nanning Normal University, Nanning 530001, PR China.
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Xiao Q, Tu X, Cao H, Luo H, Li B, Liu J, Liu Y, Huang S. Interaction thermodynamics investigation of bovine serum albumin with black phosphorus quantum dots via spectroscopic and molecular simulation techniques. J Mol Struct 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2022.134725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
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Yue Y, Wang Y, Tu Q, Xu Y, Zhang Y, Tang Q, Liu J. A comprehensive insight into the effects of punicalagin on pepsin: Multispectroscopy and simulations methods. J Mol Liq 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2022.120194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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Effects of Naringin on Postharvest Storage Quality of Bean Sprouts. Foods 2022; 11:foods11152294. [PMID: 35954063 PMCID: PMC9368302 DOI: 10.3390/foods11152294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of naringin on soybean and mung bean sprouts postharvest quality. It was found that naringin could maintain the appearance and quality of soybean sprouts and mung bean sprouts during a 6-day storage period as well as delay the occurrence of browning in mung bean sprouts and soybean sprouts. The optimal application rate of naringin was 50–100 μg/mL, which could effectively inhibit the activity of polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and peroxidase (POD) in bean sprouts and increase the ascorbic acid content, where this inhibition response to the browning of mung bean sprouts and soybean sprouts was significantly reduced. Naringin treatment increased gallic acid and p-coumaric acid content in mung bean sprouts as well as the daidzin and rutin content in soybean sprouts, which was also reflected in the improvement of antioxidant activity. The binding of naringin with PPO and POD was analyzed with molecular docking, naringin, and PPO had a lower binding energy (−1.09 Kcal/mol). In conclusion, naringin application in postharvest preservation of mung bean sprouts and soybean sprouts can maintain favorable consumer quality.
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Sadat Mostafavi E, Asoodeh A, Chamani J. Evaluation of interaction between Ponceau 4R (P4R) and trypsin using kinetic, spectroscopic, and molecular dynamics simulation methods. J Mol Liq 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2022.119761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Liu H, Wang D, Ren Y, Wang L, Weng T, Liu J, Wu Y, Ding Z, Liu M. Multispectroscopic and synergistic antioxidant study on the combined binding of caffeic acid and (-)-epicatechin gallate to lysozyme. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2022; 272:120986. [PMID: 35151167 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2022.120986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The binding of caffeic acid (CA) and/or (-)-epicatechin gallate (ECG) to lysozyme was investigated by multispectroscopic methods and molecular docking. The effects of the single and combined binding on the structure, activity and stability of lysozyme and the synergistic antioxidant activity of CA and ECG were also studied. Fluorescence quenching spectra, time-resolved fluorescence spectra, and UV-vis absorption difference spectra all ascertained the static quenching mechanism of lysozyme by CA/ECG. Thermodynamic parameters indicated that CA and ECG competitively bound to lysozyme, and CA had a stronger binding affinity, which was consistent with the results of molecular docking. Hydrogen bonding, van der Waals' force and electrostatic interaction were the main driving forces for the binding process. Synchronous fluorescence spectra displayed that the interaction of CA/ECG exposed the tryptophan residues of lysozyme to a more hydrophilic environment. Circular dichroism spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and dynamic light scattering indicated that the binding of CA and/or ECG to lysozyme resulted in the change of the secondary structure and increased the particle size of lysozyme. The binding of CA and/or ECG to lysozyme inhibited the enzyme activity and enhanced the thermal stability of lysozyme. The combined application of CA and ECG showed antioxidant synergy which was influenced by the encapsulation of lysozyme and cellular uptake. In summary, this work provides theoretical guidance for lysozyme as a carrier for the combined application of CA and ECG.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, China
| | - Danfeng Wang
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical Research, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, China
| | - Yongfang Ren
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical Research, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, China
| | - Lu Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, China
| | - Tianxin Weng
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical Research, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, China
| | - Jie Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, China
| | - Yushu Wu
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical Research, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, China
| | - Zhuang Ding
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical Research, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, China
| | - Min Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, China; Institute of Biopharmaceutical Research, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, China.
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Zhang Y, Yang R, Wang L, Li Y, Han J, Yang Y, Zheng H, Lu M, Shen Y, Yang H. Purification and characterization of a novel thermostable anticoagulant protein from medicinal leech Whitmania pigra Whitman. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 288:114990. [PMID: 35032585 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2022.114990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The prevalence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) is increasing worldwide. Despite significant improvements in novel targeted treatment agents, natural products purified from medicinal animals with minimal side effects have attracted much attention. Several native proteins explored from suck-blood leeches, such as non-thermostable hirudin and its variants, revealed potent anticoagulant activity. Traditional Chinese medicine clinics have proved that non-suck-blood leech Whitmania pigra Whitman (W. pigra) also played notable roles in CVD treatments even after decoction. However, only a few natural proteins and peptides have been identified from the fresh material of this medicinal species. AIM OF THE STUDY We aimed to purify and characterize thermostable anticoagulant proteins from W. pigra for further development of a therapeutic agent for thrombosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS W. pigra crude extract was prepared by decoction in water. Anticoagulant proteins were purified by DEAE cellulose DE-52, Sephadex G-75, and reversed-phase liquid chromatography sequentially and analyzed by SDS-PAGE and LC-MS/MS for structural information. In addition, we conducted in vitro anticoagulant experiments, including plasma recalcification time (PRT) assay, fibrinolytic assay, activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), prothrombin time (PT), thrombin time (TT), fibrinogen (Fib) assay, and cell viability assays. Furthermore, a carrageenan-induced chronic thromboembolism model was employed in ICR mice, and four coagulation factors (APTT, PT, TT, and Fib) activities were determined after intragastric administration. RESULTS The anticoagulant protein WP-77 has a relative molecular weight of ca. 20.8 kDa. It was effective over a broad temperature range from 20 °C to 100 °C and a pH 2-8 condition. The anticoagulant activity of WP-77 was retained after incubation with pepsin but was greatly inhibited by trypsin (P < 0.01). It significantly prolonged APTT and TT (P < 0.05) but had little effect on PT and Fib in vitro. Furthermore, WP-77 of a low concentration resulted in the recovery of injured EA.hy926 by thrombin. The protein also significantly prolonged APTT and TT (P < 0.01) and inhibited thrombus formation in carrageenan-induced thrombosis mice, demonstrating its antithrombotic effect in vivo. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that WP-77 from W. pigra plays a distinct role in treating thrombotic diseases, and it is an essential substance of anticoagulant activity of non-suck-blood medicinal leeches. This thermostable anticoagulant protein could be a promising candidate for the development of clinical antithrombosis medicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajie Zhang
- Department of Chinese Materia Medica and Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212013, PR China.
| | - Rong Yang
- Department of Chinese Materia Medica and Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212013, PR China.
| | - Liwei Wang
- Department of Chinese Materia Medica and Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212013, PR China.
| | - Ye Li
- Department of Chinese Materia Medica and Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212013, PR China.
| | - Jing Han
- Department of Chinese Materia Medica and Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212013, PR China.
| | - Yaya Yang
- Department of Chinese Materia Medica and Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212013, PR China.
| | - Hanxue Zheng
- Department of Chinese Materia Medica and Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212013, PR China.
| | - Mengyao Lu
- Department of Chinese Materia Medica and Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212013, PR China.
| | - Yuping Shen
- Department of Chinese Materia Medica and Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212013, PR China.
| | - Huan Yang
- Department of Chinese Materia Medica and Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212013, PR China.
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Górecki M, Frelek J. Towards seeking the right chiroptical tool to assign the stereochemistry of bioactive compounds: Effectiveness, challenges, and perspectives. Trends Analyt Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2021.116428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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