1
|
Ng R, El-Den S, Collins JC, McMillan SS, Hu J, Wheeler AJ, O'Reilly CL. Community pharmacists' views and experiences of delivering in-pharmacy medication reviews for people living with severe and persistent mental illness: a qualitative study. Int J Clin Pharm 2024; 46:862-871. [PMID: 38551748 PMCID: PMC11286626 DOI: 10.1007/s11096-024-01720-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND People living with severe and persistent mental illness (SPMI) often take multiple medications and are at risk of experiencing medication related problems. Medication review services have the potential to reduce inappropriate use of psychotropic medications and improve adherence. However, there is limited research regarding pharmacists' perspectives when providing such services. AIM To explore community pharmacists' views and experiences of providing an in-pharmacy medication review (MedsCheck) for people living with SPMI. METHOD Semi-structured interviews were conducted between November 2021 and May 2022 with community pharmacists participating in the comparator group of the PharMIbridge Randomised Controlled Trial (RCT), which aimed to improve medication adherence and manage physical health concerns for people living with SPMI. Interviews were recorded, transcribed, and analysed using inductive thematic analysis. RESULTS Fifteen semi-structured interviews were conducted with community pharmacists including pharmacy owners, managers and employee pharmacists. Most pharmacist participants who were interviewed (n = 10) were aged under 39 and more than half (n = 8) had 10 or more years of pharmacy experience. Five key themes were identified: 1) Pharmacists' roles in the management of SPMI in community pharmacy; 2) Mental health education and training; 3) Pharmacy resources; 4) Challenges with interprofessional collaboration and 5) Impact on professional relationships and consumer outcomes. CONCLUSION Pharmacists are motivated to support people living with SPMI. Mental health training, as well as arrangements regarding pharmacy workflow and appropriate remuneration are needed to enable pharmacists to better support people living with SPMI. Referral pathways should be directly accessible by community pharmacists to assist interprofessional collaboration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ricki Ng
- The University of Sydney School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia.
| | - Sarira El-Den
- The University of Sydney School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia
| | - Jack C Collins
- The University of Sydney School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia
| | - Sara S McMillan
- Centre for Mental Health and Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Griffith Health, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia
| | - Jie Hu
- Centre for Mental Health and Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Amanda J Wheeler
- Centre for Mental Health and Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia
- Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Claire L O'Reilly
- The University of Sydney School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Shcherbakova N, Desselle S, Bandiera C, Canedo J, Law AV, Aslani P. Drivers of citations in social pharmacy and practice research articles. Res Social Adm Pharm 2024; 20:590-596. [PMID: 38565426 DOI: 10.1016/j.sapharm.2024.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Revised: 03/10/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Research in Social and Administrative Pharmacy has been expanding in the last decade. The recently published Granada Statements offer key recommendations to improve the quality of research in this field. OBJECTIVES To identify the factors associated with the citations of articles in the field of social, administrative, clinical pharmacy and practice research. METHODS This study was a retrospective, observational analysis of articles published in three leading journals. Per article Google Scholar citations was the dependent variable. Predictor variables were extracted from all articles published from 2013 to 2015. The dependent variable was dichotomized using sample's median Google Scholar citations. Logistic regression analysis was performed to identify independent predictors of citations ≥ median. RESULTS The median number of citations per article was 17 (range 0-341), with a mean of 24.2 (SD 27.6). The number of references included in the articles (OR 1.03, CI 1.02-1.04), the year of publication (OR 0.31 CI 0.21-0.46 for articles published 2015), article social media mentions (OR = 1.01, CI 1.01-1.03 and OR 1.10 CI 1.04-1.18 for Facebook and X, respectively), the topic area of research namely pharmacy services (OR 1.65, CI 1.06-2.57) and medication adherence (OR 2.22 CI 1.13-4.33) were independently associated with article having citations ≥ median. CONCLUSIONS The number of references, the year of publication, social media mentions and the topic area of research, namely pharmacy services and medication adherence, were associated with citations above median in the leading journals of social and administrative pharmacy research. Authors may consider providing a thorough literature review in their articles, while researchers, editors, and publishers are advised to use social media to promote newly published work. This article complements the Granada Statements and may contribute to fostering wider dissemination of the discipline's outputs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Shcherbakova
- Western New England University College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Springfield, MA, USA.
| | | | - Carole Bandiera
- The University of Sydney School of Pharmacy, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
| | - Joanne Canedo
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, 38677, USA.
| | - Anandi V Law
- College of Pharmacy, Western University of Health Sciences, 309 E 2nd St, Pomona, CA, 91766, USA.
| | - Parisa Aslani
- The University of Sydney School of Pharmacy, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Shirvaniyan F, Eissazade N, Shariat SV, Khademoreza N, Daneshvar M, Shalbafan M. Attitude toward patients with mental disorders: what is going on amongst Iranian pharmacies? BMC Psychol 2024; 12:126. [PMID: 38448985 PMCID: PMC10916046 DOI: 10.1186/s40359-024-01604-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION As the incidence of mental disorders continues to rise, and pharmacy staff can significantly affect the willingness of patients with mental disorders to seek help; we aimed to evaluate the stigmatizing attitude of the pharmacy staff toward these patients in Iran. METHODS We conducted this cross-sectional study between April 2020 and December 2021 in Tehran, Iran, and included pharmacists, pharmacy technicians and pharmacy students, with the experience of working in a pharmacy for at least three months. The social distance scale (SDS) and dangerousness scale (DS) were used to measure the stigmatizing attitude of the participants. Higher scores indicated more stigmatizing attitudes. RESULTS We included a total of 186 participants with a mean age of 32.97 ± 9.41 years, of which 101 (54.3%) were male, and 75 (40.3%) were pharmacists, 101 (54.3%) were pharmacy technicians, and 8 (4.3%) were pharmacy students. The mean SDS score was 14.2 ± 4.13, and the mean DS score was 33.85 ± 8.92. The greatest tendency for social distance was reported for a patient with a mental disorder, 'being the caretaker of their children for an hour or two' and 'marrying their children.' The most perceived dangerousness was reported for a patient with a mental disorder 'owning a gun.' Positive personal history of psychopharmacological treatment was statistically correlated with lower DS (P = 0.001) and SDS (P = 0.007) scores. Positive family history of psychiatric inpatient admission was significantly correlated with higher DS (P = 0.05) and SDS (P = 0.03) scores. Higher rates of 'received psychiatric prescriptions per month' was associated with lower DS scores (P = 0.04). CONCLUSION Our participants did not have an overall positive attitude toward patients with mental disorders. Although, compared to previous studies, they held a more positive attitude. Positive personal history of psychopharmacological treatment predicted a more positive attitude and positive family history of psychiatric inpatient admission predicted a more negative attitude.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Shirvaniyan
- Mental Health Research Center, Psychosocial Health Research Institute, Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Negin Eissazade
- Brain and Cognition Clinic, Institute for Cognitive Sciences Studies, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seved Vahid Shariat
- Mental Health Research Center, Psychosocial Health Research Institute, Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Noushin Khademoreza
- Mental Health Research Center, School of Behavioral Sciences and Mental Health (Tehran Institute of Psychiatry), Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoomeh Daneshvar
- Mental Health Research Center, Psychosocial Health Research Institute, Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammadreza Shalbafan
- Mental Health Research Center, Psychosocial Health Research Institute, Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- Brain and Cognition Clinic, Institute for Cognitive Sciences Studies, Tehran, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Aljaffer MA, Alghamdi S, Alkudsi N, Almutiri T, Alanazi HH, Alahmadi LA, Alotaibi BA, Almasaad NA. A Comparison of Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice (KAP) Between Private- and Government-Sector Pharmacists With Regard to Psychotropic Medications in Riyadh City. Cureus 2024; 16:e54539. [PMID: 38516450 PMCID: PMC10956548 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.54539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Pharmacists play a significant role in patient care, and many patients consider them to be their primary source of information regarding medications. Therefore, pharmacists must have an adequate level of knowledge about psychotropic medications. This study aims to assess and compare the levels of knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding psychotropic medications in governmental and private-sector pharmacists in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Methods An observational cross-sectional study was conducted, which included 355 pharmacists (governmental and private sector pharmacists). Each pharmacist was interviewed and asked to answer a structured questionnaire that consisted of four sections: demographic data, knowledge, attitude, and practice regarding psychotropic medications. Results Our findings indicate that the overall knowledge regarding psychotropic medications among private and government-sector pharmacists is insufficient. While 282 (79.4%) had insufficient knowledge, 20.6% of pharmacists had adequate knowledge regarding psychotropic medications, and good knowledge was detected among 29.1% of government-sector pharmacists compared to 18.1% of private-sector pharmacists (P = .033). Our results also revealed that 31.5% of the pharmacists felt comfortable with their knowledge of psychotropic agents. In addition, 18.9% of the pharmacists reported that they received adequate training on psychotropic medications (12.7% of the governmental group versus 20.7% of the private-sector group; P =.048). Conclusion The insufficient knowledge among pharmacists regarding psychotropic medications highlights the importance of providing more training programs and educational courses to improve pharmacists' knowledge about psychotropic medications in Saudi Arabia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Saleh Alghamdi
- Department of Psychiatry, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh, SAU
| | - Nuha Alkudsi
- College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, SAU
| | - Teif Almutiri
- College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, SAU
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Chen J, El-Den S, Pham L, O’Reilly CL, Collins JC. Healthcare professionals' knowledge, confidence and attitudes in relation to psychosis care: A systematic review. Int J Soc Psychiatry 2023; 69:1856-1868. [PMID: 37691420 PMCID: PMC10685701 DOI: 10.1177/00207640231194490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Psychosis is a mental disorder that, despite its low prevalence, causes high disease and economic burden. Inadequate knowledge, lack of confidence and stigmatising attitudes of healthcare professionals (HCPs) may lead to suboptimal care. AIM To review the literature exploring HCPs' knowledge, confidence and attitudes in relation to psychosis care. METHOD A systematic search was undertaken across three databases (MEDLINE, Embase, PsycINFO) using a search strategy encompassing the concepts: 'healthcare professionals', 'knowledge, attitude, and confidence in care' and 'psychotic illnesses and symptoms' to identify relevant records published from 1st January 2002 to 18th March 2022. Results were screened against predetermined inclusion and exclusion criteria by title and abstract, followed by full text. Data were extracted into tables and synthesised narratively. RESULTS Initially, 7,397 studies were identified. Following two-stage screening, 24 studies were eligible for inclusion. Of these studies, 16 explored attitudes, four explored knowledge and attitudes, one explored knowledge, one explored confidence, one explored attitudes and confidence in care and one explored all three constructs. Most HCPs in the included studies demonstrated stigmatising attitudes towards people with psychosis. Furthermore, certain HCPs, including nurses and general practitioners, demonstrated low levels of knowledge, while psychiatrists, occupational therapists, psychologists and nurses had low levels of confidence in caring for people with psychosis. Conversely, positive attitudes were also observed in some HCPs resulting from having acquaintances with lived experience of psychosis. The need for additional education and training to improve HCPs' knowledge and confidence in relation to caring for people living with psychosis was identified. CONCLUSIONS Most attitudes identified were negative and stemmed from stigma, while some were positive due to HCPs' compassion and familiarity with psychosis. The level of knowledge and confidence identified were mostly suboptimal, and so further research is required to develop and evaluate tailored interventions to address this gap.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Chen
- The University of Sydney School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Sarira El-Den
- The University of Sydney School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Lily Pham
- The University of Sydney School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Claire L O’Reilly
- The University of Sydney School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Jack C Collins
- The University of Sydney School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Collins JC, Hu J, McMillan SS, O'Reilly CL, El-Den S, Kelly F, Spinks J, Riley T, Wheeler AJ. Medication-related problems identified by community pharmacists: a descriptive case study of two Australian populations. J Pharm Policy Pract 2023; 16:133. [PMID: 37919809 PMCID: PMC10621197 DOI: 10.1186/s40545-023-00637-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Medication-related problems (MRPs) contribute significantly to preventable patient harm and global healthcare expenditure. Vulnerable populations, including Indigenous Australians (please note that the use of the term 'Indigenous' in this paper includes all Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people and acknowledges their rich traditions and heterogenous cultures.) and people living with severe and persistent mental illness (SPMI), may be at increased risk of MRPs. Pharmacist-led medication reviews can identify MRPs for targeted action. OBJECTIVE To characterize MRPs identified and recommendations made by community pharmacists during medication reviews conducted with Indigenous Australians and people living with SPMI. METHODS Participants were recruited through two Australian trials testing the feasibility and/or effectiveness of novel community pharmacist-led interventions, the Indigenous Medication Review Service (IMeRSe) feasibility study (June 2018-July 2019) and Bridging the Gap between Physical and Mental Illness in Community Pharmacy (PharMIbridge) randomized controlled trial (September 2020-December 2021). Trained community pharmacists conducted medication reviews responsive to the cultural and health needs of participants. MRPs, MRP severity and pharmacist recommendations were documented and classified using an established classification system (DOCUMENT). MRP severity was assessed by pharmacists and an independent assessor. Data were analysed descriptively, and paired t-tests were used to compare severity ratings. RESULTS Pharmacists identified 795 MRPs with 411 participants across both trials (n = 255 IMeRSe, n = 156 PharMIbridge). Non-adherence to medication was the most common (n = 157, 25.1%) and second-most common (n = 25, 14.7%) MRP in IMeRSe and PharMIbridge, respectively. Undertreatment was the second-most common MRP in the sample of Indigenous Australians (n = 139, 22.2%), and reports of toxicity/adverse reactions were most common in people living with SPMI (n = 41, 24.1%). A change in pharmacotherapy was the most frequent recommendation made by pharmacists (40.2% and 55.0% in IMeRSe and PharMIbridge, respectively). Severity ratings varied, with the majority being 'Mild' or 'Moderate' in both groups. Significant differences were found in the severity rating assigned by trial pharmacists and the independent assessor. CONCLUSIONS Community pharmacists identified a range of MRPs experienced by two at-risk populations, most commonly non-adherence and toxicity or adverse reactions, when conducting medication reviews and proposed diverse strategies to manage these, frequently recommending a change in pharmacotherapy. These findings highlight the opportunity for more targeted approaches to identifying and managing MRPs in primary care and tailored community pharmacist-led interventions may be of value in this space. TRAIL REGISTRATION Australian and New Zealand Clinical Trial Registry records (IMeRSe ACTRN12618000188235 registered 06/02/2018 & PharMIbridge ACTRN12620000577910 registered 18/05/2020).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jack C Collins
- The University of Sydney School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Jie Hu
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Building N70, Nathan Campus, Nathan, Brisbane, QLD, 4111, Australia
| | - Sara S McMillan
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Building N70, Nathan Campus, Nathan, Brisbane, QLD, 4111, Australia
- Centre for Mental Health, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Griffith Health, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
| | - Claire L O'Reilly
- The University of Sydney School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Sarira El-Den
- The University of Sydney School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Fiona Kelly
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Building N70, Nathan Campus, Nathan, Brisbane, QLD, 4111, Australia
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Griffith Health, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
| | - Jean Spinks
- Centre for Business and Economics of Health, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Toni Riley
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Building N70, Nathan Campus, Nathan, Brisbane, QLD, 4111, Australia
- Centre for Mental Health, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Amanda J Wheeler
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Building N70, Nathan Campus, Nathan, Brisbane, QLD, 4111, Australia.
- Centre for Mental Health, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Griffith Health, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia.
- Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Bazzari AH, Bazzari FH. Assessing Stigma towards Mental Illness in Relation to Demographics Attitudes and Past Experiences among Pharmacy Students in a Jordanian University Sample. Behav Sci (Basel) 2023; 13:884. [PMID: 37998631 PMCID: PMC10669770 DOI: 10.3390/bs13110884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Stigma towards mental illness poses a significant risk for negative mental health outcomes. Efforts have been undertaken to mitigate self-stigma and stigmatizing behaviors among the public; however, few have considered stigma among healthcare providers, including pharmacists. This study aimed to assess the level of stigma towards mental illness, using the 15-item version of the Opening Minds Scale for Health Care Providers (OMS-HC), and associated factors among pharmacy students and was conducted via a printed questionnaire. A total of 125 students participated and the mean total stigma score was 47.9 with 58.4% of the participants scoring above 45, the midpoint of the possible range of scores. The stigma score was independent of participant demographics, except for grade point average. Higher total stigma scores were observed among subjects who have been prescribed a neuropsychiatric drug before, those who believe that pharmacists should have a role in mental healthcare, those who believe that pharmacists are qualified enough to provide mental health support, and those who are willing to seek help from a pharmacist. The results indicate an overall high stigma score among pharmacy students, which highlights the importance of enhancing pharmacy students' awareness and knowledge regarding mental healthcare through incorporating additional courses and/or training programs in pharmacy education curricula.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amjad H. Bazzari
- Department of Basic Scientific Sciences, Faculty of Arts & Sciences, Applied Science Private University, Amman 11931, Jordan
| | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Keating D, McWilliams S, Clarke M, Strawbridge J. Pharmacy student attitudes to mental illness and the provision of mental health care: a repeated cross-sectional survey. Int J Clin Pharm 2023; 45:1231-1240. [PMID: 37805530 DOI: 10.1007/s11096-023-01651-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Attitudes to mental illness are an important factor in the willingness of professionals to engage in mental health care. AIM The aim of this study was to understand attitudes of undergraduate pharmacy students in Ireland to severe mental illness and the provision of medicines optimisation services as well as the variation in these attitudes throughout the undergraduate course. METHOD A survey instrument was compiled using existing published research and validated questionnaires. The survey was distributed to students in their first, third and Master of Pharmacy years annually between 2014 and 2019. Although designed as a longitudinal study, following the matching process there were a limited number of students who completed more than one survey and therefore data were treated as independent samples. RESULTS The overall average response rate was 25% per survey (n = 191 participants) Notwithstanding generally positive attitudes, a sizeable proportion of students felt people with severe depression and schizophrenia were hard to talk to (n = 48, 25.3%; n = 54, 29.2%) Less than half of MPharm students expressed confidence and competence in caring for people with more severe mental illnesses such as bipolar disorder and schizophrenia and 29% (n = 60) of students would feel awkward asking someone about their antipsychotic medication. Almost two thirds (n = 120, 63.8%) expressed an interest in a career in mental health. CONCLUSION Irish pharmacy students have generally positive attitudes towards people with severe mental illness and provision of medicines optimisation services. There is an opportunity to improve pharmacy graduates perceived competence and confidence to provide mental health services.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dolores Keating
- Saint John of God Hospital, Stillorgan, Co Dublin, Ireland.
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Science, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, 123 St Stephen's Green, Dublin 2, Ireland.
| | - Stephen McWilliams
- Saint John of God Hospital, Stillorgan, Co Dublin, Ireland
- School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Mary Clarke
- School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
- DETECT Early Intervention in Psychosis Service, Blackrock, Co Dublin, Ireland
| | - Judith Strawbridge
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Science, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, 123 St Stephen's Green, Dublin 2, Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Howe J, Lindsey L. The role of pharmacists in supporting service users to optimise antipsychotic medication. Int J Clin Pharm 2023; 45:1293-1298. [PMID: 37704913 PMCID: PMC10600309 DOI: 10.1007/s11096-023-01630-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
Pharmacists have a contribution to make in improving optimising medication use for people on antipsychotic medication. The rates of prescribing antipsychotics have increased in England with an 18% rise from 2015 to 2020. People on antipsychotic medication are not treated as equal partners in conversations about their medications. This can leave people to make decisions about their antipsychotic medications without input from their prescribers which can have significant consequences for individuals. Involving people in the decision-making process, as experts on their own condition, has the potential to improve treatment outcomes. The evidence suggests that involving pharmacists in supporting people with serious mental illnesses will lead to improved clinical outcomes. Key areas for pharmacist involvement are providing information, education and counselling on antipsychotic medication and the side effects and reducing polypharmacy especially when antipsychotics are prescribed off license.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jo Howe
- School of Pharmacy, Aston University, Birmingham, B4 7ET, England.
| | - Laura Lindsey
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, England
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Roller J, Pfeiffer A, Humphries C, Richard C, Easter J, Ferreri S, Livet M. Community Pharmacy Recruitment for Practice-Based Research: Challenges and Lessons Learned. PHARMACY 2023; 11:121. [PMID: 37489352 PMCID: PMC10366889 DOI: 10.3390/pharmacy11040121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023] Open
Abstract
To support the successful integration of community pharmacies into value-based care models, research on the feasibility and effectiveness of novel pharmacist-provided patient care services is needed. The UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, supported by the National Association of Chain Drug Stores (NACDS) Foundation, designed the Community-based Valued-driven Care Initiative (CVCI) to (1) identify effective value-based patient care interventions that could be provided by community pharmacists, (2) implement and evaluate the feasibility of the selected patient care interventions, and (3) develop resources and create collaborative sustainability opportunities. The purpose of this manuscript is to describe recruitment strategies for CVCI and share lessons learned. The project team identified pharmacies for recruitment through a mixed data analysis followed by a "fit" evaluation. A total of 42 pharmacy organizations were identified for recruitment, 24 were successfully contacted, and 9 signed on to the project. During recruitment, pharmacies cited concerns regarding the financial sustainability of implementing and delivering the patient care services, challenges with staffing and infrastructure, and pharmacists' comfort level. To foster participation, it was vital to have leadership buy-in, clear benefits from implementation, and assured sustainability beyond the research period.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Roller
- UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Anna Pfeiffer
- UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Courtney Humphries
- UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Chloe Richard
- UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Jon Easter
- UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Stefanie Ferreri
- UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Melanie Livet
- UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Murphy AL, Suh S, Gillis L, Morrison J, Gardner DM. Pharmacist Administration of Long-Acting Injectable Antipsychotics to Community-Dwelling Patients: A Scoping Review. PHARMACY 2023; 11:pharmacy11020045. [PMID: 36961024 PMCID: PMC10037648 DOI: 10.3390/pharmacy11020045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Long-acting injectable antipsychotics (LAIAs) have demonstrated positive outcomes for people with serious mental illnesses. They are underused, and access to LAIAs can be challenging. Pharmacies could serve as suitable environments for LAIA injection by pharmacists. To map and characterize the literature regarding the administration of LAIAs by pharmacists, a scoping review was conducted. Electronic-database searches (e.g., PsycINFO, Ovid Medline, Scopus, and Embase) and others including ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global and Google, were conducted. Citation lists and cited-reference searches were completed. Zotero was used as the reference-management database. Covidence was used for overall review management. Two authors independently screened articles and performed full-text abstractions. From all sources, 292 studies were imported, and 124 duplicates were removed. After screening, 13 studies were included for abstraction. Most articles were published in the US since 2010. Seven studies used database and survey methods, with adherence and patient satisfaction as the main patient-outcomes assessed. Reporting of pharmacists' and patients' perspectives surrounding LAIA administration was minimal and largely anecdotal. Financial analyses for services were also limited. The published literature surrounding pharmacist administration of LAIAs is limited, providing little-to-no guidance for the development and implementation of this service by others.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea L Murphy
- College of Pharmacy, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 2E2, Canada
| | - Sowon Suh
- College of Pharmacy, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Louise Gillis
- W.K. Kellogg Health Sciences Library, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Jason Morrison
- Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 2E2, Canada
| | - David M Gardner
- College of Pharmacy, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 2E2, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Evaluation of a training program to support the implementation of a community pharmacist-led support service for people living with severe and persistent mental illness. J Am Pharm Assoc (2003) 2023; 63:807-816.e2. [PMID: 36788042 DOI: 10.1016/j.japh.2023.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND With appropriate training, community pharmacists can support people living with severe and persistent mental illness (SPMI) by identifying and managing medication-related issues and physical health concerns. The Bridging the Gap between Physical and Mental Illness in Community Pharmacy (PharMIbridge) randomized controlled trial (RCT) tested the impact of an individualized, pharmacist-led support service for people living with SPMI. OBJECTIVE(S) To evaluate the impact of the PharMIbridge training program on pharmacy participants' knowledge and confidence, as well as stigma and attitudes, in relation to supporting, and providing services to, people living with SPMI; compared to Mental Health First Aid (MHFA) training alone. METHODS Pharmacy staff (n = 140) from 55 community pharmacies across four RCT regions attended face-to-face training. Both intervention group (IG) and comparator group (CG) participants received MHFA training while IG participants received additional PharMIbridge training, involving role-plays and mental health consumer educators (MHCEs). A questionnaire including validated instruments was administered at baseline, after training and after 12 months. Comparative analyses included paired t tests and mixed between/within analysis of variance (ANOVA). RESULTS Pre and post-training surveys were completed by 136 participants, most of which were pharmacists. Both IG and CG participants had significant reductions in stigma (P < 0.001) post-training. IG participants' confidence and knowledge regarding metabolic monitoring significantly improved compared to CG (P < 0.001). IG participants were significantly more confident and comfortable in providing medication counseling, compared to CG participants (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION MHFA training reduced participants' stigma toward mental health. However, the purpose-designed PharMIbridge training program provided pharmacists with additional knowledge and skills to confidently support the physical health care needs of people living with SPMI. The inclusion of role-plays and MHCEs allowed pharmacists to self-reflect and practice skills in safe, supportive environments. Future studies should continue to involve MHCEs in pharmacy training and explore whether these improvements are sustainable.
Collapse
|
13
|
Werremeyer A, Frenzel O, Strand MA, Eukel H, Skoy E, Steig J. Improving Community Pharmacist-Delivered Care for Patients With Psychiatric Disorders Filling an Opioid Prescription. Psychiatr Serv 2022; 73:1294-1297. [PMID: 35502518 DOI: 10.1176/appi.ps.202100592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Pharmacists tend to provide care to patients with psychiatric disorders less frequently than to other types of patients, yet patients with psychiatric disorders experience more drug-related problems and use more opioids than those without psychiatric disorders. The Opioid and Naloxone Education (ONE) program equipped pharmacists to screen for opioid misuse and overdose risk and to implement a set of interventions for any patient filling an opioid prescription. Patients with a psychiatric disorder (N=1,980; 24.1% of those screened) were significantly more likely to receive more than one intervention from a ONE program pharmacist than were those without a psychiatric disorder. The use of an objective screening tool and training in stigma reduction and nonjudgmental communication approaches, which are part of the ONE program process, deserve further exploration as ways to increase the frequency of pharmacist-provided education and other critical interventions for patients with psychiatric disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amy Werremeyer
- Department of Pharmacy Practice (Werremeyer, Strand, Eukel, Skoy, Steig) and Department of Public Health (Frenzel), North Dakota State University, Fargo. Marcela Horvitz-Lennon, M.D., and Kenneth Minkoff, M.D., are editors of this column
| | - Oliver Frenzel
- Department of Pharmacy Practice (Werremeyer, Strand, Eukel, Skoy, Steig) and Department of Public Health (Frenzel), North Dakota State University, Fargo. Marcela Horvitz-Lennon, M.D., and Kenneth Minkoff, M.D., are editors of this column
| | - Mark A Strand
- Department of Pharmacy Practice (Werremeyer, Strand, Eukel, Skoy, Steig) and Department of Public Health (Frenzel), North Dakota State University, Fargo. Marcela Horvitz-Lennon, M.D., and Kenneth Minkoff, M.D., are editors of this column
| | - Heidi Eukel
- Department of Pharmacy Practice (Werremeyer, Strand, Eukel, Skoy, Steig) and Department of Public Health (Frenzel), North Dakota State University, Fargo. Marcela Horvitz-Lennon, M.D., and Kenneth Minkoff, M.D., are editors of this column
| | - Elizabeth Skoy
- Department of Pharmacy Practice (Werremeyer, Strand, Eukel, Skoy, Steig) and Department of Public Health (Frenzel), North Dakota State University, Fargo. Marcela Horvitz-Lennon, M.D., and Kenneth Minkoff, M.D., are editors of this column
| | - Jayme Steig
- Department of Pharmacy Practice (Werremeyer, Strand, Eukel, Skoy, Steig) and Department of Public Health (Frenzel), North Dakota State University, Fargo. Marcela Horvitz-Lennon, M.D., and Kenneth Minkoff, M.D., are editors of this column
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Werremeyer A, Strand MA, Eukel H, Skoy E, Steig J, Frenzel O. Longitudinal evaluation of pharmacists’ social distance preference and attitudes toward patients with opioid misuse following an educational training program. Subst Abuse 2022; 43:1051-1056. [DOI: 10.1080/08897077.2022.2060449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amy Werremeyer
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, USA
| | - Mark A. Strand
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, USA
| | - Heidi Eukel
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, USA
| | - Elizabeth Skoy
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, USA
| | - Jayme Steig
- Quality Health Associates of North Dakota, Minot, ND, USA
| | - Oliver Frenzel
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Davis B, McDaniel CC, Wang CH, Garza KB. Mental Health and Psychotropic Stigma Among Student Pharmacists. Front Public Health 2022; 10:818034. [PMID: 35419335 PMCID: PMC8995784 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.818034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To gain a better understanding of student pharmacists' stigma toward mental health and psychotropic medications. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted via paper and online surveys amongst all student pharmacists enrolled in a Doctor of Pharmacy program in the Southeastern United States (n = 501). The Perceived Devaluation and Discrimination (PDD) Scale was used to measure mental health stigma. The Beliefs about Medicines Questionnaire (BMQ) was modified to measure psychotropic stigma. MANOVAs were conducted to investigate relationships between student pharmacists' characteristics with mental health and psychotropic stigma. A paired t-test was used to determine if there was a difference between degree of mental health stigma and psychotropic stigma. Results A total of 390 participants completed the survey (65%). The sample was mostly female (67%), white (79%), and non-Hispanic (96%). Ages were predominantly within the 19–24-year range (80%), and the majority of respondents reported previous interactions with patients who have mental health conditions (55%) or patients on psychotropic medications (65%). Student personal preferences for mental health treatment were primarily psychologic (42%) or both psychologic and psychotropic (40%). Degree of psychotropic stigma was significantly greater than that of mental health stigma. A statistically significant association was found between student personal preference for treatment and the psychotropic stigma. No difference was found in degree of either type of stigma across cohorts. Conclusions Student pharmacists demonstrated both mental health and psychotropic stigmas. Future research should be performed to determine what effects these stigmas have on care of patients with mental health conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brandy Davis
- Health Outcomes Research and Policy, Auburn University Harrison College of Pharmacy, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Cassidi C McDaniel
- Health Outcomes Research and Policy, Auburn University Harrison College of Pharmacy, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Chih-Hsuan Wang
- Educational Foundations, Leadership, and Technology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Kimberly B Garza
- Health Outcomes Research and Policy, Auburn University Harrison College of Pharmacy, Auburn, AL, United States
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Rimal R, Lin J, Yan Chan AH, Chen TF, Sheridan J, Sundram F. A national study of the mental health literacy of community pharmacists. Res Social Adm Pharm 2022; 18:3303-3311. [PMID: 35027306 DOI: 10.1016/j.sapharm.2022.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Community pharmacists are in a prime position to communicate with and assist those with mental health needs. However, mental health literacy, which includes beliefs and knowledge of mental health conditions, can impact the provision of pharmacy services. The mental health literacy of community pharmacists in New Zealand is currently unknown. OBJECTIVES To assess the mental health literacy of community pharmacists in New Zealand. METHODS We employed a national cross-sectional online survey, evaluating attitudes towards mental illness, ability to recognise depression using a vignette and followed by questions related to the helpfulness of various interventions, and willingness to provide pharmacy services for people with mental illness in comparison to cardiovascular diseases. Additionally, opportunities for mental health training were explored. Participants were community pharmacists working in New Zealand contacted via mailing lists of professional bodies. RESULTS We received responses from 346 participants. The majority of participants showed positive attitudes towards mental illness and correctly identified depression in the vignette (87%). Participants rated counsellors (84%) and physical activity (92%) as the most helpful professionals and intervention respectively while only 43% considered antidepressants as helpful for depression. When compared to other people in the community, long-term functioning of the individual described in the vignette was rated poorly, especially in terms of increased likelihood to attempt suicide (85%) and reduced likelihood to be a productive worker (64%). Approximately 30% of participants reported reduced confidence/comfort while approximately half of participants reported greater interest in providing mental health-related care compared to cardiovascular disease. The participants also highlighted several areas for future mental health training they wished to undertake. CONCLUSIONS We have identified positive attitudes towards mental illness in our study. Participants correctly identified and supported evidence-based interventions for mild to moderate depression. However, we highlighted the need for ongoing mental health training to address knowledge gaps and enhance the confidence in providing mental health-related care.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Retina Rimal
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Joanne Lin
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, New Zealand; Centre for Addiction Research, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Amy Hai Yan Chan
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Timothy F Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Australia
| | - Janie Sheridan
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, New Zealand; Centre for Addiction Research, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Frederick Sundram
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, New Zealand; Centre for Addiction Research, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; Centre for Brain Research, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Bock PE, Pham V, Puzantian T. Pharmacy students' perceptions of the effectiveness of a film-based mental health elective course. CURRENTS IN PHARMACY TEACHING & LEARNING 2022; 14:38-45. [PMID: 35125193 DOI: 10.1016/j.cptl.2021.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Stigmatizing attitudes of pharmacists can contribute to poor outcomes in individuals with mental illness. Direct contact with patients during pharmacy experiential education helps establish positive attitudes toward people with mental illness yet may not be available to all students. The use of film in pharmacy education has the potential to facilitate learning and improve attitudes. METHODS We evaluated students' perceptions regarding the impact of an elective course for pharmacy students which incorporated feature films about mental illnesses. Students completed surveys addressing their perceptions of each film's role in facilitation of learning, attitudes about mental illness, and comfort level for interacting with patients with mental illness. RESULTS A total of 125 students completed a course featuring 17 films over the four-year study period. The films with the highest weighted positive rankings were Temple Grandin, Helen, As Good As It Gets, Born on the Fourth of July, Iris, A Beautiful Mind, and Silver Linings Playbook. Less favored films included One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest, Prozac Nation, and My Own Private Idaho. CONCLUSIONS Direct contact with patients may best prepare future pharmacists to serve the needs of people with mental illness. This study suggests that students perceive feature films used in an elective course may have a positive impact on facilitating learning and improving attitudes of pharmacy students toward individuals with mental illness. Further well-designed studies are warranted, including in other health professions students, to substantiate and define the role of film as a tool to teach and address stigma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Payton E Bock
- The George Washington University, Columbian College of Arts and Sciences, Forensic Psychology, 1925 Ballenger Avenue, Suite 250, Alexandria, VA 22314, United States.
| | - Venie Pham
- Keck Graduate Institute, School of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, 535 Watson Drive, Claremont, CA 91711., United States.
| | - Talia Puzantian
- Keck Graduate Institute, School of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, 535 Watson Drive, Claremont, CA 91711., United States.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Gorton HC, Riste L, Littlewood D, Pickering G, Armitage CJ, Ashcroft DM. Advancing Mental heaLth Provision In PHarmacY (AMPLIPHY): A feasibility study. Res Social Adm Pharm 2021; 18:3414-3424. [PMID: 34774424 DOI: 10.1016/j.sapharm.2021.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Specifically-designed community pharmacy-based services represent opportunities to support people with their mental health. As few such services exist worldwide, the Advancing Mental HeaLth Provision In PharmacY (AMPLIPHY) was designed with stakeholders. The purpose was to support people with their mental health when initiated on new prescription or change in drug, dose or quantity of antidepressant, through a series of consultations (up to 3 months). OBJECTIVE(S) The aim was to evaluate the feasibility of the AMPLIPHY service. The objectives were to: i) pilot the service; ii) examine anonymous consultation data to understand patients' characteristics, priorities and consultation focus and iii) Evaluate pharmacists' experiences. METHODS This service evaluation involved a concurrent mixed methods design. Patient characteristics were extracted from consultation notes and descriptive statistics applied. Content analysis was used to summarise consultation foci and comparisons between patients' priorities with consultation content were made. Pharmacists were interviewed at the start (n = 10) and end (n = 4) of the pilot with themes identified using thematic analysis. RESULTS Seventy-six patients participated (63% of recruitment target). The median age was 39 (IQR 28-47) and 62% were female. Seventy percent of patients had one consultation, 26% had two and 4% had three. Prescription for new antidepressant was the most common reason for entry (74%) and sertraline was most prescribed (46%). Consultations commonly focussed on life experience (n = 51), medication (n = 47), health (n = 42), support (n = 36) and patients' expression of their feelings (n = 31). The pharmacists' experiences were summarised in three themes: i) Motivation, ii) Practicalities and iii) Experience and Outcomes. CONCLUSIONS Pharmacists were motivated to deliver this novel service and some patients were willing to join the service. Analysis of patient demographics, consultation notes and interviews provide insight into the strengths and challenges of the service and provides a blueprint for future service developments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hayley C Gorton
- School of Applied Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Queensgate, Huddersfield, HD1 3DH, UK.
| | - Lisa Riste
- Drug Usage and Pharmacy Practice Group, Division of Pharmacy & Optometry, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, M13 9PT, UK; NIHR Greater Manchester Patient Safety Translational Research Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK; NIHR School for Primary Care Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK.
| | - Donna Littlewood
- NIHR Greater Manchester Patient Safety Translational Research Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK.
| | | | - Christopher J Armitage
- NIHR Greater Manchester Patient Safety Translational Research Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK; Manchester Centre for Health Psychology, School of Health Sciences, University of Manchester, M13 9PL, UK; Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK.
| | - Darren M Ashcroft
- Drug Usage and Pharmacy Practice Group, Division of Pharmacy & Optometry, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, M13 9PT, UK; NIHR Greater Manchester Patient Safety Translational Research Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK; NIHR School for Primary Care Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Bidargaddi N, Schrader G, Myles H, Schubert KO, van Kasteren Y, Zhang T, Bastiampillai T, Roughead E, Strobel J. Demonstration of automated non-adherence and service disengagement risk monitoring with active follow-up for severe mental illness. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 2021; 55:976-982. [PMID: 33745291 DOI: 10.1177/0004867421998800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Medication cessation and service disengagement often precedes relapse in people with severe mental illnesses but currently specialist mental health services only become involved after a relapse. Early detection of non-adherence is needed to enable intervention to avert relapse. This paper aims to demonstrate how digitally automated non-adherence risk monitoring from Medicare data with active follow-up can work and perform in practice in a real-world mental health service setting. METHODS AI2 software is an automated risk monitoring tool to detect non-adherence using Medicare data. It was implemented prospectively in a cohort of 354 registered patients of a community mental health clinic between July 2019 and February 2020. Patients flagged as at risk by the software were reviewed by two clinicians. We describe the risks automatically flagged for non-adherence and the clinical responses. We examine differences in clinical and demographic factors in patients flagged at increased risk of non-adherence. RESULTS In total, 46.7% (142/304) were flagged by the software as at risk of non-adherence, and 22% (31/142) received an intervention following clinician review of their case notes. Patients flagged by the software were older in age and had more prior mental health treatment episodes. More alerts were associated with patients who had been transferred from the mental health service to the care of their general practitioners, and those with more alerts were more likely to receive a follow-up intervention. CONCLUSION Digitally automated monitoring for non-adherence risk is feasible and can be integrated into clinical workflows in community psychiatric and primary care settings. The technology may assist clinicians and services to detect non-adherence behaviour early, thereby triggering interventions that have the potential to reduce rates of mental health deterioration and acute illness relapse.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Niranjan Bidargaddi
- Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,Personal Health Informatics Lab, Flinders Digital Health Centre, Flinders University, Clovelly Park, SA, Australia
| | - Geoffrey Schrader
- Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,Barossa Hills Fleurieu Local Health Network, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Hannah Myles
- Discipline of Psychiatry, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,Northern Adelaide Mental Health Service, Salisbury, SA, Australia
| | - K Oliver Schubert
- Discipline of Psychiatry, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,Northern Adelaide Mental Health Service, Salisbury, SA, Australia
| | - Yasmin van Kasteren
- Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Tao Zhang
- Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Tarun Bastiampillai
- Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Elizabeth Roughead
- Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Jorg Strobel
- Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,Barossa Hills Fleurieu Local Health Network, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Qunaibi EA, Afeef MM, Othman B, Al-Zoubani AZ, Basheti IA. Perspectives of psychiatric patients in rural areas of Jordan: Barriers to compliance and pharmacist role. Int J Clin Pract 2021; 75:e14575. [PMID: 34171149 DOI: 10.1111/ijcp.14575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Successful management of psychiatric disorders is affected by patient perspectives and several barriers, that is, conceptual, psychological, social, or logistic reasons that can decrease patient adherence to therapy. In this perspective, pharmacists have a vital role in identifying patients in need of help and in dealing with barriers. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to investigate perspectives of patients diagnosed with psychiatric disorders, living in rural areas in Jerash, Jordan, regarding their awareness about their conditions, including religious and cultural factors, adherence to their treatment and related barriers, with special focus on pharmacist's role. METHODS This cross-sectional survey study was conducted in Jordan from August to November 2019. A validated questionnaire was administered by two pharmacy students via a structured interview with patients waiting for their appointment in the psychiatric clinic. Data were analysed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences. RESULTS One hundred twenty patients (age 39.4 ± 9.5, 66.7% males) completed the questionnaire. Most of them (71.0%) reported adherence to their medications, and 47.5% reported complete control of their symptoms with treatment. Most patients (59.2%) reported that they perceive their psychiatric problem in terms of religious faith as being counted for their favour in the Hereafter, and 52.5% of them always/usually looked at themselves positively and unaffected by their psychiatric problem; with both factors correlating significantly with better treatment adherence (P < .045 and P < .001; respectively). Barriers affecting adherence included mainly suffering from adverse effects (31.9%) and being unconvinced that they needed a medication (23.3%). Only 14.2% of patients reported that they refer to the pharmacist to get information about their medications. CONCLUSION This study shows suboptimal symptom control of psychiatric patients in Jerash. Nonadherence is an issue, with barriers identified. Positive religious and self-image perspectives correlated with better adherence. Patient referral to pharmacists is minimal and needs to be optimised.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eyad A Qunaibi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jerash University, Amman, Jordan
| | | | - Bayan Othman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Applied Sciences Private University, Amman, Jordan
| | | | - Iman A Basheti
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Applied Sciences Private University, Amman, Jordan
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Chen L, Zhang Y, Young R, Wu X, Zhu G. Effects of Vaccine-Related Conspiracy Theories on Chinese Young Adults' Perceptions of the HPV Vaccine: An Experimental Study. HEALTH COMMUNICATION 2021; 36:1343-1353. [PMID: 32312084 DOI: 10.1080/10410236.2020.1751384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
This online experiment used the Theory of Planned Behavior to examine the impact of exposure to conspiracy social media messages on Chinese young adults' perceptions of the HPV vaccine. Three major findings were identified. First, exposure to anti-vaccine conspiracy theories resulted in less favorable attitudes toward the HPV vaccine, less positive perceived norms regarding getting vaccinated, and weaker vaccination intentions. Second, people who were more knowledgeable about the HPV vaccine had more favorable attitudes, more positive norms, higher perceived behavioral control, and greater behavioral intentions. Finally, vaccine knowledge moderated the effect of exposure to anti-vaccine conspiracy theories. Our results suggest that, among Chinese young adult social media users, preexisting knowledge of the HPV vaccine may have a protective effect against exposure to online conspiracy theories.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li Chen
- Department of Communication, Sybil B. Harrington College of Fine Arts and Humanities, West Texas A&M University
| | - Yafei Zhang
- Department of Management, Marketing and General Business, Paul and Virginia Engler College of Business, West Texas A&M University
| | - Rachel Young
- School of Journalism and Mass Communication, The University of Iowa
| | - Xianwei Wu
- School of Journalism and Mass Communication, The University of Iowa
| | - Ge Zhu
- School of Journalism and Mass Communication, The University of Iowa
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Sølvhøj IN, Kusier AO, Pedersen PV, Nielsen MBD. Somatic health care professionals' stigmatization of patients with mental disorder: a scoping review. BMC Psychiatry 2021; 21:443. [PMID: 34493245 PMCID: PMC8424966 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-021-03415-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with mental disorders have an increased risk of developing somatic disorders, just as they have a higher risk of dying from them. These patients often report feeling devaluated and rejected by health professionals in the somatic health care system, and increasing evidence shows that disparities in health care provision contribute to poor health outcomes. The aim of this review was to map and synthesize literature on somatic health professionals' stigmatization toward patients with mental disorders. METHODS We conducted a scoping review using Arksey and O'Malley's framework and carried out a systematic search in three databases: Cinahl, MEDLINE, and PsycINFO in May-June 2019. Peer-reviewed articles published in English or Scandinavian languages during 2008-2019 were reviewed according to title, abstract and full-text reading. We organized and analyzed data using NVivo. RESULTS A total of 137 articles meeting the eligibility criteria were reviewed and categorized as observational studies (n = 73) and intervention studies (n = 64). A majority of studies (N = 85) focused on patients with an unspecified number of mental disorders, while 52 studies focused on specific diagnoses, primarily schizophrenia (n = 13), self-harm (n = 13), and eating disorders (n = 9). Half of the studies focused on health students (n = 64), primarily nursing students (n = 26) and medical students (n = 25), while (n = 66) focused on health care professionals, primarily emergency staff (n = 16) and general practitioners (n = 13). Additionally, seven studies focused on both health professionals and students. A detailed characterization of the identified intervention studies was conducted, resulting in eight main types of interventions. CONCLUSIONS The large number of studies identified in this review suggests that stigmatizing attitudes and behaviors toward patients with mental disorders is a worldwide challenge within a somatic health care setting. For more targeted interventions, there is a need for further research on underexposed mental diagnoses and knowledge on whether specific health professionals have a more stigmatizing attitude or behavior toward specific mental disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ida Nielsen Sølvhøj
- National Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Studiestræde 6, DK-1455, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Amalie Oxholm Kusier
- grid.10825.3e0000 0001 0728 0170National Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Studiestræde 6, DK-1455 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Pia Vivian Pedersen
- grid.10825.3e0000 0001 0728 0170National Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Studiestræde 6, DK-1455 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Maj Britt Dahl Nielsen
- grid.10825.3e0000 0001 0728 0170National Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Studiestræde 6, DK-1455 Copenhagen, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Harris SC, Bostwick JR, Werremeyer AB, Goldstone LW, Cates ME, Caley CF. Addressing the Conflict Between Promoting Wellness, Perpetuating Mental Illness Stigma and Making Psychiatric Pharmacy Education Less Intense. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL EDUCATION 2021; 85:8354. [PMID: 34544737 PMCID: PMC8499653 DOI: 10.5688/ajpe8354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
One in five Americans has a diagnosable mental illness, and pharmacists encounter these patients daily. This commentary addresses the conflict between the profession's wellness movement and its ongoing contribution to mental illness stigma. The need for improved pharmacist wellness is based on the profession's risk for burnout and development of related mental illness. The presence of stigma towards patients with mental illness among pharmacists is multi-factorial and complex. Risk of those within the profession perpetuating mental illness stigma could be diminished by developing pharmacy curricula that provide greater opportunities for students to learn more completely about mental illness, how to effectively engage persons with mental illness, and how to take care of themselves, express vulnerability, and talk about mental illness. While reducing mental illness stigma through curricular revision is best achieved through in-person learning experiences, elective coursework and cocurricular activities may also help achieve this goal. Examples of evidence-based best practices are provided.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne C Harris
- University of North Carolina, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | | | - Amy B Werremeyer
- North Dakota State University, School of Pharmacy, Fargo, North Dakota
| | - Lisa W Goldstone
- University of Southern California, School of Pharmacy, Los Angeles, California
| | - Marshall E Cates
- Samford University, McWhorter School of Pharmacy, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Charles F Caley
- Western New England University, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Springfield, Massachusetts
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Blebil A, Dujaili J, Shuang AT, Ying TP. Malaysian Pharmacy Students’ Knowledge, Attitudes and Perceptions on Mental Health: a Cross-sectional Study. Int J Ment Health Addict 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11469-021-00553-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
|
25
|
Scale development and an educational program to reduce the stigma of schizophrenia among community pharmacists: a randomized controlled trial. BMC Psychiatry 2021; 21:211. [PMID: 33902519 PMCID: PMC8077925 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-021-03208-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 04/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stigma associated with mental disorders is rooted among many pharmacists, and represents a major barrier to patient support in community-based psychiatry. We developed an assessment scale that is specifically designed to assess the level of stigma that pharmacists may have toward schizophrenia, and then examined the effects of reducing stigma with an educational program that focuses on communication with patients diagnosed with schizophrenia (PDS) using the newly developed Stigma Scale towards Schizophrenia for Community Pharmacists (SSCP). METHODS SSCP was developed by exploratory factor analysis with promax rotation based on responses from 822 randomly selected community pharmacists. Furthermore, a randomized controlled trial was conducted for 115 community pharmacists to clarify the effects of reducing the stigma of schizophrenia using an educational program for them with a focus on communication with PDS. Participants were individually allocated to two groups: educational lecture group (56; only attending a lecture on schizophrenia) or contact-based intervention group (59; communicating with PDS and attending the lecture). The stigma assessment using SSCP was conducted immediately before and after the educational intervention. RESULTS A total of 4 factors and 27 items were extracted from the exploratory factor analysis to comprise the SSCP. Cronbach's α of SSCP, social distance at professional pharmacy service (factor I), attitudes towards PDS (factor II), self-disclosure (factor III), and social distance in personal (factor IV) were 0.89, 0.88, 0.76, 0.62, and 0.62, respectively. Educational program-related changes of the median (interquartile range) total SSCP score from baseline were - 9.0 (- 16.0 - - 5.0) in the contact-based intervention group and - 3.0 (- 7.0-1.0) in the educational lecture group, reflecting a significant reduction of stigma levels in the contact-based intervention group. On examining the SSCP subscales, scores for factor I and factor II significantly improved. The educational program was more effective for pharmacists aged 20-39 years or with negligible experience of communicating with PDS at work and/or in private life. CONCLUSIONS SSCP and the educational program for community pharmacists that focuses on communication with PDS were useful for assessing and reducing, respectively, the stigma attached by these pharmacists to schizophrenia. TRIAL REGISTRATION UMIN Clinical Trials Registry ( UMIN000043189 , registered on January 30, 2021), Retrospectively registered.
Collapse
|
26
|
Werremeyer A, Mosher S, Eukel H, Skoy E, Steig J, Frenzel O, Strand MA. Pharmacists' stigma toward patients engaged in opioid misuse: When "social distance" does not mean disease prevention. Subst Abus 2021; 42:919-926. [PMID: 33750283 DOI: 10.1080/08897077.2021.1900988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Background: Health professionals may stigmatize and prefer social distance from patients with opioid misuse, leading to poorer quality of care provided. The degree to which pharmacists prefer social distance from patients with opioid misuse and opioid use disorder (OUD) is not known. Methods: Pharmacists (n = 187) completed a survey comprised of demographics, attitudinal, and Social Distance Scale (SDS) questions based on a vignette patient who displayed opioid misuse. SDS question responses and total scores (maximum of 30; higher scores representing great preference for social distance) were tallied and associations with attitudes and demographics were examined. Results: Mean SDS total score was 16.32 (range 9-23). More than 59% of respondents had an SDS score >15, indicating overall lack of willingness to interact with the vignette patient. Females had a higher mean SDS score vs male pharmacists (16.58 vs. 15.36, respectively; p = 0.023). Pharmacists were more likely to prefer social distance from the vignette patient in personal situations (i.e. renting a room) than work-related interactions (i.e. providing patient education). Pharmacists with >10 years of experience, those without personal experience with a substance use disorder, those who strongly agreed that patients with OUD require excessive time and effort, and those who agreed that some people lack self-discipline to use prescription pain medication without becoming addicted had significantly higher SDS scores than pharmacists without these characteristics. Conclusions: Pharmacists expressed significant preference for social distance indicating stigmatization of patients with opioid misuse. Pharmacists were comfortable performing pharmacy tasks with patients with opioid misuse, but were less comfortable forming therapeutic relationships, an important tenet of patient-centered care. Efforts are needed to examine contributions to social distance preferences and implement measures to reduce them. Targeting of pharmacists with >10 years' experience and without personal experience with OUD may also be most beneficial.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amy Werremeyer
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota, USA
| | - Sydney Mosher
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota, USA
| | - Heidi Eukel
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota, USA
| | - Elizabeth Skoy
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota, USA
| | - Jayme Steig
- Quality Health Associates of North Dakota, Minot, North Dakota, USA
| | - Oliver Frenzel
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota, USA
| | - Mark A Strand
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota, USA
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Rice AN, Harris SC. Issues of cultural competence in mental health care. J Am Pharm Assoc (2003) 2020; 61:e65-e68. [PMID: 33160868 DOI: 10.1016/j.japh.2020.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/18/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
As the United States' population continues to grow in its diversity, health care providers, including pharmacists, need to be able to provide culturally competent care to their patients. Cultural competence allows patients to feel comfortable with their provider and leads to their continuing to seek out care. Mental health is one of the most underused services in health care, particularly in underrepresented minority communities. This review looks at different published literature that assessed the reasons why individuals from minority communities may avoid seeking mental health care, cultural competence in psychiatric care for underrepresented minority communities, strategies for implementation for training providers in cultural competency, and barriers to implementation in mental health services. Current ideas include providing cultural competency training to students in their respective professional school or residency, incorporating the cultural formulation interview into psychiatric sessions, or increasing minority representation in the psychiatric services. On the basis of the literature examined, research is still needed to identify the best approach to improve culturally competent care in psychiatric services in the United States.
Collapse
|
28
|
Abstract
Individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder have a life expectancy 15-20 years shorter than that in the general population. The rate of unnatural deaths, such as suicide and accidents, is high for these patients. Despite this increased proportion of unnatural deaths, physical conditions account for approximately 70% of deaths in patients with either schizophrenia or bipolar disorder, with cardiovascular disease contributing 17.4% and 22.0% to the reduction in overall life expectancy in men and women, respectively. Risk factors for cardiovascular disease, such as smoking, unhealthy diet and lack of exercise, are common in these patients, and lifestyle interventions have been shown to have small effects. Pharmacological interventions to reduce risk factors for cardiovascular disease have been proven to be effective. Treatment with antipsychotic drugs is associated with reduced mortality but also with an increased risk of weight gain, dyslipidaemia and diabetes mellitus. These patients have higher risks of both myocardial infarction and stroke but a lower risk of undergoing interventional procedures compared with the general population. Data indicate a negative attitude from clinicians working outside the mental health fields towards patients with severe mental illness. Education might be a possible method to decrease the negative attitudes towards these patients, thereby improving their rates of diagnosis and treatment.
Collapse
|
29
|
Rao D, Giannetti V, Kamal KM, Covvey JR, Tomko JR. The relationship between knowledge, attitudes, and practices of community pharmacists regarding persons with substance use disorders. Subst Abus 2020; 42:630-637. [PMID: 32870107 DOI: 10.1080/08897077.2020.1809605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Background: Community pharmacists can play a meaningful role in identification and treatment of substance use disorders (SUD). However, inadequate disease knowledge and negative attitudes are known barriers. The relationship between knowledge, attitudes, and practice of pharmacists regarding persons with SUD has not been evaluated comprehensively in the United States. The objective of the study was to assess knowledge of community pharmacists regarding medications for SUD and evaluate their attitudes, levels of stigma, and clinical practices in SUD. Methods: A questionnaire was developed to assess practices, knowledge, screening services, and attitudes toward harm reduction strategies and treatment. A standardized measure of stigma was included along with demographics. A cross-sectional electronic survey was conducted in Pennsylvania, Ohio, and West Virginia among a non-probability sample of community pharmacists working for a retail pharmacy chain (n = 910) and a local alumni network (n = 50). Scores were calculated for each factor and descriptive analyses, mean differences (t-tests and ANOVA), correlations with demographics and practice characteristics were performed. Linear and ordinal regressions were utilized to predict knowledge, practice, screening, and stigma scores. Results: A total of 134 responses (response rate 13.9%) were collected. On average, the pharmacists were 38 years old, had worked for 15 years, primarily full-time with practice locations in suburban settings. Only 53% reported they received SUD education in pharmacy school. Pharmacists received a mean score of 5.5 and 3.5 out of eight and seven on knowledge and practice scales, respectively. Pharmacists overall had slightly stigmatizing and negative attitudes, with higher stigma significantly related to performing lesser services and considering screenings as important. Number of years worked significantly predicted knowledge and screening. Conclusion: Relationships between knowledge, attitudes, and practices indicate a need for experiential education that includes psychosocial aspects of care with increased opportunities for practice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Deepika Rao
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Duquesne University School of Pharmacy, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Vincent Giannetti
- Division of Pharmaceutical, Administrative and Social Sciences, Duquesne University School of Pharmacy, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Khalid M Kamal
- Division of Pharmaceutical, Administrative and Social Sciences, Duquesne University School of Pharmacy, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Jordan R Covvey
- Division of Pharmaceutical, Administrative and Social Sciences, Duquesne University School of Pharmacy, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - John R Tomko
- Division of Pharmacy Practice, Duquesne University School of Pharmacy, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Davis B, Qian J, Ngorsuraches S, Jeminiwa R, Garza KB. The clinical impact of pharmacist services on mental health collaborative teams: A systematic review. J Am Pharm Assoc (2003) 2020; 60:S44-S53. [PMID: 32600986 PMCID: PMC7529835 DOI: 10.1016/j.japh.2020.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the clinical impact of mental health collaborative teams that include pharmacists. DATA SOURCES PubMed, PsychInfo, Clinialtrials.gov, International Pharmaceutical Abstracts. STUDY SELECTIONS Studies in which pharmacists were part of a mental health collaborative team (defined as 2 or more health care providers working together to provide enhanced mental health care services to patients), mental health clinical outcomes were measured with a validated tool, and the articles were written in English were included. Articles were searched from database inception to July 2019 and were excluded if a quantifiable comparison of mental health clinical outcomes was not included or collaboration was not described. DATA EXTRACTION Two authors independently screened titles and abstracts for relevance. Full-text articles that potentially met inclusion criteria were retrieved, read, and evaluated for inclusion using the eligibility criteria. RESULTS All 9 included studies reported improvements in mental health clinical outcomes when using collaborative teams that included pharmacists. Depression (n = 8) and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) (n = 1) were the mental health conditions included in the studies. Overall, 5 of 7 of the randomized controlled trials (RCTs) had statistically significant improvement in mental health clinical outcomes between the intervention groups, which included the collaborative teams and a "usual care" groups, which did not. Four of the 5 studies were set in Veterans Affairs (VA) clinics. The 2 non-RCT pre-post studies showed improvements in clinical outcomes but did not achieve statistical significance. CONCLUSION Evidence shows that collaborative teams that include pharmacists are effective at improving mental health outcomes in patients with depression and PTSD. Future studies should include non-VA settings and other mental health conditions to understand pharmacists' impact more broadly in mental health collaborative teams. Clarifying and understanding the overlapping roles and responsibilities of members of the team may be the next step to continue improving mental health clinical outcomes.
Collapse
|
31
|
Wheeler AJ, O'Reilly CL, El-Den S, Byrnes J, Ware RS, McMillan SS. Bridging the gap between physical and mental illness in community pharmacy ( PharMIbridge): protocol for an Australian cluster randomised controlled trial. BMJ Open 2020; 10:e039983. [PMID: 32709657 PMCID: PMC7380878 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-039983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION There is a significant life expectancy gap attributable to physical comorbidities for people living with severe and persistent mental illness (SPMI) compared with the general population. Medications are a major treatment for SPMI management and physical illnesses, hence pharmacists are well positioned to support mental healthcare and comorbidities. The randomised controlled trial (RCT) aim is to evaluate effectiveness of an individualised, pharmacist led, support service for people experiencing SPMI focusing on medication adherence and physical comorbidity management, compared with standard care (a medication-management service; MedsCheck). METHODS AND ANALYSIS: PharMIbridge is a cluster RCT, whereby community pharmacies in four Australian regions will be randomised (1:1 ratio), to either Intervention Group (IG) or Comparator Group (CG). All IG and CG pharmacy staff will receive Blended-Mental Health First Aid training. Additionally, IG pharmacists will receive further training on medication adherence, goal setting, motivational interviewing, managing physical health concerns and complex issues relating to psychotropic medication. CG pharmacists will not receive additional training, and will provide standard care (MedsCheck). The primary outcome will be change in participants medication adherence for psychotropic medication over 6-months. Using mixed-effects logistic regression model and a cluster size of 48 pharmacies, a total of 190 participants will need to be recruited to each arm to find a statistically significant difference in medication adherence. Secondary outcomes will be changes in factors associated with cardiometabolic risk and quality of life, emphasising physical and psychological well-being; medication-related problems; adherence to other prescribed medication; pharmacists knowledge, confidence and ability to support people experiencing SPMI; and effects on healthcare utilisation. A within RCT-based economic evaluation comparing the intervention with standard care will be undertaken. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION The protocol and pharmacist training programme received Griffith University Human Research Ethics Committee approval (HREC/2019/473 and HREC/2019/493 respectively). Results will be published in peer-reviewed journals and available at the Sixth Community Pharmacy Agreement website (http://6cpa.com.au/about-6cpa/). TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER ANZCTR12620000577910.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amanda J Wheeler
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, Auckland University, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Claire L O'Reilly
- Sydney Pharmacy School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Sarira El-Den
- Sydney Pharmacy School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Joshua Byrnes
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Robert S Ware
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Sara S McMillan
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Aluh DO, Anyachebelu OC, Ajaraonye CI. Comparison of pharmacists' mental health literacy: Developed versus developing countries. J Am Pharm Assoc (2003) 2020; 60:S64-S72. [PMID: 32580909 DOI: 10.1016/j.japh.2020.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare the mental health literacy (MHL) of pharmacists in Nigeria and their comfort rendering pharmacy services to patients with mental illness with that of pharmacists in developed countries. DESIGN A cross-sectional study design was employed. Questionnaires containing closed, ordinal, Likert-type, and multi-choice questions were used to elicit information from the respondents. SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS Pharmacists from all areas of practice attending the 91st Annual Conference of the Pharmaceutical Society of Nigeria from October 29 to November 3, 2018, were conveniently sampled. OUTCOME MEASURES Pharmacists' MHL, stigma, desired social distance, and comfort rendering pharmacy services were compared with relevant literature from developed countries. RESULTS Of the approximately 360 pharmacists who received the survey, 117 responded (32.5%). Although less than half (45.3%, n = 48) of the pharmacists reported that antidepressants were beneficial in treating depressive symptoms, almost all of them (96.2%, n = 102) rated antipsychotics to be helpful for schizophrenia. The desired social distance was higher in schizophrenia than in depression (P = 0.001). More than half (57.1%, n = 61) of the pharmacists surveyed believed that violence was more likely among persons with a mental illness. The respondents reported a higher level of comfort giving medication advice to patients with cardiovascular disease than to those with mental illness (P < 0.001). Approximately one-third (34.0%, n = 36) of the pharmacists agreed that they had sufficient training in the identification and management of mental illness. Literature from developed countries showed high levels of MHL among pharmacists in terms of knowledge but relatively high levels of stigma, desired social distance, and discomfort rendering pharmaceutical care to patients with mental illness. CONCLUSION The findings indicate some knowledge gaps and misconceptions among Nigerian pharmacists regarding mental illness. The stigma and desired social distance among pharmacists in this study were comparable to findings from developed countries.
Collapse
|
33
|
What predicts pharmacists' engagement with opioid-outcome screening? Secondary analysis from an implementation study in community pharmacy. Int J Clin Pharm 2020; 43:420-429. [PMID: 32533428 DOI: 10.1007/s11096-020-01074-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Background Pharmacists have a key role to play in identifying and responding to emerging clinical problems with prescribed opioids. A pilot study in Australia examined the implementation of screening and brief intervention (Routine Opioid Outcome Monitoring [ROOM]) to identify and respond to opioid-related problems in community pharmacies. In this implementation study, the rate of screening varied considerably between pharmacies. Objective The aim of this study was to examine pharmacist characteristics associated with implementation of ROOM. Setting Community pharmacies in Victoria and New South Wales, Australia. Methods We implemented a validated computer-facilitated screening (ROOM), combined with brief intervention for opioid-related problems based on a widely accepted framework for monitoring outcomes. In this analysis, we examined the correlates of ROOM completion for individual pharmacists. Negative binomial regression was used to identify baseline predictors of greater screening, with the number of ROOM screens as the dependent (outcome) variable and pharmacist demographics, knowledge, confidence and comfort responding to prescription opioids problems, and attitudes towards evidence based practice examined as independent (predictor) variables. Main outcome measure Number of screens completed by an individual pharmacist as reported in follow-up surveys by pharmacist. Results Fewer years of practice was associated with a greater number of screenings conducted. On average, each additional decade of practice was associated with a 31% (95% CI 0%, 53%) reduction in the number of screenings undertaken by pharmacists. A multivariable analysis revealed that each additional decade practicing, lower knowledge of naloxone and lower confidence in identifying unmanaged pain were all independently associated with reduced engagement in screening after controlling for other variables. Conclusion Findings from this pilot study identified potential barriers to implementing opioid outcome monitoring. Further studies could test different groups of community pharmacists' experience of different barriers when implementing monitoring outcomes with prescribed opioids, to inform future implementation and clinical practice.
Collapse
|
34
|
A structural equation model for behaviors of pharmacy students toward mentally ill patients. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-020-00642-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
35
|
Silvia RJ. A Music Assignment to Develop Pharmacy Students' Empathy Toward People with Opioid Use Disorder. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL EDUCATION 2020; 84:7631. [PMID: 32431313 PMCID: PMC7223934 DOI: 10.5688/ajpe7631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Objective. To determine the effectiveness of using music to assist pharmacy students in developing empathy toward patients with opioid use disorder. Methods. Students were given an extra credit assignment as part of an elective course in neuropsychiatry. Students were to listen to the autobiographical album, The Heroin Diaries Soundtrack, about the life of rock music star Nikki Sixx and his struggles with heroin addiction. They were then required to write a reflection about how the lyrics and music from the album affected their personal views on persons with opioid use disorder. Results. Eighteen of 25 students in the course completed the assignment. Students' response to the assignment was universally positive. Many commented on their previous views that opioid use was a choice and a problem for law enforcement to manage. Students stated how their perspectives changed significantly after listening to the music and developing an appreciation for the symptoms and problems related to opioid use disorder and attempts to abstain. Many students remarked how the musical accompaniment to the lyrics and narration helped shape their emotional response.Conclusion. Health professions students often have difficulty understanding mental illnesses, including substance use disorders. Music can be used to enhance student's empathy toward patients with mental health and substance use disorders. Music and other art forms may be especially useful when teaching subject matter related to the affective domain.
Collapse
|
36
|
Oakey-Neate L, Schrader G, Strobel J, Bastiampillai T, van Kasteren Y, Bidargaddi N. Using algorithms to initiate needs-based interventions for people on antipsychotic medication: implementation protocol. BMJ Health Care Inform 2020; 27:bmjhci-2019-100084. [PMID: 32051177 PMCID: PMC7062355 DOI: 10.1136/bmjhci-2019-100084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Revised: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Non-adherence to antipsychotic medications for individuals with serious mental illness increases risk of relapse and hospitalisation. Real time monitoring of adherence would allow for early intervention. AI2 is a both a personal nudging system and a clinical decision support tool that applies machine learning on Medicare prescription and benefits data to raise alerts when patients have discontinued antipsychotic medications without supervision, or when essential routine health checks have not been performed. Methods and analysis We outline two intervention models using AI2. In the first use-case, the personal nudging system, patients receive text messages when an alert of a missed medication or routine health check is detected by AI2. In the second use-case, as a clinical decision support tool, AI2 generated alerts are presented as flags through a dashboard to the community mental health professionals. Implementation protocols for different scenarios of AI2, along with a mixed-methods evaluation, are planned to identify pragmatic issues necessary to inform a larger randomised control trial, as well as improve the application. Ethics and dissemination This study protocol has been approved by The Southern Adelaide Clinical Human Research Ethics Committee. The dissemination of this trial will serve to inform further implementation of the AI2 into daily personal and clinical practice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lydia Oakey-Neate
- Digital Psychiatry and Personal Health Informatics, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Geoff Schrader
- Digital Psychiatry and Personal Health Informatics, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,Country Health SA Local Health Network, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Jörg Strobel
- Digital Psychiatry and Personal Health Informatics, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,Country Health SA Local Health Network, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | | | - Yasmin van Kasteren
- Digital Psychiatry and Personal Health Informatics, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Niranjan Bidargaddi
- Digital Psychiatry and Personal Health Informatics, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Saka SA, Akanbi OS, Eze UIH. Perceptions of Nigerian final year undergraduate students of the adequacy of the pharmacy curriculum for mental health care. JOURNAL OF PHARMACY PRACTICE AND RESEARCH 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/jppr.1607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sule A. Saka
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Bio‐Pharmacy Olabisi Onabanjo University Sagamu Nigeria
| | - Oluwaseyi S. Akanbi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Bio‐Pharmacy Olabisi Onabanjo University Sagamu Nigeria
| | - Uchenna I. H. Eze
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Bio‐Pharmacy Olabisi Onabanjo University Sagamu Nigeria
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Diefenderfer LA, Iuppa C, Kriz C, Nelson LA. Assessment of pharmacy student attitudes and beliefs toward patients with mental illnesses on inpatient psychiatric units. Ment Health Clin 2020; 10:1-5. [PMID: 31942271 PMCID: PMC6956976 DOI: 10.9740/mhc.2020.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction People with mental illness continue to face stigma, despite these illnesses being common. Previous studies have demonstrated reduced stigma in pharmacy students after various exposures and education, although results have been mixed. The primary objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of an advanced pharmacy practice experience (APPE) in psychiatric pharmacy on students' stigma toward patients with mental illness using the Opening Minds Stigma Scale for Healthcare Providers (OMS-HC) at 2 psychiatric hospitals. Methods This was a prospective, multicenter survey study of pharmacy students on an APPE rotation at an inpatient psychiatric hospital conducted during 3 academic years. Prior to starting and upon completion of their rotation, participants completed the OMS-HC and provided demographic and rotation information. Results A total of 26 students participated in the prerotation survey, with 88.5% (n = 23) completing the postrotation survey. The primary outcome showed a significant decrease in total OMS-HC score (Z = −2.376, P = .017), indicating a decreased level of stigma at rotation completion. Analysis of the OMS-HC subscales for attitudes toward people with mental illness and attitudes toward self-disclosure of a mental illness also yielded significant decreases (Z = −2.425, P = .015; Z = −2.462, P = .014, respectively). Discussion This study showed that APPE rotations at inpatient psychiatric hospitals may help reduce stigma among pharmacy students. Pharmacy schools should consider increasing access to and encouraging completion of psychiatric pharmacy rotations to help reduce stigma prior to graduation.
Collapse
|
39
|
Perception of Community Pharmacists in Malaysia About Mental Healthcare and Barriers to Providing Pharmaceutical Care Services to Patients with Mental Disorders. Community Ment Health J 2020; 56:88-98. [PMID: 31667692 PMCID: PMC6942006 DOI: 10.1007/s10597-019-00496-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess community pharmacists' (CPs) perceptions toward mental healthcare, and the barriers faced in providing pharmaceutical care (PC) services to these patients. A 40-item survey was posted to CPs. Ninety-six pharmacists participated. The majority (84.2%) agreed there is a role for CPs to play in mental health care, while approximately 60% agreed it is their responsibility to provide PC to these patients. The biggest barrier to providing this service is the lack of knowledge, cited by close to 50% of respondents. This corresponds with the revelation that close to 60% believe that they have a poor or fair understanding of mental disorders. About 30% of respondents said they do not stock psychotropic drugs at all, mainly due to medico-legal reasons, and low prescription requests. Our findings highlight the need for more training of CPs in managing patients with mental disorders.
Collapse
|
40
|
Hall B, Kelly F, Wheeler AJ, McMillan SS. Consumer perceptions of community pharmacy-based promotion of mental health and well-being. Health Promot J Austr 2019; 32:26-31. [PMID: 31821666 DOI: 10.1002/hpja.312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Revised: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
ISSUE ADDRESSED With nearly half of all Australians likely to experience a mental illness, increasing community-based mental health promotion is warranted. Community pharmacies are accessible health care destinations that effectively provide a range of public health services. This study explored consumer opinions of mental health promotion in the community pharmacy setting, the activities they have observed and the perceived role/s of pharmacy staff in this area. METHODS A survey was informed by five interviews with pharmacy consumers and a literature review. Adult pharmacy consumers were recruited nationwide via a Research Panel company between December 2018 and January 2019. Survey data were descriptively analysed and associations confirmed by chi-square analysis. RESULTS Data were analysed from 537 of the 577 respondents; 34.3% of participants had a lived experience of mental illness. Just under a quarter of participants (23.3%) had observed mental health promotion in community pharmacy. Pharmacy was viewed as a suitable environment for this promotion by most respondents (n = 446/516), particularly those with lived experience, with a preference for in-store leaflets, posters and linking with existing national mental health organisations/campaigns. Lack of privacy and the busy pharmacy environment were identified as barriers for promotion in this setting. CONCLUSION There is a clear potential for mental health promotion within community pharmacies, although the uptake and impact of such activities require further investigation. SO WHAT?: These findings highlight a missed opportunity for pharmacists to engage with consumers about mental health and well-being, even though community pharmacies are accessible health care destinations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bethany Hall
- Quality Use of Medicines Network, School of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Fiona Kelly
- Quality Use of Medicines Network, School of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia.,Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Amanda J Wheeler
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, Auckland University, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Sara S McMillan
- Quality Use of Medicines Network, School of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia.,Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Lien YY, Lin HS, Tsai CH, Lien YJ, Wu TT. Changes in Attitudes toward Mental Illness in Healthcare Professionals and Students. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16234655. [PMID: 31766689 PMCID: PMC6926665 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16234655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Revised: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Mental-illness-related stigma not only exists in the public but also in healthcare systems. Healthcare providers (HCPs) who have stigmatizing attitudes or behaviors might be thought of as a key barrier to mental health service use, and influence the quality of healthcare. Although cumulative projects have been conducted to reduce stigma related to mental illness among HCPs around the world, little is known about whether the attitudes of HCPs toward mental illness have changed over time. Research on this topic is mixed with respect to whether attitudes of HCPs toward mental illness have become more or less positive. The aim of the current study was to help clarify this issue using a cross-temporal meta-analysis of scores on the Social Distance Scale (SDS), Opinions about Mental Illness (OMI), and Community Attitudes towards Mental Illness (CAMI) measures among health care professionals and students (N = 15,653) from 1966 to 2016. Our results indicated that both social distance (β = -0.32, p < 0.001) and attitudes (β = 0.43, p = 0.007) of HCPs toward mental illness have become increasingly positive over time. These findings provide empirical evidence to support that the anti-stigma programs and courses have positive effects on HCPs and can inform future anti-stigma programs focusing on improving the attitudes of HCPs toward mental illness, thereby improving the quality of healthcare provided.
Collapse
|
42
|
Keating D, McWilliams S, Hynes C, Purcell A, Clarke M, Strawbridge J. Patients and Caregivers Helping to Shape the Undergraduate Pharmacy Mental Health Curriculum. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL EDUCATION 2019; 83:7138. [PMID: 31871345 PMCID: PMC6920638 DOI: 10.5688/ajpe7138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Objective. To develop a model system for involving patients and caregivers in curriculum development of mental health education in an undergraduate pharmacy program. Methods. Purposive recruitment was used to convene a focus group of nine people with experience in using mental health services from either the patient or caregiver perspective. Group members were asked about their experience with using pharmacy services and their suggestions for enhancement of the undergraduate curriculum. Thematic analysis was conducted independently by two researchers. Results. Patients and caregivers believed that pharmacists could contribute to the care of people who experience mental health conditions by supporting shared decision making, providing information, actively managing side effects of psychotropic medication, and conducting regular medication review. Subjects suggested that the pharmacy undergraduate curriculum should introduce mental health from the beginning, include self-care for students, integrate mental and physical health education, and enhance students' communication skills. The curriculum should include broader issues relevant to mental health beyond the use of medication, such as stigma, the recovery approach, and interprofessional cooperation. These changes could support graduates in engaging proactively with people experiencing mental health difficulties. Conclusion. Involving patients and caregivers in the design of an undergraduate pharmacy curriculum in mental health resulted in a more person-centered and student-centered approach to mental health education at our university. Ultimately, the changes made to the undergraduate curriculum will improve the ability of pharmacy graduates to better meet the needs of patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dolores Keating
- Saint John of God Hospital, Stillorgan, Co Dublin, Ireland
- School of Pharmacy, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Stephen McWilliams
- Saint John of God Hospital, Stillorgan, Co Dublin, Ireland
- University College Dublin, School of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Caroline Hynes
- Saint John of God Hospital, Stillorgan, Co Dublin, Ireland
- School of Pharmacy, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Audrey Purcell
- Saint John of God Hospital, Stillorgan, Co Dublin, Ireland
- School of Pharmacy, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Mary Clarke
- University College Dublin, School of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Dublin, Ireland
- DETECT Early Intervention in Psychosis Service, Blackrock, Co Dublin, Ireland
| | - Judith Strawbridge
- School of Pharmacy, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Abstract
Aims and methodSchizophrenia is a psychotic disorder that is stereotypically stigmatised as untreatable and associated with violence. Several authorities have suggested that changing the name, for example to psychosis, would reduce such stigmatisation. We aimed to compare attitudes to schizophrenia and psychosis on Twitter to see if psychosis was associated with less negative attitudes. Tweets containing the terms 'schizophrenia', 'schizophrenic', 'psychosis' or 'psychotic' were collected on www.twitter.com and were captured with NCapture. On NVivo, tweets were coded into categories based on user type, tweet content, attitude and stigma type by two independent raters. We compared the content and attitudes of tweets referring to schizophrenia/schizophrenic and psychosis/psychotic. RESULTS: A total of 1120 tweets referring to schizophrenia/schizophrenic and 1080 referring to psychosis/psychotic were identified over two 7-day periods; 424 original tweets for schizophrenia and 416 original tweets for psychosis were included in the analysis. Psychosis was significantly more commonly included in tweets expressing negative attitudes (n=131, 31.5%) than schizophrenia (n=41, 9.7%) (χ² = 237.03, P < 0.0001). Of the personal opinions or dyadic interactions, 125 (53.4%) in the psychosis data set were stigmatising, compared with 33 (24.6%) of those in the schizophrenia set (χ² = 44.65, P < 0.0001).Clinical implicationsThe terms psychosis/psychotic are associated with a significantly higher number of tweets with negative content than schizophrenia/schizophrenic. Together with other evidence, this suggests that changing the name of schizophrenia to psychosis will not reduce negative attitudes toward the condition.Declaration of interestS.L. has received personal fees from Otsuka and Sunovion, and personal and research fees from Janssen.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giorgianna L Passerello
- Edinburgh Medical School, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine,University of Edinburgh,UK
| | - James E Hazelwood
- Edinburgh Medical School, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine,University of Edinburgh,UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Keating D, McWilliams S, Hynes C, Clarke M, Strawbridge J. Pharmacy Students' Reflections on an Experiential Learning Visit to a Psychiatric Hospital. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL EDUCATION 2019; 83:6784. [PMID: 31333259 PMCID: PMC6630870 DOI: 10.5688/ajpe6784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Objective. To create a brief, experiential educational intervention for undergraduate pharmacy students aimed at developing appropriate attitudes, knowledge, and skills for the delivery of recovery-focused pharmacy services to people with mental illness, and to elicit student perceptions of the value and impact of the intervention. Methods. A brief intervention was developed in which a cohort of 44 fourth-year pharmacy students attended a psychiatric teaching hospital in groups of 10 to12. The intervention was integrated into the therapeutics module, and was based on Fink's taxonomy of learning. Delivery of the intervention included input from a multidisciplinary team of mental health professionals and the use of active-learning strategies to give students an insight into the holistic approach to care and the patient journey. Students participated in an exercise in reflective practice following the visit. Content analysis was performed on the reflective writings of consenting students to identify themes and insights gained. Results. Thirty-eight of the 44 students gave their consent for their reflective writings to be analyzed for the purpose of this research. Students expressed some apprehension before their visit to the hospital, but later gained an appreciation of the patient experience of care in the psychiatric setting. Students also described having a greater appreciation of the role of the pharmacist in caring for psychiatric patients as well as an insight into the role of other health care professionals and interventions supporting recovery. Conclusion. A brief experiential intervention helped students integrate their learning and appreciate the value of their expertise in supporting those experiencing mental illness.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dolores Keating
- Pharmacy Department, Saint John of God Hospital, Stillorgan, Co Dublin, Ireland
- School of Pharmacy, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, 123 St Stephen’s Green, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Stephen McWilliams
- Pharmacy Department, Saint John of God Hospital, Stillorgan, Co Dublin, Ireland
| | - Caroline Hynes
- Pharmacy Department, Saint John of God Hospital, Stillorgan, Co Dublin, Ireland
- School of Pharmacy, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, 123 St Stephen’s Green, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Mary Clarke
- DETECT Early Intervention in Psychosis Service, Blackrock, Co Dublin, Ireland
- School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Judith Strawbridge
- School of Pharmacy, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, 123 St Stephen’s Green, Dublin, Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Murphy AL, O'Reilly CL, Ataya R, Doucette SP, Martin-Misener R, Rosen A, Gardner DM. A survey of Canadian and Australian pharmacists' stigma of suicide. SAGE Open Med 2019; 7:2050312118820344. [PMID: 30728964 PMCID: PMC6350138 DOI: 10.1177/2050312118820344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background There is limited information available regarding community pharmacists' stigma of suicide. Pharmacists regularly interact with people at risk of suicide and stigmatizing attitudes may impact care. Objective To measure community pharmacists' stigma of suicide. Method Pharmacists in Canada and Australia completed an online survey with the Stigma of Suicide Scale-Short Form. Data were analysed descriptively and with univariate and multivariate analyses. Results Three hundred and ninety-six pharmacists returned completed surveys (Canada n = 235; Australia n = 161; female 70%; mean age = 38.6 ± 12.7 years). The rate of endorsement of stigmatizing terms was low overall. Canadian and Australian pharmacists differed (p < 0.05) for several variables (e.g. age, friend or relative with a mental illness, training in mental health crisis). Pharmacists without someone close to them living with a mental illness were more likely to strongly agree/agree with words describing those who die by suicide as pathetic, stupid, irresponsible, and cowardly. Those without a personal diagnosis of mental illness strongly agreed/agreed with the terms immoral, irresponsible, vengeful, and cowardly. More Australian pharmacists strongly agreed/agreed that people who die by suicide are irresponsible, cowardly, and disconnected. Independent variables associated with a higher stigma were male sex, Australian, and negative perceptions about suicide preventability. Conclusion Community pharmacists frequently interact with people at risk of suicide and generally have low agreement of stigmatizing terms for people who die by suicide. Research should focus on whether approaches such as contact-based education can minimize existing stigma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea L Murphy
- College of Pharmacy, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Claire L O'Reilly
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Randa Ataya
- College of Pharmacy, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Steve P Doucette
- Research Methods Unit, Nova Scotia Health Authority, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | | | - Alan Rosen
- Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia.,Illawarra Institute for Mental Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - David M Gardner
- College of Pharmacy, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Huang J, Shao Y, Ma H, Yang W, Li H. Changing of Chinese psychiatrists' attitudes toward consent process to treatment and its association with the China's National Mental Health Law. Int J Psychiatry Med 2019; 54:11-21. [PMID: 30122100 DOI: 10.1177/0091217418791436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Few studies have addressed informed consent in Chinese psychiatric practice. We wished to explore psychiatrists' attitudes toward informed consent in Shanghai after promulgation of the first national law for mental health care in China: the National Mental Health Law. METHOD A total of 398 psychiatrists were recruited from seven psychiatric hospitals in Shanghai. Their anthropometric data were collected. A confidential, self-report questionnaire addressing attitudes toward the informed consent process was completed by all participants. RESULTS Most respondents would like to inform patients/guardians of the diagnosis (95.2%), treatment plan (93.5%), treatment goals and potential adverse effects of prescribed medications (94.7%), and alternative treatment plans (71.9%). In addition, 58.4% of psychiatrists thought that the informed consent process for physical restraint was difficult to follow. According to logistic regression, psychiatrists not trained to use the National Mental Health Law were more likely to have a negative attitude toward the informed consent process compared with those trained (adjusted odds ratio = 0.21; 95% confidence interval: 0.07-0.59; p = 0.003). CONCLUSIONS Psychiatrists trained to use the National Mental Health Law had more positive attitudes toward the informed consent process. Lack of such training could affect the attitudes of psychiatrists toward the informed consent process in China.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Huang
- 1 Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yang Shao
- 1 Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Huajian Ma
- 1 Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Weimin Yang
- 1 Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Huafang Li
- 1 Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
El-Den S, O'Reilly CL, Gardner DM, Murphy AL, Chen TF. Content validation of a questionnaire measuring basic perinatal depression knowledge. Women Health 2018; 59:615-630. [PMID: 30481138 DOI: 10.1080/03630242.2018.1539431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Perinatal depression (PND) screening is encouraged in healthcare settings. We aimed to develop and content validate a basic PND knowledge questionnaire for use among pharmacists and potentially other primary healthcare professionals (HCPs). A six-item questionnaire was developed. Twenty-five perinatal mental health experts were invited to participate in content validation by completing the questionnaire and assessing its content validity. A content validity index (CVI) score above 0.8 was indicative of content validity. Expert comments may inform items' deletion or revision. Between November 2016 and February 2017, ten experts participated. For five out of six items, the CVI score was 0.9 or 1.0. Two experts selected "I think none are correct" for one item regarding the onset of postpartum depression. Comments reflected the lack of consensus in the literature surrounding onset periods and prevalence rates and informed minor modifications to three of six questions and seven of 24 response options. The CVI for the questionnaire was 0.83.Content validation of a questionnaire measuring basic PND knowledge resulted in modifications. Comments about PND onset and prevalence indicated the need for consistency when defining and measuring these constructs. This questionnaire may be used among pharmacists and other HCPs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarira El-Den
- a School of Pharmacy , The University of Sydney , Camperdown , New South Wales , Australia
| | - Claire L O'Reilly
- a School of Pharmacy , The University of Sydney , Camperdown , New South Wales , Australia
| | - David M Gardner
- b Department of Psychiatry , Dalhousie University , Halifax , Nova Scotia , Canada
| | - Andrea L Murphy
- c College of Pharmacy, Dalhousie University , Halifax , Nova Scotia , Canada
| | - Timothy F Chen
- a School of Pharmacy , The University of Sydney , Camperdown , New South Wales , Australia
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
McCormack Z, Gilbert JL, Ott C, Plake KS. Mental health first aid training among pharmacy and other university students and its impact on stigma toward mental illness. CURRENTS IN PHARMACY TEACHING & LEARNING 2018; 10:1342-1347. [PMID: 30527363 DOI: 10.1016/j.cptl.2018.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Revised: 05/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Information on effective and replicable methods employed in pharmacy and other college students to combat stigmatizing beliefs toward those with mental illness is limited. Mental Health First Aid (MHFA) is an international, standardized, eight-hour course focused on helping members of the general public triage a mental health crisis. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of MHFA training on stigmatizing attitudes toward those with mental illness among pharmacy and non-pharmacy students. EDUCATIONAL ACTIVITY AND SETTING Pharmacy and non-pharmacy students were invited to voluntarily participate in one of two MHFA sessions. A survey utilizing the Social Distance Scale (SDS) and Attitudes to Mental Illness Questionnaire (AMIQ) was given to participants before and after the MHFA session to assess change in stigmatizing behavior. FINDINGS Thirty-four pharmacy students and 21 non-pharmacy students participated in the study. Overall, stigma toward depression and schizophrenia decreased. For the SDS schizophrenia vignette, a statistically significant improvement (p < 0.05) was seen on six of the seven responses for pharmacy students and on four responses in non-pharmacy students. Both pharmacy and non-pharmacy students improved on one item in the SDS depression vignette. For the AMIQ, pharmacy students demonstrated statistically significant improvement on four items in the schizophrenia vignette and five items in the depression vignette. Non-pharmacy students showed improvement on two items for both the AMIQ schizophrenia and depression vignettes. DISCUSSION AND SUMMARY MHFA was effective in decreasing stigmatizing beliefs among pharmacy and non-pharmacy students. These findings support the utilization of teaching methods that emphasize the patient experience and humanize mental illness.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zachary McCormack
- Massachusetts College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, 130 Cambridge Park Drive, Cambridge, MA 02140, United States.
| | - Jenna L Gilbert
- Center for Behavioral Medicine, 1000 E. 24th Street, Kansas City, MO 64108, United States.
| | - Carol Ott
- Purdue University College of Pharmacy, 575 West Stadium Avenue, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States.
| | - Kimberly S Plake
- Purdue University College of Pharmacy, 575 West Stadium Avenue, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
El-Den S, O'Reilly CL, Chen TF. Development and Psychometric Evaluation of a Questionnaire to Measure Attitudes Toward Perinatal Depression and Acceptability of Screening: The PND Attitudes and Screening Acceptability Questionnaire (PASAQ). Eval Health Prof 2018; 42:498-522. [PMID: 30265131 DOI: 10.1177/0163278718801434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Prior to implementing perinatal depression (PND) screening, health-care professionals' acceptability of screening and their attitudes toward PND should be explored. We aimed to develop and psychometrically evaluate a questionnaire measuring PND attitudes and screening acceptability. A 31-item questionnaire was developed based on published questionnaires and a systematic review on PND screening acceptability. Principal components analysis with direct oblimin rotation was used to determine construct validity. Reliability of the resulting components was explored using Cronbach's α. Pharmacists (N = 153) were recruited from the Australian Association of Consultant Pharmacy. The scree plot and parallel analysis indicated a six-component solution. Due to cross-loadings (<.2 difference) and low loadings (<.445), it was necessary to delete 7 items. The six components explored PND screening acceptability, screening readiness, stigma, attitudes toward treatment efficacy, medication counseling responsibility, and the effect PND has on others. The six components explained 59.8% of the variance. Item loadings ranged from .445 to .880. Cronbach's α for each component ranged from .45 to .86. The construct validity and internal consistency reliability of the PND attitudes and screening acceptability questionnaire have been explored. Future measurements of these constructs using uniform, psychometrically sound scales may facilitate comparisons across studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarira El-Den
- Faculty of Pharmacy, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Claire L O'Reilly
- Faculty of Pharmacy, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Timothy F Chen
- Faculty of Pharmacy, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Seaton V, Piel M. Student pharmacists' social distancing toward people with mental illness. Ment Health Clin 2018; 7:181-186. [PMID: 29955521 DOI: 10.9740/mhc.2017.09.181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Findings from previous studies indicated patients with mental illness feel pharmacists do not provide appropriate care. In addition, many patients with mental illness report not having a strong relationship with their pharmacist. The objective of this study was to determine the level of social distance of student pharmacists toward patients with mental illness. Methods Student pharmacists completed an anonymous survey. Data were collected using the Bogardus Social Distance Scale (SDS). Level and correlates of social distancing were examined. Results Incomplete surveys were excluded, resulting in 334 completed surveys. A total of 276 students (83%) had an SDS score ≥14, indicating social distancing. There was no statistical difference noted in social distancing between students and year of training (P = .482). The greatest social distancing was in relation to trusting someone with mental illness to "care for their child," where less than 1 in 5 students (17%) were willing to do this. Most students (88%) were willing to work or be neighbors with someone with mental illness, indicating less social distancing in these domains. Regression analysis indicated a significant change in sum score with knowing someone or having a first-degree relative with mental illness. Discussion Results indicate social distancing is prominent among pharmacy students. Results may be used in the future to help identify solutions for improving social distancing and increasing pharmacy student interaction to patients with mental illness. Further training related to mental illness may assist with decreasing social distancing among pharmacy students.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Seaton
- Assistant Professor of Pharmacy Practice, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences Northwest Campus, Fayetteville, Arkansas; Clinical Pharmacy Specialist, Veterans Health Care System of the Ozarks, Fayetteville, Arkansas,
| | - Michelle Piel
- Assistant Professor of Pharmacy Practice, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences Northwest Campus, Fayetteville, Arkansas; Clinical Pharmacy Specialist, Veterans Health Care System of the Ozarks, Fayetteville, Arkansas
| |
Collapse
|