1
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Morozov YM, Rakic P. Lateral expansion of the mammalian cerebral cortex is related to anchorage of centrosomes in apical neural progenitors. Cereb Cortex 2024; 34:bhae293. [PMID: 39024157 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhae293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Revised: 06/05/2024] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024] Open
Abstract
The centrosome is the main microtubule organizing center in stem cells, and its mother centriole, anchored to the cell membrane, serves as the basal body of the primary cilium. Prolonged anchorage of centrosomes and primary cilia to the apical segment of the membrane of apical neural progenitor cells is considered vital for interkinetic nuclear translocation and repetitive cycling in the ventricular zone. In contrast, the basolateral anchorage of primary cilia has been regarded as the first step in delamination and conversion of apical to basal neural progenitor cells or neurons. Using electron microscopy analysis of serial sections, we show that centrosomes, in a fraction of cells, anchor to the basolateral cell membrane immediately after cell division and before development of cilia. In other cells, centrosomes situate freely in the cytoplasm, increasing their probability of subsequent apical anchorage. In mice, anchored centrosomes in the cells shortly after mitosis predominate during the entire cerebral neurogenesis, whereas in macaque monkeys, cytoplasmic centrosomes are more numerous. Species-specific differences in the ratio of anchored and free cytoplasmic centrosomes appear to be related to prolonged neurogenesis in the ventricular zone that is essential for lateral expansion of the cerebral cortex in primates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yury M Morozov
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine and Kavli Institute for Neuroscience, 333 Cedar Street, SHM, C-303, New Haven, CT 06510, United States
| | - Pasko Rakic
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine and Kavli Institute for Neuroscience, 333 Cedar Street, SHM, C-303, New Haven, CT 06510, United States
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2
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Zhao X, Wang Y, Mouilleau V, Solak AC, Garcia J, Chen X, Wilkinson CJ, Royer L, Dong Z, Guo S. PCM1 conveys centrosome asymmetry to polarized endosome dynamics in regulating daughter cell fate. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.06.17.599416. [PMID: 38948739 PMCID: PMC11212863 DOI: 10.1101/2024.06.17.599416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
Vertebrate radial glia progenitors (RGPs), the principal neural stem cells, balance self-renewal and differentiation through asymmetric cell division (ACD), during which unequal inheritance of centrosomes is observed. Mechanistically, how centrosome asymmetry leads to distinct daughter cell fate remains largely unknown. Here we find that the centrosome protein Pericentriolar Material 1 (Pcm1), asymmetrically distributed at the centrosomes, regulates polarized endosome dynamics and RGP fate. In vivo time-lapse imaging and nanoscale-resolution expansion microscopy of zebrafish embryonic RGPs detect Pcm1 on Notch ligand-containing endosomes, in a complex with the polarity regulator Par-3 and dynein motor. Loss of pcm1 disrupts endosome dynamics, with clonal analysis uncovering increased neuronal production at the expense of progenitors. Pcm1 facilitates an exchange of Rab5b (early) for Rab11a (recycling) endosome markers and promotes the formation of Par-3 and dynein macromolecular complexes on recycling endosomes. Finally, in human-induced pluripotent stem cell-derived brain organoids, PCM1 shows asymmetry and co-localization with PARD3 and RAB11A in mitotic neural progenitors. Our data reveal a new mechanism by which centrosome asymmetry is conveyed by Pcm1 to polarize endosome dynamics and Notch signaling in regulating ACD and progenitor fate.
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3
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Ahmed M, Wheeler R, Týč J, Shafiq S, Sunter J, Vaughan S. Identification of 30 transition fibre proteins in Trypanosoma brucei reveals a complex and dynamic structure. J Cell Sci 2024; 137:jcs261692. [PMID: 38572631 PMCID: PMC11190437 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.261692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Transition fibres and distal appendages surround the distal end of mature basal bodies and are essential for ciliogenesis, but only a few of the proteins involved have been identified and functionally characterised. Here, through genome-wide analysis, we have identified 30 transition fibre proteins (TFPs) and mapped their arrangement in the flagellated eukaryote Trypanosoma brucei. We discovered that TFPs are recruited to the mature basal body before and after basal body duplication, with differential expression of five TFPs observed at the assembling new flagellum compared to the existing fixed-length old flagellum. RNAi-mediated depletion of 17 TFPs revealed six TFPs that are necessary for ciliogenesis and a further three TFPs that are necessary for normal flagellum length. We identified nine TFPs that had a detectable orthologue in at least one basal body-forming eukaryotic organism outside of the kinetoplastid parasites. Our work has tripled the number of known transition fibre components, demonstrating that transition fibres are complex and dynamic in their composition throughout the cell cycle, which relates to their essential roles in ciliogenesis and flagellum length regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manu Ahmed
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Gipsy Lane, Oxford OX3 0BP, UK
| | - Richard Wheeler
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3SY, UK
| | - Jiří Týč
- Biology Centre CAS, Institute of Parasitology, Branišovská 1160/31, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Shahaan Shafiq
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Gipsy Lane, Oxford OX3 0BP, UK
| | - Jack Sunter
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Gipsy Lane, Oxford OX3 0BP, UK
| | - Sue Vaughan
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Gipsy Lane, Oxford OX3 0BP, UK
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4
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Weijman JF, Vuolo L, Shak C, Pugnetti A, Mukhopadhyay AG, Hodgson LR, Heesom KJ, Roberts AJ, Stephens DJ. Roles for CEP170 in cilia function and dynein-2 assembly. J Cell Sci 2024; 137:jcs261816. [PMID: 38533689 PMCID: PMC11112123 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.261816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Primary cilia are essential eukaryotic organelles required for signalling and secretion. Dynein-2 is a microtubule-motor protein complex and is required for ciliogenesis via its role in facilitating retrograde intraflagellar transport (IFT) from the cilia tip to the cell body. Dynein-2 must be assembled and loaded onto IFT trains for entry into cilia for this process to occur, but how dynein-2 is assembled and how it is recycled back into a cilium remain poorly understood. Here, we identify centrosomal protein of 170 kDa (CEP170) as a dynein-2-interacting protein in mammalian cells. We show that loss of CEP170 perturbs intraflagellar transport and hedgehog signalling, and alters the stability of dynein-2 holoenzyme complex. Together, our data indicate a role for CEP170 in supporting cilia function and dynein-2 assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes F. Weijman
- Cell Biology Laboratories, School of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Laura Vuolo
- Cell Biology Laboratories, School of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Caroline Shak
- Cell Biology Laboratories, School of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Anna Pugnetti
- Cell Biology Laboratories, School of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | | | - Lorna R. Hodgson
- Wolfson Bioimaging Facility, Faculty of Life Sciences, University Walk, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Kate J. Heesom
- Proteomics Facility, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Anthony J. Roberts
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK
| | - David J. Stephens
- Cell Biology Laboratories, School of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
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5
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Schieweck R, Götz M. Pan-cellular organelles and suborganelles-from common functions to cellular diversity? Genes Dev 2024; 38:98-114. [PMID: 38485267 PMCID: PMC10982711 DOI: 10.1101/gad.351337.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
Cell diversification is at the base of increasing multicellular organism complexity in phylogeny achieved during ontogeny. However, there are also functions common to all cells, such as cell division, cell migration, translation, endocytosis, exocytosis, etc. Here we revisit the organelles involved in such common functions, reviewing recent evidence of unexpected differences of proteins at these organelles. For instance, centrosomes or mitochondria differ significantly in their protein composition in different, sometimes closely related, cell types. This has relevance for development and disease. Particularly striking is the high amount and diversity of RNA-binding proteins at these and other organelles, which brings us to review the evidence for RNA at different organelles and suborganelles. We include a discussion about (sub)organelles involved in translation, such as the nucleolus and ribosomes, for which unexpected cell type-specific diversity has also been reported. We propose here that the heterogeneity of these organelles and compartments represents a novel mechanism for regulating cell diversity. One reason is that protein functions can be multiplied by their different contributions in distinct organelles, as also exemplified by proteins with moonlighting function. The specialized organelles still perform pan-cellular functions but in a cell type-specific mode, as discussed here for centrosomes, mitochondria, vesicles, and other organelles. These can serve as regulatory hubs for the storage and transport of specific and functionally important regulators. In this way, they can control cell differentiation, plasticity, and survival. We further include examples highlighting the relevance for disease and propose to examine organelles in many more cell types for their possible differences with functional relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rico Schieweck
- Institute of Biophysics, National Research Council (CNR) Unit at Trento, 38123 Povo, Italy;
- Biomedical Center (BMC), Department of Physiological Genomics, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Magdalena Götz
- Biomedical Center (BMC), Department of Physiological Genomics, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany;
- Institute of Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
- SYNERGY, Excellence Cluster of Systems Neurology, Biomedical Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
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6
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Carden S, Vitiello E, Rosa E Silva I, Holder J, Quarantotti V, Kishore K, Roamio Franklin VN, D'Santos C, Ochi T, van Breugel M, Gergely F. Proteomic profiling of centrosomes across multiple mammalian cell and tissue types by an affinity capture method. Dev Cell 2023; 58:2393-2410.e9. [PMID: 37852252 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2023.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
Centrosomes are the major microtubule-organizing centers in animals and play fundamental roles in many cellular processes. Understanding how their composition varies across diverse cell types and how it is altered in disease are major unresolved questions, yet currently available centrosome isolation protocols are cumbersome and time-consuming, and they lack scalability. Here, we report the development of centrosome affinity capture (CAPture)-mass spectrometry (MS), a powerful one-step purification method to obtain high-resolution centrosome proteomes from mammalian cells. Utilizing a synthetic peptide derived from CCDC61 protein, CAPture specifically isolates intact centrosomes. Importantly, as a bead-based affinity method, it enables rapid sample processing and multiplexing unlike conventional approaches. Our study demonstrates the power of CAPture-MS to elucidate cell-type-dependent heterogeneity in centrosome composition, dissect hierarchical interactions, and identify previously unknown centrosome components. Overall, CAPture-MS represents a transformative tool to unveil temporal, regulatory, cell-type- and tissue-specific changes in centrosome proteomes in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Carden
- CRUK Cambridge Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Elisa Vitiello
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - James Holder
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Valentina Quarantotti
- CRUK Cambridge Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Kamal Kishore
- CRUK Cambridge Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Clive D'Santos
- CRUK Cambridge Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Takashi Ochi
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK; The Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.
| | - Mark van Breugel
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK; School of Biological & Behavioural Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.
| | - Fanni Gergely
- CRUK Cambridge Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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7
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Sauer CM, Hall JA, Couturier DL, Bradley T, Piskorz AM, Griffiths J, Sawle A, Eldridge MD, Smith P, Hosking K, Reinius MAV, Morrill Gavarró L, Mes-Masson AM, Ennis D, Millan D, Hoyle A, McNeish IA, Jimenez-Linan M, Martins FC, Tischer J, Vias M, Brenton JD. Molecular landscape and functional characterization of centrosome amplification in ovarian cancer. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6505. [PMID: 37845213 PMCID: PMC10579337 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41840-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023] Open
Abstract
High-grade serous ovarian carcinoma (HGSOC) is characterised by poor outcome and extreme chromosome instability (CIN). Therapies targeting centrosome amplification (CA), a key mediator of chromosome missegregation, may have significant clinical utility in HGSOC. However, the prevalence of CA in HGSOC, its relationship to genomic biomarkers of CIN and its potential impact on therapeutic response have not been defined. Using high-throughput multi-regional microscopy on 287 clinical HGSOC tissues and 73 cell lines models, here we show that CA through centriole overduplication is a highly recurrent and heterogeneous feature of HGSOC and strongly associated with CIN and genome subclonality. Cell-based studies showed that high-prevalence CA is phenocopied in ovarian cancer cell lines, and that high CA is associated with increased multi-treatment resistance; most notably to paclitaxel, the commonest treatment used in HGSOC. CA in HGSOC may therefore present a potential driver of tumour evolution and a powerful biomarker for response to standard-of-care treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolin M Sauer
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Li Ka Shing Centre, Robinson Way, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, UK.
- Cancer Research UK Major Centre-Cambridge, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, UK.
| | - James A Hall
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Li Ka Shing Centre, Robinson Way, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, UK
- Cancer Research UK Major Centre-Cambridge, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, UK
| | - Dominique-Laurent Couturier
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Li Ka Shing Centre, Robinson Way, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, UK
- Medical Research Council Biostatistics Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0SR, UK
| | - Thomas Bradley
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Li Ka Shing Centre, Robinson Way, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, UK
- Cancer Research UK Major Centre-Cambridge, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, UK
| | - Anna M Piskorz
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Li Ka Shing Centre, Robinson Way, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, UK
- Cancer Research UK Major Centre-Cambridge, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, UK
| | - Jacob Griffiths
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Li Ka Shing Centre, Robinson Way, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, UK
- Cancer Research UK Major Centre-Cambridge, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, UK
| | - Ashley Sawle
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Li Ka Shing Centre, Robinson Way, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, UK
- Cancer Research UK Major Centre-Cambridge, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, UK
| | - Matthew D Eldridge
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Li Ka Shing Centre, Robinson Way, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, UK
- Cancer Research UK Major Centre-Cambridge, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, UK
| | - Philip Smith
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Li Ka Shing Centre, Robinson Way, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, UK
- Cancer Research UK Major Centre-Cambridge, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, UK
| | - Karen Hosking
- Cancer Research UK Major Centre-Cambridge, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, UK
| | - Marika A V Reinius
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Li Ka Shing Centre, Robinson Way, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, UK
- Cancer Research UK Major Centre-Cambridge, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, UK
- Cambridge University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Lena Morrill Gavarró
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Li Ka Shing Centre, Robinson Way, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, UK
- Cancer Research UK Major Centre-Cambridge, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, UK
| | - Anne-Marie Mes-Masson
- Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal and Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Darren Ennis
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Ovarian Cancer Action Research Centre, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - David Millan
- Department of Pathology, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, Glasgow, UK
| | - Aoisha Hoyle
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital Monklands. NHS Lanarkshire, Airdrie, UK
| | - Iain A McNeish
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Ovarian Cancer Action Research Centre, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Mercedes Jimenez-Linan
- Cambridge University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Filipe Correia Martins
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Li Ka Shing Centre, Robinson Way, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, UK
- Cancer Research UK Major Centre-Cambridge, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, UK
- Cambridge University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Julia Tischer
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Li Ka Shing Centre, Robinson Way, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, UK
- Cancer Research UK Major Centre-Cambridge, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, UK
| | - Maria Vias
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Li Ka Shing Centre, Robinson Way, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, UK
- Cancer Research UK Major Centre-Cambridge, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, UK
| | - James D Brenton
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Li Ka Shing Centre, Robinson Way, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, UK.
- Cancer Research UK Major Centre-Cambridge, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, UK.
- Cambridge University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK.
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8
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Tian X, Zhao H, Zhou J. Organization, functions, and mechanisms of the BBSome in development, ciliopathies, and beyond. eLife 2023; 12:e87623. [PMID: 37466224 DOI: 10.7554/elife.87623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The BBSome is an octameric protein complex that regulates ciliary transport and signaling. Mutations in BBSome subunits are closely associated with ciliary defects and lead to ciliopathies, notably Bardet-Biedl syndrome. Over the past few years, there has been significant progress in elucidating the molecular organization and functions of the BBSome complex. An improved understanding of BBSome-mediated biological events and molecular mechanisms is expected to help advance the development of diagnostic and therapeutic approaches for BBSome-related diseases. Here, we review the current literature on the structural assembly, transport regulation, and molecular functions of the BBSome, emphasizing its roles in cilium-related processes. We also provide perspectives on the pathological role of the BBSome in ciliopathies as well as how these can be exploited for therapeutic benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Tian
- Center for Cell Structure and Function, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cell Biology in Universities of Shandong, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Huijie Zhao
- Center for Cell Structure and Function, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cell Biology in Universities of Shandong, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Jun Zhou
- Center for Cell Structure and Function, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cell Biology in Universities of Shandong, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
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9
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Streubel JMS, Pereira G. Control of centrosome distal appendages assembly and disassembly. Cells Dev 2023; 174:203839. [PMID: 37062431 DOI: 10.1016/j.cdev.2023.203839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2023] [Indexed: 04/18/2023]
Abstract
Centrosomes are microtubule organizing centers involved in chromosome segregation, spindle orientation, cell motility and cilia formation. In recent years, they have also emerged as key modulators of asymmetric cell division. Centrosomes are composed of two centrioles that initiate duplication in S phase. The conservative nature of centriole duplication means that the two centrioles of a G1 cell are of different ages. They are also structurally different as only the older centriole carry appendages, an assembly of a subset of proteins primarily required for cilia formation. In a growing tissue, the non-motile, primary cilium acts as a mechano- and sensory organelle that influences cell behavior via modulation of signaling pathways. Here, we discuss the most recent findings about distal appendage composition and function, as well as cell cycle-specific regulation and their implications in various diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna M S Streubel
- Centre for Organismal Studies (COS), University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; German Cancer Research Centre (DKFZ), DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, Heidelberg, Germany; Centre for Molecular Biology (ZMBH), University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Gislene Pereira
- Centre for Organismal Studies (COS), University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; German Cancer Research Centre (DKFZ), DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, Heidelberg, Germany; Centre for Molecular Biology (ZMBH), University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
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10
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Ma D, Wang F, Teng J, Huang N, Chen J. Structure and function of distal and subdistal appendages of the mother centriole. J Cell Sci 2023; 136:286880. [PMID: 36727648 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.260560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Centrosomes are composed of centrioles surrounded by pericentriolar material. The two centrioles in G1 phase are distinguished by the localization of their appendages in the distal and subdistal regions; the centriole possessing both types of appendage is older and referred to as the mother centriole, whereas the other centriole lacking appendages is the daughter centriole. Both distal and subdistal appendages in vertebrate cells consist of multiple proteins assembled in a hierarchical manner. Distal appendages function mainly in the initial process of ciliogenesis, and subdistal appendages are involved in microtubule anchoring, mitotic spindle regulation and maintenance of ciliary signaling. Mutations in genes encoding components of both appendage types are implicated in ciliopathies and developmental defects. In this Review, we discuss recent advances in knowledge regarding the composition and assembly of centriolar appendages, as well as their roles in development and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Ma
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Fulin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Junlin Teng
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Ning Huang
- Institute of Neuroscience, Translational Medicine Institute, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China.,Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Jianguo Chen
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.,Center for Quantitative Biology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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11
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Camargo Ortega G, Götz M. Centrosome heterogeneity in stem cells regulates cell diversity. Trends Cell Biol 2022; 32:707-719. [PMID: 35750615 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2022.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Stem cells are at the source of creating cellular diversity. Multiple mechanisms, including basic cell biological processes, regulate their fate. The centrosome is at the core of many stem cell functions and recent work highlights the association of distinct proteins at the centrosome in stem cell differentiation. As showcased by a novel centrosome protein regulating neural stem cell differentiation, it is timely to review the heterogeneity of the centrosome at protein and RNA levels and how this impacts their function in stem and progenitor cells. Together with evidence for heterogeneity of other organelles so far considered as similar between cells, we call for exploring the cell type-specific composition of organelles as a way to expand protein function in development with relevance to regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Germán Camargo Ortega
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH, Zurich, 4058 Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Magdalena Götz
- Institute of Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Center Munich, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany; Physiological Genomics, Biomedical Center, Ludwig-Maximilians University, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany; 4 SYNERGY, Excellence Cluster of Systems Neurology, Biomedical Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany.
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12
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Ramanantsalama MR, Landrein N, Casas E, Salin B, Blancard C, Bonhivers M, Robinson DR, Dacheux D. TFK1, a basal body transition fibre protein that is essential for cytokinesis in Trypanosoma brucei. J Cell Sci 2022; 135:275643. [PMID: 35588197 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.259893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In Trypanosoma brucei, transition fibres (TF) form a nine-bladed pattern-like structure connecting the base of the flagellum to the flagellar pocket membrane. Despite the characterization of two TF proteins, CEP164C and TbRP2, little is known about the organization of these fibres. Here, we report the identification and characterization of the first kinetoplastid-specific TF protein named TFK1 (Tb927.6.1180). Bioinformatics and functional domain analysis identified three TFK1 distinct domains: an N-terminal domain of an unpredicted function, a coiled-coil domain involved in TFK1-TFK1 interaction and a C-terminal intrinsically disordered region potentially involved in protein interaction. Cellular immuno-localization showed that TFK1 is a newly identified basal body maturation marker. Further, using ultrastructure expansion and immuno-electron microscopies we localized CEP164C and TbRP2 at the TF and TFK1 on the distal appendage matrix of the TF. Importantly, RNAi knockdown of TFK1 in bloodstream form cells induced misplacement of basal bodies, a defect in the furrow or fold generation and eventually cell death. We hypothesize that TFK1 is a basal body positioning specific actor and a key regulator of cytokinesis in the bloodstream form Trypanosoma brucei.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nicolas Landrein
- University of Bordeaux, CNRS, Microbiologie Fondamentale et Pathogénicité, UMR 5234, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Elina Casas
- University of Bordeaux, CNRS, Microbiologie Fondamentale et Pathogénicité, UMR 5234, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Bénédicte Salin
- University of Bordeaux, CNRS, Microscopy Department IBGC, UMR 5095, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Corinne Blancard
- University of Bordeaux, CNRS, Microscopy Department IBGC, UMR 5095, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Mélanie Bonhivers
- University of Bordeaux, CNRS, Microbiologie Fondamentale et Pathogénicité, UMR 5234, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Derrick R Robinson
- University of Bordeaux, CNRS, Microbiologie Fondamentale et Pathogénicité, UMR 5234, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Denis Dacheux
- University of Bordeaux, CNRS, Microbiologie Fondamentale et Pathogénicité, UMR 5234, F-33000 Bordeaux, France.,Bordeaux INP, Microbiologie Fondamentale et Pathogénicité, UMR 5234, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
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13
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Vaid S, Huttner WB. Progenitor-Based Cell Biological Aspects of Neocortex Development and Evolution. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:892922. [PMID: 35602606 PMCID: PMC9119302 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.892922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
During development, the decision of stem and progenitor cells to switch from proliferation to differentiation is of critical importance for the overall size of an organ. Too early a switch will deplete the stem/progenitor cell pool, and too late a switch will not generate the required differentiated cell types. With a focus on the developing neocortex, a six-layered structure constituting the major part of the cerebral cortex in mammals, we discuss here the cell biological features that are crucial to ensure the appropriate proliferation vs. differentiation decision in the neural progenitor cells. In the last two decades, the neural progenitor cells giving rise to the diverse types of neurons that function in the neocortex have been intensely investigated for their role in cortical expansion and gyrification. In this review, we will first describe these different progenitor types and their diversity. We will then review the various cell biological features associated with the cell fate decisions of these progenitor cells, with emphasis on the role of the radial processes emanating from these progenitor cells. We will also discuss the species-specific differences in these cell biological features that have allowed for the evolutionary expansion of the neocortex in humans. Finally, we will discuss the emerging role of cell cycle parameters in neocortical expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samir Vaid
- Department of Basic Neurosciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- *Correspondence: Samir Vaid, ; Wieland B. Huttner,
| | - Wieland B. Huttner
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
- *Correspondence: Samir Vaid, ; Wieland B. Huttner,
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14
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Vitiello E, Gergely F. Centrosomes grow aggresomes to clear waste. Nat Cell Biol 2022; 24:408-410. [PMID: 35411087 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-022-00891-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Vitiello
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Fanni Gergely
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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15
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Roux-Bourdieu ML, Dwivedi D, Harry D, Meraldi P. PLK1 controls centriole distal appendage formation and centrobin removal via independent pathways. J Cell Sci 2022; 135:275085. [PMID: 35343570 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.259120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Centrioles are central structural elements of centrosomes and cilia. In human cells daughter centrioles are assembled adjacent to existing centrioles in S-phase and reach their full functionality with the formation of distal and subdistal appendages one-and-a-half cell cycle later, as they exit their second mitosis. Current models postulate that the centriolar protein centrobin acts as placeholder for distal appendage proteins that must be removed to complete distal appendage formation. Here, we investigated in non-transformed human epithelial RPE1 cells the mechanisms controlling centrobin removal and its effect on distal appendage formation. Our data are consistent with a speculative model in which centrobin is removed from older centrioles due to a higher affinity for the newly born daughter centrioles, under the control of the centrosomal kinase Plk1. This removal also depends on the presence of subdistal appendage proteins on the oldest centriole. Removing centrobin, however, is not required for the recruitment of distal appendage proteins, even though this process is equally dependent on Plk1. We conclude that Plk1 kinase regulates centrobin removal and distal appendage formation during centriole maturation via separate pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan Le Roux-Bourdieu
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Devashish Dwivedi
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Daniela Harry
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Patrick Meraldi
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland.,Translational Research Centre in Onco-haematology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
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16
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Ma D, Wang F, Wang R, Hu Y, Chen Z, Huang N, Tian Y, Xia Y, Teng J, Chen J. α-/γ-Taxilin are required for centriolar subdistal appendage assembly and microtubule organization. eLife 2022; 11:73252. [PMID: 35119360 PMCID: PMC8816381 DOI: 10.7554/elife.73252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The centrosome composed of a pair of centrioles (mother and daughter) and pericentriolar material, and is mainly responsible for microtubule nucleation and anchorage in animal cells. The subdistal appendage (SDA) is a centriolar structure located at the mother centriole’s subdistal region, and it functions in microtubule anchorage. However, the molecular composition and detailed structure of the SDA remain largely unknown. Here, we identified α-taxilin and γ-taxilin as new SDA components that form a complex via their coiled-coil domains and that serve as a new subgroup during SDA hierarchical assembly. The taxilins’ SDA localization is dependent on ODF2, and α-taxilin recruits CEP170 to the SDA. Functional analyses suggest that α- and γ-taxilin are responsible for SDA structural integrity and centrosomal microtubule anchorage during interphase and for proper spindle orientation during metaphase. Our results shed light on the molecular components and functional understanding of the SDA hierarchical assembly and microtubule organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Ma
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Fulin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Rongyi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yingchun Hu
- Core Facilities College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiquan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Ning Huang
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yonglu Tian
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuqing Xia
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Junlin Teng
- Core Facilities College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Jianguo Chen
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China.,Center for Quantitative Biology, Peking University, Beijing, China
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17
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Tian Y, Yan Y, Fu J. Nine-fold symmetry of centriole: The joint efforts of its core proteins. Bioessays 2022; 44:e2100262. [PMID: 34997615 DOI: 10.1002/bies.202100262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The centriole is a widely conserved organelle required for the assembly of centrosomes, cilia, and flagella. Its striking feature - the nine-fold symmetrical structure, was discovered over 70 years ago by transmission electron microscopy, and since elaborated mostly by cryo-electron microscopy and super-resolution microscopy. Here, we review the discoveries that led to the current understanding of how the nine-fold symmetrical structure is built. We focus on the recent findings of the centriole structure in high resolution, its assembly pathways, and its nine-fold distributed components. We propose a model that the assembly of the nine-fold symmetrical centriole depends on the concerted efforts of its core proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuxuan Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jingyan Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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18
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Wilsch-Bräuninger M, Huttner WB. Primary Cilia and Centrosomes in Neocortex Development. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:755867. [PMID: 34744618 PMCID: PMC8566538 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.755867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
During mammalian brain development, neural stem and progenitor cells generate the neurons for the six-layered neocortex. The proliferative capacity of the different types of progenitor cells within the germinal zones of the developing neocortex is a major determinant for the number of neurons generated. Furthermore, the various modes of progenitor cell divisions, for which the orientation of the mitotic spindle of progenitor cells has a pivotal role, are a key parameter to ensure the appropriate size and proper cytoarchitecture of the neocortex. Here, we review the roles of primary cilia and centrosomes of progenitor cells in these processes during neocortical development. We specifically focus on the apical progenitor cells in the ventricular zone. In particular, we address the alternating, dual role of the mother centriole (i) as a component of one of the spindle poles during mitosis, and (ii) as the basal body of the primary cilium in interphase, which is pivotal for the fate of apical progenitor cells and their proliferative capacity. We also discuss the interactions of these organelles with the microtubule and actin cytoskeleton, and with junctional complexes. Centriolar appendages have a specific role in this interaction with the cell cortex and the plasma membrane. Another topic of this review is the specific molecular composition of the ciliary membrane and the membrane vesicle traffic to the primary cilium of apical progenitors, which underlie the ciliary signaling during neocortical development; this signaling itself, however, is not covered in depth here. We also discuss the recently emerging evidence regarding the composition and roles of primary cilia and centrosomes in basal progenitors, a class of progenitors thought to be of particular importance for neocortex expansion in development and evolution. While the tight interplay between primary cilia and centrosomes makes it difficult to allocate independent roles to either organelle, mutations in genes encoding ciliary and/or centrosome proteins indicate that both are necessary for the formation of a properly sized and functioning neocortex during development. Human neocortical malformations, like microcephaly, underpin the importance of primary cilia/centrosome-related processes in neocortical development and provide fundamental insight into the underlying mechanisms involved.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wieland B Huttner
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
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19
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Tang X, Guo M, Ding P, Deng Z, Ke M, Yuan Y, Zhou Y, Lin Z, Li M, Gu C, Gu X, Yang Y. BUB1B and circBUB1B_544aa aggravate multiple myeloma malignancy through evoking chromosomal instability. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2021; 6:361. [PMID: 34620840 PMCID: PMC8497505 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-021-00746-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) is an incurable plasma cell malignancy in the bone marrow characterized by chromosome instability (CIN), which contributes to the acquisition of heterogeneity, along with MM progression, drug resistance, and relapse. In this study, we elucidated that the expression of BUB1B increased strikingly in MM patients and was closely correlated with poor outcomes. Overexpression of BUB1B facilitated cellular proliferation and induced drug resistance in vitro and in vivo, while genetic targeting BUB1B abrogated this effect. Mechanistic studies unveiled that enforced expression of BUB1B evoked CIN resulting in MM poor outcomes mainly through phosphorylating CEP170. Interestingly, we discovered the existence of circBUB1B_544aa containing the kinase catalytic center of BUB1B, which was translated by a circular RNA of BUB1B. The circBUB1B_544aa elevated in MM peripheral blood samples was closely associated with MM poor outcomes and played a synergistic effect with BUB1B on evoking CIN. In addition, MM cells could secrete circBUB1B_544aa and interfere the MM microenvironmental cells in the same manner as BUB1B full-length protein. Intriguingly, BUB1B siRNA, targeting the kinase catalytic center of both BUB1B and circBUB1B_544aa, significantly inhibited MM malignancy in vitro and in vivo. Collectively, BUB1B and circBUB1B_544aa are promising prognostic and therapeutic targets of MM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaozhu Tang
- Nanjing Hospital of Chinese Medicine affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Mengjie Guo
- School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Pinggang Ding
- School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhendong Deng
- School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Mengying Ke
- School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuxia Yuan
- School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Yanyan Zhou
- School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Zigen Lin
- School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Muxi Li
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Chunyan Gu
- Nanjing Hospital of Chinese Medicine affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.
- School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.
| | - Xiaosong Gu
- Nanjing Hospital of Chinese Medicine affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.
- School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Nantong University, Nantong, China.
| | - Ye Yang
- School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.
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20
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Goutas A, Trachana V. Stem cells' centrosomes: How can organelles identified 130 years ago contribute to the future of regenerative medicine? World J Stem Cells 2021; 13:1177-1196. [PMID: 34630857 PMCID: PMC8474719 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v13.i9.1177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
At the core of regenerative medicine lies the expectation of repair or replacement of damaged tissues or whole organs. Donor scarcity and transplant rejection are major obstacles, and exactly the obstacles that stem cell-based therapy promises to overcome. These therapies demand a comprehensive understanding of the asymmetric division of stem cells, i.e. their ability to produce cells with identical potency or differentiated cells. It is believed that with better understanding, researchers will be able to direct stem cell differentiation. Here, we describe extraordinary advances in manipulating stem cell fate that show that we need to focus on the centrosome and the centrosome-derived primary cilium. This belief comes from the fact that this organelle is the vehicle that coordinates the asymmetric division of stem cells. This is supported by studies that report the significant role of the centrosome/cilium in orchestrating signaling pathways that dictate stem cell fate. We anticipate that there is sufficient evidence to place this organelle at the center of efforts that will shape the future of regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Goutas
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, Larisa 41500, Biopolis, Greece
| | - Varvara Trachana
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, Larisa 41500, Biopolis, Greece.
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