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Tsermpini EE, Redenšek S, Dolžan V. Genetic Factors Associated With Tardive Dyskinesia: From Pre-clinical Models to Clinical Studies. Front Pharmacol 2022; 12:834129. [PMID: 35140610 PMCID: PMC8819690 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.834129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Tardive dyskinesia is a severe motor adverse event of antipsychotic medication, characterized by involuntary athetoid movements of the trunk, limbs, and/or orofacial areas. It affects two to ten patients under long-term administration of antipsychotics that do not subside for years even after the drug is stopped. Dopamine, serotonin, cannabinoid receptors, oxidative stress, plasticity factors, signaling cascades, as well as CYP isoenzymes and transporters have been associated with tardive dyskinesia (TD) occurrence in terms of genetic variability and metabolic capacity. Besides the factors related to the drug and the dose and patients’ clinical characteristics, a very crucial variable of TD development is individual susceptibility and genetic predisposition. This review summarizes the studies in experimental animal models and clinical studies focusing on the impact of genetic variations on TD occurrence. We identified eight genes emerging from preclinical findings that also reached statistical significance in at least one clinical study. The results of clinical studies are often conflicting and non-conclusive enough to support implementation in clinical practice.
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Cargnin S, Massarotti A, Terrazzino S. BDNF Val66Met and clinical response to antipsychotic drugs: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur Psychiatry 2016; 33:45-53. [PMID: 26854986 DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpsy.2015.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2015] [Revised: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 12/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The polymorphic brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) gene has been postulated to be involved in inter-individual variability response to antipsychotic drugs. PURPOSE To perform a qualitative and quantitative synthesis of studies evaluating the influence of BDNF genetic variation on clinical response to antipsychotics. METHODS The review protocol was published in the PROSPERO database (Reg. n(o) CRD42015024614). A comprehensive search was performed through PubMed, Web of Knowledge and Cochrane databases up to July 2015. The methodological quality of identified studies was assessed using the MINORS criteria. Publication bias was estimated and potential sources of heterogeneity were investigated via meta-regression, subgroup and sensitivity analyses. RESULTS Nine studies including a total of 2461 antipsychotic-treated patients fulfilled inclusion criteria for meta-analysis of BDNF Val66Met. Using the random-effects model, the pooled results showed no significant association with antipsychotic response for the dominant (Met carriers vs Val/Val, OR: 0.93, 95% CI: 0.72-1.19, P=0.55), codominant (Met/Met vs Val/Val, OR: 0.82, 95% CI: 0.59-1.15, P=0.25), recessive (Met/Met vs Val carriers, OR: 0.81, 95% CI 0.60-1.10, P=0.18) or the allelic contrast (Met vs Val, OR: 0.92, 95% CI 0.76-1.10, P=0.34). Visual inspection of funnel plots and further evaluation with Egger's test did not suggest evidence of publication bias. Despite lack of significant heterogeneity in most comparisons, no evidence of association also emerged in the subgroup and sensitivity analyses conducted. CONCLUSION The present meta-analysis excludes a clinically relevant effect of BDNF Val66Met on antipsychotic drug response per se. Nevertheless, further investigation is still needed to clarify in well-designed, large sample-based studies, the impact of BDNF haplotypes containing the Val66Met polymorphism.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Cargnin
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco and Centro di Ricerca Interdipartimentale di Farmacogenetica e Farmacogenomica (CRIFF), Università del Piemonte Orientale "A. Avogadro", Largo Donegani 2, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - A Massarotti
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco and Centro di Ricerca Interdipartimentale di Farmacogenetica e Farmacogenomica (CRIFF), Università del Piemonte Orientale "A. Avogadro", Largo Donegani 2, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - S Terrazzino
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco and Centro di Ricerca Interdipartimentale di Farmacogenetica e Farmacogenomica (CRIFF), Università del Piemonte Orientale "A. Avogadro", Largo Donegani 2, 28100 Novara, Italy.
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Kirnichnaya KA, Sosin DN, Ivanov MV, Mikhaylov VA, Ivashchenko DV, Ershov EE, Taraskina AE, Nasyrova RF, Krupitsky EM. [Pharmacogenetic-based risk assessment of antipsychotic-induced extrapyramidal symptoms]. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova 2015; 115:113-125. [PMID: 26322366 DOI: 10.17116/jnevro201511541113-125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
"Typical" antipsychotics remain the wide-prescribed drugs in modern psychiatry. But these drugs are associated with development of extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS). Preventive methods of EPS are actively developed and they concentrate on personalized approach. The method of taking into account genetic characteristics of patient for prescribing of treatment was proven as effective in cardiology, oncology, HIV-medicine. In this review the modern state of pharmacogenetic research of antipsychotic-induced EPS are considered. There are pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic factors which impact on adverse effects. Pharmacokinetic factors are the most well-studied to date, these include genetic polymorphisms of genes of cytochrome P450. However, evidence base while does not allow to do the significant prognosis of development of EPS based on genetic testing of CYP2D6 and CYP7A2 polymorphisms. Genes of pharmacodynamics factors, which realize the EPS during antipsychotic treatment, are the wide field for research. In separate part of review research of such systems as dopaminergic, serotonergic, adrenergic, glutamatergic, GABAergic, BDNF were analyzed. The role of oxidative stress factors in the pathogenesis of antipsychotic-induced EPS was enough detailed considered. The system of those factors may be used for personalized risk assessment of antipsychotics' safety in the future. Although there were numerous studies, the pharmacogenetic-based prevention of EPS before prescribing of antipsychotics was not introduced. However, it is possible to distinguish the most perspectives markers for further research. Furthermore, brief review of new candidate genes provides here, but only preliminary results were published. The main problem of the field is the lack of high- quality studies. Moreover, the several results were not replicated in repeat studies. The pharmacogenetic-based research must be standardized by ethnicity of patients. But there is the ethnical misbalance in world literature. These facts explain why the introduction of pharmacogenetic testing for risk assessment of antipsychotic-induced EPS is so difficult to achieve.
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Affiliation(s)
- K A Kirnichnaya
- Bekhterev St. Petersburg Psychoneurological Research Institute, St. Petersburg
| | - D N Sosin
- Bekhterev St. Petersburg Psychoneurological Research Institute, St. Petersburg
| | - M V Ivanov
- Bekhterev St. Petersburg Psychoneurological Research Institute, St. Petersburg
| | - V A Mikhaylov
- Bekhterev St. Petersburg Psychoneurological Research Institute, St. Petersburg
| | - D V Ivashchenko
- Bekhterev St. Petersburg Psychoneurological Research Institute, St. Petersburg
| | - E E Ershov
- Kashchenko St. Petersburg City Psychiatric Hospital #1, St. Petersburg
| | - A E Taraskina
- Bekhterev St. Petersburg Psychoneurological Research Institute, St. Petersburg; Pavlov First St. Petersburg State Medical University, St. Petersburg
| | - R F Nasyrova
- Bekhterev St. Petersburg Psychoneurological Research Institute, St. Petersburg
| | - E M Krupitsky
- Bekhterev St. Petersburg Psychoneurological Research Institute, St. Petersburg; Pavlov First St. Petersburg State Medical University, St. Petersburg
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Kishi T, Fukuo Y, Moriwaki M, Iwata N, Hori H, Yoshimura R, Katsuki A, Ikenouchi-Sugita A, Atake K, Umene-Nakano W, Nakamura J, Kaneda Y, Fujita K. No significant association between brain-derived neurotrophic factor gene rs6265 and cognitive function in Japanese patients with schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res 2014; 215:803-5. [PMID: 24461776 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2013.12.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2013] [Revised: 12/26/2013] [Accepted: 12/31/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Taro Kishi
- Department of Psychiatry, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, Aichi 470-1192, Japan.
| | - Yasuhisa Fukuo
- Department of Psychiatry, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, Aichi 470-1192, Japan
| | - Masatsugu Moriwaki
- Department of Psychiatry, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, Aichi 470-1192, Japan
| | - Nakao Iwata
- Department of Psychiatry, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, Aichi 470-1192, Japan
| | - Hikaru Hori
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka 807-8555, Japan
| | - Reiji Yoshimura
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka 807-8555, Japan
| | - Asuka Katsuki
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka 807-8555, Japan
| | - Atsuko Ikenouchi-Sugita
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka 807-8555, Japan
| | - Kiyokazu Atake
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka 807-8555, Japan
| | - Wakako Umene-Nakano
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka 807-8555, Japan
| | - Jun Nakamura
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka 807-8555, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Kaneda
- Department of Psychiatry, Iwaki Clinic, Anan, Tokushima 774-0014, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Fujita
- Department of Psychiatry, The Okehazama Hospital, Toyoake, Aichi 470-1168, Japan; The Neuroscience Research Center, Toyoake, Aichi 470-1168, Japan
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Miura I, Zhang JP, Nitta M, Lencz T, Kane JM, Malhotra AK, Yabe H, Correll CU. BDNF Val66Met polymorphism and antipsychotic-induced tardive dyskinesia occurrence and severity: a meta-analysis. Schizophr Res 2014; 152:365-72. [PMID: 24411528 PMCID: PMC4010225 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2013.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2013] [Revised: 12/13/2013] [Accepted: 12/18/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tardive dyskinesia (TD) is a serious long-term consequence of antipsychotic treatment. Since brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) has potent neurotrophic activity, genetic alterations in the BDNF gene may affect antipsychotic-induced TD. METHODS Searching PubMed and Web of Science until 05/31/13, we conducted a systematic review and a meta-analysis of the effects of BDNF Val66Met polymorphism on antipsychotic-induced TD. Pooled odds ratio was calculated to assess the effects of BDNF Val66Met polymorphism on TD occurrence. Additionally, pooled standardized mean differences (Hedges' g) were calculated to assess the effects on Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale (AIMS) total score. RESULTS Out of 699 potentially eligible hits, 6 studies (N=1740, mean age=46.0±10.4years; males=73.1%; Asians=80.5%, Caucasians=19.5%; schizophrenia=96.2%) were included in this meta-analysis. Pooling data from all studies, no significant associations were found between BDNF Val66Met polymorphism and TD (p=0.82) or AIMS total scores (p=0.11). However, in studies including only Caucasians (n=339), Met allele carriers had significantly higher AIMS total scores (Hedges' g=0.253, 95% confidence interval=0.030 to 0.476, p=0.026) and non-significantly higher TD occurrence (p=0.127). Conversely, there was no association between BDNF and AIMS scores (p=0.57) or TD (p=0.65) in Asians. CONCLUSION Although there was no significant association between BDNF Val66Met polymorphism and TD or AIMS scores across all patients, our results suggest that BDNF Val66Met polymorphism affects severity and, possibly, TD development in Caucasians. Since the number of studies and patients was still small, additional data are needed to confirm genotype-racial interactions. Furthermore, BDNF enhancing treatments for TD may require further study, especially in Caucasians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Itaru Miura
- The Zucker Hillside Hospital, Psychiatry Research, North Shore — Long Island Jewish Health System, Glen Oaks, NY, USA,Department of Neuropsychiatry, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Jian-Ping Zhang
- The Zucker Hillside Hospital, Psychiatry Research, North Shore — Long Island Jewish Health System, Glen Oaks, NY, USA,Hofstra North Shore LIJ School of Medicine, Hempstead, NY, USA,The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, USA
| | - Masahiro Nitta
- The Zucker Hillside Hospital, Psychiatry Research, North Shore — Long Island Jewish Health System, Glen Oaks, NY, USA,Dainippon Sumitomo Pharma Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
| | - Todd Lencz
- The Zucker Hillside Hospital, Psychiatry Research, North Shore — Long Island Jewish Health System, Glen Oaks, NY, USA,Hofstra North Shore LIJ School of Medicine, Hempstead, NY, USA,The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, USA,Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - John M. Kane
- The Zucker Hillside Hospital, Psychiatry Research, North Shore — Long Island Jewish Health System, Glen Oaks, NY, USA,Hofstra North Shore LIJ School of Medicine, Hempstead, NY, USA,The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, USA,Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Anil K. Malhotra
- The Zucker Hillside Hospital, Psychiatry Research, North Shore — Long Island Jewish Health System, Glen Oaks, NY, USA,Hofstra North Shore LIJ School of Medicine, Hempstead, NY, USA,The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, USA,Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Hirooki Yabe
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Christoph U. Correll
- The Zucker Hillside Hospital, Psychiatry Research, North Shore — Long Island Jewish Health System, Glen Oaks, NY, USA,Hofstra North Shore LIJ School of Medicine, Hempstead, NY, USA,The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, USA,Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA,Corresponding author at: Division of Psychiatry Research, The Zucker Hillside Hospital, 75-59 263rd Street, Glen Oaks, NY 11004, USA. Tel.: +1 718 470 4812; fax: +1 718 343 1659
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Vascular endothelial growth factor and brain-derived neurotrophic factor in quetiapine treated first-episode psychosis. SCHIZOPHRENIA RESEARCH AND TREATMENT 2014; 2014:719395. [PMID: 24672724 PMCID: PMC3941155 DOI: 10.1155/2014/719395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2013] [Revised: 10/07/2013] [Accepted: 10/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Objective. It has been suggested that atypical antipsychotics confer their effects via brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). We investigated the effect of quetiapine on serum levels of BDNF and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in drug-naive first-episode psychosis subjects. Methods. Fifteen patients drawn from a larger study received quetiapine treatment for twelve weeks. Baseline levels of serum BDNF and VEGF were compared to age- and sex-matched healthy controls and to levels following treatment. Linear regression analyses were performed to determine the relationship of BDNF and VEGF levels with outcome measures at baseline and week 12. Results. The mean serum BDNF level was significantly higher at week 12 compared to baseline and correlated with reductions in Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS) and general psychopathology scores. Changes in serum VEGF levels also correlated significantly with a reduction in BPRS scores, a significant improvement in PANNS positive symptoms scores, and displayed a positive relationship with changes in BDNF levels. Conclusions. Our findings suggest that BDNF and VEGF are potential biomarkers for gauging improvement of psychotic symptoms. This suggests a novel neurotrophic-based mechanism of the drug effects of quetiapine on psychosis. This is the first report of VEGF perturbation in psychosis.
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Lin Z, Su Y, Zhang C, Xing M, Ding W, Liao L, Guan Y, Li Z, Cui D. The interaction of BDNF and NTRK2 gene increases the susceptibility of paranoid schizophrenia. PLoS One 2013; 8:e74264. [PMID: 24069289 PMCID: PMC3775790 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0074264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2013] [Accepted: 07/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The association between BDNF gene functional Val66Met polymorphism rs6265 and the schizophrenia is far from being consistent. In addition to the heterogeneous in schizophrenia per se leading to the inconsistent results, the interaction among multi-genes is probably playing the main role in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia, but not a single gene. Neurotrophic tyrosine kinase receptor 2 (NTRK2) is the high-affinity receptor of BDNF, and was reported to be associated with mood disorders, though no literature reported the association with schizophrenia. Thus, in the present study, total 402 patients with paranoid schizophrenia (the most common subtype of schizophrenia) and matched 406 healthy controls were recruited to investigate the role of rs6265 in BDNF, three polymorphisms in NTRK2 gene (rs1387923, rs2769605 and rs1565445) and their interaction in the susceptibility to paranoid schizophrenia in a Chinese Han population. We did not observe significant differences in allele and genotype frequencies between patients and healthy controls for all four polymorphisms separately. The haplotype analysis also showed no association between haplotype of NTRK2 genes (rs1387923, rs2769605, and rs1565445) and paranoid schizophrenia. However, we found the association between the interaction of BDNF and NTRK2 with paranoid schizophrenia by using the MDR method followed by conventional statistical analysis. The best gene-gene interaction model was a three-locus model (BDNF rs6265, NTRK2 rs1387923 and NTRK2 rs2769605), in which one low-risk and three high-risk four-locus genotype combinations were identified. Our findings implied that single polymorphism of rs6265 rs1387923, rs2769605, and rs1565445 in BDNF and NTRK2 were not associated with the development of paranoid schizophrenia in a Han population, however, the interaction of BDNF and NTRK2 genes polymorphisms (BDNF-rs6265, NTRK2-rs1387923 and NTRK2-rs2769605) may be involved in the susceptibility to paranoid schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Lin
- Department of Psychiatry, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yousong Su
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chengfang Zhang
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Mengjuan Xing
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenhua Ding
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Liwei Liao
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yangtai Guan
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, Secondary Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zezhi Li
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, Secondary Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail: (ZL); (DC)
| | - Donghong Cui
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Bio-X Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail: (ZL); (DC)
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Li W, Zhou N, Yu Q, Li X, Yu Y, Sun S, Kou C, Chen DC, Xiu MH, Kosten TR, Zhang XY. Association of BDNF gene polymorphisms with schizophrenia and clinical symptoms in a Chinese population. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2013; 162B:538-45. [PMID: 23832605 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.32183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2012] [Accepted: 06/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The neurodevelopmental hypothesis is well established in schizophrenia. Accumulating evidence has shown that BDNF may be involved in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. This study aimed to investigate the potential association of BDNF gene polymorphisms with susceptibility to schizophrenia and with the psychopathological symptoms in patients with schizophrenia in a Han Chinese population. Three polymorphisms (rs6265, rs12273539, and rs10835210) of the BDNF gene were analyzed in a case-control study of 709 Han Chinese individuals (375 patients and 334 controls). The patients' psychopathology was assessed using the positive and negative syndrome scale (PANSS). We found no significant differences in the genotype and allele distributions of all three polymorphisms between the patient and control groups; however, we found a trend toward to significant overall difference in the estimated haplotype frequencies, with more frequent haplotype ATC of rs6265-rs12273539-rs10835210 in the schizophrenic patients than in controls (P = 0.027). The quantitative trait analysis by the UNPHASED program showed significant associations between the rs6265 (A)-rs12273539 (C)-rs10835210 (A) haplotype and negative symptom scores from the PANSS (x(2) = 5.79, P = 0.016). Our findings suggest that the BDNF gene polymorphisms may play a small effect on susceptibility to schizophrenia, but may contribute to the negative symptoms of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjun Li
- School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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Yi Z, Zhang C, Wu Z, Hong W, Li Z, Fang Y, Yu S. Lack of effect of brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) Val66Met polymorphism on early onset schizophrenia in Chinese Han population. Brain Res 2011; 1417:146-50. [PMID: 21917241 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2011.08.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2011] [Revised: 08/13/2011] [Accepted: 08/16/2011] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a chronic psychiatric disorder with high heritability. Schizophrenic patients with early-age onset tend to have a greater genetic component and may be an attractive subpopulation for genetic studies. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is considered a candidate gene for schizophrenia. A single nucleotide polymorphism (BDNF Val66Met) was reported to be associated with schizophrenia, although discrepancy remains. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between BDNF Val66Met polymorphism and schizophrenia using an early onset sample in the Chinese Han population. Our sample consisted of 353 schizophrenic patients with onset before age 18 and 394 healthy controls. All subjects were of an ethnically homogenous Han Chinese origin. No significant differences of genotype or allele distribution were identified between the patients and controls. However, the Met allele was significantly associated with an earlier age of onset in male schizophrenic patients (Kaplan-Meier log-rank test P=0.005), but not in females (P=0.289). The BDNF Val66Met polymorphism has an important effect on the age of onset of schizophrenia in a gender-specific manner. This may represent a significant genetic clue for the etiology of schizophrenia and thus, further studies are required to uncover the exact role of BDNF in the development of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenghui Yi
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 600 Wan Ping Nan Road, Shanghai 200030, PR China
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Abstract
Tardive dyskinesia (TD) is one of the most serious adverse side effects of antipsychotic drugs and is an important topic of pharmacogenetic studies. Since there is a genetic susceptibility for developing this adverse reaction, and given that it is hard to predict its development prior to or during the early period of medication, the genetic study of TD is a promising research topic that has a direct clinical application. Moreover, such studies would improve our understanding of the genetic mechanism(s) underlying abnormal dyskinetic movement. A substantial number of case-control association studies of TD have been performed, with numbers of studies focusing on the genes involved in antipsychotic drug metabolism, such as those for cytochrome P450 (CYP) and oxidative stress related genes as well as various neurotransmitter related genes. These studies have produced relatively consistent though controversial findings for certain polymorphisms such as CYP2D6*10, DRD2 Taq1A, DRD3 Ser9Gly, HTR2A T102C, and MnSOD Ala9Val. Moreover, the application of the genome-wide association study (GWAS) to the susceptibility of TD has revealed certain associated genes that previously were never considered to be associated with TD, such as the rs7669317 on 4q24, GLI2 gene, GABA pathway genes, and HSPG2 gene. Although a substantial number of genetic studies have investigated TD, many of the positive findings have not been replicated or are inconsistent, which could be due to differences in study design, sample size, and/or subject ethnicity. We expect that more refined research will be performed in the future to resolve these issues, which will then enable the genetic prediction of TD and clinical application thereof.
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