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Engemann K, Pedersen CB, Agerbo E, Arge L, Børglum AD, Erikstrup C, Hertel O, Hougaard DM, McGrath JJ, Mors O, Mortensen PB, Nordentoft M, Sabel CE, Sigsgaard T, Tsirogiannis C, Vilhjálmsson BJ, Werge T, Svenning JC, Horsdal HT. Association Between Childhood Green Space, Genetic Liability, and the Incidence of Schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull 2020; 46:1629-1637. [PMID: 32415773 PMCID: PMC8496913 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbaa058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Childhood exposure to green space has previously been associated with lower risk of developing schizophrenia later in life. It is unclear whether this association is mediated by genetic liability or whether the 2 risk factors work additively. Here, we investigate possible gene-environment associations with the hazard ratio (HR) of schizophrenia by combining (1) an estimate of childhood exposure to residential-level green space based on the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) from Landsat satellite images, with (2) genetic liability estimates based on polygenic risk scores for 19 746 genotyped individuals from the Danish iPSYCH sample. We used information from the Danish registers of health, residential address, and socioeconomic status to adjust HR estimates for established confounders, ie, parents' socioeconomic status, and family history of mental illness. The adjusted HRs show that growing up surrounded by the highest compared to the lowest decile of NDVI was associated with a 0.52-fold (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.40 to 0.66) lower schizophrenia risk, and children with the highest polygenic risk score had a 1.24-fold (95% CI: 1.18 to 1.30) higher schizophrenia risk. We found that NDVI explained 1.45% (95% CI: 1.07 to 1.90) of the variance on the liability scale, while polygenic risk score for schizophrenia explained 1.01% (95% CI: 0.77 to 1.46). Together they explained 2.40% (95% CI: 1.99 to 3.07) with no indication of a gene-environment interaction (P = .29). Our results suggest that risk of schizophrenia is associated additively with green space exposure and genetic liability, and provide no support for an environment-gene interaction between NDVI and schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristine Engemann
- Section for Ecoinformatics and Biodiversity, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark,Center for Biodiversity Dynamics in a Changing World (BIOCHANGE), Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark,Centre for Integrated Register-Based Research, CIRRAU, Aarhus University, 8210 Aarhus V, Denmark,Big Data Centre for Environment and Health, Aarhus University, 8210 Aarhus V, Denmark,To whom correspondence should be addressed; Section for Ecoinformatics and Biodiversity, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 114, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark; tel: +45-87154316; fax: +45-87154323; e-mail:
| | - Carsten Bøcker Pedersen
- Centre for Integrated Register-Based Research, CIRRAU, Aarhus University, 8210 Aarhus V, Denmark,Big Data Centre for Environment and Health, Aarhus University, 8210 Aarhus V, Denmark,National Centre for Register-Based Research, Aarhus BSS, Department of Economics and Business Economics, Aarhus University, 8210 Aarhus V, Denmark,The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Aarhus University, 8210 Aarhus V, Denmark
| | - Esben Agerbo
- Centre for Integrated Register-Based Research, CIRRAU, Aarhus University, 8210 Aarhus V, Denmark,National Centre for Register-Based Research, Aarhus BSS, Department of Economics and Business Economics, Aarhus University, 8210 Aarhus V, Denmark,The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Aarhus University, 8210 Aarhus V, Denmark
| | - Lars Arge
- Center for Massive Data Algorithmics, MADALGO, and Department of Computer Science, Aarhus University, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Anders Dupont Børglum
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Aarhus University, 8210 Aarhus V, Denmark,Department of Biomedicine and Center for Integrative Sequencing, iSEQ, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark,Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine, Aarhus University and Aarhus University Hospital, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Christian Erikstrup
- Big Data Centre for Environment and Health, Aarhus University, 8210 Aarhus V, Denmark,Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Ole Hertel
- Big Data Centre for Environment and Health, Aarhus University, 8210 Aarhus V, Denmark,Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - David Michael Hougaard
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Aarhus University, 8210 Aarhus V, Denmark,Department for Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institut, 2300 Copenhagen S, Denmark
| | - John J McGrath
- National Centre for Register-Based Research, Aarhus BSS, Department of Economics and Business Economics, Aarhus University, 8210 Aarhus V, Denmark,Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia,Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research, The Park Centre for Mental Health, Wacol, QLD, Australia
| | - Ole Mors
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Aarhus University, 8210 Aarhus V, Denmark,Psychosis Research Unit, Aarhus University Hospital Psychiatry, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Preben Bo Mortensen
- Centre for Integrated Register-Based Research, CIRRAU, Aarhus University, 8210 Aarhus V, Denmark,National Centre for Register-Based Research, Aarhus BSS, Department of Economics and Business Economics, Aarhus University, 8210 Aarhus V, Denmark,The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Aarhus University, 8210 Aarhus V, Denmark
| | - Merete Nordentoft
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Aarhus University, 8210 Aarhus V, Denmark,Mental Health Centre Copenhagen, Capital Region of Denmark, Copenhagen University Hospital, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Clive Eric Sabel
- Big Data Centre for Environment and Health, Aarhus University, 8210 Aarhus V, Denmark,Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Torben Sigsgaard
- Big Data Centre for Environment and Health, Aarhus University, 8210 Aarhus V, Denmark,Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Constantinos Tsirogiannis
- Center for Massive Data Algorithmics, MADALGO, and Department of Computer Science, Aarhus University, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Bjarni Jóhann Vilhjálmsson
- National Centre for Register-Based Research, Aarhus BSS, Department of Economics and Business Economics, Aarhus University, 8210 Aarhus V, Denmark,The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Aarhus University, 8210 Aarhus V, Denmark
| | - Thomas Werge
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Aarhus University, 8210 Aarhus V, Denmark,Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark,Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Copenhagen Mental Health Services, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Jens-Christian Svenning
- Section for Ecoinformatics and Biodiversity, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark,Center for Biodiversity Dynamics in a Changing World (BIOCHANGE), Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Henriette Thisted Horsdal
- Big Data Centre for Environment and Health, Aarhus University, 8210 Aarhus V, Denmark,National Centre for Register-Based Research, Aarhus BSS, Department of Economics and Business Economics, Aarhus University, 8210 Aarhus V, Denmark
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Erlangsen A, Appadurai V, Wang Y, Turecki G, Mors O, Werge T, Mortensen PB, Starnawska A, Børglum AD, Schork A, Nudel R, Bækvad-Hansen M, Bybjerg-Grauholm J, Hougaard DM, Thompson WK, Nordentoft M, Agerbo E. Genetics of suicide attempts in individuals with and without mental disorders: a population-based genome-wide association study. Mol Psychiatry 2020; 25:2410-2421. [PMID: 30116032 PMCID: PMC7515833 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-018-0218-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Revised: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Family studies have shown an aggregation of suicidal behavior in families. Yet, molecular studies are needed to identify loci accounting for genetic heritability. We conducted a genome-wide association study and estimated single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) heritability for a suicide attempt. In a case-cohort study, national data on all individuals born in Denmark after 1981 and diagnosed with severe mental disorders prior to 2013 (n = 57,377) and individuals from the general population (n = 30,000) were obtained. After quality control, the sample consisted of 6024 cases with an incidence of suicide attempt and 44,240 controls with no record of a suicide attempt. Suggestive associations between SNPs, rs6880062 (p-value: 5.4 × 10-8) and rs6880461 (p-value: 9.5 × 10-8), and suicide attempt were identified when adjusting for socio-demographics. Adjusting for mental disorders, three significant associations, all on chromosome 20, were identified: rs4809706 (p-value: 2.8 × 10-8), rs4810824 (p-value: 3.5 × 10-8), and rs6019297 (p-value: 4.7 × 108). Sub-group analysis of cases with affective disorders revealed SNPs associated with suicide attempts when compared to the general population for gene PDE4B. All SNPs explained 4.6% [CI-95: 2.9-6.3%] of the variation in suicide attempt. Controlling for mental disorders reduced the heritability to 1.9% [CI-95: 0.3-3.5%]. Affective and autism spectrum disorders exhibited a SNP heritability of 5.6% [CI-95: 1.9-9.3%] and 9.6% [CI-95: 1.1-18.1%], respectively. Using the largest sample to date, we identified significant SNP associations with suicide attempts and support for a genetic transmission of suicide attempt, which might not solely be explained by mental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette Erlangsen
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Aarhus, Denmark. .,Danish Research Institute for Suicide Prevention, Mental Health Centre Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark. .,Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA. .,Center of Mental Health Research, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia.
| | - Vivek Appadurai
- grid.452548.a0000 0000 9817 5300The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Aarhus, Denmark ,grid.466916.a0000 0004 0631 4836Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Center St. Hans, Mental Health Services Copenhagen, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Yunpeng Wang
- grid.452548.a0000 0000 9817 5300The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Aarhus, Denmark ,grid.5510.10000 0004 1936 8921Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway ,grid.5510.10000 0004 1936 8921Division of Mental Health and Addiction, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Gustavo Turecki
- grid.14709.3b0000 0004 1936 8649McGill Group for Suicide Studies, Douglas Hospital Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Ole Mors
- grid.452548.a0000 0000 9817 5300The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Aarhus, Denmark ,grid.154185.c0000 0004 0512 597XPsychosis Research Unit, Aarhus University Hospital, Risskov, Denmark
| | - Thomas Werge
- grid.452548.a0000 0000 9817 5300The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Aarhus, Denmark ,grid.466916.a0000 0004 0631 4836Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Center St. Hans, Mental Health Services Copenhagen, Roskilde, Denmark ,grid.5254.60000 0001 0674 042XInstitute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Preben B. Mortensen
- grid.452548.a0000 0000 9817 5300The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Aarhus, Denmark ,grid.7048.b0000 0001 1956 2722National Centre for Register-based Research (NCRR) and Centre for Integrated Register-based Research (CIRRAU), Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Anna Starnawska
- grid.452548.a0000 0000 9817 5300The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Aarhus, Denmark ,grid.7048.b0000 0001 1956 2722Department of Biomedicine and Centre for Integrative Sequencing, iSEQ, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Anders D. Børglum
- grid.452548.a0000 0000 9817 5300The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Aarhus, Denmark ,grid.7048.b0000 0001 1956 2722Department of Biomedicine and Centre for Integrative Sequencing, iSEQ, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark ,grid.154185.c0000 0004 0512 597XCentre for Psychiatric Research, Aarhus University Hospital, Risskov, Denmark
| | - Andrew Schork
- grid.452548.a0000 0000 9817 5300The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Aarhus, Denmark ,grid.466916.a0000 0004 0631 4836Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Center St. Hans, Mental Health Services Copenhagen, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Ron Nudel
- grid.452548.a0000 0000 9817 5300The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Aarhus, Denmark ,grid.466916.a0000 0004 0631 4836Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Center St. Hans, Mental Health Services Copenhagen, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Marie Bækvad-Hansen
- grid.452548.a0000 0000 9817 5300The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Aarhus, Denmark ,grid.6203.70000 0004 0417 4147Department for Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jonas Bybjerg-Grauholm
- grid.452548.a0000 0000 9817 5300The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Aarhus, Denmark ,grid.6203.70000 0004 0417 4147Department for Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - David M. Hougaard
- grid.452548.a0000 0000 9817 5300The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Aarhus, Denmark ,grid.6203.70000 0004 0417 4147Department for Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Wesley K. Thompson
- grid.452548.a0000 0000 9817 5300The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Aarhus, Denmark ,grid.5510.10000 0004 1936 8921Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway ,grid.5510.10000 0004 1936 8921Division of Mental Health and Addiction, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway ,grid.154185.c0000 0004 0512 597XPsychosis Research Unit, Aarhus University Hospital, Risskov, Denmark ,grid.266100.30000 0001 2107 4242Division of Biostatistics, Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California, San Diego, CA USA
| | - Merete Nordentoft
- grid.452548.a0000 0000 9817 5300The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Aarhus, Denmark ,grid.466916.a0000 0004 0631 4836Danish Research Institute for Suicide Prevention, Mental Health Centre Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark ,grid.5254.60000 0001 0674 042XInstitute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark ,grid.5254.60000 0001 0674 042XResearch Unit, Mental Health Centre Copenhagen, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Esben Agerbo
- grid.452548.a0000 0000 9817 5300The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Aarhus, Denmark ,grid.7048.b0000 0001 1956 2722National Centre for Register-based Research (NCRR) and Centre for Integrated Register-based Research (CIRRAU), Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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3
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Horsdal HT, Agerbo E, McGrath JJ, Vilhjálmsson BJ, Antonsen S, Closter AM, Timmermann A, Grove J, Mok PLH, Webb RT, Sabel CE, Hertel O, Sigsgaard T, Erikstrup C, Hougaard DM, Werge T, Nordentoft M, Børglum AD, Mors O, Mortensen PB, Brandt J, Geels C, Pedersen CB. Association of Childhood Exposure to Nitrogen Dioxide and Polygenic Risk Score for Schizophrenia With the Risk of Developing Schizophrenia. JAMA Netw Open 2019; 2:e1914401. [PMID: 31675084 PMCID: PMC6827271 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2019.14401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Schizophrenia is a highly heritable psychiatric disorder, and recent studies have suggested that exposure to nitrogen dioxide (NO2) during childhood is associated with an elevated risk of subsequently developing schizophrenia. However, it is not known whether the increased risk associated with NO2 exposure is owing to a greater genetic liability among those exposed to highest NO2 levels. OBJECTIVE To examine the associations between childhood NO2 exposure and genetic liability for schizophrenia (as measured by a polygenic risk score), and risk of developing schizophrenia. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS Population-based cohort study including individuals with schizophrenia (International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, Tenth Revision code F20) and a randomly selected subcohort. Using national registry data, all individuals born in Denmark between May 1, 1981, and December 31, 2002, were followed up from their 10th birthday until the first occurrence of schizophrenia, emigration, death, or December 31, 2012, whichever came first. Statistical analyses were conducted between October 24, 2018, and June 17, 2019. EXPOSURES Individual exposure to NO2 during childhood estimated as mean daily exposure to NO2 at residential addresses from birth to the 10th birthday. Polygenic risk scores were calculated as the weighted sum of risk alleles at selected single-nucleotide polymorphisms based on genetic material obtained from dried blood spot samples from the Danish Newborn Screening Biobank and on the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium genome-wide association study summary statistics file. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES The main outcome was schizophrenia. Weighted Cox proportional hazards regression models were fitted to estimate adjusted hazard ratios (AHRs) for schizophrenia with 95% CIs according to the exposures. RESULTS Of a total of 23 355 individuals, 11 976 (51.3%) were male and all had Danish-born parents. During the period of the study, 3531 were diagnosed with schizophrenia. Higher polygenic risk scores were correlated with higher childhood NO2 exposure (ρ = 0.0782; 95% CI, 0.065-0.091; P < .001). A 10-μg/m3 increase in childhood daily NO2 exposure (AHR, 1.23; 95% CI, 1.15-1.32) and a 1-SD increase in polygenic risk score (AHR, 1.29; 95% CI, 1.23-1.35) were independently associated with increased schizophrenia risk. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE These findings suggest that the apparent association between NO2 exposure and schizophrenia is only slightly confounded by a higher polygenic risk score for schizophrenia among individuals living in areas with greater NO2. The findings demonstrate the utility of including polygenic risk scores in epidemiologic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henriette Thisted Horsdal
- Department of Economics and Business Economics, National Centre for Register-Based Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Aarhus, Denmark
- Big Data Centre for Environment and Health (BERTHA), Aarhus University, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Esben Agerbo
- Department of Economics and Business Economics, National Centre for Register-Based Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Aarhus, Denmark
- Centre for Integrated Register-based Research, CIRRAU, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - John Joseph McGrath
- Department of Economics and Business Economics, National Centre for Register-Based Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
- Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research, The Park Centre for Mental Health, Wacol, Queensland, Australia
| | - Bjarni Jóhann Vilhjálmsson
- Department of Economics and Business Economics, National Centre for Register-Based Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Sussie Antonsen
- Department of Economics and Business Economics, National Centre for Register-Based Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Centre for Integrated Register-based Research, CIRRAU, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Ane Marie Closter
- Department of Economics and Business Economics, National Centre for Register-Based Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Big Data Centre for Environment and Health (BERTHA), Aarhus University, Roskilde, Denmark
- Centre for Integrated Register-based Research, CIRRAU, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Allan Timmermann
- Department of Economics and Business Economics, National Centre for Register-Based Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Big Data Centre for Environment and Health (BERTHA), Aarhus University, Roskilde, Denmark
- Centre for Integrated Register-based Research, CIRRAU, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jakob Grove
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Biomedicine and Center for Integrative Sequencing, iSEQ, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine, Aarhus University and Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Pearl L. H. Mok
- Centre for Mental Health and Safety, Division of Psychology and Mental Health, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Roger T. Webb
- Centre for Mental Health and Safety, Division of Psychology and Mental Health, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Clive Eric Sabel
- Big Data Centre for Environment and Health (BERTHA), Aarhus University, Roskilde, Denmark
- Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Ole Hertel
- Big Data Centre for Environment and Health (BERTHA), Aarhus University, Roskilde, Denmark
- Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Torben Sigsgaard
- Big Data Centre for Environment and Health (BERTHA), Aarhus University, Roskilde, Denmark
- Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Christian Erikstrup
- Big Data Centre for Environment and Health (BERTHA), Aarhus University, Roskilde, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - David Michael Hougaard
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department for Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thomas Werge
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Copenhagen Mental Health Services, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Merete Nordentoft
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Aarhus, Denmark
- Mental Health Centre Copenhagen, Capital Region of Denmark, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anders Dupont Børglum
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Biomedicine and Center for Integrative Sequencing, iSEQ, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine, Aarhus University and Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Ole Mors
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Aarhus, Denmark
- Psychosis Research Unit, Aarhus University Hospital Psychiatry, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Preben Bo Mortensen
- Department of Economics and Business Economics, National Centre for Register-Based Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Aarhus, Denmark
- Centre for Integrated Register-based Research, CIRRAU, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jørgen Brandt
- Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Camilla Geels
- Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Carsten Bøcker Pedersen
- Department of Economics and Business Economics, National Centre for Register-Based Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Aarhus, Denmark
- Big Data Centre for Environment and Health (BERTHA), Aarhus University, Roskilde, Denmark
- Centre for Integrated Register-based Research, CIRRAU, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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4
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Horsdal HT, Agerbo E, McGrath JJ, Vilhjálmsson BJ, Antonsen S, Closter AM, Timmermann A, Grove J, Mok PLH, Webb RT, Sabel CE, Hertel O, Sigsgaard T, Erikstrup C, Hougaard DM, Werge T, Nordentoft M, Børglum AD, Mors O, Mortensen PB, Brandt J, Geels C, Pedersen CB. Association of Childhood Exposure to Nitrogen Dioxide and Polygenic Risk Score for Schizophrenia With the Risk of Developing Schizophrenia. JAMA Netw Open 2019; 2:e1914401. [PMID: 31675084 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.201914401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Schizophrenia is a highly heritable psychiatric disorder, and recent studies have suggested that exposure to nitrogen dioxide (NO2) during childhood is associated with an elevated risk of subsequently developing schizophrenia. However, it is not known whether the increased risk associated with NO2 exposure is owing to a greater genetic liability among those exposed to highest NO2 levels. OBJECTIVE To examine the associations between childhood NO2 exposure and genetic liability for schizophrenia (as measured by a polygenic risk score), and risk of developing schizophrenia. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS Population-based cohort study including individuals with schizophrenia (International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, Tenth Revision code F20) and a randomly selected subcohort. Using national registry data, all individuals born in Denmark between May 1, 1981, and December 31, 2002, were followed up from their 10th birthday until the first occurrence of schizophrenia, emigration, death, or December 31, 2012, whichever came first. Statistical analyses were conducted between October 24, 2018, and June 17, 2019. EXPOSURES Individual exposure to NO2 during childhood estimated as mean daily exposure to NO2 at residential addresses from birth to the 10th birthday. Polygenic risk scores were calculated as the weighted sum of risk alleles at selected single-nucleotide polymorphisms based on genetic material obtained from dried blood spot samples from the Danish Newborn Screening Biobank and on the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium genome-wide association study summary statistics file. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES The main outcome was schizophrenia. Weighted Cox proportional hazards regression models were fitted to estimate adjusted hazard ratios (AHRs) for schizophrenia with 95% CIs according to the exposures. RESULTS Of a total of 23 355 individuals, 11 976 (51.3%) were male and all had Danish-born parents. During the period of the study, 3531 were diagnosed with schizophrenia. Higher polygenic risk scores were correlated with higher childhood NO2 exposure (ρ = 0.0782; 95% CI, 0.065-0.091; P < .001). A 10-μg/m3 increase in childhood daily NO2 exposure (AHR, 1.23; 95% CI, 1.15-1.32) and a 1-SD increase in polygenic risk score (AHR, 1.29; 95% CI, 1.23-1.35) were independently associated with increased schizophrenia risk. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE These findings suggest that the apparent association between NO2 exposure and schizophrenia is only slightly confounded by a higher polygenic risk score for schizophrenia among individuals living in areas with greater NO2. The findings demonstrate the utility of including polygenic risk scores in epidemiologic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henriette Thisted Horsdal
- Department of Economics and Business Economics, National Centre for Register-Based Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Aarhus, Denmark
- Big Data Centre for Environment and Health (BERTHA), Aarhus University, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Esben Agerbo
- Department of Economics and Business Economics, National Centre for Register-Based Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Aarhus, Denmark
- Centre for Integrated Register-based Research, CIRRAU, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - John Joseph McGrath
- Department of Economics and Business Economics, National Centre for Register-Based Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
- Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research, The Park Centre for Mental Health, Wacol, Queensland, Australia
| | - Bjarni Jóhann Vilhjálmsson
- Department of Economics and Business Economics, National Centre for Register-Based Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Sussie Antonsen
- Department of Economics and Business Economics, National Centre for Register-Based Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Centre for Integrated Register-based Research, CIRRAU, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Ane Marie Closter
- Department of Economics and Business Economics, National Centre for Register-Based Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Big Data Centre for Environment and Health (BERTHA), Aarhus University, Roskilde, Denmark
- Centre for Integrated Register-based Research, CIRRAU, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Allan Timmermann
- Department of Economics and Business Economics, National Centre for Register-Based Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Big Data Centre for Environment and Health (BERTHA), Aarhus University, Roskilde, Denmark
- Centre for Integrated Register-based Research, CIRRAU, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jakob Grove
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Biomedicine and Center for Integrative Sequencing, iSEQ, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine, Aarhus University and Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Pearl L H Mok
- Centre for Mental Health and Safety, Division of Psychology and Mental Health, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Roger T Webb
- Centre for Mental Health and Safety, Division of Psychology and Mental Health, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Clive Eric Sabel
- Big Data Centre for Environment and Health (BERTHA), Aarhus University, Roskilde, Denmark
- Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Ole Hertel
- Big Data Centre for Environment and Health (BERTHA), Aarhus University, Roskilde, Denmark
- Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Torben Sigsgaard
- Big Data Centre for Environment and Health (BERTHA), Aarhus University, Roskilde, Denmark
- Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Christian Erikstrup
- Big Data Centre for Environment and Health (BERTHA), Aarhus University, Roskilde, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - David Michael Hougaard
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department for Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thomas Werge
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Copenhagen Mental Health Services, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Merete Nordentoft
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Aarhus, Denmark
- Mental Health Centre Copenhagen, Capital Region of Denmark, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anders Dupont Børglum
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Biomedicine and Center for Integrative Sequencing, iSEQ, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine, Aarhus University and Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Ole Mors
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Aarhus, Denmark
- Psychosis Research Unit, Aarhus University Hospital Psychiatry, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Preben Bo Mortensen
- Department of Economics and Business Economics, National Centre for Register-Based Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Aarhus, Denmark
- Centre for Integrated Register-based Research, CIRRAU, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jørgen Brandt
- Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Camilla Geels
- Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Carsten Bøcker Pedersen
- Department of Economics and Business Economics, National Centre for Register-Based Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Aarhus, Denmark
- Big Data Centre for Environment and Health (BERTHA), Aarhus University, Roskilde, Denmark
- Centre for Integrated Register-based Research, CIRRAU, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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5
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Gasse C, Wimberley T, Wang Y, Mors O, Børglum A, Als TD, Werge T, Nordentoft M, Hougaard DM, Horsdal HT. Schizophrenia polygenic risk scores, urbanicity and treatment-resistant schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2019; 212:79-85. [PMID: 31447354 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2019.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Revised: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION To investigate the impact of a polygenic risk score for schizophrenia (PRS-SZ) and urbanicity on the risk of treatment-resistant schizophrenia (TRS) in people diagnosed with schizophrenia and to evaluate the association between PRS-SZ and TRS across levels of urbanicity. METHODS Cohort study of people born after 1981 with a first registered diagnosis of schizophrenia between 1996 and 2012 using Danish population registry data. Through linkage to genome-wide data, we calculated PRS-SZ based on a Psychiatric Genomics Consortium meta-analysis. We assessed urbanicity at birth (capital, provincial and rural areas). TRS was defined using prescription and hospital data. Performing Cox regression analysis, we calculated hazard rate ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). RESULTS Among 4475 people with schizophrenia, we identified 593 (13.3%) with TRS during 17,558 person years of follow-up. The adjusted HR for TRS associated with one standard deviation (SD) increase in the PRS-SZ was 1.11 (95% CI: 1.00-1.24). The adjusted HRs for TRS across levels of urbanicity were 1.20 (95% CI: 0.98-1.47) for provincial areas and 1.19 (95% CI 0.96-1.47) for rural areas compared with the capital area. Within strata of urbanicity, the adjusted HR for TRS was 1.39 (95% CI: 1.14-1.70) in the capital area with 1 SD increase in the PRS-SZ, 0.99 (95% CI 0.84-1.17) in provincial areas, and 1.03 (95% CI: 0.86-1.25) in rural areas. CONCLUSION The effect of genetic liability (i.e. PRS) on risk of TRS varied across urbanicity levels and was highest for people with schizophrenia born in the capital areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiane Gasse
- NCRR - National Centre for Register-based Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; iPSYCH - The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Denmark; CIRRAU - Centre for Integrated Register-Based Research at Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; Department for Depression and Anxiety, Aarhus University Hospital - Psychiatry, Aarhus, Denmark.
| | - Theresa Wimberley
- NCRR - National Centre for Register-based Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Yungpeng Wang
- iPSYCH - The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Denmark; NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America; Multimodal Imaging Laboratory, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Ole Mors
- iPSYCH - The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Denmark; Psychosis Research Unit, Aarhus University Hospital - Psychiatry, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Anders Børglum
- iPSYCH - The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Denmark; Department of Biomedicine and Centre for Integrative Sequencing, iSEQ, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine, Central Region Denmark and Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Thomas Damm Als
- iPSYCH - The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Denmark; Department of Biomedicine and Centre for Integrative Sequencing, iSEQ, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine, Central Region Denmark and Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Thomas Werge
- iPSYCH - The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Denmark; Institute of Biological Psychiatry, MHC Sct. Hans, Mental Health Services Copenhagen, Roskilde, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Merete Nordentoft
- iPSYCH - The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Denmark; Copenhagen University Hospital, Mental Health Center Copenhagen, Mental Health Services in the Capital Region of Denmark, Denmark
| | - David M Hougaard
- iPSYCH - The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Denmark; Danish Center for Neonatal Screening, Department for Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institute, Denmark
| | - Henriette Thisted Horsdal
- NCRR - National Centre for Register-based Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; iPSYCH - The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Denmark
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6
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Bybjerg-Grauholm J, Hagen CM, Gonçalves VF, Bækvad-Hansen M, Hansen CS, Hedley PL, Kanters JK, Nielsen J, Theisen M, Mors O, Kennedy J, Als TD, Demur AB, Nordentoft M, Børglum A, Mortensen PB, Werge TM, Hougaard DM, Christiansen M. Complex spatio-temporal distribution and genomic ancestry of mitochondrial DNA haplogroups in 24,216 Danes. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0208829. [PMID: 30543675 PMCID: PMC6292624 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0208829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroups (hgs) are evolutionarily conserved sets of mtDNA SNP-haplotypes with characteristic geographical distribution. Associations of hgs with disease and physiological characteristics have been reported, but have frequently not been reproducible. Using 418 mtDNA SNPs on the PsychChip (Illumina), we assessed the spatio-temporal distribution of mtDNA hgs in Denmark from DNA isolated from 24,642 geographically un-biased dried blood spots (DBS), collected from 1981 to 2005 through the Danish National Neonatal Screening program. ADMIXTURE was used to establish the genomic ancestry of all samples using a reference of 100K+ autosomal SNPs in 2,248 individuals from nine populations. Median-joining analysis determined that the hgs were highly variable, despite being typically Northern European in origin, suggesting multiple founder events. Furthermore, considerable heterogeneity and variation in nuclear genomic ancestry was observed. Thus, individuals with hg H exhibited 95%, and U hgs 38.2% - 92.5%, Danish ancestry. Significant clines between geographical regions and rural and metropolitan populations were found. Over 25 years, macro-hg L increased from 0.2% to 1.2% (p = 1.1*E-10), and M from 1% to 2.4% (p = 3.7*E-8). Hg U increased among the R macro-hg from 14.1% to 16.5% (p = 1.9*E-3). Genomic ancestry, geographical skewedness, and sub-hg distribution suggested that the L, M and U increases are due to immigration. The complex spatio-temporal dynamics and genomic ancestry of mtDNA in the Danish population reflect repeated migratory events and, in later years, net immigration. Such complexity may explain the often contradictory and population-specific reports of mito-genomic association with disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christian M. Hagen
- Department for Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Marie Bækvad-Hansen
- Department for Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christine S. Hansen
- Department for Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Paula L. Hedley
- Department for Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jørgen K. Kanters
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jimmi Nielsen
- Aalborg Psychiatric Hospital. Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Michael Theisen
- Department for Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ole Mors
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - James Kennedy
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Thomas D. Als
- Institute of Medical Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Alfonso B. Demur
- Mental Health Centre, Sct Hans, Capital Region of Denmark, Denmark
| | | | - Anders Børglum
- Institute of Medical Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Preben B. Mortensen
- Center for Register Research, Institute of Economics, Aarhus University, Århus, Denmark
| | - Thomas M. Werge
- Mental Health Centre, Sct Hans, Capital Region of Denmark, Denmark
| | - David M. Hougaard
- Department for Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Michael Christiansen
- Department for Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- * E-mail:
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7
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Hagen CM, Gonçalves VF, Hedley PL, Bybjerg-Grauholm J, Bækvad-Hansen M, Hansen CS, Kanters JK, Nielsen J, Mors O, Demur AB, Als TD, Nordentoft M, Børglum A, Mortensen PB, Kennedy J, Werge TM, Hougaard DM, Christiansen M. Schizophrenia-associated mt-DNA SNPs exhibit highly variable haplogroup affiliation and nuclear ancestry: Bi-genomic dependence raises major concerns for link to disease. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0208828. [PMID: 30532134 PMCID: PMC6287820 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0208828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria play a significant role in human diseases. However, disease associations with mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) SNPs have proven difficult to replicate. An analysis of eight schizophrenia-associated mtDNA SNPs, in 23,743 Danes without a psychiatric diagnosis and 2,538 schizophrenia patients, revealed marked inter-allelic differences in mitochondrial haplogroup affiliation and nuclear ancestry. This bi-genomic dependence could entail population stratification. Only two mitochondrial SNPs, m.15043A and m.15218G, were significantly associated with schizophrenia. However, these associations disappeared when corrected for haplogroup affiliation and nuclear ancestry. The extensive bi-genomic dependence documented here is a major concern when interpreting historic, as well as designing future, mtDNA association studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian M. Hagen
- Department for Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Paula L. Hedley
- Department for Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Marie Bækvad-Hansen
- Department for Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christine S. Hansen
- Department for Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jørgen K. Kanters
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jimmi Nielsen
- Aalborg Psychiatric Hospital, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Ole Mors
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Alfonso B. Demur
- Mental Health Centre, Sct Hans, Capital Region of Denmark, Denmark
| | - Thomas D. Als
- Institute of Medical Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - Anders Børglum
- Institute of Medical Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Preben B. Mortensen
- Center for Register Research, Institute of Economics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - James Kennedy
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Thomas M. Werge
- Mental Health Centre, Sct Hans, Capital Region of Denmark, Denmark
| | - David M. Hougaard
- Department for Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Michael Christiansen
- Department for Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- * E-mail:
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8
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Pedersen CB, Bybjerg-Grauholm J, Pedersen MG, Grove J, Agerbo E, Bækvad-Hansen M, Poulsen JB, Hansen CS, McGrath JJ, Als TD, Goldstein JI, Neale BM, Daly MJ, Hougaard DM, Mors O, Nordentoft M, Børglum AD, Werge T, Mortensen PB. The iPSYCH2012 case-cohort sample: new directions for unravelling genetic and environmental architectures of severe mental disorders. Mol Psychiatry 2018; 23:6-14. [PMID: 28924187 PMCID: PMC5754466 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2017.196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Revised: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The Integrative Psychiatric Research (iPSYCH) consortium has established a large Danish population-based Case-Cohort sample (iPSYCH2012) aimed at unravelling the genetic and environmental architecture of severe mental disorders. The iPSYCH2012 sample is nested within the entire Danish population born between 1981 and 2005, including 1 472 762 persons. This paper introduces the iPSYCH2012 sample and outlines key future research directions. Cases were identified as persons with schizophrenia (N=3540), autism (N=16 146), attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (N=18 726) and affective disorder (N=26 380), of which 1928 had bipolar affective disorder. Controls were randomly sampled individuals (N=30 000). Within the sample of 86 189 individuals, a total of 57 377 individuals had at least one major mental disorder. DNA was extracted from the neonatal dried blood spot samples obtained from the Danish Neonatal Screening Biobank and genotyped using the Illumina PsychChip. Genotyping was successful for 90% of the sample. The assessments of exome sequencing, methylation profiling, metabolome profiling, vitamin-D, inflammatory and neurotrophic factors are in progress. For each individual, the iPSYCH2012 sample also includes longitudinal information on health, prescribed medicine, social and socioeconomic information, and analogous information among relatives. To the best of our knowledge, the iPSYCH2012 sample is the largest and most comprehensive data source for the combined study of genetic and environmental aetiologies of severe mental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- C B Pedersen
- iPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Aarhus, Denmark,National Centre for Register-Based Research, Business and Social Sciences, Aarhus University, Aarhus V, Denmark,Centre for Integrated Register-Based Research, CIRRAU, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark,National Centre for Register-Based Research, Business and Social Sciences, Aarhus University, Fuglesangs Allé 4, Aarhus 8210, Denmark. E-mail:
| | - J Bybjerg-Grauholm
- iPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Aarhus, Denmark,Department for Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - M G Pedersen
- iPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Aarhus, Denmark,National Centre for Register-Based Research, Business and Social Sciences, Aarhus University, Aarhus V, Denmark,Centre for Integrated Register-Based Research, CIRRAU, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - J Grove
- iPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Aarhus, Denmark,Centre for Integrative Sequencing, Department of Biomedicine and iSEQ, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark,BiRC-Bioinformatics Research Centre, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - E Agerbo
- iPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Aarhus, Denmark,National Centre for Register-Based Research, Business and Social Sciences, Aarhus University, Aarhus V, Denmark,Centre for Integrated Register-Based Research, CIRRAU, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - M Bækvad-Hansen
- iPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Aarhus, Denmark,Department for Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - J B Poulsen
- iPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Aarhus, Denmark,Department for Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - C S Hansen
- iPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Aarhus, Denmark,Department for Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - J J McGrath
- iPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Aarhus, Denmark,National Centre for Register-Based Research, Business and Social Sciences, Aarhus University, Aarhus V, Denmark,Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia,Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research, The Park Centre for Mental Health, Wacol, QLD, Australia
| | - T D Als
- iPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Aarhus, Denmark,Centre for Integrative Sequencing, Department of Biomedicine and iSEQ, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - J I Goldstein
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit (ATGU), Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA,Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA,Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - B M Neale
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit (ATGU), Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA,Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA,Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - M J Daly
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit (ATGU), Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA,Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA,Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - D M Hougaard
- iPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Aarhus, Denmark,Department for Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - O Mors
- iPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Aarhus, Denmark,Psychosis Research Unit, Aarhus University Hospital, Risskov, Denmark
| | - M Nordentoft
- iPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Aarhus, Denmark,Mental Health Centre Copenhagen, Capital Region of Denmark, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - A D Børglum
- iPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Aarhus, Denmark,Centre for Integrative Sequencing, Department of Biomedicine and iSEQ, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - T Werge
- iPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Aarhus, Denmark,Mental Health Centre Sct. Hans, Capital Region of Denmark, Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - P B Mortensen
- iPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Aarhus, Denmark,National Centre for Register-Based Research, Business and Social Sciences, Aarhus University, Aarhus V, Denmark,Centre for Integrated Register-Based Research, CIRRAU, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark,Centre for Integrative Sequencing, Department of Biomedicine and iSEQ, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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9
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Paksarian D, Trabjerg BB, Merikangas KR, Mors O, Børglum AD, Hougaard DM, McGrath JJ, Pedersen CB, Mortensen PB, Agerbo E. The role of genetic liability in the association of urbanicity at birth and during upbringing with schizophrenia in Denmark. Psychol Med 2018; 48:305-314. [PMID: 28659227 PMCID: PMC6361630 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291717001696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies have indicated that the association of urbanicity at birth and during upbringing with schizophrenia may be driven by familial factors such as genetic liability. We used a population-based nested case-control study to assess whether polygenic risk score (PRS) for schizophrenia was associated with urbanicity at birth and at age 15, and to assess whether PRS and parental history of mental disorder together explained the association between urbanicity and schizophrenia. METHODS Data were drawn from Danish population registries. Cases born since 1981 and diagnosed with schizophrenia between 1994 and 2009 were matched to controls with the same sex and birthdate (1549 pairs). Genome-wide data were obtained from the Danish Neonatal Screening Biobank and PRSs were calculated based on results of a separate, large meta-analysis. RESULTS Those with higher PRS were more likely reside in the capital compared with rural areas at age 15 [odds ratio (OR) 1.19, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.01-1.40], but not at birth (OR 1.09, 95% CI 0.95-1.26). Adjustment for PRS produced almost no change in relative risks of schizophrenia associated with urbanicity at birth, but slightly attenuated those for urban residence at age 15. Additional adjustment for parental history led to slight attenuation of relative risks for urbanicity at birth [incidence rate ratio (IRR) for birth in capital = 1.54, 95% CI 1.18-2.02; overall p = 0.016] and further attenuation of relative risks for urbanicity at age 15 (IRR for residence in capital = 1.32, 95% CI 0.97-1.78; overall p = 0.148). CONCLUSIONS While results regarding urbanicity during upbringing were somewhat equivocal, genetic liability as measured here does not appear to explain the association between urbanicity at birth and schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Paksarian
- Genetic Epidemiology Research Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Betina B Trabjerg
- NCRR-National Center for Register-Based Research, Business and Social Sciences, Aarhus University, Denmark
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Copenhagen, Denmark
- CIRRAU–Centre for Integrated Register-Based Research, Aarhus University, Denmark
| | - Kathleen R. Merikangas
- Genetic Epidemiology Research Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ole Mors
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department P, Aarhus University Hospital, Risskov, Denmark
| | - Anders D. Børglum
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department P, Aarhus University Hospital, Risskov, Denmark
- Department of Biomedicine and Centre for Integrative Sequencing, iSEQ, Aarhus University, Denmark
| | - David M. Hougaard
- Danish Center for Neonatal Screening, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - John J. McGrath
- NCRR-National Center for Register-Based Research, Business and Social Sciences, Aarhus University, Denmark
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia
| | - Carsten B. Pedersen
- NCRR-National Center for Register-Based Research, Business and Social Sciences, Aarhus University, Denmark
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Copenhagen, Denmark
- CIRRAU–Centre for Integrated Register-Based Research, Aarhus University, Denmark
| | - Preben B. Mortensen
- NCRR-National Center for Register-Based Research, Business and Social Sciences, Aarhus University, Denmark
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Copenhagen, Denmark
- CIRRAU–Centre for Integrated Register-Based Research, Aarhus University, Denmark
| | - Esben Agerbo
- NCRR-National Center for Register-Based Research, Business and Social Sciences, Aarhus University, Denmark
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Copenhagen, Denmark
- CIRRAU–Centre for Integrated Register-Based Research, Aarhus University, Denmark
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10
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Debost JC, Debost M, Grove J, Mors O, Hougaard DM, Børglum AD, Mortensen PB, Petersen L. COMT Val158Met and MTHFR C677T moderate risk of schizophrenia in response to childhood adversity. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2017; 136:85-95. [PMID: 28556887 DOI: 10.1111/acps.12761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Mesolimbic dopamine sensitization has been hypothesized to be a mediating factor of childhood adversity (CA) on schizophrenia risk. Activity of catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) Val158Met increases mesolimbic dopamine signaling and may be further regulated by methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) C677T. This study investigates the three-way interaction between CA, COMT, and MTHFR. METHODS We conducted a nested case-control study on individuals born after 1981, linking population-based registers to study the three-way interaction. We included 1699 schizophrenia cases and 1681 controls, and used conditional logistic regression to report incidence rate ratios (IRRs). RESULTS Childhood adversity was robustly associated with schizophrenia. No main genetic effects were observed. MTHFR C677T increased schizophrenia risk in a dose-dependent manner per MTHFR T allele (P = 0.005) consequent upon CA exposure. After inclusion of the significant (P = 0.03) COMT × MTHFR × CA interaction, the risk was further increased per high-activity COMT Val allele. Hence, exposed COMT Val/Val and MTHFR T/T carriers had an IRR of 2.76 (95% CI, 1.66-4.61). Additional adjustments for ancestry and parental history of mental illness attenuated the results with the interaction being only marginally significant. CONCLUSION MTHFR C677T and COMT Val158Met interact with CA to increase risk of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- J-C Debost
- Department of Economics and Business Economics, National Centre for Register-based Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - M Debost
- Department of Internal Medicine, Randers Regional Hospital, Randers NØ, Denmark
| | - J Grove
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Bioinformatics Research Centre, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,iSEQ, Centre for Integrative Sequencing, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - O Mors
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Aarhus, Denmark.,iSEQ, Centre for Integrative Sequencing, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Centre for Psychiatric Research, Aarhus University Hospital Risskov, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - D M Hougaard
- Danish Centre for Neonatal Screening, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - A D Børglum
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,iSEQ, Centre for Integrative Sequencing, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - P B Mortensen
- Department of Economics and Business Economics, National Centre for Register-based Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Aarhus, Denmark.,Centre for Integrated Register-based Research (CIRRAU), Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - L Petersen
- Department of Economics and Business Economics, National Centre for Register-based Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Aarhus, Denmark
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11
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Laursen TM, Trabjerg BB, Mors O, Børglum AD, Hougaard DM, Mattheisen M, Meier SM, Byrne EM, Mortensen PB, Munk-Olsen T, Agerbo E. Association of the polygenic risk score for schizophrenia with mortality and suicidal behavior - A Danish population-based study. Schizophr Res 2017; 184:122-127. [PMID: 27939829 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2016.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Revised: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is unknown whether an increased genetic liability to schizophrenia influences the risk of dying early. The aim of the study was to determine whether the genetic predisposition to schizophrenia is associated with the risk of dying early and experience a suicide attempt. METHOD Case control study, Denmark. The main measure was the mortality rate ratios (MRR) for deaths and odds ratios (OR) for multiple suicide attempts, associated with one standard deviations increase of the polygenic risk-score for schizophrenia (PRS). RESULTS We replicated the high mortality MRR=9.01 (95% CI: 3.56-22.80), and high risk of multiple suicide attempts OR=33.16 (95% CI: 20.97-52.43) associated with schizophrenia compared to the general population. However, there was no effect of the PRS on mortality MRR=1.00 (95% CI 0.71-1.40) in the case-control setup or in cases only, MRR=1.05 (95% CI 0.73-1.51). Similar, no association between the PRS and multiple suicide attempts was found in the adjusted models, but in contrast, family history of mental disorders was associated with both outcomes. CONCLUSIONS A genetic predisposition for schizophrenia, measured by PRS, has little influence on the excess mortality or the risk of suicide attempts. In contrast there is a strong significant effect of family history of mental disorders. Our findings could reflect that the common variants detected by recent PRS only explain a small proportion of risk of schizophrenia, and that future, more powerful PRS instruments may be able to predict excess mortality within this disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas M Laursen
- Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Denmark; National Centre for Register-Based Research, Aarhus University, Denmark; Mental Health in Primary Care (MEPRICA), Research Unit for General Practice, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
| | - Betina B Trabjerg
- Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Denmark; National Centre for Register-Based Research, Aarhus University, Denmark
| | - Ole Mors
- Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Denmark; Psychosis Research Unit, Aarhus University Hospital, Risskov, Denmark
| | - Anders D Børglum
- Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Denmark; Psychosis Research Unit, Aarhus University Hospital, Risskov, Denmark; Department of Biomedicine and Centre for Integrative Sequencing, iSEQ, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - David M Hougaard
- Danish Center for Neonatal Screening, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Manuel Mattheisen
- Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Denmark
| | - Sandra M Meier
- Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Denmark; National Centre for Register-Based Research, Aarhus University, Denmark
| | - Enda M Byrne
- The University of Queensland, Queensland Brain Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Preben B Mortensen
- Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Denmark; National Centre for Register-Based Research, Aarhus University, Denmark
| | - Trine Munk-Olsen
- Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Denmark; National Centre for Register-Based Research, Aarhus University, Denmark
| | - Esben Agerbo
- Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Denmark; National Centre for Register-Based Research, Aarhus University, Denmark; CIRRAU - Centre for Integrated Register-based Research at Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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12
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Visconti A, Al-Shafai M, Al Muftah WA, Zaghlool SB, Mangino M, Suhre K, Falchi M. PopPAnTe: population and pedigree association testing for quantitative data. BMC Genomics 2017; 18:150. [PMID: 28187711 PMCID: PMC5303218 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-017-3527-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Family-based designs, from twin studies to isolated populations with their complex genealogical data, are a valuable resource for genetic studies of heritable molecular biomarkers. Existing software for family-based studies have mainly focused on facilitating association between response phenotypes and genetic markers, and no user-friendly tools are at present available to straightforwardly extend association studies in related samples to large datasets of generic quantitative data, as those generated by current -omics technologies. Results We developed PopPAnTe, a user-friendly Java program, which evaluates the association of quantitative data in related samples. Additionally, PopPAnTe implements data pre and post processing, region based testing, and empirical assessment of associations. Conclusions PopPAnTe is an integrated and flexible framework for pairwise association testing in related samples with a large number of predictors and response variables. It works either with family data of any size and complexity, or, when the genealogical information is unknown, it uses genetic similarity information between individuals as those inferred from genome-wide genetic data. It can therefore be particularly useful in facilitating usage of biobank data collections from population isolates when extensive genealogical information is missing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Visconti
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, UK.
| | - Mashael Al-Shafai
- Department of Genomics of Common Diseases, Imperial College London, London, UK.,Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar, Doha, Qatar.,Research Division, Qatar Science Leadership Program, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences at Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Wadha A Al Muftah
- Department of Genomics of Common Diseases, Imperial College London, London, UK.,Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar, Doha, Qatar.,Research Division, Qatar Science Leadership Program, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Shaza B Zaghlool
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar, Doha, Qatar
| | - Massimo Mangino
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, UK.,NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Guy's and St Thomas' Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Karsten Suhre
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar, Doha, Qatar
| | - Mario Falchi
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, UK
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13
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Benros ME, Trabjerg BB, Meier S, Mattheisen M, Mortensen PB, Mors O, Børglum AD, Hougaard DM, Nørgaard-Pedersen B, Nordentoft M, Agerbo E. Influence of Polygenic Risk Scores on the Association Between Infections and Schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry 2016; 80:609-16. [PMID: 27364036 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2016.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Revised: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several studies have suggested an important role of infections in the etiology of schizophrenia; however, shared genetic liability toward infections and schizophrenia could influence the association. We therefore investigated the possible effect of polygenic risk scores (PRSs) for schizophrenia on the association between infections and the risk of schizophrenia. METHODS We conducted a nested case-control study on a Danish population-based sample born after 1981 comprising of 1692 cases diagnosed with schizophrenia between 1994 and 2008 and 1724 matched controls. All individuals were linked utilizing nationwide population-based registers with virtually complete registration of all hospital contacts for infections. PRSs were calculated using discovery effect size estimates weights from an independent meta-analysis (34,600 cases and 45,968 control individuals). RESULTS A prior hospital contact with infection had occurred in 41% of the individuals with schizophrenia and increased the incidence rate ratio (IRR) of schizophrenia by 1.43 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.22-1.67). Adding PRS, which was robustly associated with schizophrenia (by an IRR of 1.46 [95% CI = 1.34-1.60] per standard deviation of the score), did not alter the association with infections and the increased risk of schizophrenia remained (IRR = 1.41; 95% CI = 1.20-1.66). Furthermore, there were no interactions between PRS and infections on the risk of developing schizophrenia (p = .554). Neither did PRS affect the risk of acquiring infections among patients with schizophrenia (odds ratio = 1.00; 95% CI = 0.89-1.12) nor among controls (odds ratio = 1.09; 95% CI: 0.96-1.24). CONCLUSIONS PRS and a history of infections have independent effects on the risk for schizophrenia, and the common genetic risk measured by PRS did not account for the association with infection in this sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael E Benros
- Mental Health Centre Copenhagen, University of Copenhagen, Faculty of Health Sciences, Copenhagen; National Centre for Register-Based Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus; The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research iPSYCH, Copenhagen.
| | - Betina B Trabjerg
- National Centre for Register-Based Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus; The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research iPSYCH, Copenhagen
| | - Sandra Meier
- National Centre for Register-Based Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus; The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research iPSYCH, Copenhagen
| | - Manuel Mattheisen
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research iPSYCH, Copenhagen; Department of Biomedicine and Centre for Integrative Sequencing (iSEQ), Aarhus University, Aarhus
| | - Preben B Mortensen
- National Centre for Register-Based Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus; The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research iPSYCH, Copenhagen
| | - Ole Mors
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research iPSYCH, Copenhagen; Research Department P, Aarhus University Hospital, Risskov
| | - Anders D Børglum
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research iPSYCH, Copenhagen; Department of Biomedicine and Centre for Integrative Sequencing (iSEQ), Aarhus University, Aarhus
| | - David M Hougaard
- Danish Centre for Neonatal Screening, Department of Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Bent Nørgaard-Pedersen
- Danish Centre for Neonatal Screening, Department of Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Merete Nordentoft
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research iPSYCH, Copenhagen
| | - Esben Agerbo
- National Centre for Register-Based Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus; The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research iPSYCH, Copenhagen; CIRRAU-Centre for Integrated Register-Based Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus
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14
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Meier SM, Agerbo E, Maier R, Pedersen CB, Lang M, Grove J, Hollegaard MV, Demontis D, Trabjerg BB, Hjorthøj C, Ripke S, Degenhardt F, Nöthen MM, Rujescu D, Maier W, Werge T, Mors O, Hougaard DM, Børglum AD, Wray NR, Rietschel M, Nordentoft M, Mortensen PB, Mattheisen M. High loading of polygenic risk in cases with chronic schizophrenia. Mol Psychiatry 2016; 21:969-74. [PMID: 26324100 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2015.130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Revised: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 07/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Genomic risk profile scores (GRPSs) have been shown to predict case-control status of schizophrenia (SCZ), albeit with varying sensitivity and specificity. The extent to which this variability in prediction accuracy is related to differences in sampling strategies is unknown. Danish population-based registers and Neonatal Biobanks were used to identify two independent incident data sets (denoted target and replication) comprising together 1861 cases with SCZ and 1706 controls. A third data set was a German prevalent sample with diagnoses assigned to 1773 SCZ cases and 2161 controls based on clinical interviews. GRPSs were calculated based on the genome-wide association results from the largest SCZ meta-analysis yet conducted. As measures of genetic risk prediction, Nagelkerke pseudo-R(2) and variance explained on the liability scale were calculated. GRPS for SCZ showed positive correlations with the number of psychiatric admissions across all P-value thresholds in both the incident and prevalent samples. In permutation-based test, Nagelkerke pseudo-R(2) values derived from samples enriched for frequently admitted cases were found to be significantly higher than for the full data sets (Ptarget=0.017, Preplication=0.04). Oversampling of frequently admitted cases further resulted in a higher proportion of variance explained on the liability scale (improvementtarget= 50%; improvementreplication= 162%). GRPSs are significantly correlated with chronicity of SCZ. Oversampling of cases with a high number of admissions significantly increased the amount of variance in liability explained by GRPS. This suggests that at least part of the effect of common single-nucleotide polymorphisms is on the deteriorative course of illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Meier
- National Centre for Register-Based Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark.,Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Denmark.,Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Mannheim, Germany
| | - E Agerbo
- National Centre for Register-Based Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark.,Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Denmark.,Centre for Integrated Register-based Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - R Maier
- Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - C B Pedersen
- National Centre for Register-Based Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark.,Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Denmark.,Centre for Integrated Register-based Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - M Lang
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Mannheim, Germany
| | - J Grove
- Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Denmark.,Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark.,Bioinformatics Research Centre, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark.,Centre for integrative Sequencing (iSEQ), Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - M V Hollegaard
- Danish Centre for Neonatal Screening, Department of Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - D Demontis
- Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Denmark.,Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark.,Centre for integrative Sequencing (iSEQ), Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - B B Trabjerg
- National Centre for Register-Based Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark.,Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Denmark
| | - C Hjorthøj
- Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Denmark.,Mental Health Services in the Capital Region of Denmark, Mental Health Center Copenhagen, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - S Ripke
- Analytical and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - F Degenhardt
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,Department of Genomics, Life and Brain Center, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - M M Nöthen
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,Department of Genomics, Life and Brain Center, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - D Rujescu
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - W Maier
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | | | - T Werge
- Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Denmark.,Mental Health Services in the Capital Region of Denmark, Mental Health Center Copenhagen, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - O Mors
- Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Denmark.,Centre for Psychiatric Research, Aarhus University Hospital, Risskov, Denmark
| | - D M Hougaard
- Danish Centre for Neonatal Screening, Department of Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - A D Børglum
- Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Denmark.,Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark.,Centre for integrative Sequencing (iSEQ), Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark.,Centre for Psychiatric Research, Aarhus University Hospital, Risskov, Denmark
| | - N R Wray
- Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - M Rietschel
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Mannheim, Germany
| | - M Nordentoft
- Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Denmark.,Mental Health Services in the Capital Region of Denmark, Mental Health Center Copenhagen, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - P B Mortensen
- National Centre for Register-Based Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark.,Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Denmark.,Centre for Integrated Register-based Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark.,Centre for integrative Sequencing (iSEQ), Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - M Mattheisen
- Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Denmark.,Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark.,Centre for integrative Sequencing (iSEQ), Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark.,Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,Department of Genomics, Life and Brain Center, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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15
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Debost JC, Petersen L, Grove J, Hedemand A, Khashan A, Henriksen T, Mors O, Hollegaard M, Hougaard D, Nyegaard M, Børglum A, Mortensen PB. Investigating interactions between early life stress and two single nucleotide polymorphisms in HSD11B2 on the risk of schizophrenia. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2015; 60:18-27. [PMID: 26115144 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2015.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2015] [Revised: 05/28/2015] [Accepted: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To examine the risk of schizophrenia in a Danish population after exposure to early life stress, and whether this risk is modified by DNA sequence variation, specifically two single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) (rs5479 and rs56303414) from the gene HSD11B2. This gene encodes the enzyme 11-β hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 which converts active cortisol into inactive cortisone. METHODS A two-stage analysis involving (1) a population-based cohort study, and (2) a nested case-control study using genotype information. Stage 1 included 1,141,447 people; here, we calculated incidence rate ratios (IRR) for the risk of schizophrenia among children of mothers who experienced loss or serious illness of close relatives before, during, and after pregnancy. In stage 2, we genotyped rs5479 and rs56303414 among 1275 schizophrenia cases and 1367 controls, and investigated interactions between genotypes and early life stress on the risk of schizophrenia. RESULTS In stage 1, no increased risk of schizophrenia was found in offspring after exposure during pregnancy, but offspring exposed to early life stress at age 0-2 years had a significantly increased risk of schizophrenia (adjusted IRR 1.18, 95% confidence interval 1.07-1.31). For rs5479, the minor allele was nucleotide A, and the major allele was nucleotide C. No interaction was found between rs5479 and exposure during pregnancy. Individuals with the minor A allele of rs5479, however, had a significantly increased risk of schizophrenia after exposure to early life stress at age 3-9 years (adjusted IRR 2.06, 1.04-4.06). No interaction was found between rs56303414 and exposure in any of the time periods. CONCLUSION No association was found between exposure to early life stress during pregnancy and schizophrenia in the offspring investigated, whereas individuals exposed to early life stress within the first two years of life had an increased risk. No interaction was found between HSD11B2 and exposure during pregnancy, but individuals with the A allele of rs5479 had an increased risk of schizophrenia after exposure at age 3-9 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Christophe Debost
- National Center for Register-based Research, Department of Economics and Business, Aarhus University, Denmark; The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Denmark.
| | - Liselotte Petersen
- National Center for Register-based Research, Department of Economics and Business, Aarhus University, Denmark; The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Denmark
| | - Jakob Grove
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Denmark; Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Denmark; Bioinformatics Research Centre, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; iSEQ, Centre for Integrative Sequencing, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Anne Hedemand
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Denmark; Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Denmark; Bioinformatics Research Centre, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Ali Khashan
- The Irish Centre for Fetal and Neonatal Translational Research (INFANT), Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Tine Henriksen
- Perinatal Epidemiology Research Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark
| | - Ole Mors
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Denmark; iSEQ, Centre for Integrative Sequencing, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; Centre for Psychiatric Research, Aarhus University Hospital, Risskov, Denmark
| | - Mads Hollegaard
- Danish Centre for Neonatal Screening, Statens Serum Institut, Denmark
| | - David Hougaard
- Danish Centre for Neonatal Screening, Statens Serum Institut, Denmark
| | - Mette Nyegaard
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Denmark; Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Denmark; iSEQ, Centre for Integrative Sequencing, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Anders Børglum
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Denmark; Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Denmark; iSEQ, Centre for Integrative Sequencing, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Preben Bo Mortensen
- National Center for Register-based Research, Department of Economics and Business, Aarhus University, Denmark; The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Denmark
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16
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Jeppesen P, Larsen JT, Clemmensen L, Munkholm A, Rimvall MK, Rask CU, van Os J, Petersen L, Skovgaard AM. The CCC2000 Birth Cohort Study of Register-Based Family History of Mental Disorders and Psychotic Experiences in Offspring. Schizophr Bull 2015; 41:1084-94. [PMID: 25452427 PMCID: PMC4535626 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbu167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Psychotic experiences (PE) in individuals of the general population are hypothesized to mark the early expression of the pathology underlying psychosis. This notion of PE as an intermediate phenotype is based on the premise that PE share genetic liability with psychosis. We examined whether PE in childhood was predicted by a family history of mental disorder with psychosis rather than a family history of nonpsychotic mental disorder and whether this association differed by severity of PE. The study examined data on 1632 children from a general population birth cohort assessed at age 11-12 years by use of a semistructured interview covering 22 psychotic symptoms. The Danish national registers were linked to describe the complete family history of hospital-based psychiatric diagnoses. Uni- and multivariable logistic regressions were used to test whether a family history of any mental disorder with psychosis, or of nonpsychotic mental disorder, vs no diagnoses was associated with increased risk of PE in offspring (hierarchical exposure variable). The occurrence of PE in offspring was significantly associated with a history of psychosis among the first-degree relatives (adjusted relative risk [RR] = 3.29, 95% CI: 1.82-5.93). The risk increased for combined hallucinations and delusions (adjusted RR = 5.90, 95% CI: 2.64-13.16). A history of nonpsychotic mental disorders in first-degree relatives did not contribute to the risk of PE in offspring nor did any mental disorder among second-degree relatives. Our findings support the notion of PE as a vulnerability marker of transdiagnostic psychosis. The effect of psychosis in first-degree relatives may operate through shared genetic and environmental factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pia Jeppesen
- Child and Adolescent Mental Health Center, Mental Health Services, The Capital Region of Denmark, Glostrup, Denmark; Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark;
| | - Janne Tidselbak Larsen
- The National Centre for Register-Based Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark;,Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Lars Clemmensen
- Child and Adolescent Mental Health Center, Mental Health Services, The Capital Region of Denmark, Glostrup, Denmark;,Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anja Munkholm
- Child and Adolescent Mental Health Center, Mental Health Services, The Capital Region of Denmark, Glostrup, Denmark;,Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Martin Kristian Rimvall
- Child and Adolescent Mental Health Center, Mental Health Services, The Capital Region of Denmark, Glostrup, Denmark;,Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Charlotte Ulrikka Rask
- Research Clinic for Functional Disorders and Psychosomatics, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark;,Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Centre Risskov, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jim van Os
- Department of Psychosis Studies, King’s College London, King’s Health Partners, Institute of Psychiatry, London, UK;,Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Liselotte Petersen
- The National Centre for Register-Based Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark;,Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Anne Mette Skovgaard
- Child and Adolescent Mental Health Center, Mental Health Services, The Capital Region of Denmark, Glostrup, Denmark;,Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Trotta A, Di Forti M, Iyegbe C, Green P, Dazzan P, Mondelli V, Morgan C, Murray RM, Fisher HL. Familial risk and childhood adversity interplay in the onset of psychosis. BJPsych Open 2015; 1:6-13. [PMID: 27703716 PMCID: PMC4995579 DOI: 10.1192/bjpo.bp.115.000158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Revised: 01/29/2015] [Accepted: 03/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The association between childhood adversity and psychosis in adulthood is well established. However, genetic factors might confound or moderate this association. AIMS Using a catchment-based case-control sample, we explored the main effects of, and interplay between, childhood adversity and family psychiatric history on the onset of psychosis. METHOD Childhood adversity (parental separation and death, physical and sexual abuse) was assessed retrospectively in 224 individuals with a first presentation of psychosis and 256 community controls from South London, UK. Occurrence of psychotic and affective disorders in first-degree relatives was ascertained with the Family Interview for Genetic Studies (FIGS). RESULTS Parental history of psychosis did not confound the association between childhood adversity and psychotic disorder. There was no evidence that childhood adversity and familial liability combined synergistically to increase odds of psychosis beyond the effect of each individually. CONCLUSIONS Our results do not support the hypothesis that family psychiatric history amplifies the effect of childhood adversity on odds of psychosis. DECLARATION OF INTEREST None. COPYRIGHT AND USAGE © The Royal College of Psychiatrists 2015. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) licence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Trotta
- , PhD, , PhD, , PhD, , PhD, , MRCPsych, Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, UK
| | - Marta Di Forti
- , PhD, , PhD, , PhD, , PhD, , MRCPsych, Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, UK
| | - Conrad Iyegbe
- , PhD, , PhD, , PhD, , PhD, , MRCPsych, Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, UK
| | - Priscilla Green
- , PhD, , PhD, , PhD, , PhD, , MRCPsych, Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, UK
| | - Paola Dazzan
- , PhD, , PhD, , PhD, , PhD, , MRCPsych, Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, UK
| | - Valeria Mondelli
- , PhD, Section of Stress, Psychiatry and Immunology and Perinatal Psychiatry, Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, UK
| | - Craig Morgan
- , PhD, Health Service and Population Research Department, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, UK
| | - Robin M Murray
- , FRCPsych, Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, UK
| | - Helen L Fisher
- , PhD, MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, UK
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18
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Twenty Years of Schizophrenia Research in the Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1966: A Systematic Review. SCHIZOPHRENIA RESEARCH AND TREATMENT 2015; 2015:524875. [PMID: 26090224 PMCID: PMC4452001 DOI: 10.1155/2015/524875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2015] [Revised: 04/24/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Birth cohort designs are useful in studying adult disease trajectories and outcomes, such as schizophrenia. We review the schizophrenia research performed in the Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1966 (NFBC 1966), which includes 10,934 individuals living in Finland at 16 years of age who have been monitored since each mother's mid-pregnancy. By the age of 44, 150 (1.4%) had developed schizophrenia. There are 77 original papers on schizophrenia published from the NFBC 1966. The early studies have found various risk factors for schizophrenia, especially related to pregnancy and perinatal phase. Psychiatric and somatic outcomes were heterogeneous, but relatively poor. Mortality in schizophrenia is high, especially due to suicides. Several early predictors of outcomes have also been found. Individuals with schizophrenia have alterations in brain morphometry and neurocognition, and our latest studies have found that the use of high lifetime doses of antipsychotics associated with these changes. The schizophrenia research in the NFBC 1966 has been especially active for 20 years, the prospective study design and long follow-up enabling several clinically and epidemiologically important findings. When compared to other birth cohorts, the research in the NFBC 1966 has offered also unique findings on course and outcome of schizophrenia.
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19
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The Role of Infections and Autoimmune Diseases for Schizophrenia and Depression: Findings from Large-Scale Epidemiological Studies. CURRENT TOPICS IN NEUROTOXICITY 2015. [PMCID: PMC7122152 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-13602-8_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
An immunologic component to schizophrenia and depression has been increasingly recognized, which has led to extensive research into the associations with infections and autoimmune diseases. Large-scale nationwide epidemiological studies have displayed an increased prevalence of both autoimmune diseases and infections among persons with schizophrenia and depression. Autoimmune diseases, and especially the number of infections requiring hospitalization, increase the risk of schizophrenia and depression in a dose–response relationship. Infections are a common exposure and a broad spectrum of infections are associated with schizophrenia and depression. Particularly the autoimmune diseases with a potential presence of brain-reactive antibodies were associated with psychiatric disorders. However, the associations seem to be bidirectional, since the risk of autoimmune diseases and infections is also increased after diagnosis with schizophrenia and depression. The risk of autoimmune diseases was particularly increased in individuals with prior hospital contacts for infections. It has been suggested that inflammation and autoimmunity could be involved in the etiology and pathogenesis of some patients with symptoms of schizophrenia and depression. The psychiatric symptoms can be directly triggered by immune components, such as brain-reactive antibodies and cytokines, or infections reaching the central nervous system (CNS), or be secondary to systemic inflammation indirectly affecting the brain. However, the associations could also be caused by shared genetic factors, other environmental factors, or common etiological components. Nonetheless, autoimmune diseases and infections should be considered by clinicians in the treatment of individuals with psychiatric symptoms, since treatment would probably improve the psychiatric symptoms, quality of life, and the survival of the individuals.
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20
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Wiste A, Robinson EB, Milaneschi Y, Meier S, Ripke S, Clements CC, Fitzmaurice GM, Rietschel M, Penninx BW, Smoller JW, Perlis RH. Bipolar polygenic loading and bipolar spectrum features in major depressive disorder. Bipolar Disord 2014; 16:608-16. [PMID: 24725193 PMCID: PMC4427243 DOI: 10.1111/bdi.12201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2013] [Accepted: 10/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Family and genetic studies indicate overlapping liability for major depressive disorder and bipolar disorder. The purpose of the present study was to determine whether this shared genetic liability influences clinical presentation. METHODS A polygenic risk score for bipolar disorder, derived from a large genome-wide association meta-analysis, was generated for each subject of European-American ancestry (n = 1,274) in the Sequential Treatment Alternatives to Relieve Depression study (STAR*D) outpatient major depressive disorder cohort. A hypothesis-driven approach was used to test for association between bipolar disorder risk score and features of depression associated with bipolar disorder in the literature. Follow-up analyses were performed in two additional cohorts. RESULTS A generalized linear mixed model including seven features hypothesized to be associated with bipolar spectrum illness was significantly associated with bipolar polygenic risk score [F = 2.07, degrees of freedom (df) = 7, p = 0.04]. Features included early onset, suicide attempt, recurrent depression, atypical depression, subclinical mania, subclinical psychosis, and severity. Post-hoc univariate analyses demonstrated that the major contributors to this omnibus association were onset of illness at age ≤ 18 years [odds ratio (OR) = 1.2, p = 0.003], history of suicide attempt (OR = 1.21, p = 0.03), and presence of at least one manic symptom (OR = 1.16, p = 0.02). The maximal variance in these traits explained by polygenic score ranged from 0.8% to 1.1%. However, analyses in two replication cohorts testing a five-feature model did not support this association. CONCLUSIONS Bipolar genetic loading appeared to be associated with bipolar-like presentation in major depressive disorder in the primary analysis. However, the results were at most inconclusive because of lack of replication. Replication efforts were challenged by different ascertainment and assessment strategies in the different cohorts. The methodological approach described here may prove useful in applying genetic data to clarify psychiatric nosology in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Wiste
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA,Center for Experimental Drugs and Diagnostics, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Elise B Robinson
- Analytical and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yuri Milaneschi
- Department of Psychiatry, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sandra Meier
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Stephan Ripke
- Analytical and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Caitlin C Clements
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA,Center for Experimental Drugs and Diagnostics, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Marcella Rietschel
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Brenda W Penninx
- Department of Psychiatry, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands,Department of Psychiatry, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden,Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jordan W Smoller
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA,Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Roy H Perlis
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA,Center for Experimental Drugs and Diagnostics, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
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Hollegaard MV, Grauholm J, Nielsen R, Grove J, Mandrup S, Hougaard DM. Archived neonatal dried blood spot samples can be used for accurate whole genome and exome-targeted next-generation sequencing. Mol Genet Metab 2013; 110:65-72. [PMID: 23830478 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2013.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2013] [Revised: 06/03/2013] [Accepted: 06/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Dried blood spot samples (DBSS) have been collected and stored for decades as part of newborn screening programmes worldwide. Representing almost an entire population under a certain age and collected with virtually no bias, the Newborn Screening Biobanks are of immense value in medical studies, for example, to examine the genetics of various disorders. We have previously demonstrated that DNA extracted from a fraction (2×3.2mm discs) of an archived DBSS can be whole genome amplified (wgaDNA) and used for accurate array genotyping. However, until now, it has been uncertain whether wgaDNA from DBSS can be used for accurate whole genome sequencing (WGS) and exome sequencing (WES). This study examined two individuals represented by three different types of samples each: whole-blood (reference samples), 3-year-old DBSS spotted with reference material (refDBSS), and 27- to 29-year-old archived neonatal DBSS (neoDBSS) stored at -20°C in the Danish Newborn Screening Biobank. The reference samples were genotyped using an Illumina Omni2.5M array, and all samples were sequenced on a HighSeq2000 Paired-End flow cell. First, we compared the array single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotype data to the single nucleotide variation (SNV) calls from the WGS and WES SNV calls. We also compared the WGS and WES reference sample SNV calls to the DBSS SNV calls. The overall performance of the archived DBSS was similar to the whole blood reference sample. Plotting the error rates relative to coverage revealed that the error rates of DBSS were similar to that of their reference samples. SNVs called with a coverage<×8 had error rates between 1.5 and 35%, whereas the error rates of SNVs called with a coverage≥8 were <1.5%. In conclusion, the wgaDNA amplified from both new and old neonatal DBSS perform as well as their whole-blood reference samples with regards to error rates, strongly indicating that neonatal DBSS collected shortly after birth and stored for decades comprise an excellent resource for NGS studies of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mads Vilhelm Hollegaard
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Immunology and Genetics, Statens Serum Institut, Artillerivej, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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22
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McGrath JJ, Mortensen PB, Visscher PM, Wray NR. Where GWAS and epidemiology meet: opportunities for the simultaneous study of genetic and environmental risk factors in schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull 2013; 39:955-9. [PMID: 23907349 PMCID: PMC3756798 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbt108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- John J McGrath
- University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia.
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Cholinergic muscarinic M4 receptor gene polymorphisms: a potential risk factor and pharmacogenomic marker for schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2013; 146:279-84. [PMID: 23490763 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2013.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2012] [Revised: 11/24/2012] [Accepted: 01/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Although schizophrenia is a widespread disorder of unknown aetiology, we have previously shown that muscarinic M4 receptor (CHRM4) expression is decreased in the hippocampus and caudate-putamen from subjects with the disorder, implicating the receptor in its pathophysiology. These findings led us to determine whether variation in the CHRM4 gene sequence was associated with an altered risk of schizophrenia by sequencing the CHRM4 gene from the brains of 76 people with the disorder and 74 people with no history of psychiatric disorders. In addition, because the CHRM4 is a potential target for antipsychotic drug development, we investigated whether variations in CHRM4 sequence were associated with final recorded doses of, and life-time exposure to, antipsychotic drugs. Gene sequencing identified two single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs; rs2067482 and rs72910092) in the CHRM4 gene. For rs2067482, our data suggested that both genotype (1341C/C; p = 0.05) and allele (C; p = 0.03) were associated with an increased risk of schizophrenia. In addition, there was a strong trend (p = 0.08) towards an association between CHRM4 sequence and increased lifetime exposure to antipsychotic drugs. Furthermore, there was a trend for people with the C allele to be prescribed benzodiazepines more frequently (p = 0.06) than those with the T allele. These data, albeit on small cohorts, are consistent with genetic variance at rs2067482 contributing to an altered risk of developing schizophrenia which requires more forceful pharmacotherapy to achieve a clinical response.
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Abstract
This article gives an overview of genetic and environmental risk factors for schizophrenia. The presence of certain molecular, biological, and psychosocial factors at certain points in the life span, has been linked to later development of schizophrenia. All need to be considered in the context of schizophrenia as a lifelong brain disorder. Research interest in schizophrenia is shifting to late childhood/early adolescence for screening and preventative measures. This article discusses those environmental risk factors for schizophrenia for which there is the largest evidence base.
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