1
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Jorstad NL, Song JH, Exposito-Alonso D, Suresh H, Castro-Pacheco N, Krienen FM, Yanny AM, Close J, Gelfand E, Long B, Seeman SC, Travaglini KJ, Basu S, Beaudin M, Bertagnolli D, Crow M, Ding SL, Eggermont J, Glandon A, Goldy J, Kiick K, Kroes T, McMillen D, Pham T, Rimorin C, Siletti K, Somasundaram S, Tieu M, Torkelson A, Feng G, Hopkins WD, Höllt T, Keene CD, Linnarsson S, McCarroll SA, Lelieveldt BP, Sherwood CC, Smith K, Walsh CA, Dobin A, Gillis J, Lein ES, Hodge RD, Bakken TE. Comparative transcriptomics reveals human-specific cortical features. Science 2023; 382:eade9516. [PMID: 37824638 PMCID: PMC10659116 DOI: 10.1126/science.ade9516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
The cognitive abilities of humans are distinctive among primates, but their molecular and cellular substrates are poorly understood. We used comparative single-nucleus transcriptomics to analyze samples of the middle temporal gyrus (MTG) from adult humans, chimpanzees, gorillas, rhesus macaques, and common marmosets to understand human-specific features of the neocortex. Human, chimpanzee, and gorilla MTG showed highly similar cell-type composition and laminar organization as well as a large shift in proportions of deep-layer intratelencephalic-projecting neurons compared with macaque and marmoset MTG. Microglia, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes had more-divergent expression across species compared with neurons or oligodendrocyte precursor cells, and neuronal expression diverged more rapidly on the human lineage. Only a few hundred genes showed human-specific patterning, suggesting that relatively few cellular and molecular changes distinctively define adult human cortical structure.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Janet H.T. Song
- Allen Discovery Center for Human Brain Evolution, Boston Children’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Pediatrics and Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - David Exposito-Alonso
- Allen Discovery Center for Human Brain Evolution, Boston Children’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Pediatrics and Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Hamsini Suresh
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA
| | | | - Fenna M. Krienen
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | | | - Jennie Close
- Allen Institute for Brain Science; Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Emily Gelfand
- Allen Institute for Brain Science; Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Brian Long
- Allen Institute for Brain Science; Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | | | | | - Soumyadeep Basu
- LKEB, Dept of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center; Leiden, The Netherlands
- Computer Graphics and Visualization Group, Delft University of Technology, Delft, Netherlands
| | - Marc Beaudin
- Allen Discovery Center for Human Brain Evolution, Boston Children’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Pediatrics and Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | | | - Megan Crow
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA
- Stanley Institute for Cognitive Genomics, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA
| | - Song-Lin Ding
- Allen Institute for Brain Science; Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Jeroen Eggermont
- LKEB, Dept of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center; Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Jeff Goldy
- Allen Institute for Brain Science; Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Katelyn Kiick
- Allen Institute for Brain Science; Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Thomas Kroes
- LKEB, Dept of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center; Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | - Kimberly Siletti
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Michael Tieu
- Allen Institute for Brain Science; Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Amy Torkelson
- Allen Institute for Brain Science; Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Guoping Feng
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - William D. Hopkins
- Keeling Center for Comparative Medicine and Research, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 78602, USA
| | - Thomas Höllt
- Computer Graphics and Visualization Group, Delft University of Technology, Delft, Netherlands
| | - C. Dirk Keene
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 981915, USA
| | - Sten Linnarsson
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Steven A. McCarroll
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Boudewijn P. Lelieveldt
- LKEB, Dept of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center; Leiden, The Netherlands
- Pattern Recognition and Bioinformatics group, Delft University of Technology, Delft, Netherlands
| | - Chet C. Sherwood
- Department of Anthropology, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20037, USA
| | - Kimberly Smith
- Allen Institute for Brain Science; Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Christopher A. Walsh
- Allen Discovery Center for Human Brain Evolution, Boston Children’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Pediatrics and Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Alexander Dobin
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA
| | - Jesse Gillis
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Ed S. Lein
- Allen Institute for Brain Science; Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
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2
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Hendriks WJAJ, van Cruchten RTP, Pulido R. Hereditable variants of classical protein tyrosine phosphatase genes: Will they prove innocent or guilty? Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 10:1051311. [PMID: 36755664 PMCID: PMC9900141 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.1051311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein tyrosine phosphatases, together with protein tyrosine kinases, control many molecular signaling steps that control life at cellular and organismal levels. Impairing alterations in the genes encoding the involved proteins is expected to profoundly affect the quality of life-if compatible with life at all. Here, we review the current knowledge on the effects of germline variants that have been reported for genes encoding a subset of the protein tyrosine phosphatase superfamily; that of the thirty seven classical members. The conclusion must be that the newest genome research tools produced an avalanche of data that suggest 'guilt by association' for individual genes to specific disorders. Future research should face the challenge to investigate these accusations thoroughly and convincingly, to reach a mature genotype-phenotype map for this intriguing protein family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wiljan J. A. J. Hendriks
- Department of Cell Biology, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands,*Correspondence: Wiljan J. A. J. Hendriks,
| | | | - Rafael Pulido
- Biomarkers in Cancer Unit, Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Spain,Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain
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3
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Malaspina D. A sister's search for the seeds of psychosis. Psychiatry Res 2022; 317:114846. [PMID: 36244157 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2022.114846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Dr. Dolores Malaspina sought a better way to understand the origins of psychosis than a schizophrenogenic mother, as her family had been informed upon her sisters illness. She moved her attention from environmental biology and zoology, to medical science and assembled knowledge on the multilevel components purported to underpin severe mental illness. Her studies cross levels to consider connections among exposures and genetic etiologies, intrinsic homeostatic mechanisms, stimuli perception and clinical illness features. Original contributions include associating later paternal age with increasing risk for schizophrenia in offspring and proposing that de novo mutations with shorter cell cycles explained the association, showing increased resting hippocampal blood flow in psychosis and that it was associated with inflammation, and that autonomic nervous system dysfunction was related to hippocampal inflammation, plausibly reflecting vascular abnormalities. She has been a professor of psychiatry in medical schools at Columbia University, New York University and at Mount Sinai in New York, USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dolores Malaspina
- Department of Psychiatry, Neuroscience, Genetic & Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.
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4
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Bioinformatics and Network-based Approaches for Determining Pathways, Signature Molecules, and Drug Substances connected to Genetic Basis of Schizophrenia etiology. Brain Res 2022; 1785:147889. [PMID: 35339428 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2022.147889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Knowledge of heterogeneous etiology and pathophysiology of schizophrenia (SZP) is reasonably inadequate and non-deterministic due to its inherent complexity and underlying vast dynamics related to genetic mechanisms. The evolution of large-scale transcriptome-wide datasets and subsequent development of relevant, robust technologies for their analyses show promises toward elucidating the genetic basis of disease pathogenesis, its early risk prediction, and predicting drug molecule targets for therapeutic intervention. In this research, we have scrutinized the genetic basis of SZP through functional annotation and network-based system biology approaches. We have determined 96 overlapping differentially expressed genes (DEGs) from 2 microarray datasets and subsequently identified their interconnecting networks to reveal transcriptome signatures like hub proteins (FYN, RAD51, SOCS3, XIAP, AKAP13, PIK3C2A, CBX5, GATA3, EIF3K, and CDKN2B), transcription factors and miRNAs. In addition, we have employed gene set enrichment to highlight significant gene ontology (e.g., positive regulation of microglial cell activation) and relevant pathways (such as axon guidance and focal adhesion) interconnected to the genes associated with SZP. Finally, we have suggested candidate drug substances like Luteolin HL60 UP as a possible therapeutic target based on these key molecular signatures.
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5
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Boni C, Laudanna C, Sorio C. A Comprehensive Review of Receptor-Type Tyrosine-Protein Phosphatase Gamma (PTPRG) Role in Health and Non-Neoplastic Disease. Biomolecules 2022; 12:84. [PMID: 35053232 PMCID: PMC8773835 DOI: 10.3390/biom12010084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor gamma (PTPRG) is known to interact with and regulate several tyrosine kinases, exerting a tumor suppressor role in several type of cancers. Its wide expression in human tissues compared to the other component of group 5 of receptor phosphatases, PTPRZ expressed as a chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan in the central nervous system, has raised interest in its role as a possible regulatory switch of cell signaling processes. Indeed, a carbonic anhydrase-like domain (CAH) and a fibronectin type III domain are present in the N-terminal portion and were found to be associated with its role as [HCO3-] sensor in vascular and renal tissues and a possible interaction domain for cell adhesion, respectively. Studies on PTPRG ligands revealed the contactins family (CNTN) as possible interactors. Furthermore, the correlation of PTPRG phosphatase with inflammatory processes in different normal tissues, including cancer, and the increasing amount of its soluble form (sPTPRG) in plasma, suggest a possible role as inflammatory marker. PTPRG has important roles in human diseases; for example, neuropsychiatric and behavioral disorders and various types of cancer such as colon, ovary, lung, breast, central nervous system, and inflammatory disorders. In this review, we sum up our knowledge regarding the latest discoveries in order to appreciate PTPRG function in the various tissues and diseases, along with an interactome map of its relationship with a group of validated molecular interactors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Claudio Sorio
- Department of Medicine, General Pathology Division, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy; (C.B.); (C.L.)
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6
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Hippocampal metabolite concentrations in schizophrenia vary in association with rare gene variants in the TRIO gene. Schizophr Res 2020; 224:167-169. [PMID: 33183947 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2020.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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7
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Li M, Shen L, Chen L, Huai C, Huang H, Wu X, Yang C, Ma J, Zhou W, Du H, Fan L, He L, Wan C, Qin S. Novel genetic susceptibility loci identified by family based whole exome sequencing in Han Chinese schizophrenia patients. Transl Psychiatry 2020; 10:5. [PMID: 32066673 PMCID: PMC7026419 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-020-0708-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Revised: 12/07/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia (SCZ) is a highly heritable psychiatric disorder that affects approximately 1% of population around the world. However, early relevant studies did not reach clear conclusions of the genetic mechanisms of SCZ, suggesting that additional susceptibility loci that exert significant influence on SCZ are yet to be revealed. So, in order to identify novel susceptibility genes that account for the genetic risk of SCZ, we performed a systematic family-based study using whole exome sequencing (WES) in 65 Han Chinese families. The analysis of 51 SCZ trios with both unaffected parents identified 22 exonic and 1 splice-site de novo mutations (DNMs) on a total of 23 genes, and showed that 12 genes carried rare protein-altering compound heterozygous mutations in more than one trio. In addition, we identified 26 exonic or splice-site single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) on 18 genes with nominal significance (P < 5 × 10-4) using a transmission disequilibrium test (TDT) in all the families. Moreover, TDT result confirmed a SCZ susceptibility locus on 3p21.1, encompassing the multigenetic region NEK4-ITIH1-ITIH3-ITIH4. Through several different strategies to predict the potential pathogenic genes in silico, we revealed 4 previous discovered susceptibility genes (TSNARE1, PBRM1, STAB1 and OLIG2) and 4 novel susceptibility loci (PSEN1, TLR5, MGAT5B and SSPO) in Han Chinese SCZ patients. In summary, we identified a list of putative candidate genes for SCZ using a family-based WES approach, thus improving our understanding of the pathology of SCZ and providing critical clues to future functional validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mo Li
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lu Shen
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Luan Chen
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Cong Huai
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hailiang Huang
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Xi Wu
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chao Yang
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jingsong Ma
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Zhou
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Huihui Du
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lingzi Fan
- Psychiatric Hospital of Zhumadian City, Henan, China
| | - Lin He
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
- The Third Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong, China.
| | - Chunling Wan
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Shengying Qin
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
- Collaborative Innovation Center, Jining Medical University, Shandong, China.
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8
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Dissecting the genetic basis of comorbid epilepsy phenotypes in neurodevelopmental disorders. Genome Med 2019; 11:65. [PMID: 31653223 PMCID: PMC6815046 DOI: 10.1186/s13073-019-0678-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) such as autism spectrum disorder, intellectual disability, developmental disability, and epilepsy are characterized by abnormal brain development that may affect cognition, learning, behavior, and motor skills. High co-occurrence (comorbidity) of NDDs indicates a shared, underlying biological mechanism. The genetic heterogeneity and overlap observed in NDDs make it difficult to identify the genetic causes of specific clinical symptoms, such as seizures. Methods We present a computational method, MAGI-S, to discover modules or groups of highly connected genes that together potentially perform a similar biological function. MAGI-S integrates protein-protein interaction and co-expression networks to form modules centered around the selection of a single “seed” gene, yielding modules consisting of genes that are highly co-expressed with the seed gene. We aim to dissect the epilepsy phenotype from a general NDD phenotype by providing MAGI-S with high confidence NDD seed genes with varying degrees of association with epilepsy, and we assess the enrichment of de novo mutation, NDD-associated genes, and relevant biological function of constructed modules. Results The newly identified modules account for the increased rate of de novo non-synonymous mutations in autism, intellectual disability, developmental disability, and epilepsy, and enrichment of copy number variations (CNVs) in developmental disability. We also observed that modules seeded with genes strongly associated with epilepsy tend to have a higher association with epilepsy phenotypes than modules seeded at other neurodevelopmental disorder genes. Modules seeded with genes strongly associated with epilepsy (e.g., SCN1A, GABRA1, and KCNB1) are significantly associated with synaptic transmission, long-term potentiation, and calcium signaling pathways. On the other hand, modules found with seed genes that are not associated or weakly associated with epilepsy are mostly involved with RNA regulation and chromatin remodeling. Conclusions In summary, our method identifies modules enriched with de novo non-synonymous mutations and can capture specific networks that underlie the epilepsy phenotype and display distinct enrichment in relevant biological processes. MAGI-S is available at https://github.com/jchow32/magi-s.
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9
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Cardoso AR, Lopes-Marques M, Silva RM, Serrano C, Amorim A, Prata MJ, Azevedo L. Essential genetic findings in neurodevelopmental disorders. Hum Genomics 2019; 13:31. [PMID: 31288856 PMCID: PMC6617629 DOI: 10.1186/s40246-019-0216-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) represent a growing medical challenge in modern societies. Ever-increasing sophisticated diagnostic tools have been continuously revealing a remarkably complex architecture that embraces genetic mutations of distinct types (chromosomal rearrangements, copy number variants, small indels, and nucleotide substitutions) with distinct frequencies in the population (common, rare, de novo). Such a network of interacting players creates difficulties in establishing rigorous genotype-phenotype correlations. Furthermore, individual lifestyles may also contribute to the severity of the symptoms fueling a large spectrum of gene-environment interactions that have a key role on the relationships between genotypes and phenotypes.Herein, a review of the genetic discoveries related to NDDs is presented with the aim to provide useful general information for the medical community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana R Cardoso
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Population Genetics and Evolution Group, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal.,IPATIMUP - Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology, University of Porto, Rua Júlio Amaral de Carvalho 45, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal.,Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, s/n, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal
| | - Mónica Lopes-Marques
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Population Genetics and Evolution Group, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal.,IPATIMUP - Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology, University of Porto, Rua Júlio Amaral de Carvalho 45, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal.,Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, s/n, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal
| | - Raquel M Silva
- Department of Medical Sciences and iBiMED, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal.,Present Address: Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Health (CIIS), Institute of Health Sciences (ICS), Universidade Católica Portuguesa, 3504-505, Viseu, Portugal
| | - Catarina Serrano
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Population Genetics and Evolution Group, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal.,IPATIMUP - Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology, University of Porto, Rua Júlio Amaral de Carvalho 45, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal.,Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, s/n, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal
| | - António Amorim
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Population Genetics and Evolution Group, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal.,IPATIMUP - Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology, University of Porto, Rua Júlio Amaral de Carvalho 45, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal.,Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, s/n, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria J Prata
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Population Genetics and Evolution Group, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal.,IPATIMUP - Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology, University of Porto, Rua Júlio Amaral de Carvalho 45, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal.,Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, s/n, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal
| | - Luísa Azevedo
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Population Genetics and Evolution Group, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal. .,IPATIMUP - Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology, University of Porto, Rua Júlio Amaral de Carvalho 45, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal. .,Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, s/n, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal.
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10
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Brommage R, Powell DR, Vogel P. Predicting human disease mutations and identifying drug targets from mouse gene knockout phenotyping campaigns. Dis Model Mech 2019; 12:dmm038224. [PMID: 31064765 PMCID: PMC6550044 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.038224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Two large-scale mouse gene knockout phenotyping campaigns have provided extensive data on the functions of thousands of mammalian genes. The ongoing International Mouse Phenotyping Consortium (IMPC), with the goal of examining all ∼20,000 mouse genes, has examined 5115 genes since 2011, and phenotypic data from several analyses are available on the IMPC website (www.mousephenotype.org). Mutant mice having at least one human genetic disease-associated phenotype are available for 185 IMPC genes. Lexicon Pharmaceuticals' Genome5000™ campaign performed similar analyses between 2000 and the end of 2008 focusing on the druggable genome, including enzymes, receptors, transporters, channels and secreted proteins. Mutants (4654 genes, with 3762 viable adult homozygous lines) with therapeutically interesting phenotypes were studied extensively. Importantly, phenotypes for 29 Lexicon mouse gene knockouts were published prior to observations of similar phenotypes resulting from homologous mutations in human genetic disorders. Knockout mouse phenotypes for an additional 30 genes mimicked previously published human genetic disorders. Several of these models have helped develop effective treatments for human diseases. For example, studying Tph1 knockout mice (lacking peripheral serotonin) aided the development of telotristat ethyl, an approved treatment for carcinoid syndrome. Sglt1 (also known as Slc5a1) and Sglt2 (also known as Slc5a2) knockout mice were employed to develop sotagliflozin, a dual SGLT1/SGLT2 inhibitor having success in clinical trials for diabetes. Clinical trials evaluating inhibitors of AAK1 (neuropathic pain) and SGLT1 (diabetes) are underway. The research community can take advantage of these unbiased analyses of gene function in mice, including the minimally studied 'ignorome' genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Brommage
- Department of Metabolism Research, Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, 8800 Technology Forest Place, The Woodlands, TX 77381, USA
| | - David R Powell
- Department of Metabolism Research, Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, 8800 Technology Forest Place, The Woodlands, TX 77381, USA
| | - Peter Vogel
- St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Pathology, MS 250, Room C5036A, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
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11
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Wang W, Corominas R, Lin GN. De novo Mutations From Whole Exome Sequencing in Neurodevelopmental and Psychiatric Disorders: From Discovery to Application. Front Genet 2019; 10:258. [PMID: 31001316 PMCID: PMC6456656 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2019.00258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodevelopmental and psychiatric disorders are a highly disabling and heterogeneous group of developmental and mental disorders, resulting from complex interactions of genetic and environmental risk factors. The nature of multifactorial traits and the presence of comorbidity and polygenicity in these disorders present challenges in both disease risk identification and clinical diagnoses. The genetic component has been firmly established, but the identification of all the causative variants remains elusive. The development of next-generation sequencing, especially whole exome sequencing (WES), has greatly enriched our knowledge of the precise genetic alterations of human diseases, including brain-related disorders. In particular, the extensive usage of WES in research studies has uncovered the important contribution of de novo mutations (DNMs) to these disorders. Trio and quad familial WES are a particularly useful approach to discover DNMs. Here, we review the major WES studies in neurodevelopmental and psychiatric disorders and summarize how genes hit by discovered DNMs are shared among different disorders. Next, we discuss different integrative approaches utilized to interrogate DNMs and to identify biological pathways that may disrupt brain development and shed light on our understanding of the genetic architecture underlying these disorders. Lastly, we discuss the current state of the transition from WES research to its routine clinical application. This review will assist researchers and clinicians in the interpretation of variants obtained from WES studies, and highlights the need to develop consensus analytical protocols and validated lists of genes appropriate for clinical laboratory analysis, in order to reach the growing demands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weidi Wang
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai, China
- Brain Science and Technology Research Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Roser Corominas
- Departament de Genètica, Microbiologia i Estadística, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras, Valencia, Spain
- Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Guan Ning Lin
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai, China
- Brain Science and Technology Research Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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12
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John J, Kukshal P, Sharma A, Bhatia T, Nimgaonkar VL, Deshpande SN, Thelma BK. Rare variants in Protein tyrosine phosphatase, receptor type A (PTPRA) in schizophrenia: Evidence from a family based study. Schizophr Res 2019; 206:75-81. [PMID: 30594456 PMCID: PMC7321970 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2018.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2018] [Revised: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 12/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The contribution of both common and rare risk variants to the genetic architecture of schizophrenia (SZ) has been documented in genome-wide association studies, whole exome and whole genome sequencing approaches. As SZ is highly heritable and segregates in families, highly penetrant rare variants are more likely to be identified through analyses of multiply affected families. Further, much of the gene mapping studies in SZ have utilized individuals of Caucasian ancestry. Analysis of other ethnic groups may be informative. In this study, we aimed at identification of rare, penetrant risk variants utilizing whole exome sequencing (WES) in a three-generation Indian family with multiple members affected. Filtered data from WES, combined with in silico analyses revealed a novel heterozygous missense variant (NM_080841:c.1730C>G:p.T577R; exon18) in Protein tyrosine phosphatase, receptor type A (PTPRA 20p13). The variant was located in an evolutionarily conserved position and predicted to be damaging. Screening for variants in this gene in the WES data of an independent SZ cohort (n = 350) of matched ethnicity, identified five additional rare missense variants with MAF < 0.003, which were also predicted to be damaging. In conclusion, the rare missense variants in PTPRA identified in this study could confer risk for SZ. This has also derived support from concordant data from prior linkage and association, as well as animal studies which indicated a role for PTPRA in glutamate function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jibin John
- Department of Genetics, University of Delhi South Campus, Benito Juarez Road, New Delhi 110 021, India
| | - Prachi Kukshal
- Department of Genetics, University of Delhi South Campus, Benito Juarez Road, New Delhi 110 021, India
| | - Aditya Sharma
- Department of Genetics, University of Delhi South Campus, Benito Juarez Road, New Delhi 110 021, India
| | - Triptish Bhatia
- Department of Psychiatry, PGIMER-Dr. RML Hospital, New Delhi 110 001, India
| | - V L Nimgaonkar
- Department of Psychiatry, Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 3811 O'Hara Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, DeSoto St, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - S N Deshpande
- Department of Psychiatry, PGIMER-Dr. RML Hospital, New Delhi 110 001, India
| | - B K Thelma
- Department of Genetics, University of Delhi South Campus, Benito Juarez Road, New Delhi 110 021, India.
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13
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Piluso G, Monteleone P, Galderisi S, Giugliano T, Bertolino A, Rocca P, Rossi A, Mucci A, Aguglia E, Andriola I, Bellomo A, Comparelli A, Gambi F, Fagiolini A, Marchesi C, Roncone R, Sacchetti E, Santonastaso P, Siracusano A, Stratta P, Tortorella A, Steardo L, Bucci P, Nigro V, Maj M. Assessment of de novo copy-number variations in Italian patients with schizophrenia: Detection of putative mutations involving regulatory enhancer elements. World J Biol Psychiatry 2019; 20:126-136. [PMID: 29069978 DOI: 10.1080/15622975.2017.1395072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Variants appearing de novo in genes regulating key neurodevelopmental processes and/or in non-coding cis-regulatory elements (CREs), as enhancers, may increase the risk for schizophrenia. However, CREs involvement in schizophrenia needs to be explored more deeply. METHODS We investigated de novo copy-number variations (CNVs) in the whole-genomic DNA obtained from 46 family trios of schizophrenia probands by using the Enhancer Chip, a customised array CGH able to investigate the whole genome with a 300-kb resolution, specific disease loci at a ten-fold higher resolution, and which was highly enriched in probes in more than 1,250 enhancer elements selected from Vista Enhancer Browser. RESULTS In seven patients, we found de novo CNVs, two of which overlapped VISTA enhancer elements. De novo CNVs encompass genes (CNTNAP2, MAGI1, TSPAN7 and MET) involved in brain development, while that involving the enhancer element hs1043, also includes ZIC1, which plays a role in neural development and is responsible of behavioural abnormalities in Zic mutant mice. CONCLUSIONS These findings provide further evidence for the involvement of de novo CNVs in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia and suggest that CNVs affecting regulatory enhancer elements could contribute to the genetic vulnerability to the disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulio Piluso
- a Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and General Pathology , University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli" , Naples , Italy
| | - Palmiero Monteleone
- b Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry "Scuola Medica Salernitana", Section of Neuroscience , University of Salerno , Salerno , Italy
| | - Silvana Galderisi
- c Department of Psychiatry , University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli" , Naples , Italy
| | - Teresa Giugliano
- a Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and General Pathology , University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli" , Naples , Italy
| | - Alessandro Bertolino
- d Department of Neurological and Psychiatric Sciences , University of Bari , Bari , Italy
| | - Paola Rocca
- e Department of Neuroscience, Section of Psychiatry , University of Turin , Turin , Italy
| | - Alessandro Rossi
- f Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, Section of Psychiatry , University of L'Aquila , L'Aquila , Italy
| | - Armida Mucci
- c Department of Psychiatry , University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli" , Naples , Italy
| | - Eugenio Aguglia
- g Department of Clinical and Molecular Biomedicine, Psychiatry Unit , University of Catania , Catania , Italy
| | - Ileana Andriola
- d Department of Neurological and Psychiatric Sciences , University of Bari , Bari , Italy
| | - Antonello Bellomo
- h Department of Medical Sciences, Psychiatry Unit , University of Foggia , Foggia , Italy
| | - Anna Comparelli
- i Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs , S. Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome , Rome , Italy
| | - Francesco Gambi
- j Department of Neuroscience and Imaging, Chair of Psychiatry , G. D'Annunzio University , Chieti , Italy
| | - Andrea Fagiolini
- k Department of Molecular Medicine and Clinical Department of Mental Health , University of Siena , Siena , Italy
| | - Carlo Marchesi
- l Department of Neuroscience, Psychiatry Unit , University of Parma , Parma , Italy
| | - Rita Roncone
- m Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, Unit of Psychiatry , University of L'Aquila , L'Aquila , Italy
| | - Emilio Sacchetti
- n Psychiatric Unit, School of Medicine, Department of Mental Health , University of Brescia and Spedali Civili Hospital , Brescia , Italy
| | - Paolo Santonastaso
- o Psychiatric Clinic, Department of Neurosciences , University of Padua , Padua , Italy
| | - Alberto Siracusano
- p Department of Systems Medicine, Chair of Psychiatry , Tor Vergata University of Rome , Rome , Italy
| | - Paolo Stratta
- f Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, Section of Psychiatry , University of L'Aquila , L'Aquila , Italy
| | | | - Luca Steardo
- c Department of Psychiatry , University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli" , Naples , Italy
| | - Paola Bucci
- c Department of Psychiatry , University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli" , Naples , Italy
| | - Vincenzo Nigro
- a Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and General Pathology , University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli" , Naples , Italy
| | - Mario Maj
- c Department of Psychiatry , University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli" , Naples , Italy
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14
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Rhoades R, Jackson F, Teng S. Discovery of rare variants implicated in schizophrenia using next-generation sequencing. JOURNAL OF TRANSLATIONAL GENETICS AND GENOMICS 2019; 3:1-20. [PMID: 33981965 PMCID: PMC8112455 DOI: 10.20517/jtgg.2018.26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a highly heritable psychiatric disorder that affects 1% of the population. Genome-wide association studies have identified common variants in candidate genes associated with schizophrenia, but the genetics mechanisms of this disorder have not yet been elucidated. The discovery of rare genetic variants that contribute to schizophrenia symptoms promises to help explain the missing heritability of the disease. Next generation sequencing techniques are revolutionizing the field of psychiatric genetics. Various statistical approaches have been developed for rare variant association testing in case-control and family studies. Targeted resequencing, whole exome sequencing and whole genome sequencing combined with these computational tools are used for the discovery of rare genetic variations in schizophrenia. The findings provide useful information for characterizing the rare mutations and elucidating the genetic mechanisms by which the variants cause schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raina Rhoades
- Department of Biology, Howard University, Washington, DC 20059, USA
| | - Fatimah Jackson
- Department of Biology, Howard University, Washington, DC 20059, USA
| | - Shaolei Teng
- Department of Biology, Howard University, Washington, DC 20059, USA
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15
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John J, Sharma A, Kukshal P, Bhatia T, Nimgaonkar VL, Deshpande SN, Thelma BK. Rare Variants in Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase 2 as a Risk Factor for Schizophrenia: Evidence From Familial and Cohort Analysis. Schizophr Bull 2019; 45:256-263. [PMID: 29385606 PMCID: PMC6293225 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbx196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Candidate gene and genome-wide association study based common risk variant identification is being complemented by whole exome sequencing (WES)/whole genome sequencing based rare variant discovery in elucidation of genetic landscape of schizophrenia (SZ), a common neuropsychiatric disorder. WES findings of de novo mutations in case-parent trios have further implied genetic etiology, but do not explain the high genetic risk in general populations. Conversely, WES in multiplex families may be an insightful strategy for the identification of highly penetrant rare variants in SZ and possibly enhance our understanding of disease biology. In this study, we analyzed a 5-generation Indian family with multiple members affected with SZ by WES. We identified a rare heterozygous missense variant (NM_003255: c.506C>T; p.Pro169Leu; MAF = 0.0001) in Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase 2 (TIMP2, 17q25.3) segregating with all 6 affected individuals but not with unaffected members. Linkage analysis indicated a maximum logarithm of the odds score of 1.8, θ = 0 at this locus. The variant was predicted to be damaging by various in silico tools and also disrupt the structural integrity by molecular dynamics simulations. WES based screening of an independent SZ cohort (n = 370) identified 4 additional rare missense variants (p.Leu20Met, p.Ala26Ser, p.Lys48Arg and p. Ile217Leu) and a splice variant rs540397728 (NM_003255:c.232-5T>C), also predicted to be damaging, increasing the likelihood of contribution of this gene to SZ risk. Extensive biochemical and knockout mouse studies suggesting involvement of TIMP2 in neurodevelopmental and behavioral deficits, together with genetic evidence for TIMP2 conferring SZ risk from this study may have possible implications for new therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jibin John
- Department of Genetics, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, India
| | - Aditya Sharma
- Department of Genetics, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, India
| | - Prachi Kukshal
- Department of Genetics, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, India
| | - Triptish Bhatia
- Department of Psychiatry, PGIMER-Dr. RML Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Vishwajit L Nimgaonkar
- Department of Psychiatry, Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA,Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh PA
| | | | - B K Thelma
- Department of Genetics, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, India,To whom correspondence should be addressed; Department of Genetics, University of Delhi South Campus, Benito Juarez Road, New Delhi 110 021, India; tel: +91-11-24118201, fax: +91-11-24112761, e-mail:
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16
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Joe P, Petrilli M, Malaspina D, Weissman J. Zinc in schizophrenia: A meta-analysis. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 2018; 53:19-24. [PMID: 29727763 DOI: 10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2018.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Revised: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The role of zinc homeostasis in various psychopathologies is an emerging area of interest. Zinc is strongly implicated in depressive disorders but is inadequately studied in schizophrenia, despite growing evidence of abnormal zinc transporters associated with schizophrenia. A meta-analysis of serum zinc concentrations in persons with schizophrenia was conducted to address this gap. METHOD PubMed and Embase were searched for all articles published through February 2018 that reported serum zinc concentrations in individuals with schizophrenia and in comparison subjects. A random-effects meta-analysis was carried out to compare mean serum zinc concentrations between the groups in terms of the weighted mean difference. RESULTS The current meta-analysis combined 10 studies, including a total of 658 schizophrenia patients and 1008 controls. Serum zinc concentration was significantly lower in individuals with schizophrenia than controls (12.81 μg/dl (1.96 μmol/l), t = -2.59, 95% CI: -22.50 to -3.12, p < 0.05). The reduction in zinc levels was more pronounced among inpatients and newly diagnosed, drug-naïve patients. CONCLUSIONS The current meta-analysis supports a disturbance of zinc homeostasis in individuals with schizophrenia compared to healthy controls, although the relationship between reduced serum zinc levels and psychotic symptoms remains unknown. Altered serum zinc might be linked to defective transporters and/or inflammation that impact the brain's glutamatergic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Joe
- New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Dolores Malaspina
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Department of Psychiatry, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Judith Weissman
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Department of Psychiatry, New York, NY, USA
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17
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Joe P, Getz M, Redman S, Kranz TM, Chao MV, Delaney S, Chen LA, Malaspina D. Transglutaminase-5 related schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2018; 193:477-479. [PMID: 28797525 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2017.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Joe
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Mara Getz
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Samantha Redman
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Thorsten Manfred Kranz
- Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, Department of Cell Biology, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Moses V Chao
- Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, Department of Cell Biology, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Shannon Delaney
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lea Ann Chen
- Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Dolores Malaspina
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
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18
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Kárpáti S, Sárdy M, Németh K, Mayer B, Smyth N, Paulsson M, Traupe H. Transglutaminases in autoimmune and inherited skin diseases: The phenomena of epitope spreading and functional compensation. Exp Dermatol 2018; 27:807-814. [PMID: 28940785 DOI: 10.1111/exd.13449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Transglutaminases (TGs) are structurally and functionally related enzymes that modify the post-translational structure and activity of proteins or peptides, and thus are able to turn on or switch off their function. Depending on location and activities, TGs are able to modify the signalling, the function and the fate of cells and extracellular connective tissues. Besides mouse models, human diseases enable us to appreciate the function of various TGs. In this study, skin diseases induced by genetic damages or autoimmune targeting of these enzymes will be discussed. TG1, TG3 and TG5 contribute to the cutaneous barrier and thus to the integrity and function of epidermis. TGM1 mutations related to autosomal recessive ichthyosis subtypes, TGM5 mutations to a mild epidermolysis bullosa phenotype and as novelty TGM3 mutation to uncombable hair syndrome will be discussed. Autoimmunity to TG2, TG3 and TG6 may develop in a few of those genetically determined individuals who lost tolerance to gluten, and manifest as coeliac disease, dermatitis herpetiformis or gluten-dependent neurological symptoms, respectively. These gluten responder diseases commonly occur in combination. In autoimmune diseases, the epitope spreading is remarkable, while in some inherited pathologies, a unique compensation of the lost enzyme function is noted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarolta Kárpáti
- Dermatology, Venereology and Dermatooncology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Miklós Sárdy
- Dermatology, Venereology and Dermatooncology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Krisztián Németh
- Dermatology, Venereology and Dermatooncology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Balázs Mayer
- Dermatology, Venereology and Dermatooncology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Neil Smyth
- Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Mats Paulsson
- Center for Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Heiko Traupe
- Department of Dermatology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
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19
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Abstract
Duplications in 16p11.2 are a risk factor for schizophrenia (SCZ). Using genetically modified zebrafish, Golzio and colleagues identified KCTD13 within 16p11.2 as a major driver of the neuropsychiatric phenotype observed in humans. The aims of the present study were to explore the role of KCTD13 in the development of SCZ and to provide a more complete picture of the allelic architecture at this risk locus. The exons of KCTD13 were sequenced in 576 patients. The mutations c.6G>T and c.598G>A were identified in one patient each. Both mutations were predicted to be functionally relevant and were absent from the 1000 Genomes Project data and the Exome Variant Server. The mutation c.6G>T was predicted to abolish a potential transcription factor-binding site for specifity protein 1. Altered specifity protein 1 expression has been reported in SCZ patients compared with controls. Further studies in large cohorts are warranted to determine the relevance of the two identified mutations.
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20
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Bustamante ML, Herrera L, Gaspar PA, Nieto R, Maturana A, Villar MJ, Salinas V, Silva H. Shifting the focus toward rare variants in schizophrenia to close the gap from genotype to phenotype. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2017; 174:663-670. [PMID: 28901686 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.32550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Schizophrenia (SZ) is a disorder with a high heritability and a complex architecture. Several dozen genetic variants have been identified as risk factors through genome-wide association studies including large population-based samples. However, the bulk of the risk cannot be accounted for by the genes associated to date. Rare mutations have been historically seen as relevant only for some infrequent, Mendelian forms of psychosis. Recent findings, however, show that the subset of patients that present a mutation with major effect is larger than expected. We discuss some of the molecular findings of these studies. SZ is clinically and genetically heterogeneous. To identify the genetic variation underlying the disorder, research should be focused on features that are more likely a product of genetic heterogeneity. Based on the phenotypical correlations with rare variants, cognition emerges as a relevant domain to study. Cognitive disturbances could be useful in selecting cases that have a higher probability of carrying deleterious mutations, as well as on the correct ascertainment of sporadic cases for the identification of de novo variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Leonor Bustamante
- Faculty of Medicine, Program of Human Genetics, Biomedical Sciences Institute, Universidad de Chile, Santiago de Chile, Chile.,Clínica Psiquiátrica Universitaria, Universidad de Chile, Santiago de Chile, Chile
| | - Luisa Herrera
- Faculty of Medicine, Program of Human Genetics, Biomedical Sciences Institute, Universidad de Chile, Santiago de Chile, Chile
| | - Pablo A Gaspar
- Clínica Psiquiátrica Universitaria, Universidad de Chile, Santiago de Chile, Chile.,Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neurosciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago de Chile, Chile.,Biomedical Neurosciences Institute, Universidad de Chile, Santiago de Chile, Chile
| | - Rodrigo Nieto
- Clínica Psiquiátrica Universitaria, Universidad de Chile, Santiago de Chile, Chile.,Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neurosciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago de Chile, Chile
| | - Alejandro Maturana
- Clínica Psiquiátrica Universitaria, Universidad de Chile, Santiago de Chile, Chile
| | - María José Villar
- Clínica Psiquiátrica Universitaria, Universidad de Chile, Santiago de Chile, Chile
| | - Valeria Salinas
- Faculty of Medicine, Program of Human Genetics, Biomedical Sciences Institute, Universidad de Chile, Santiago de Chile, Chile
| | - Hernán Silva
- Clínica Psiquiátrica Universitaria, Universidad de Chile, Santiago de Chile, Chile.,Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neurosciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago de Chile, Chile.,Biomedical Neurosciences Institute, Universidad de Chile, Santiago de Chile, Chile
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21
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Fond G, Godin O, Boyer L, Llorca PM, Andrianarisoa M, Brunel L, Aouizerate B, Berna F, Capdevielle D, D'Amato T, Denizot H, Dubertret C, Dubreucq J, Faget C, Gabayet F, Mallet J, Misdrahi D, Passerieux C, Rey R, Richieri R, Schandrin A, Urbach M, Vidailhet P, Leboyer M, Bulzacka E, Schürhoff F. Advanced paternal age is associated with earlier schizophrenia onset in offspring. Results from the national multicentric FACE-SZ cohort. Psychiatry Res 2017; 254:218-223. [PMID: 28476014 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2017.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 04/02/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The association between advanced paternal age (APA) and increased risk of schizophrenia (SZ) is well established. The objectives of the present study were to further determine if SZ participants with APA (APA+), versus those without (APA-), had: (i) different illness characteristics; (ii) different responses to antipsychotic medication; and (iii) different cognitive characteristics. Participants were a non-selected representative multicentric sample of stabilized community-dwelling people diagnosed with SZ included in the FACE-SZ cohort. 389 participants (73% males, mean aged 32.7 years, mean illness duration 10.8 years) formed the study sample, with each comprehensively evaluated, clinically and neuropsychologically, over 2 days. 118 participants (30.3%) were defined as APA+ according to their father's age at birth (≥35 years). APA+ was associated with a wide range of cognitive dysfunctions in univariate analyses. In multivariate analyses, the only significant difference was the age at onset, with a mean 1.6 year earlier in APA+, compared to APA- (20.7 vs. 22.3 years; p=0.02). This difference is independent of sociodemographic characteristics and I.Q. No association with clinical symptomatology and treatment response was found. The present study supports the neomutation hypothesis and confirms APA as a relevant clinical variable to discriminate potential schizophrenia subtypes. Potential underlying pathophysiological mechanisms are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Fond
- Fondation FondaMental, Créteil, France; INSERM U955, équipe de psychiatrie translationnelle, Créteil, France, Université Paris-Est Créteil, DHU Pe-PSY, Pôle de Psychiatrie des Hôpitaux Universitaires H Mondor, Créteil, France; Bordeaux Sleep Clinique, Pellegrin University Hospital, Bordeaux University, USR CNRS 3413 SANPSY, Research Unit, 33000 Bordeaux, France; Clinique Jeanne d'Arc, Hôpital Privé Parisien, F-94160 Saint-Mandé, France.
| | - Ophélia Godin
- Fondation FondaMental, Créteil, France; UPMC University Paris 06, UMRS 943, F-75013 Paris, France; INSERM, UMRS 943, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Laurent Boyer
- Fondation FondaMental, Créteil, France; Pôle psychiatrie universitaire, CHU Sainte-Marguerite, F-13274 Marseille cedex 09, France
| | - Pierre-Michel Llorca
- Fondation FondaMental, Créteil, France; CMP B, CHU, EA 7280 Faculté de Médecine, Université d'Auvergne, BP 69 63003 Clermont-Ferrand Cedex 1, France
| | - Meja Andrianarisoa
- Fondation FondaMental, Créteil, France; INSERM U955, équipe de psychiatrie translationnelle, Créteil, France, Université Paris-Est Créteil, DHU Pe-PSY, Pôle de Psychiatrie des Hôpitaux Universitaires H Mondor, Créteil, France
| | - Lore Brunel
- Fondation FondaMental, Créteil, France; INSERM U955, équipe de psychiatrie translationnelle, Créteil, France, Université Paris-Est Créteil, DHU Pe-PSY, Pôle de Psychiatrie des Hôpitaux Universitaires H Mondor, Créteil, France
| | - Bruno Aouizerate
- Fondation FondaMental, Créteil, France; Centre Hospitalier Charles Perrens, F-33076 Bordeaux, France; Université de Bordeaux; Inserm, Neurocentre Magendie, Physiopathologie de la Plasticité Neuronale, U862, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Fabrice Berna
- Fondation FondaMental, Créteil, France; Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg, INSERM U1114, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Delphine Capdevielle
- Fondation FondaMental, Créteil, France; Service Universitaire de Psychiatrie Adulte, Hôpital la Colombière, CHRU Montpellier, Université Montpellier 1, Inserm 1061, Montpellier, France
| | - Thierry D'Amato
- Fondation FondaMental, Créteil, France; INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR5292, Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Equipe PSYR2, Centre Hospitalier Le Vinatier, Pole Est, 95 bd Pinel, BP 30039, 69678 Bron Cedex, France
| | - Hélène Denizot
- Fondation FondaMental, Créteil, France; CMP B, CHU, EA 7280 Faculté de Médecine, Université d'Auvergne, BP 69 63003 Clermont-Ferrand Cedex 1, France
| | - Caroline Dubertret
- Fondation FondaMental, Créteil, France; AP-HP, Department of Psychiatry, Louis Mourier Hospital, Colombes, Inserm U894, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de médecine, France
| | - Julien Dubreucq
- Fondation FondaMental, Créteil, France; Centre Référent de Réhabilitation Psychosociale, CH Alpes Isère, Grenoble, France
| | - Catherine Faget
- Fondation FondaMental, Créteil, France; Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), pôle universitaire de psychiatrie, Marseille, France
| | - Franck Gabayet
- Fondation FondaMental, Créteil, France; Centre Référent de Réhabilitation Psychosociale, CH Alpes Isère, Grenoble, France
| | - Jasmina Mallet
- Fondation FondaMental, Créteil, France; AP-HP, Department of Psychiatry, Louis Mourier Hospital, Colombes, Inserm U894, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de médecine, France
| | - David Misdrahi
- Fondation FondaMental, Créteil, France; Centre Hospitalier Charles Perrens, F-33076 Bordeaux, France; Université de Bordeaux; CNRS UMR 5287-INCIA
| | - Christine Passerieux
- Fondation FondaMental, Créteil, France; Service de psychiatrie d'adulte, Centre Hospitalier de Versailles, UFR des Sciences de la Santé Simone Veil, Université Versailles Saint-Quentin en Yvelines, Versailles, France
| | - Romain Rey
- Fondation FondaMental, Créteil, France; INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR5292, Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Equipe PSYR2, Centre Hospitalier Le Vinatier, Pole Est, 95 bd Pinel, BP 30039, 69678 Bron Cedex, France
| | - Raphaelle Richieri
- Fondation FondaMental, Créteil, France; Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), pôle universitaire de psychiatrie, Marseille, France
| | - Aurélie Schandrin
- Fondation FondaMental, Créteil, France; Service Universitaire de Psychiatrie Adulte, Hôpital la Colombière, CHRU Montpellier, Université Montpellier 1, Inserm 1061, Montpellier, France
| | - Mathieu Urbach
- Fondation FondaMental, Créteil, France; Service de psychiatrie d'adulte, Centre Hospitalier de Versailles, UFR des Sciences de la Santé Simone Veil, Université Versailles Saint-Quentin en Yvelines, Versailles, France
| | - Pierre Vidailhet
- Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg, INSERM U1114, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Marion Leboyer
- Fondation FondaMental, Créteil, France; INSERM U955, équipe de psychiatrie translationnelle, Créteil, France, Université Paris-Est Créteil, DHU Pe-PSY, Pôle de Psychiatrie des Hôpitaux Universitaires H Mondor, Créteil, France
| | - Ewa Bulzacka
- Fondation FondaMental, Créteil, France; INSERM U955, équipe de psychiatrie translationnelle, Créteil, France, Université Paris-Est Créteil, DHU Pe-PSY, Pôle de Psychiatrie des Hôpitaux Universitaires H Mondor, Créteil, France
| | - Franck Schürhoff
- Fondation FondaMental, Créteil, France; INSERM U955, équipe de psychiatrie translationnelle, Créteil, France, Université Paris-Est Créteil, DHU Pe-PSY, Pôle de Psychiatrie des Hôpitaux Universitaires H Mondor, Créteil, France
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Geisheker MR, Heymann G, Wang T, Coe BP, Turner TN, Stessman HA, Hoekzema K, Kvarnung M, Shaw M, Friend K, Liebelt J, Barnett C, Thompson EM, Haan E, Guo H, Anderlid BM, Nordgren A, Lindstrand A, Vandeweyer G, Alberti A, Avola E, Vinci M, Giusto S, Pramparo T, Pierce K, Nalabolu S, Michaelson JJ, Sedlacek Z, Santen GW, Peeters H, Hakonarson H, Courchesne E, Romano C, Kooy RF, Bernier RA, Nordenskjöld M, Gecz J, Xia K, Zweifel LS, Eichler EE. Hotspots of missense mutation identify neurodevelopmental disorder genes and functional domains. Nat Neurosci 2017; 20:1043-1051. [PMID: 28628100 PMCID: PMC5539915 DOI: 10.1038/nn.4589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Although de novo missense mutations have been predicted to account for more cases of autism than gene-truncating mutations, most research has focused on the latter. We identified the properties of de novo missense mutations in patients with neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) and highlight 35 genes with excess missense mutations. Additionally, 40 amino acid sites were recurrently mutated in 36 genes, and targeted sequencing of 20 sites in 17,688 patients with NDD identified 21 new patients with identical missense mutations. One recurrent site substitution (p.A636T) occurs in a glutamate receptor subunit, GRIA1. This same amino acid substitution in the homologous but distinct mouse glutamate receptor subunit Grid2 is associated with Lurcher ataxia. Phenotypic follow-up in five individuals with GRIA1 mutations shows evidence of specific learning disabilities and autism. Overall, we find significant clustering of de novo mutations in 200 genes, highlighting specific functional domains and synaptic candidate genes important in NDD pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gabriel Heymann
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Tianyun Wang
- The State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Bradley P. Coe
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Tychele N. Turner
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Holly A.F. Stessman
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Kendra Hoekzema
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Malin Kvarnung
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marie Shaw
- Robinson Research Institute and the University of Adelaide at the Women’s and Children’s Hospital, North Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Kathryn Friend
- Robinson Research Institute and the University of Adelaide at the Women’s and Children’s Hospital, North Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- SA Pathology, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Jan Liebelt
- South Australian Clinical Genetics Service, SA Pathology (at Women’s and Children’s Hospital), Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Christopher Barnett
- South Australian Clinical Genetics Service, SA Pathology (at Women’s and Children’s Hospital), Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- School of Paediatrics and Reproductive Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Elizabeth M. Thompson
- South Australian Clinical Genetics Service, SA Pathology (at Women’s and Children’s Hospital), Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Eric Haan
- South Australian Clinical Genetics Service, SA Pathology (at Women’s and Children’s Hospital), Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Hui Guo
- The State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Britt-Marie Anderlid
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ann Nordgren
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna Lindstrand
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Geert Vandeweyer
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Antonino Alberti
- Unit of Pediatrics & Medical Genetics, IRCCS Associazione Oasi Maria Santissima, Troina, Italy
| | - Emanuela Avola
- Unit of Pediatrics & Medical Genetics, IRCCS Associazione Oasi Maria Santissima, Troina, Italy
| | - Mirella Vinci
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, IRCCS Associazione Oasi Maria Santissima, Troina, Italy
| | - Stefania Giusto
- Unit of Neurology, IRCCS Associazione Oasi Maria Santissima, Troina, Italy
| | - Tiziano Pramparo
- University of California, San Diego, Autism Center of Excellence, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Karen Pierce
- University of California, San Diego, Autism Center of Excellence, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Srinivasa Nalabolu
- University of California, San Diego, Autism Center of Excellence, La Jolla, California, USA
| | | | - Zdenek Sedlacek
- Department of Biology and Medical Genetics, Charles University 2nd Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Gijs W.E. Santen
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Hilde Peeters
- Centre for Human Genetics, KU Leuven and Leuven Autism Research, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Hakon Hakonarson
- Center for Applied Genomics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Division of Genetics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Eric Courchesne
- University of California, San Diego, Autism Center of Excellence, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Corrado Romano
- Unit of Pediatrics & Medical Genetics, IRCCS Associazione Oasi Maria Santissima, Troina, Italy
| | - R. Frank Kooy
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Raphael A. Bernier
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Magnus Nordenskjöld
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jozef Gecz
- Robinson Research Institute and the University of Adelaide at the Women’s and Children’s Hospital, North Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Kun Xia
- The State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Larry S. Zweifel
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Evan E. Eichler
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
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Petrilli MA, Kranz TM, Kleinhaus K, Joe P, Getz M, Johnson P, Chao MV, Malaspina D. The Emerging Role for Zinc in Depression and Psychosis. Front Pharmacol 2017; 8:414. [PMID: 28713269 PMCID: PMC5492454 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Zinc participation is essential for all physiological systems, including neural functioning, where it participates in a myriad of cellular processes. Converging clinical, molecular, and genetic discoveries illuminate key roles for zinc homeostasis in association with clinical depression and psychosis which are not yet well appreciated at the clinical interface. Intracellular deficiency may arise from low circulating zinc levels due to dietary insufficiency, or impaired absorption from aging or medical conditions, including alcoholism. A host of medications commonly administered to psychiatric patients, including anticonvulsants, oral medications for diabetes, hormones, antacids, anti-inflammatories and others also impact zinc absorption. Furthermore, inefficient genetic variants in zinc transporter molecules that transport the ion across cellular membranes impede its action even when circulating zinc concentrations is in the normal range. Well powered clinical studies have shown beneficial effects of supplemental zinc in depression and it important to pursue research using zinc as a potential therapeutic option for psychosis as well. Meta-analyses support the adjunctive use of zinc in major depression and a single study now supports zinc for psychotic symptoms. This manuscript reviews the biochemistry and bench top evidence on putative molecular mechanisms of zinc as a psychiatric treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thorsten M Kranz
- Departments of Cell Biology, Physiology and Neuroscience, and Psychiatry, Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, New York UniversityNew York, NY, United States
| | - Karine Kleinhaus
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of MedicineNew York, NY, United States
| | - Peter Joe
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of MedicineNew York, NY, United States
| | - Mara Getz
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of MedicineNew York, NY, United States
| | - Porsha Johnson
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of MedicineNew York, NY, United States
| | - Moses V Chao
- Departments of Cell Biology, Physiology and Neuroscience, and Psychiatry, Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, New York UniversityNew York, NY, United States
| | - Dolores Malaspina
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of MedicineNew York, NY, United States
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24
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Loss-of-function of PTPR γ and ζ, observed in sporadic schizophrenia, causes brain region-specific deregulation of monoamine levels and altered behavior in mice. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2017; 234:575-587. [PMID: 28025742 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-016-4490-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE The receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase PTPRG has been genetically associated with psychiatric disorders and is a ligand for members of the contactin family, which are themselves linked to autism spectrum disorders. OBJECTIVE Based on our finding of a phosphatase-null de novo mutation in PTPRG associated with a case of sporadic schizophrenia, we used PTPRG knockout (KO) mice to model the effect of a loss-of-function mutation. We compared the results with loss-of-function in its close paralogue PTPRZ, previously associated with schizophrenia. We tested PTPRG -/- , PTPRZ -/- , and wild-type male mice for effects on social behavior, forced swim test, and anxiety, as well as on regional brain neurochemistry. RESULTS The most notable behavioral consequences of PTPRG gene inactivation were reduced immobilization in the forced swim test, suggestive of some negative symptoms of schizophrenia. By contrast, PTPRZ -/- mice demonstrated marked social alteration with increased aggressivity, reminiscent of some positive symptoms of schizophrenia. Both knockouts showed elevated dopamine levels in prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, and most particularly amygdala, but not striatum, accompanied by reduced dopamine beta hydroxylase activity only in amygdala. In addition, PTPRG KO elicited a distinct increase in hippocampal serotonin level not observed in PTPRZ KO. CONCLUSION PTPRG and PTPRZ gene loss therefore induces distinct patterns of behavioral change and region-specific alterations in neurotransmitters, highlighting their usefulness as models for neuropsychiatric disorder mechanisms and making these receptors attractive targets for therapy.
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Turner TN, Yi Q, Krumm N, Huddleston J, Hoekzema K, F Stessman HA, Doebley AL, Bernier RA, Nickerson DA, Eichler EE. denovo-db: a compendium of human de novo variants. Nucleic Acids Res 2016; 45:D804-D811. [PMID: 27907889 PMCID: PMC5210614 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkw865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Revised: 09/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Whole-exome and whole-genome sequencing have facilitated the large-scale discovery of de novo variants in human disease. To date, most de novo discovery through next-generation sequencing focused on congenital heart disease and neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs). Currently, de novo variants are one of the most significant risk factors for NDDs with a substantial overlap of genes involved in more than one NDD. To facilitate better usage of published data, provide standardization of annotation, and improve accessibility, we created denovo-db (http://denovo-db.gs.washington.edu), a database for human de novo variants. As of July 2016, denovo-db contained 40 different studies and 32,991 de novo variants from 23,098 trios. Database features include basic variant information (chromosome location, change, type); detailed annotation at the transcript and protein levels; severity scores; frequency; validation status; and, most importantly, the phenotype of the individual with the variant. We included a feature on our browsable website to download any query result, including a downloadable file of the full database with additional variant details. denovo-db provides necessary information for researchers to compare their data to other individuals with the same phenotype and also to controls allowing for a better understanding of the biology of de novo variants and their contribution to disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tychele N Turner
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Qian Yi
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Niklas Krumm
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - John Huddleston
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Kendra Hoekzema
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Holly A F Stessman
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Anna-Lisa Doebley
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.,Medical Scientist Training Program, Department of Pathology, University ofWashington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
| | - Raphael A Bernier
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
| | - Deborah A Nickerson
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Evan E Eichler
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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27
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Paternal occupational lead exposure and offspring risks for schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2016; 176:560-565. [PMID: 27318522 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2016.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Revised: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 06/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
This register-based cohort study investigated whether paternal occupational exposure to inorganic lead was related to offspring risk for schizophrenia spectrum disorder (SSD). Exposed men (n=11,863) were identified from blood lead measurements taken at the Finnish Institute of Occupational Health in 1973-1983. Data on mothers and their offspring born from 1972-1984 were obtained from the national Population Information System. Two population comparison offspring for each exposed offspring were matched on date of birth, sex and area (n=23,720). SSD cases were identified from The Finnish Hospital Discharge Register. Hazard ratios of SSD between exposed groups were analyzed using conditional proportional hazards regression, adjusted for parental history of psychoses, parental ages, language of offspring, father's employment, and father's self-employment. After 26-38years of follow up, there were no significant differences in the incidence of schizophrenia, either between the offspring of exposed (188/11,863; 1.6%) and unexposed fathers (347/23,720; 1.5%) or based on blood lead levels (adjusted hazard ratios (aHR): 0.97, CI 0.52-1.83, 1.25, CI 0.85-1.82, 0.90, CI 0.54-1.49, and 1.38, CI 0.65-2.92 for lead categories <0.5, 0.5-0.9, 1.0-1.4, and ≥1.5μmol/L, respectively, as compared to population comparison). Parental psychosis, paternal age and offspring language were associated with offspring risk. The findings suggest that paternal exposure to lead is not a risk factor for schizophrenia in offspring. However, the majority of exposed fathers had low-level exposure, and we cannot exclude the possibility of an effect for higher exposures to lead.
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Malaspina D, Walsh-Messinger J, Antonius D, Dracxler R, Rothman K, Puthota J, Gilman C, Feuerstein JL, Keefe D, Goetz D, Goetz RR, Buckley P, Lehrer DS, Pato M, Pato C. Parental age effects on odor sensitivity in healthy subjects and schizophrenia patients. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2016. [PMID: 26224136 PMCID: PMC8843882 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.32351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A schizophrenia phenotype for paternal and maternal age effects on illness risk could benefit etiological research. As odor sensitivity is associated with variability in symptoms and cognition in schizophrenia, we examined if it was related to parental ages in patients and healthy controls. We tested Leukocyte Telomere Length (LTL) as an explanatory factor, as LTL is associated with paternal age and schizophrenia risk. Seventy-five DSM-IV patients and 46 controls were assessed for detection of PEA, WAIS-III for cognition, and LTL, assessed by qPCR. In healthy controls, but not schizophrenia patients, decreasing sensitivity was monotonically related to advancing parental ages, particularly in sons. The relationships between parental aging and odor sensitivity differed significantly for patients and controls (Fisher's R to Z: χ(2) = 6.95, P = 0.009). The groups also differed in the association of odor sensitivity with cognition; lesser sensitivity robustly predicted cognitive impairments in patients (<0.001), but these were unassociated in controls. LTL was unrelated to odor sensitivity and did not explain the association of lesser sensitivity with cognitive deficits.Parental aging predicted less sensitive detection in healthy subjects but not in schizophrenia patients. In patients, decreased odor sensitivity strongly predicted cognitive deficits, whereas more sensitive acuity was associated with older parents. These data support separate risk pathways for schizophrenia. A parental age-related pathway may produce psychosis without impairing cognition and odor sensitivity. Diminished odor sensitivity may furthermore be useful as a biomarker for research and treatment studies in schizophrenia. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dolores Malaspina
- Department of Psychiatry, Institute for Social and Psychiatric Initiatives (InSPIRES), New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York,Correspondence to: Dolores Malaspina, M.D., M.S.P.H., Department of Psychiatry and Child Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, 1 Park Avenue, 8th Floor, Room 222, New York, NY 10016.,
| | - Julie Walsh-Messinger
- Department of Psychiatry, Institute for Social and Psychiatric Initiatives (InSPIRES), New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Daniel Antonius
- Department of Psychiatry, Institute for Social and Psychiatric Initiatives (InSPIRES), New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York,Erie County Forensic Mental Health Services, State University of New York, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
| | - Roberta Dracxler
- Department of Psychiatry, Institute for Social and Psychiatric Initiatives (InSPIRES), New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, NYU Langone Medical School, New York, New York
| | - Karen Rothman
- Department of Psychiatry, Institute for Social and Psychiatric Initiatives (InSPIRES), New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Jennifer Puthota
- Sophie Davis School of Biomedical Education, City University of New York, New York, New York
| | - Caitlin Gilman
- Department of Pediatrics, New York University and Bellevue Hospital Center, New York, New York
| | | | - David Keefe
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, NYU Langone Medical School, New York, New York
| | - Deborah Goetz
- Department of Psychiatry, Institute for Social and Psychiatric Initiatives (InSPIRES), New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Raymond R. Goetz
- Department of Psychiatry, Institute for Social and Psychiatric Initiatives (InSPIRES), New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York,Department of Psychiatry, New York State Psychiatric Institute & Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Peter Buckley
- Medical College of Georgia at Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Douglas S. Lehrer
- Department of Psychiatry, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University, Dayton, Ohio
| | - Michele Pato
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Carlos Pato
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
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Bergen SE. Parsing psychosis subtypes through investigations of rare genetic variants. EBioMedicine 2016; 6:16-17. [PMID: 27211538 PMCID: PMC4856781 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2016.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 04/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Bergen
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Box 281, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden; Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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Tomoda T, Sumitomo A, Jaaro-Peled H, Sawa A. Utility and validity of DISC1 mouse models in biological psychiatry. Neuroscience 2016; 321:99-107. [PMID: 26768401 PMCID: PMC4803604 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.12.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2015] [Revised: 12/31/2015] [Accepted: 12/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
We have seen an era of explosive progress in translating neurobiology into etiological understanding of mental disorders for the past 10-15 years. The discovery of Disrupted-in-schizophrenia 1 (DISC1) gene was one of the major driving forces that have contributed to the progress. The finding that DISC1 plays crucial roles in neurodevelopment and synapse regulation clearly underscored the utility and validity of DISC1-related biology in advancing our understanding of pathophysiological processes underlying psychiatric conditions. Despite recent genetic studies that failed to identify DISC1 as a risk gene for sporadic cases of schizophrenia, DISC1 mutant mice, coupled with various environmental stressors, have proven successful in satisfying face validity as models of a wide range of human psychiatric conditions. Investigating mental disorders using these models is expected to further contribute to the circuit-level understanding of the pathological mechanisms, as well as to the development of novel therapeutic strategies in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Tomoda
- Medical Innovation Center, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan.
| | - A Sumitomo
- Medical Innovation Center, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - H Jaaro-Peled
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - A Sawa
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.
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DeLisi LE. A Case for Returning to Multiplex Families for Further Understanding the Heritability of Schizophrenia: A Psychiatrist's Perspective. MOLECULAR NEUROPSYCHIATRY 2016; 2:15-9. [PMID: 27606317 PMCID: PMC4996023 DOI: 10.1159/000442820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 11/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The genetic mechanism for schizophrenia still remains unknown despite decades of research. A tremendous amount of investigator time and effort has gone into ascertainment of clinical samples for genetic studies over the years. Most recently, a large international effort of unprecedented collaboration has occurred to combine data worldwide in pursuit of uncovering the relevant genetic risk factors. However, in the process, the use of multiplex families to understand the genetics has waned, and it has been presumed that large resources of unrelated patients and controls are more efficient to find risk alleles than families. This commentary is a call to return to the use of this largely abandoned resource for further understanding the underlying biological mechanism of this serious mental illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynn E. DeLisi
- VA Boston Healthcare System, Brockton, Mass., and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass., USA
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Schuch JB, Paixão-Côrtes VR, Friedrich DC, Tovo-Rodrigues L. The contribution of protein intrinsic disorder to understand the role of genetic variants uncovered by autism spectrum disorders exome studies. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2016; 171B:479-91. [PMID: 26892727 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.32431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2015] [Accepted: 02/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Several autism spectrum disorders (ASD) exome studies suggest that coding single nucleotide variants (SNVs) play an important role on ASD etiology. Usually, the pathogenic effect of missense mutations is estimated through predictors that lose accuracy for those SNVs placed in intrinsically disordered regions of protein. Here, we used bioinformatics tools to investigate the effect of mutations described in ASD published exome studies (549 mutations) in protein disorder, considering post-translational modification, PEST and Molecular Recognition Features (MoRFs) motifs. Schizophrenia and type 2 diabetes (T2D) datasets were created for comparison purposes. The frequency of mutations predicted as disordered was comparable among the three datasets (38.1% in ASD, 35.7% in schizophrenia, 46.4% in T2D). However, the frequency of SNVs predicted to lead a gain or loss of functional sites or change intrinsic disorder tendencies was higher in ASD and schizophrenia than T2D (46.9%, 36.4%, and 23.1%, respectively). The results obtained by SIFT and PolyPhen-2 indicated that 38.9% and 34.4% of the mutations predicted, respectively, as tolerated and benign showed functional alterations in disorder properties. Given the frequency of mutations placed in IDRs and their functional impact, this study suggests that alterations in intrinsic disorder properties might play a role in ASD and schizophrenia etiologies. They should be taken into consideration when researching the pathogenicity of mutations in neurodevelopmental and psychiatric diseases. Finally, mutations with functional alterations in disorder properties must be potential targets for in vitro and in vivo functional studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaqueline Bohrer Schuch
- Department of Genetics, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | | | - Deise C Friedrich
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Luciana Tovo-Rodrigues
- Postgraduate Program in Epidemiology, Federal University of Pelotas (UFPel), Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
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Prefrontal neuronal integrity predicts symptoms and cognition in schizophrenia and is sensitive to genetic heterogeneity. Schizophr Res 2016; 172:94-100. [PMID: 26925801 PMCID: PMC4894496 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2016.02.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Revised: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a genetically complex syndrome with substantial inter-subject variability in multiple domains. Person-specific measures to resolve its heterogeneity could focus on the variability in prefrontal integrity, which this study indexed as relative rostralization within the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC). Twenty-two schizophrenia cases and 11 controls underwent rigorous diagnostic procedures, symptom assessments (PANSS, Deficit Syndrome Scale) and intelligence testing. All underwent multivoxel MRSI at 3T to measure concentrations of the neuronal-specific biomarker N-acetylaspartate (NAA) in all of the voxels of the ACC. The concentrations of NAA were separately calculated and then compared across the rostral and caudal subregions to generate a rostralization ratio, which was examined with respect to the study measures and to which cases carried a missense coding polymorphism in PTPRG, SCL39A13, TGM5, NTRK1 or ARMS/KIDINS220. Rostralization significantly differed between cases and controls (χ(2)=18.40, p<.0001). In cases, it predicted verbal intelligence (r=.469, p=.043) and trait negative symptoms (diminished emotional range (r=-.624, p=.010); curbed interests, r=-.558, p=.025). Rostralization was similar to controls for missense coding variants in TGM5 and was significantly greater than controls for the PTPRG variant carrier. This is the first study examining the utility of MRS metrics in describing pathological features at both group and person-specific levels. Rostralization predicted core illness features and differed based on which signaling genes were disrupted. While future studies in larger populations are needed, ACC rostralization appears to be a promising measure to reduce the heterogeneity of schizophrenia for genetic research and selecting cases for treatment studies.
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Kranz TM, Berns A, Shields J, Rothman K, Walsh-Messinger J, Goetz RR, Chao MV, Malaspina D. Phenotypically distinct subtypes of psychosis accompany novel or rare variants in four different signaling genes. EBioMedicine 2016; 6:206-214. [PMID: 27211562 PMCID: PMC4856793 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2016.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Revised: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 03/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rare gene variants are important sources of schizophrenia vulnerability that likely interact with polygenic susceptibility loci. This study examined if novel or rare missense coding variants in any of four different signaling genes in sporadic schizophrenia cases were associated with clinical phenotypes in an exceptionally well-characterized sample. METHOD Structured interviews, cognition, symptoms and life course features were assessed in 48 ethnically-diverse cases with psychosis who underwent targeted exome sequencing of PTPRG (Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase, Receptor Type G), SLC39A13 (Solute Carrier Family 39 (Zinc Transporter) Member 13), TGM5 (transglutaminase 5) and ARMS/KIDINS220 (Ankyrin repeat-rich membrane spanning protein or Kinase D-Interacting Substrate of 220kDa). Cases harboring rare missense coding polymorphisms or novel mutations in one or more of these genes were compared to other cases not carrying any rare missense coding polymorphisms or novel mutations in these genes and healthy controls. FINDINGS Fifteen of 48 cases (31.25%) carried rare or novel missense coding variants in one or more of these genes. The subgroups significantly differed in important features, including specific working memory deficits for PTPRG (n=5); severe negative symptoms, global cognitive deficits and poor educational attainment, suggesting a developmental disorder, for SLC39A13 (n=4); slow processing speed, childhood attention deficit disorder and milder symptoms for TGM5 (n=4); and global cognitive deficits with good educational attainment suggesting neurodegeneration for ARMS/KIDINS220 (n=5). Case vignettes are included in the appendix. INTERPRETATION Genes prone to missense coding polymorphisms and/or mutations in sporadic cases may highlight influential genes for psychosis and illuminate heterogeneous pathways to schizophrenia. Ethnicity appears less important at the level of genetic variability. The sequence variations that potentially alter the function of specific genes or their signaling partners may contribute to particular subtypes of psychosis. This approach may be applicable to other complex disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thorsten M Kranz
- Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, Departments of Cell Biology, Physiology & Neuroscience and Psychiatry, New York University, NY, NY 10016, USA.
| | - Adam Berns
- Institute for Social and Psychiatric Initiatives (InSPIRES), Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA.
| | - Jerry Shields
- Institute for Social and Psychiatric Initiatives (InSPIRES), Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA.
| | - Karen Rothman
- Institute for Social and Psychiatric Initiatives (InSPIRES), Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA.
| | | | - Raymond R Goetz
- New York State Psychiatric Institute, Division of Clinical Phenomenology, 1051 Riverside Drive, New York, NY 10032, USA.
| | - Moses V Chao
- Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, Departments of Cell Biology, Physiology & Neuroscience and Psychiatry, New York University, NY, NY 10016, USA.
| | - Dolores Malaspina
- Institute for Social and Psychiatric Initiatives (InSPIRES), Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA.
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A Dishful of a Troubled Mind: Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells in Psychiatric Research. Stem Cells Int 2015; 2016:7909176. [PMID: 26839567 PMCID: PMC4709917 DOI: 10.1155/2016/7909176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuronal differentiation of induced pluripotent stem cells and direct reprogramming represent powerful methods for modeling the development of neurons in vitro. Moreover, this approach is also a means for comparing various cellular phenotypes between cell lines originating from healthy and diseased individuals or isogenic cell lines engineered to differ at only one or a few genomic loci. Despite methodological constraints and initial skepticism regarding this approach, the field is expanding at a fast pace. The improvements include the development of new differentiation protocols resulting in selected neuronal populations (e.g., dopaminergic, GABAergic, hippocampal, and cortical), the widespread use of genome editing methods, and single-cell techniques. A major challenge awaiting in vitro disease modeling is the integration of clinical data in the models, by selection of well characterized clinical populations. Ideally, these models will also demonstrate how different diagnostic categories share overlapping molecular disease mechanisms, but also have unique characteristics. In this review we evaluate studies with regard to the described developments, to demonstrate how differentiation of induced pluripotent stem cells and direct reprogramming can contribute to psychiatry.
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Daskalakis NP, De Kloet ER, Yehuda R, Malaspina D, Kranz TM. Early Life Stress Effects on Glucocorticoid-BDNF Interplay in the Hippocampus. Front Mol Neurosci 2015; 8:68. [PMID: 26635521 PMCID: PMC4644789 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2015.00068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Early life stress (ELS) is implicated in the etiology of multiple psychiatric disorders. Important biological effects of ELS are manifested in stress-susceptible regions of the hippocampus and are partially mediated by long-term effects on glucocorticoid (GC) and/or neurotrophin signaling pathways. GC-signaling mediates the regulation of stress response to maintain homeostasis, while neurotrophin signaling plays a key role in neuronal outgrowth and is crucial for axonal guidance and synaptic integrity. The neurotrophin and GC-signaling pathways co-exist throughout the central nervous system (CNS), particularly in the hippocampus, which has high expression levels of glucocorticoid-receptors (GR) and mineralocorticoid-receptors (MR) as well as brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and its receptor, tropomyosin-related kinase receptor B (TrkB). This review addresses the effects of ELS paradigms on GC- and BDNF-dependent mechanisms and their crosstalk in the hippocampus, including potential implications for the pathogenesis of common stress-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos P Daskalakis
- Traumatic Stress Studies Division and Laboratory of Molecular Neuropsychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai New York, NY, USA ; Mental Health Patient Care Center, James J. Peters Veterans Affairs Medical Center Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Edo Ronald De Kloet
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research Leiden, Netherlands ; Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden University Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Rachel Yehuda
- Traumatic Stress Studies Division and Laboratory of Molecular Neuropsychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai New York, NY, USA ; Mental Health Patient Care Center, James J. Peters Veterans Affairs Medical Center Bronx, NY, USA ; Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai New York, NY, USA
| | - Dolores Malaspina
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine New York, NY, USA
| | - Thorsten M Kranz
- Departments of Cell Biology, Physiology and Neuroscience, and Psychiatry, Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, New York University New York, NY, USA
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