1
|
Iordache AM, Voica C, Roba C, Nechita C. Lithium Content and Its Nutritional Beneficence, Dietary Intake, and Impact on Human Health in Edibles from the Romanian Market. Foods 2024; 13:592. [PMID: 38397569 PMCID: PMC10888284 DOI: 10.3390/foods13040592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Revised: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Lithium (Li) is present in human nutrition based on food intake, and several studies recommend it for treating mood disorders, even if the biological proprieties and biochemical mechanisms represent the basis for its use as an essential element. The Li content was evaluated using the inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry technique (ICP-MS) in 1071 food and beverage samples from the Romanian market. The results show that Li had a decreasing mean concentration in the food samples as follows: vegetables leafy > bulbous > fructose > leguminous > egg whites > root vegetables > milk products > egg yolks > meats. Approximately a quarter of all data from each dataset category was extreme values (range between the third quartile and maximum value), with only 10% below the detection limit. Mean Li concentration indicated higher values in red wine, white wines, beers, and fruit juice and lower in ciders and bottled waters. A particular interest was addressed to plants for teas and coffee seeds, which showed narrow amounts of Li. For both food and beverages, two similar matrices, including egg whites and yolks and white and red wines, were found to have significant differences, which explains the high variability of Li uptake in various matrices. For 99.65% of the analyzed samples, the estimated daily intake of Li was below the provisional subchronic and chronic reference dose (2 µg/kgbw/day) for adverse effects in several organs and systems. Even so, a risk occurs in consuming bulbous vegetables (Li > 13.47 mg/kg) and fructose solano vegetables (Li > 11.33 mg/kg). The present study's findings indicate that ingesting most of the analyzed beverages and food samples could be considered safe, even if future studies regarding Li content, nutritional aspects, and human cohort diseases must be conducted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andreea Maria Iordache
- National Research and Development Institute for Cryogenics and Isotopic Technologies—ICSI Ramnicu Valcea, 4 Uzinei Street, 240050 Ramnicu Valcea, Romania;
| | - Cezara Voica
- National Institute for Research and Development of Isotopic and Molecular Technologies, 67-103 Donat St., 400293 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Carmen Roba
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Babes-Bolyai University, 30 Fântânele Street, 400294 400535 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
| | - Constantin Nechita
- National Research and Development Institute for Forestry “Marin Drăcea”—INCDS, 128 Boulvard Eroilor, 077190 Voluntari, Romania
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Bastos CM, Rocha F, Patinha C, Marinho-Reis P. Bioaccessibility by perspiration uptake of minerals from two different sulfurous peloids. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2023; 45:6621-6641. [PMID: 37341890 PMCID: PMC10403450 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-023-01639-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023]
Abstract
The risks associated with the use of peloids in thermal centers, spas, or at home, must be tested to develop appropriate safety guidelines for peloids formulations and the release of substances of high concern. Additionally, the beneficial effects of some elements on human health should be assessed to aid in interpreting the therapeutic action and effectiveness of pelotherapy on dermatological or osteomuscular disorders. Therefore, a methodology was developed to better understand the biogeochemical behavior of the elements in formulated peloids. Two peloids were formulated with the same clay and two different sulfurous mineral-medicinal waters for 90 days, with light stirring every 15 days. Bentonite clay, with a high content of smectite and Ca and Mg as the main exchangeable cations, and high heat capacity, was used. The selected mineral-medicinal waters were collected from two Portuguese thermal centers with recognized therapeutic efficacy for rheumatic, respiratory and dermatological pathologies. The peloids were used without drying and withdrawn directly from the maturation tank, and a mixture of bentonite and demineralized water was prepared as a reference sample. A stabilized, ready-to-use, artificial perspiration test was used to simulate the peloids' interaction with skin. Thirty-one elements extracted from the two prepared peloids were analyzed using ICP-MS. The data were analyzed and related to the mineralogical composition of the original clay and supernatant composition of the maturation tanks. The content of some potentially toxic elements and metals' bioaccessibility by perspiration showed very low solubility and undetectable amounts extracted from the studied samples. This analytical method provided reliable information on dermal exposure and the identification of some elements that may enter the systemic circulation, requiring implementation of surveillance and control measures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carla Marina Bastos
- Department of Geosciences, GeoBioTec Research Centre, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
- Exatronic, Lda, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Fernando Rocha
- Department of Geosciences, GeoBioTec Research Centre, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Carla Patinha
- Department of Geosciences, GeoBioTec Research Centre, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Paula Marinho-Reis
- Institute of Earth Sciences (ICT) – Pole of the University of Minho, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Liew Z, Meng Q, Yan Q, Schullehner J, Hansen B, Kristiansen SM, Voutchkova DD, Olsen J, Ersbøll AK, Ketzel M, Raaschou-Nielsen O, Ritz BR. Association Between Estimated Geocoded Residential Maternal Exposure to Lithium in Drinking Water and Risk for Autism Spectrum Disorder in Offspring in Denmark. JAMA Pediatr 2023; 177:617-624. [PMID: 37010840 PMCID: PMC10071398 DOI: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2023.0346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2023]
Abstract
Importance Lithium is a naturally occurring and trace element that has mood-stabilizing effects. Maternal therapeutic use of lithium has been associated with adverse birth outcomes. In animal models, lithium modulates Wnt/β-catenin signaling that is important for neurodevelopment. It is unknown whether exposure to lithium in drinking water affects brain health in early life. Objective To evaluate whether autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in offspring is associated with maternal exposure to lithium in drinking water during pregnancy. Design, Setting, and Participants This nationwide population-based case-control study in Denmark identified 8842 children diagnosed with ASD born from 2000 through 2013 and 43 864 control participants matched by birth year and sex from the Danish Medical Birth Registry. These data were analyzed from March 2021 through November 2022. Exposures Geocoded maternal residential addresses during pregnancy were linked to lithium level (range, 0.6 to 30.7 μg/L) in drinking water estimated using kriging interpolation based on 151 waterworks measurements of lithium across all regions in Denmark. Main Outcomes and Measures ASD diagnoses were ascertained using International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, Tenth Revision codes recorded in the Danish Psychiatric Central Register. The study team estimated odds ratios (ORs) and 95% CIs for ASD according to estimated geocoded maternal exposure to natural source of lithium in drinking water as a continuous (per IQR) or a categorical (quartile) variable, adjusting for sociodemographic factors and ambient air pollutants levels. The study team also conducted stratified analyses by birth years, child's sex, and urbanicity. Results A total of 8842 participants with ASD (male, 7009 [79.3%]) and 43 864 control participants (male, 34 749 [79.2%]) were studied. Every IQR increase in estimated geocoded maternal exposure to natural source of lithium in drinking water was associated with higher odds for ASD in offspring (OR, 1.23; 95% CI, 1.17-1.29). Elevated odds among offspring for ASD were estimated starting from the second quartile (7.36 to 12.67 μg/L) of estimated maternal exposure to drinking water with lithium and the OR for the highest quartile (more than 16.78 μg/L) compared with the reference group (less than 7.39 μg/L) was 1.46 (95% CI, 1.35-1.59). The associations were unchanged when adjusting for air pollution exposures and no differences were apparent in stratified analyses. Conclusions and Relevance Estimated maternal prenatal exposure to lithium from naturally occurring drinking water sources in Denmark was associated with an increased ASD risk in the offspring. This study suggests that naturally occurring lithium in drinking water may be a novel environmental risk factor for ASD development that requires further scrutiny.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zeyan Liew
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut
- Yale Center for Perinatal, Pediatric, and Environmental Epidemiology, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Qi Meng
- Department of Epidemiology, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Qi Yan
- Department of Epidemiology, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Jörg Schullehner
- Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland (GEUS), Aarhus, Denmark
- Centre for Integrated Register-based Research at Aarhus University (CIRRAU), Aarhus, Denmark
- National Centre for Register-Based Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Birgitte Hansen
- Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland (GEUS), Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | | | - Jørn Olsen
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Annette Kjær Ersbøll
- National Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Matthias Ketzel
- Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Roskilde, Denmark
- Global Centre for Clean Air Research (GCARE), Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - Ole Raaschou-Nielsen
- Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Roskilde, Denmark
- Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Danish Cancer Society, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Beate R. Ritz
- Department of Epidemiology, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
An investigation into the association between suicide mortality rate and lithium levels in potable water: a review study. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 2023; 38:73-80. [PMID: 36719336 DOI: 10.1097/yic.0000000000000432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the association between lithium levels in potable water and suicide mortality rates in the total inhabitants. We systematically searched Embase, PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, PubMed Central (PMC), Google Scholar databases, as well as medRxiv using the following keywords: drinking water, lithium, standardized mortality ratio (SMR), tap water, suicide, and ground water. Pearson regression analysis was used to test an association between variables with 95% confidence interval (CI). A value of P < 0.05 was considered significant. A total of 16 eligible articles were identified. Lithium concentrations in drinking water range from 0.4 to 32.9 μg/l. Average rates of suicide mortality (per 100 000 capita) range between 0.790 (±0.198) and 123 (±50). About 16 original studies confirmed the inverse relationship between lithium concentrations in potable water and suicide mortality rates (R = -0.576; R2 = 0.3323; 95% CI, -0.820 to -0.325; β = -0.3.2; P = 0.019). High lithium concentrations in potable water were associated with decreased suicide rates. We concluded that lithium concentration in potable water was inversely associated with suicide mortality rates among a total population. However, further research is required to clarify the relationship between lithium concentrations in drinking water and suicide rate.
Collapse
|
5
|
Investigation of the association between lithium levels in drinking water and suicide mortality in Hungary. J Affect Disord 2022; 298:540-547. [PMID: 34800573 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2021.11.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In recent decades, a series of ecological studies from various countries have attempted to reveal whether there is an association between trace amounts of lithium in drinking water and suicide mortality. With some notable exceptions, results have indicated that there is an inverse association between these two variables. Since Hungary had extremely high rates of suicide with a persistent spatial pattern, we consider that our country is ideal to investigate this research question. METHODS We carried out our research on Hungarian data at the level of districts (n = 197). The dependent variable was the age- and gender-standardized mortality ratio for suicide (sSMR). Our main explanatory variable was the tap water lithium level (Li) from public drinking water supply systems using their own water source (n = 1 325). Those data, which give full national coverage, were aggregated to the level of districts. Confounding factors were religiosity, alcohol consumption and income. Various regression models were used for statistical calculations. RESULTS Findings from our most appropriate regression model - adjusted for relevant confounding variables and able to handle spatial autocorrelation and heteroscedasticity - suggest a significant (p < 0.05) and a trend-like (p < 0.1) negative association between Li and sSMR in the total population and among males, respectively. However, such an association was not found between these two variables among females. CONCLUSION In line with the majority of findings from other countries, our results indicate that the intake of lithium with drinking water may have a gender-dependent suicide-protective effect.
Collapse
|
6
|
Mills J. Lithium: The Oldest-Known Metal in the Universe Can Prevent Suicide, and Nurses Should Be Using It More. Issues Ment Health Nurs 2022; 43:193-197. [PMID: 34797752 DOI: 10.1080/01612840.2021.1990584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy Mills
- Peninsula, a Division of Parkwest Medical Center, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Eyre-Watt B, Mahendran E, Suetani S, Firth J, Kisely S, Siskind D. The association between lithium in drinking water and neuropsychiatric outcomes: A systematic review and meta-analysis from across 2678 regions containing 113 million people. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 2021; 55:139-152. [PMID: 33045847 DOI: 10.1177/0004867420963740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lithium in drinking water may have significant mental health benefits. We investigated the evidence on the association between lithium concentrations in drinking water and their neuropsychiatric outcomes. METHODS We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis and searched Pubmed, Embase, Web of Science, PsycINFO and CINAHL up to 19 January 2020, for peer-reviewed research examining the association between lithium concentrations in drinking water and neuropsychiatric outcomes. We used a pairwise analysis and a random effects model to meta-analyse suicide rates and psychiatric hospital admissions. We assessed for publication bias using Egger's test and Duval and Tweedie's Trim and Fill analysis. RESULTS Twenty-seven studies including 113 million subjects were included in this systematic review. Meta-analysis of 14 studies including 94 million people found higher lithium concentrations were associated with reduced suicide rates (r = -0.191, 95% confidence interval = [-0.287, -0.090], p < 0.001) and meta-analysis of two studies including 5 million people found higher lithium concentrations were associated with fewer hospital admissions (r = -0.413, 95% confidence interval = [-0.689, -0.031], p = 0.035). We found significant heterogeneity between studies (Q = 67.4, p < 0.001, I2 = 80.7%) and the presence of publication bias (Egger's test; t value = 2.90, p = 0.013). Other included studies did not provide sufficient data to analyse other neuropsychiatric outcomes quantitatively. CONCLUSION Higher lithium concentrations in drinking water may be associated with reduced suicide rates and inpatient psychiatric admissions. The relationship with other neuropsychiatric outcomes and complications remains unclear. Further research is required before any public health recommendations can be made.Trial registration number: The study was registered with PROSPERO, number CRD42018090145.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Shuichi Suetani
- School of Medicine, Griffith University, Southport, QLD, Australia.,Metro South Mental Health and Addiction Services, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research, The Park Centre for Mental Health, Wacol, QLD, Australia.,Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Joseph Firth
- NICM Health Research Institute, School of Science and Health, Western Sydney University, Sydney, Australia.,Division of Psychology and Mental Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Steve Kisely
- Metro South Mental Health and Addiction Services, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,School of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia
| | - Dan Siskind
- Metro South Mental Health and Addiction Services, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research, The Park Centre for Mental Health, Wacol, QLD, Australia.,School of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Chen L, Ma T, Wang Y, Zheng J. Health risks associated with multiple metal(loid)s in groundwater: A case study at Hetao Plain, northern China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 263:114562. [PMID: 32315822 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Revised: 04/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
To compare the health risks of multiple metal(loid)s in groundwater, and discuss the feasibility of drinking water standards, 66 groundwater samples were collected from the Hetao Plain in October 2017. Eighteen metal(loid) species (boron (B), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), strontium (Sr), barium (Ba), lithium (Li), scandium (Sc), titanium (Ti), vanadium (V), cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), arsenic (As), selenium (Se), rubidium (Rb), molybdenum (Mo), uranium (U)) were analyzed, and the related non-carcinogenic risks were assessed. The results showed that 83.3% of the groundwater samples had As and Fe contents above the maximum allowed contaminant levels (MCLs) in drinking water standards, followed by Mn (70.2%), B (65.2%), Se (60.6%), U (18.2%), Ni (18.2%) and Mo (1.50%). Compared with the dermal exposure pathway, oral ingestion made a risk contribution of more than 99% for all target metal(loid)s. Site-specific hazard quotient (HQ) values ranged from 2.30E+00 to 1.75E+02, indicating that multiple metal(loid)s in the drinking groundwater cause a serious non-carcinogenic risk to the local people. The risk contributions (mean value) were ranked as As (55.2%) > U (25.5%) > Li (10.8%) > other total metal(loid)s (8.60%), and the contributions of U and Li could reach 91.7% (site 20) and 69.8% (site 56), respectively. The calculation of specific health risks further indicated that the MCLs of metal(loid)s do not match the corresponding health risk well. Some metal(loid)s such as Li that showed high exposure risks in this study, still have no MCL values until now. Therefore, current drinking water standards need to be updated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liuzhu Chen
- School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Teng Ma
- School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China.
| | - Yanxin Wang
- School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Jiejun Zheng
- School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Ewuzie U, Nnorom IC, Eze SO. Lithium in drinking water sources in rural and urban communities in Southeastern Nigeria. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 245:125593. [PMID: 31855764 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.125593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2019] [Revised: 11/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/08/2019] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
There is a dearth of data on lithium content of domestic water sources in Nigeria. This study reported the lithium concentration in ground and surface water sources used for drinking in Southeastern Nigeria. Thirteen (13) natural springs, 24 streams, 7 hand-dug wells and 80 boreholes, making a total of 124 water samples were collected from strategic locations and analysed by ICP-OES. The distribution of lithium according to water sources and lithostratigraphic units as well as dietary contribution of lithium through drinking water was investigated. Average lithium concentrations in water samples from all sources were between 0.09 and 1.54 μg/L (overall mean ± SEM: 1.0 ± 0.2 μg/L). Results according to the geological formations of the areas studied indicated that only water sources located within the Benin Formation and Bende-Ameki Formation contained lithium in the range of <0.21-7.24 and < 0.21-1.97 μg/L respectively, whereas lithium was not detected in samples located within the Nsukka and Mamu lithostratigraphic units. Total intakes of lithium from water consumption (0.64 L for children and 2 L for adults) for all water sources were 79 and 247 μg/day for children and adults respectively, while the average daily intake of lithium from the water sources ranged from 0.004 to 0.066 and 0.002-0.044 μg/kg body weight for children (15 kg) and adults (70 kg) respectively. Drinking water in the study areas contributes only about 0.02-0.47% of the U.S. EPA estimated daily intake (9.3-44.3 μg/kg) of Lithium.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ugochukwu Ewuzie
- Analytical/Environmental Chemistry Unit, Department of Pure and Industrial Chemistry, Abia State University, Uturu, Nigeria.
| | - Innocent C Nnorom
- Analytical/Environmental Chemistry Unit, Department of Pure and Industrial Chemistry, Abia State University, Uturu, Nigeria; Visiting Research Fellow, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Sunday O Eze
- Analytical/Environmental Chemistry Unit, Department of Pure and Industrial Chemistry, Abia State University, Uturu, Nigeria
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Crespi BJ. Comparative psychopharmacology of autism and psychotic-affective disorders suggests new targets for treatment. Evol Med Public Health 2019; 2019:149-168. [PMID: 31548888 PMCID: PMC6748779 DOI: 10.1093/emph/eoz022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The first treatments showing effectiveness for some psychiatric disorders, such as lithium for bipolar disorder and chlorpromazine for schizophrenia, were discovered by accident. Currently, psychiatric drug design is seen as a scientific enterprise, limited though it remains by the complexity of brain development and function. Relatively few novel and effective drugs have, however, been developed for many years. The purpose of this article is to demonstrate how evolutionary biology can provide a useful framework for psychiatric drug development. The framework is based on a diametrical nature of autism, compared with psychotic-affective disorders (mainly schizophrenia, bipolar disorder and depression). This paradigm follows from two inferences: (i) risks and phenotypes of human psychiatric disorders derive from phenotypes that have evolved along the human lineage and (ii) biological variation is bidirectional (e.g. higher vs lower, faster vs slower, etc.), such that dysregulation of psychological traits varies in two opposite ways. In this context, the author review the evidence salient to the hypothesis that autism and psychotic-affective disorders represent diametrical disorders in terms of current, proposed and potential psychopharmacological treatments. Studies of brain-derived neurotrophic factor, the PI3K pathway, the NMDA receptor, kynurenic acid metabolism, agmatine metabolism, levels of the endocannabinoid anandamide, antidepressants, anticonvulsants, antipsychotics, and other treatments, demonstrate evidence of diametric effects in autism spectrum disorders and phenotypes compared with psychotic-affective disorders and phenotypes. These findings yield insights into treatment mechanisms and the development of new pharmacological therapies, as well as providing an explanation for the longstanding puzzle of antagonism between epilepsy and psychosis. Lay Summary: Consideration of autism and schizophrenia as caused by opposite alterations to brain development and function leads to novel suggestions for pharmacological treatments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bernard J Crespi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Schullehner J, Paksarian D, Hansen B, Thygesen M, Kristiansen SM, Dalsgaard S, Sigsgaard T, Pedersen CB. Lithium in drinking water associated with adverse mental health effects. Schizophr Res 2019; 210:313-315. [PMID: 31285074 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2019.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Revised: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jörg Schullehner
- Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland (GEUS), Aarhus, Denmark; Centre for Integrated Register-based Research at Aarhus University (CIRRAU), Aarhus, Denmark; National Centre for Register-Based Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
| | - Diana Paksarian
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Birgitte Hansen
- Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland (GEUS), Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Malene Thygesen
- Centre for Integrated Register-based Research at Aarhus University (CIRRAU), Aarhus, Denmark; National Centre for Register-Based Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; Big Data Centre for Environment and Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - Søren Dalsgaard
- National Centre for Register-Based Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Denmark; Department for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Hospital of Telemark, Kragerø, Norway
| | - Torben Sigsgaard
- Big Data Centre for Environment and Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Carsten Bøcker Pedersen
- Centre for Integrated Register-based Research at Aarhus University (CIRRAU), Aarhus, Denmark; National Centre for Register-Based Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; Big Data Centre for Environment and Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|