1
|
Karagoz AB, Moran EK, Barch DM, Kool W, Reagh ZM. Evidence for shallow cognitive maps in schizophrenia. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.02.26.582214. [PMID: 38464042 PMCID: PMC10925159 DOI: 10.1101/2024.02.26.582214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
Individuals with schizophrenia can have marked deficits in goal-directed decision making. Prominent theories differ in whether schizophrenia (SZ) affects the ability to exert cognitive control, or the motivation to exert control. An alternative explanation is that schizophrenia negatively impacts the formation of cognitive maps, the internal representations of the way the world is structured, necessary for the formation of effective action plans. That is, deficits in decision-making could also arise when goal-directed control and motivation are intact, but used to plan over ill-formed maps. Here, we test the hypothesis that individuals with SZ are impaired in the construction of cognitive maps. We combine a behavioral representational similarity analysis technique with a sequential decision-making task. This enables us to examine how relationships between choice options change when individuals with SZ and healthy age-matched controls build a cognitive map of the task structure. Our results indicate that SZ affects how people represent the structure of the task, focusing more on simpler visual features and less on abstract, higher-order, planning-relevant features. At the same time, we find that SZ were able to display similar performance on this task compared to controls, emphasizing the need for a distinction between cognitive map formation and changes in goal-directed control in understanding cognitive deficits in schizophrenia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ata B Karagoz
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis
| | - Erin K Moran
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis
| | - Deanna M Barch
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine
| | - Wouter Kool
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis
| | - Zachariah M Reagh
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Gao T, Wang X, Cen H, Li X, Zhai Z, Lu C, Dong Y, Zhang S, Zhuo K, Xiang Q, Wang Y, Liu D. Cross-modal associative memory impairment in schizophrenia. Neuropsychologia 2023; 191:108721. [PMID: 37918479 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2023.108721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
Impaired associative memory function in patients with schizophrenia has received considerable attention. However, previous studies have primarily concentrated on unisensory materials, which limits our understanding of the broader implications of this impairment. In this study, we sought to expand on this knowledge by examining two types of associative memory domains in individuals with schizophrenia, leveraging both visual (Vis) and auditory (Aud) materials. A total of 32 patients with schizophrenia and 29 healthy controls were recruited to participate in the study. Each participant participated in an experiment composed of three paradigms in which different abstract materials (Aud-Aud, Aud-Vis, and Vis-Vis) were presented. Subsequently, the discriminability scores of the two groups were calculated and compared in different modal tasks. Results from the study indicated that individuals with schizophrenia demonstrated varying degrees of associative memory dysfunction in both the same and cross-modalities, with the latter having a significantly lower score than healthy controls (t = 4.120, p < 0.001). Additionally, the cross-modal associative memory function was significantly and negatively correlated with the severity of negative symptoms among individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia (r = -0.362, p = 0.042). This study provides evidence of abnormalities in the processing and memorization of information that integrates multiple sensory modalities in individuals with schizophrenia. This is of great significance for further understanding the cognitive symptoms and pathological mechanisms of schizophrenia, potentially guiding the development of relevant interventions and treatment methods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tianhao Gao
- Department of Psychiatry, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China; Division of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200030, China; Clinical Center for Psychotic Disorders, National Center for Mental Disorders, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Xiaoliang Wang
- Division of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200030, China; Clinical Center for Psychotic Disorders, National Center for Mental Disorders, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Haixin Cen
- Division of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200030, China; Clinical Center for Psychotic Disorders, National Center for Mental Disorders, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Xuan Li
- Division of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200030, China; Clinical Center for Psychotic Disorders, National Center for Mental Disorders, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Zhaolin Zhai
- Department of Psychiatry, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China; Division of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200030, China; Clinical Center for Psychotic Disorders, National Center for Mental Disorders, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Chang Lu
- Department of Psychiatry, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China; Division of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200030, China; Clinical Center for Psychotic Disorders, National Center for Mental Disorders, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Yuke Dong
- Department of Psychiatry, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China; Division of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200030, China; Clinical Center for Psychotic Disorders, National Center for Mental Disorders, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Suzhen Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China; Division of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200030, China; Clinical Center for Psychotic Disorders, National Center for Mental Disorders, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Kaiming Zhuo
- Division of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200030, China; Clinical Center for Psychotic Disorders, National Center for Mental Disorders, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Qiong Xiang
- Division of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200030, China; Clinical Center for Psychotic Disorders, National Center for Mental Disorders, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Yan Wang
- School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, China.
| | - Dengtang Liu
- Department of Psychiatry, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China; Division of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200030, China; Clinical Center for Psychotic Disorders, National Center for Mental Disorders, Shanghai, 200030, China; Institute of Mental Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200030, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200030, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Avery SN, Rogers BP, McHugo M, Armstrong K, Blackford JU, Vandekar SN, Woodward ND, Heckers S. Hippocampal Network Dysfunction in Early Psychosis: A 2-Year Longitudinal Study. BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY GLOBAL OPEN SCIENCE 2023; 3:979-989. [PMID: 37881573 PMCID: PMC10593896 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsgos.2022.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hippocampal abnormalities are among the most consistent findings in schizophrenia. Numerous studies have reported deficits in hippocampal volume, function, and connectivity in the chronic stage of illness. While hippocampal volume and function deficits are also present in the early stage of illness, there is mixed evidence of both higher and lower functional connectivity. Here, we use graph theory to test the hypothesis that hippocampal network connectivity is broadly lowered in early psychosis and progressively worsens over 2 years. Methods We examined longitudinal resting-state functional connectivity in 140 participants (68 individuals in the early stage of psychosis, 72 demographically similar healthy control individuals). We used an anatomically driven approach to quantify hippocampal network connectivity at 2 levels: 1) a core hippocampal-medial temporal lobe cortex (MTLC) network; and 2) an extended hippocampal-cortical network. Group and time effects were tested in a linear mixed effects model. Results Early psychosis patients showed elevated functional connectivity in the core hippocampal-MTLC network, but contrary to our hypothesis, did not show alterations within the broader hippocampal-cortical network. Hippocampal-MTLC network hyperconnectivity normalized longitudinally and predicted improvement in positive symptoms but was not associated with increasing illness duration. Conclusions These results show abnormally elevated functional connectivity in a core hippocampal-MTLC network in early psychosis, suggesting that selectively increased hippocampal signaling within a localized cortical circuit may be a marker of the early stage of psychosis. Hippocampal-MTLC hyperconnectivity could have prognostic and therapeutic implications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne N. Avery
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Baxter P. Rogers
- Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Sciences, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Maureen McHugo
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Kristan Armstrong
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | | | - Simon N. Vandekar
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Neil D. Woodward
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Stephan Heckers
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Kang K, Jones MT, Armstrong K, Avery S, McHugo M, Heckers S, Vandekar S. Accurate Confidence and Bayesian Interval Estimation for Non-centrality Parameters and Effect Size Indices. PSYCHOMETRIKA 2023; 88:253-273. [PMID: 36725775 PMCID: PMC9977896 DOI: 10.1007/s11336-022-09899-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Reporting effect size index estimates with their confidence intervals (CIs) can be an excellent way to simultaneously communicate the strength and precision of the observed evidence. We recently proposed a robust effect size index (RESI) that is advantageous over common indices because it's widely applicable to different types of data. Here, we use statistical theory and simulations to develop and evaluate RESI estimators and confidence/credible intervals that rely on different covariance estimators. Our results show (1) counter to intuition, the randomness of covariates reduces coverage for Chi-squared and F CIs; (2) when the variance of the estimators is estimated, the non-central Chi-squared and F CIs using the parametric and robust RESI estimators fail to cover the true effect size at the nominal level. Using the robust estimator along with the proposed nonparametric bootstrap or Bayesian (credible) intervals provides valid inference for the RESI, even when model assumptions may be violated. This work forms a unified effect size reporting procedure, such that effect sizes with confidence/credible intervals can be easily reported in an analysis of variance (ANOVA) table format.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kaidi Kang
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University, 2525 West End Ave.,#1136, Nashville, TN, 37203, USA.
| | - Megan T Jones
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University, 2525 West End Ave.,#1136, Nashville, TN, 37203, USA
| | - Kristan Armstrong
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, USA
| | - Suzanne Avery
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, USA
| | - Maureen McHugo
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, USA
| | - Stephan Heckers
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, USA
| | - Simon Vandekar
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University, 2525 West End Ave.,#1136, Nashville, TN, 37203, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
McHugo M, Avery S, Armstrong K, Rogers BP, Vandekar SN, Woodward ND, Blackford JU, Heckers S. Anterior hippocampal dysfunction in early psychosis: a 2-year follow-up study. Psychol Med 2023; 53:160-169. [PMID: 33875028 PMCID: PMC8919704 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291721001318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cross-sectional studies indicate that hippocampal function is abnormal across stages of psychosis. Neural theories of psychosis pathophysiology suggest that dysfunction worsens with illness stage. Here, we test the hypothesis that hippocampal function is impaired in the early stage of psychosis and declines further over the next 2 years. METHODS We measured hippocampal function over 2 years using a scene processing task in 147 participants (76 individuals in the early stage of a non-affective psychotic disorder and 71 demographically similar healthy control individuals). Two-year follow-up was completed in 97 individuals (50 early psychosis, 47 healthy control). Voxelwise longitudinal analysis of activation in response to scenes was carried out within a hippocampal region of interest to test for group differences at baseline and a group by time interaction. RESULTS At baseline, we observed lower anterior hippocampal activation in the early psychosis group relative to the healthy control group. Contrary to our hypothesis, hippocampal activation remained consistent and did not show the predicted decline over 2 years in the early psychosis group. Healthy controls showed a modest reduction in hippocampal activation after 2 years. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study suggest that hippocampal dysfunction in early psychosis does not worsen over 2 years and highlight the need for longer-term longitudinal studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maureen McHugo
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Suzanne Avery
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Kristan Armstrong
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Baxter P. Rogers
- Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Sciences, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Simon N. Vandekar
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Neil D. Woodward
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Jennifer Urbano Blackford
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Research and Development, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, United States Department of Veteran Affairs
| | - Stephan Heckers
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Raucher-Chéné D, Lavigne KM, Lepage M. Episodic Memory and Schizophrenia: From Characterization of Relational Memory Impairments to Neuroimaging Biomarkers. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2022; 63:115-136. [PMID: 35902545 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2022_379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Episodic memory research in schizophrenia has a long history already which has clearly established significant impairments and strong associations with brain measures and functional outcome. The purpose of this chapter is not to make an exhaustive review of the recent literature but to highlight some relatively recent developments in the cognitive neuroscience field of episodic memory and schizophrenia. Hence, we present a contemporary view focusing specifically of relational memory which represents a form of episodic memory that refers to associations or binding among items or elements presented together. We describe the major tasks used and illustrate how their combination with brain imaging has: (1) favored the use of experimental memory tasks to isolate specific processes with specific neural correlates, (2) led to a distributed view of the neural correlates of memory impairments in schizophrenia where multiple regions are contributing, and (3) made possible the identification of fMRI biomarkers specific to episodic memory. We then briefly propose what we see as the next steps for memory research in schizophrenia so that the impact of this work can be maximized.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Delphine Raucher-Chéné
- Cognition, Health, and Society Laboratory (EA 6291), University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Reims, France.,Academic Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Reims, EPSM Marne, Reims, France
| | - Katie M Lavigne
- Douglas Research Centre, Verdun, QC, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada.,McGill Centre for Integrative Neuroscience, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Martin Lepage
- Douglas Research Centre, Verdun, QC, Canada. .,Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
McHugo M, Rogers BP, Avery SN, Armstrong K, Blackford JU, Vandekar SN, Roeske MJ, Woodward ND, Heckers S. Increased amplitude of hippocampal low frequency fluctuations in early psychosis: A two-year follow-up study. Schizophr Res 2022; 241:260-266. [PMID: 35180665 PMCID: PMC8960358 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2022.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Neuroimaging studies have revealed hippocampal hyperactivity in schizophrenia. In the early stage of the illness, hyperactivity is present in the anterior hippocampus and is thought to spread to other regions as the illness progresses. However, there is limited evidence for changes in basal hippocampal function following the onset of psychosis. Resting state functional MRI signal amplitude may be a proxy measure for increased metabolism and disrupted oscillatory activity, both consequences of an excitation/inhibition imbalance underlying hippocampal hyperactivity. Here, we used fractional amplitude of low frequency fluctuations (fALFF) to test the hypothesis of progressive hippocampal hyperactivity in a two-year longitudinal case-control study. We found higher fALFF in the anterior and posterior hippocampus of individuals in the early stage of non-affective psychosis at study entry. Contrary to our hypothesis of progressive hippocampal dysfunction, we found evidence for normalization of fALFF over time in psychosis. Our findings support a model in which hippocampal fALFF is a marker of psychosis vulnerability or acute illness state rather than an enduring feature of the illness.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maureen McHugo
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
| | - Baxter P. Rogers
- Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Sciences, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Suzanne N. Avery
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Kristan Armstrong
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | | | - Simon N. Vandekar
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Maxwell J. Roeske
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Neil D. Woodward
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Stephan Heckers
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Zheng Y, Liu XL, Hsieh LT, Hurtado M, Wang Y, Niendam TA, Carter CS, Ranganath C, Ragland JD. Disrupted Modulation of Alpha and Low Beta Oscillations Mediates Temporal Sequence Memory Deficits in People With Schizophrenia. BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY: COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE AND NEUROIMAGING 2021; 6:1157-1164. [PMID: 33862254 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsc.2021.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND People with schizophrenia (SZ) exhibit impaired episodic memory when relating objects to each other in time and space. Empirical studies and computational models suggest that low-frequency neural oscillations may be a mechanism by which the brain keeps track of temporal relationships during encoding and retrieval, with modulation of oscillatory power as sequences are learned. It is unclear whether sequence memory deficits in SZ are associated with altered neural oscillations. METHODS Using electroencephalography, this study examined neural oscillations in 51 healthy control subjects and 37 people with SZ during a temporal sequence learning task. Multiple 5-object picture sequences were presented across 4 study-test blocks in either fixed or random order. Participants answered semantic questions for each object (e.g., living/nonliving), and sequence memory was operationalized as faster responses for fixed versus random sequences. Differences in oscillatory power between fixed versus random sequences provided a neural index of temporal sequence memory. RESULTS Although both groups showed reaction time differences in late blocks (blocks 3 and 4), this evidence of sequence memory was reduced in people with SZ relative to healthy control subjects. Decreases in globally distributed prestimulus alpha (8-12 Hz) and beta 1 (13-20 Hz) power for fixed versus random sequences in late blocks were also attenuated in people with SZ relative to healthy control subjects. Moreover, changes in oscillatory power predicted individual reaction time differences and fully mediated the relationship between group and sequence memory. CONCLUSIONS Disrupted modulation of alpha and beta 1 electroencephalography oscillations is a candidate mechanism of temporal sequence memory deficits in people with SZ.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yicong Zheng
- Center for Neuroscience, University of California, Davis, Davis, California; Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California
| | - Xiaonan L Liu
- Center for Neuroscience, University of California, Davis, Davis, California; Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California
| | - Liang-Tien Hsieh
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California; Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California
| | - Mitzi Hurtado
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, California
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California
| | - Tara A Niendam
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, California
| | - Cameron S Carter
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, California
| | - Charan Ranganath
- Center for Neuroscience, University of California, Davis, Davis, California; Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California
| | - J Daniel Ragland
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, California.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
McKinney RA, Avery SN, Armstrong K, Blackford JU, Woodward ND, Heckers S. Relational memory in the early stage of psychotic bipolar disorder. Psychiatry Res 2020; 294:113508. [PMID: 33096436 PMCID: PMC7809627 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Relational memory is impaired in psychotic disorders. In non-affective psychotic disorders, relational memory deficits are present in the early stage of illness and become more pronounced in the chronic stage. Previous studies have demonstrated cognitive deficits in early-stage psychotic bipolar disorder, but it is unclear whether relational memory is impaired. We examined relational memory using a face-scene binding task in early-stage psychotic bipolar disorder patients (n = 33) and compared their performance with healthy control (n = 40) and early-stage non-affective psychosis participants (n = 40). During training, participants learned to associate faces with background scenes. During testing, participants viewed a scene overlaid by three faces and were asked to recall the matching face. Relational memory was assessed indirectly using eye movements and explicitly using forced-choice recognition. Preferential viewing of the matching face, as captured by overall proportion of viewing and viewing across time, was significantly lower in psychotic bipolar disorder than in the healthy control group. However, preferential viewing of the matching face in psychotic bipolar disorder was significantly better than in non-affective psychosis. These findings provide novel evidence that relational memory in patients with early-stage psychotic bipolar disorder is intermediate between healthy control and early-stage non-affective psychosis subjects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel A. McKinney
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37212 USA
| | - Suzanne N. Avery
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37212 USA,Corresponding Author: Suzanne N. Avery, Ph.D., Vanderbilt Psychiatric Hospital, 1601 23rd Avenue South, Suite 3057, Nashville, TN 37212, Phone: (615) 936-1360, Fax: (615) 343-8400,
| | - Kristan Armstrong
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37212 USA
| | - Jennifer Urbano Blackford
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37212 USA,Research Health Scientist, Research and Development, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37212 USA
| | - Neil D. Woodward
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37212 USA
| | - Stephan Heckers
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37212 USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Adams RA, Bush D, Zheng F, Meyer SS, Kaplan R, Orfanos S, Marques TR, Howes OD, Burgess N. Impaired theta phase coupling underlies frontotemporal dysconnectivity in schizophrenia. Brain 2020; 143:1261-1277. [PMID: 32236540 PMCID: PMC7174039 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awaa035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Revised: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Frontotemporal dysconnectivity is a key pathology in schizophrenia. The specific nature of this dysconnectivity is unknown, but animal models imply dysfunctional theta phase coupling between hippocampus and medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). We tested this hypothesis by examining neural dynamics in 18 participants with a schizophrenia diagnosis, both medicated and unmedicated; and 26 age, sex and IQ matched control subjects. All participants completed two tasks known to elicit hippocampal-prefrontal theta coupling: a spatial memory task (during magnetoencephalography) and a memory integration task. In addition, an overlapping group of 33 schizophrenia and 29 control subjects underwent PET to measure the availability of GABAARs expressing the α5 subunit (concentrated on hippocampal somatostatin interneurons). We demonstrate-in the spatial memory task, during memory recall-that theta power increases in left medial temporal lobe (mTL) are impaired in schizophrenia, as is theta phase coupling between mPFC and mTL. Importantly, the latter cannot be explained by theta power changes, head movement, antipsychotics, cannabis use, or IQ, and is not found in other frequency bands. Moreover, mPFC-mTL theta coupling correlated strongly with performance in controls, but not in subjects with schizophrenia, who were mildly impaired at the spatial memory task and no better than chance on the memory integration task. Finally, mTL regions showing reduced phase coupling in schizophrenia magnetoencephalography participants overlapped substantially with areas of diminished α5-GABAAR availability in the wider schizophrenia PET sample. These results indicate that mPFC-mTL dysconnectivity in schizophrenia is due to a loss of theta phase coupling, and imply α5-GABAARs (and the cells that express them) have a role in this process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rick A Adams
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, 17 Queen Square, London, WC1N 3AZ, UK.,Division of Psychiatry, University College London, 149 Tottenham Court Road, London, W1T 7NF, UK.,Max Planck-UCL Centre for Computational Psychiatry and Ageing Research, 10-12 Russell Square, London, WC1B 5EH, UK.,Centre for Medical Image Computing, Department of Computer Science, University College London, Malet Place, London, WC1E 7JE, UK.,Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, University College London, 12 Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Daniel Bush
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, 17 Queen Square, London, WC1N 3AZ, UK.,Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Fanfan Zheng
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, 17 Queen Square, London, WC1N 3AZ, UK.,Brainnetome Center, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 95 Zhongguancun East Road, 100190 Beijing, China
| | - Sofie S Meyer
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, 17 Queen Square, London, WC1N 3AZ, UK.,Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Raphael Kaplan
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, University College London, 12 Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG, UK.,Kavli Institute for Systems Neuroscience, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Stelios Orfanos
- South West London and St George's Mental Health NHS Trust, Springfield University Hospital, 61 Glenburnie Rd, London SW17 7DJ, UK.,Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, Denmark Hill, London SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Tiago Reis Marques
- Institute of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, W12 0NN, UK.,Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience (IoPPN), King's College London, London, SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Oliver D Howes
- Institute of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, W12 0NN, UK.,Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience (IoPPN), King's College London, London, SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Neil Burgess
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, 17 Queen Square, London, WC1N 3AZ, UK.,Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, University College London, 12 Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG, UK.,Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Avery SN, Armstrong K, McHugo M, Vandekar S, Blackford JU, Woodward ND, Heckers S. Relational Memory in the Early Stage of Psychosis: A 2-Year Follow-up Study. Schizophr Bull 2020; 47:75-86. [PMID: 32657351 PMCID: PMC7825006 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbaa081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Relational memory, the ability to bind information into complex memories, is moderately impaired in early psychosis and severely impaired in chronic schizophrenia, suggesting relational memory may worsen throughout the course of illness. METHODS We examined relational memory in 66 early psychosis patients and 64 healthy control subjects, with 59 patients and 52 control subjects assessed longitudinally at baseline and 2-year follow-up. Relational memory was assessed with 2 complementary tasks, to test how individuals learn relationships between items (face-scene binding task) and make inferences about trained relationships (associative inference task). RESULTS The early psychosis group showed impaired relational memory in both tasks relative to the healthy control group. The ability to learn relationships between items remained impaired in early psychosis patients, while the ability to make inferences about trained relationships improved, although never reaching the level of healthy control performance. Early psychosis patients who did not progress to schizophrenia at follow-up had better relational memory than patients who did. CONCLUSIONS Relational memory impairments, some of which improve and are less severe in patients who do not progress to schizophrenia, are a target for intervention in early psychosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne N Avery
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Kristan Armstrong
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Maureen McHugo
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Simon Vandekar
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Jennifer Urbano Blackford
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN,Department of Research and Development, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Neil D Woodward
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Stephan Heckers
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN,To whom correspondence should be addressed; Vanderbilt Psychiatric Hospital, 1601 23rd Avenue South, Room 3060, Nashville, TN 37212; tel: (615)-322-2665, fax: (615)-343-8400, e-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Suh DY, Vandekar SN, Heckers S, Avery SN. Visual exploration differences during relational memory encoding in early psychosis. Psychiatry Res 2020; 287:112910. [PMID: 32200141 PMCID: PMC7176542 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Relational memory, or the ability to form contextual associations among items encountered closely in time, is impaired in schizophrenia. The ability to bind items into a relational memory is dependent on the hippocampus, a region that is abnormal in schizophrenia. However, the hippocampus is also involved in exploratory behavior, leaving open the question whether relational memory deficits in schizophrenia are due to failure of relational binding or diminished visual exploration of individual items during encoding. We studied visual exploration patterns during the encoding of face-scene pairs in 66 healthy control subjects and 69 early psychosis patients, to test the hypothesis that differences in visual exploration during the encoding phase can explain task accuracy differences between the two groups. Psychosis patients had lower explicit test accuracy and were less likely to transition from mouth to eyes during encoding. The visual exploration pattern differences between groups did not mediate the relationship between group and explicit test accuracy. We conclude that early psychosis patients have an abnormal pattern of binding items together during encoding that warrants further research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Y Suh
- Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN USA
| | - Simon N Vandekar
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN USA
| | - Stephan Heckers
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN USA
| | - Suzanne N Avery
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN USA.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Ragland JD. Relating Basal and Phasic Hippocampal Activity in People With Psychosis: A Translational Bridge to Understanding Memory Deficits? Am J Psychiatry 2019; 176:979-981. [PMID: 31787018 DOI: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2019.19090966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J Daniel Ragland
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California at Davis, Sacramento
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
McHugo M, Talati P, Armstrong K, Vandekar SN, Blackford JU, Woodward ND, Heckers S. Hyperactivity and Reduced Activation of Anterior Hippocampus in Early Psychosis. Am J Psychiatry 2019; 176:1030-1038. [PMID: 31623459 PMCID: PMC7716419 DOI: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2019.19020151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In schizophrenia, the anterior hippocampus is hyperactive and shows reduced task-related recruitment, but the relationship between these two findings is unclear. The authors tested the hypothesis that hyperactivity impairs recruitment of the anterior hippocampus during scene processing. METHODS Functional MRI data from 45 early-psychosis patients and 35 demographically matched healthy control subjects were analyzed using a block-design 1-back scene-processing task. Hippocampal activation in response to scenes and faces compared with scrambled images was measured. In a subset of 20 early-psychosis patients and 31 healthy control subjects, baseline hippocampal activity using cerebral blood volume (CBV) mapping was measured. Correlation analyses were used to examine the association between baseline hippocampal activity and task-related hippocampal activation. RESULTS Activation of the anterior hippocampus was significantly reduced and CBV in the anterior hippocampus was significantly increased in the early stages of psychosis. Increased CBV in early-psychosis patients was inversely correlated with task-related activation during scene processing in the anterior hippocampus. CONCLUSIONS Anterior hippocampal hyperactivity in early-psychosis patients appears to limit effective recruitment of this region during task performance. These findings provide novel support for the anterior hippocampus as a therapeutic target in the treatment of cognitive deficits in psychosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maureen McHugo
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA,Corresponding author: Maureen McHugo, PhD, Vanderbilt Psychiatric Hospital, Suite 3057, 1601 23rd Avenue South, Nashville, TN 37212,
| | - Pratik Talati
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kristan Armstrong
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Simon N. Vandekar
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Jennifer Urbano Blackford
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Neil D. Woodward
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Stephan Heckers
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Avery SN, Armstrong K, Blackford JU, Woodward ND, Cohen N, Heckers S. Impaired relational memory in the early stage of psychosis. Schizophr Res 2019; 212:113-120. [PMID: 31402078 PMCID: PMC6791765 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2019.07.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Revised: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Humans constantly take in vast amounts of information, which must be filtered, flexibly manipulated, and integrated into cohesive relational memories in order to choose relevant behaviors. Relational memory is impaired in chronic schizophrenia, which has been linked to hippocampal dysfunction. It is unclear whether relational memory is impaired in the early stage of psychosis. METHODS We studied eye movements during a face-scene pairs task as an indirect measure of relational memory in 89 patients in the early stage of psychosis and 84 healthy control participants. During testing, scenes were overlaid with three equally-familiar faces and participants were asked to recall the matching (i.e. previously-paired) face. During Match trials, one face had been previously paired with the scene. During Non-Match trials, no faces matched the scene. Forced-choice explicit recognition was recorded as a direct measure of relational memory. RESULTS Healthy control subjects rapidly (within 250-500 ms) showed preferential viewing of the matching face during Match trials. In contrast, preferential viewing was delayed in patients in the early stage of psychosis. Explicit recognition of the matching face was also impaired in the patient group. CONCLUSIONS This study provides novel evidence for a relational memory deficit in the early stage of psychosis. Patients showed deficits in both explicit recognition as well as abnormal eye-movement patterns during memory recall. Eye movements provide a promising avenue for the study of relational memory in psychosis, as they allow for the assessment of rapid, nonverbal memory processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne N. Avery
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37212 USA
| | - Kristan Armstrong
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37212 USA
| | - Jennifer U. Blackford
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37212 USA,Research Health Scientist, Research and Development, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Neil D. Woodward
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37212 USA
| | - Neal Cohen
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, and Interdisciplinary Health Sciences Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801 USA
| | - Stephan Heckers
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37212 USA
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Avery SN, McHugo M, Armstrong K, Blackford JU, Woodward ND, Heckers S. Disrupted Habituation in the Early Stage of Psychosis. BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY: COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE AND NEUROIMAGING 2019; 4:1004-1012. [PMID: 31445881 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsc.2019.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Revised: 06/08/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Learning and memory are impaired in schizophrenia. Some theories have proposed that one form of memory, habituation, is particularly impaired. Preliminary evidence suggests that memory impairment is associated with failed hippocampal habituation in patients with chronic schizophrenia. We studied how abnormal habituation of the hippocampus is related to relational memory deficits in the early stage of psychosis. METHODS We measured hippocampal activity in 62 patients with early psychosis and 70 healthy individuals using functional magnetic resonance imaging. Habituation was defined as the slope of functional magnetic resonance imaging signal change to repeated presentations of faces and objects. Relational memory ability was measured as the slope of preferential viewing during a face-scene pair eye movement task outside the scanner. RESULTS Patients with early psychosis showed impaired relational memory (p < .001) and less hippocampal habituation to objects (p = .01) than healthy control subjects. In the healthy control group, better relational memory was associated with faster anterior hippocampal habituation (faces, r = -.28, p = .03). In contrast, patients with early psychosis showed no brain-behavior relationship (r = .12, p = .40). CONCLUSIONS We found evidence for disrupted hippocampal habituation in the early stage of psychosis along with an altered association between hippocampal habituation and relational memory ability. These results suggest that neural habituation may provide a novel target for early cognitive interventions in psychosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne N Avery
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee.
| | - Maureen McHugo
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Kristan Armstrong
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Jennifer U Blackford
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Neil D Woodward
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Stephan Heckers
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| |
Collapse
|