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Perez SM, Elam HB, McCoy AM, Boley AM, Eassa NE, Lodge DJ. Congenital blindness does not protect against a schizophrenia-related phenotype in rodents. Schizophr Res 2023; 258:1-8. [PMID: 37364392 PMCID: PMC10529675 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2023.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In 1950, Drs. Chevigny and Braverman authored a book about people's attitudes and prejudices toward the blind, noting that out of the thousands of schizophrenia patients they and others had treated, not one was blind. This led some to the intriguing hypothesis that congenital blindness may provide protection against schizophrenia. In this study, we directly examined whether congenital blindness protects against a schizophrenia-related phenotype in the methylazoxymethanol acetate (MAM) rodent model. DESIGN Enucleation surgeries were performed on pups of MAM- or saline-treated rats on post-natal day 10. Once pups reached adulthood, male and female rats were evaluated for schizophrenia-like phenotypes using behavioral and electrophysiological measures. Consistent with previous work, MAM-treated rats display elevated dopamine neuron population activity, deficits in pre-pulse inhibition of startle, and hypersensitivity to psychomotor stimulants. RESULTS Blindness did not protect against any of the MAM-induced phenotypes. Surprisingly, blindness in saline-treated rats caused changes in behavior and dopamine neuron activity. To examine the circadian rhythms of enucleated rats, we performed non-invasive measurements of corticosterone, a steroid hormone known to vary across the light/dark period, revealing blind rats display aberrant (non-cycling) corticosterone levels. CONCLUSIONS Alterations in dopamine neuron activity and associated behaviors observed in blind rats are likely secondary to aberrant circadian regulation. This is the first preclinical study examining whether congenital blindness protects against a schizophrenia-like phenotype. While support of this hypothesis would have led to novel avenues of research and potential novel therapies, the results of current study suggest that blindness does not protect against schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie M Perez
- Department of Pharmacology and Center for Biomedical Neuroscience, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA; South Texas Veterans Health Care System, Audie L. Murphy Division, San Antonio, TX, USA.
| | - Hannah B Elam
- Department of Pharmacology and Center for Biomedical Neuroscience, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA; South Texas Veterans Health Care System, Audie L. Murphy Division, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Alexandra M McCoy
- Department of Pharmacology and Center for Biomedical Neuroscience, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA; South Texas Veterans Health Care System, Audie L. Murphy Division, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Angela M Boley
- Department of Pharmacology and Center for Biomedical Neuroscience, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA; South Texas Veterans Health Care System, Audie L. Murphy Division, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Nicole E Eassa
- Department of Pharmacology and Center for Biomedical Neuroscience, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA; South Texas Veterans Health Care System, Audie L. Murphy Division, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Daniel J Lodge
- Department of Pharmacology and Center for Biomedical Neuroscience, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA; South Texas Veterans Health Care System, Audie L. Murphy Division, San Antonio, TX, USA
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2
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Kody E, Diwadkar VA. Magnocellular and parvocellular contributions to brain network dysfunction during learning and memory: Implications for schizophrenia. J Psychiatr Res 2022; 156:520-531. [PMID: 36351307 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2022.10.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Memory deficits are core features of schizophrenia, and a central aim in biological psychiatry is to identify the etiology of these deficits. Scrutiny is naturally focused on the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and the hippocampal cortices, given these structures' roles in memory and learning. The fronto-hippocampal framework is valuable but restrictive. Network-based underpinnings of learning and memory are substantially diverse and include interactions between hetero-modal and early sensory networks. Thus, a loss of fidelity in sensory information may impact memorial and cognitive processing in higher-order brain sub-networks, becoming a sensory source for learning and memory deficits. In this overview, we suggest that impairments in magno- and parvo-cellular visual pathways result in degraded inputs to core learning and memory networks. The ascending cascade of aberrant neural events significantly contributes to learning and memory deficits in schizophrenia. We outline the network bases of these effects, and suggest that any network perspectives of dysfunction in schizophrenia must assess the impact of impaired perceptual contributions. Finally, we speculate on how this framework enriches the space of biomarkers and expands intervention strategies to ameliorate this prototypical disconnection syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Kody
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, USA
| | - Vaibhav A Diwadkar
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, USA.
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3
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Is congenital anosmia protective for Parkinson’s disease triggered by pathogenic entrance through the nose? NPJ Parkinsons Dis 2022; 8:152. [DOI: 10.1038/s41531-022-00425-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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4
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Motlaghian SM, Belger A, Bustillo JR, Ford JM, Iraji A, Lim K, Mathalon DH, Mueller BA, O'Leary D, Pearlson G, Potkin SG, Preda A, van Erp TGM, Calhoun VD. Nonlinear functional network connectivity in resting functional magnetic resonance imaging data. Hum Brain Mapp 2022; 43:4556-4566. [PMID: 35762454 PMCID: PMC9491296 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.25972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, we focus on explicitly nonlinear relationships in functional networks. We introduce a technique using normalized mutual information (NMI) that calculates the nonlinear relationship between different brain regions. We demonstrate our proposed approach using simulated data and then apply it to a dataset previously studied by Damaraju et al. This resting-state fMRI data included 151 schizophrenia patients and 163 age- and gender-matched healthy controls. We first decomposed these data using group independent component analysis (ICA) and yielded 47 functionally relevant intrinsic connectivity networks. Our analysis showed a modularized nonlinear relationship among brain functional networks that was particularly noticeable in the sensory and visual cortex. Interestingly, the modularity appears both meaningful and distinct from that revealed by the linear approach. Group analysis identified significant differences in explicitly nonlinear functional network connectivity (FNC) between schizophrenia patients and healthy controls, particularly in the visual cortex, with controls showing more nonlinearity (i.e., higher normalized mutual information between time courses with linear relationships removed) in most cases. Certain domains, including subcortical and auditory, showed relatively less nonlinear FNC (i.e., lower normalized mutual information), whereas links between the visual and other domains showed evidence of substantial nonlinear and modular properties. Overall, these results suggest that quantifying nonlinear dependencies of functional connectivity may provide a complementary and potentially important tool for studying brain function by exposing relevant variation that is typically ignored. Beyond this, we propose a method that captures both linear and nonlinear effects in a "boosted" approach. This method increases the sensitivity to group differences compared to the standard linear approach, at the cost of being unable to separate linear and nonlinear effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara M. Motlaghian
- Tri‐institutional Center for Translational Research in Neuroimaging and Data Science (TReNDS)Georgia State, Georgia Tech, EmoryAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
| | - Aysenil Belger
- Department of PsychiatryUniversity of North CarolinaChapel HillNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Juan R. Bustillo
- Department of PsychiatryUniversity of New MexicoAlbuquerqueNew MexicoUSA
| | - Judith M. Ford
- Department of PsychiatryUniversity of California San FranciscoSan FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
- San Francisco VA Medical CenterSan FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Armin Iraji
- Tri‐institutional Center for Translational Research in Neuroimaging and Data Science (TReNDS)Georgia State, Georgia Tech, EmoryAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
| | - Kelvin Lim
- Department of PsychiatryUniversity of MinnesotaMinneapolisMinnesotaUSA
| | - Daniel H. Mathalon
- Department of PsychiatryUniversity of California San FranciscoSan FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
- San Francisco VA Medical CenterSan FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Bryon A. Mueller
- Department of PsychiatryUniversity of MinnesotaMinneapolisMinnesotaUSA
| | - Daniel O'Leary
- Department of PsychiatryUniversity of IowaIowa CityIowaUSA
| | - Godfrey Pearlson
- Department of Psychiatry and NeurobiologyYale School of MedicineNew HavenConnecticutUSA
| | - Steven G. Potkin
- Department of Psychiatry and Human BehaviorUniversity of California IrvineIrvineCaliforniaUSA
| | - Adrian Preda
- Department of Psychiatry and Human BehaviorUniversity of California IrvineIrvineCaliforniaUSA
| | - Theo G. M. van Erp
- Department of Psychiatry and Human BehaviorUniversity of California IrvineIrvineCaliforniaUSA
| | - Vince D. Calhoun
- Tri‐institutional Center for Translational Research in Neuroimaging and Data Science (TReNDS)Georgia State, Georgia Tech, EmoryAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
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5
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[Chronobiological aspects of bipolar disorder]. DER NERVENARZT 2022; 93:873-881. [PMID: 35881187 DOI: 10.1007/s00115-022-01350-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Numerous symptoms of bipolar disorder are regulated by the circadian rhythm. Because of this association it is assumed that disruption of the circadian rhythm may be part of the pathomechanism of bipolar disorder. OBJECTIVES A comparison and subsequent critical discussion of the current data situation on chronobiological aspects of bipolar disorder are presented. METHODS A narrative literature search was carried out and the main findings are presented in a summarized form. RESULTS There are a large number of animal and human studies investigating the connection between disorders of the circadian rhythm and bipolar disorder. Especially chronotype, the environmental factor light and sleep disorders seem to be associated with the development of bipolar disorder. CONCLUSIONS The neurobiology of bipolar disorder shows numerous chronobiological aspects. There is evidence for a direct connection of disruption of the circadian rhythm and development and progression of bipolar disorder; however, at present there is no proof for the specificity of these findings for bipolar disorder. Future studies should consolidate the evidence on the impact of disorders of the circadian rhythm on the pathomechanism of bipolar disorder.
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McCarthy MJ, Gottlieb JF, Gonzalez R, McClung CA, Alloy LB, Cain S, Dulcis D, Etain B, Frey BN, Garbazza C, Ketchesin KD, Landgraf D, Lee H, Marie‐Claire C, Nusslock R, Porcu A, Porter R, Ritter P, Scott J, Smith D, Swartz HA, Murray G. Neurobiological and behavioral mechanisms of circadian rhythm disruption in bipolar disorder: A critical multi-disciplinary literature review and agenda for future research from the ISBD task force on chronobiology. Bipolar Disord 2022; 24:232-263. [PMID: 34850507 PMCID: PMC9149148 DOI: 10.1111/bdi.13165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
AIM Symptoms of bipolar disorder (BD) include changes in mood, activity, energy, sleep, and appetite. Since many of these processes are regulated by circadian function, circadian rhythm disturbance has been examined as a biological feature underlying BD. The International Society for Bipolar Disorders Chronobiology Task Force (CTF) was commissioned to review evidence for neurobiological and behavioral mechanisms pertinent to BD. METHOD Drawing upon expertise in animal models, biomarkers, physiology, and behavior, CTF analyzed the relevant cross-disciplinary literature to precisely frame the discussion around circadian rhythm disruption in BD, highlight key findings, and for the first time integrate findings across levels of analysis to develop an internally consistent, coherent theoretical framework. RESULTS Evidence from multiple sources implicates the circadian system in mood regulation, with corresponding associations with BD diagnoses and mood-related traits reported across genetic, cellular, physiological, and behavioral domains. However, circadian disruption does not appear to be specific to BD and is present across a variety of high-risk, prodromal, and syndromic psychiatric disorders. Substantial variability and ambiguity among the definitions, concepts and assumptions underlying the research have limited replication and the emergence of consensus findings. CONCLUSIONS Future research in circadian rhythms and its role in BD is warranted. Well-powered studies that carefully define associations between BD-related and chronobiologically-related constructs, and integrate across levels of analysis will be most illuminating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J. McCarthy
- UC San Diego Department of Psychiatry & Center for Circadian BiologyLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
- VA San Diego Healthcare SystemSan DiegoCaliforniaUSA
| | - John F. Gottlieb
- Department of PsychiatryFeinberg School of MedicineNorthwestern UniversityChicagoIllinoisUSA
| | - Robert Gonzalez
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral HealthPennsylvania State UniversityHersheyPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Colleen A. McClung
- Department of PsychiatryUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Lauren B. Alloy
- Department of PsychologyTemple UniversityPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Sean Cain
- School of Psychological Sciences and Turner Institute for Brain and Mental HealthMonash UniversityMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
| | - Davide Dulcis
- UC San Diego Department of Psychiatry & Center for Circadian BiologyLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
| | - Bruno Etain
- Université de ParisINSERM UMR‐S 1144ParisFrance
| | - Benicio N. Frey
- Department Psychiatry and Behavioral NeuroscienceMcMaster UniversityHamiltonOntarioCanada
| | - Corrado Garbazza
- Centre for ChronobiologyPsychiatric Hospital of the University of Basel and Transfaculty Research Platform Molecular and Cognitive NeurosciencesUniversity of BaselBaselSwitzerland
| | - Kyle D. Ketchesin
- Department of PsychiatryUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Dominic Landgraf
- Circadian Biology GroupDepartment of Molecular NeurobiologyClinic of Psychiatry and PsychotherapyUniversity HospitalLudwig Maximilian UniversityMunichGermany
| | - Heon‐Jeong Lee
- Department of Psychiatry and Chronobiology InstituteKorea UniversitySeoulSouth Korea
| | | | - Robin Nusslock
- Department of Psychology and Institute for Policy ResearchNorthwestern UniversityChicagoIllinoisUSA
| | - Alessandra Porcu
- UC San Diego Department of Psychiatry & Center for Circadian BiologyLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
| | | | - Philipp Ritter
- Clinic for Psychiatry and PsychotherapyCarl Gustav Carus University Hospital and Technical University of DresdenDresdenGermany
| | - Jan Scott
- Institute of NeuroscienceNewcastle UniversityNewcastleUK
| | - Daniel Smith
- Division of PsychiatryUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Holly A. Swartz
- Department of PsychiatryUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Greg Murray
- Centre for Mental HealthSwinburne University of TechnologyMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
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7
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Adámek P, Langová V, Horáček J. Early-stage visual perception impairment in schizophrenia, bottom-up and back again. SCHIZOPHRENIA (HEIDELBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 8:27. [PMID: 35314712 PMCID: PMC8938488 DOI: 10.1038/s41537-022-00237-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Visual perception is one of the basic tools for exploring the world. However, in schizophrenia, this modality is disrupted. So far, there has been no clear answer as to whether the disruption occurs primarily within the brain or in the precortical areas of visual perception (the retina, visual pathways, and lateral geniculate nucleus [LGN]). A web-based comprehensive search of peer-reviewed journals was conducted based on various keyword combinations including schizophrenia, saliency, visual cognition, visual pathways, retina, and LGN. Articles were chosen with respect to topic relevance. Searched databases included Google Scholar, PubMed, and Web of Science. This review describes the precortical circuit and the key changes in biochemistry and pathophysiology that affect the creation and characteristics of the retinal signal as well as its subsequent modulation and processing in other parts of this circuit. Changes in the characteristics of the signal and the misinterpretation of visual stimuli associated with them may, as a result, contribute to the development of schizophrenic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr Adámek
- Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic. .,Center for Advanced Studies of Brain and Consciousness, National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic.
| | - Veronika Langová
- Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic.,Center for Advanced Studies of Brain and Consciousness, National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Horáček
- Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic.,Center for Advanced Studies of Brain and Consciousness, National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic
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8
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Hettwer MD, Lancaster TM, Raspor E, Hahn PK, Mota NR, Singer W, Reif A, Linden DEJ, Bittner RA. Evidence From Imaging Resilience Genetics for a Protective Mechanism Against Schizophrenia in the Ventral Visual Pathway. Schizophr Bull 2022; 48:551-562. [PMID: 35137221 PMCID: PMC9077432 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbab151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Illuminating neurobiological mechanisms underlying the protective effect of recently discovered common genetic resilience variants for schizophrenia is crucial for more effective prevention efforts. Current models implicate adaptive neuroplastic changes in the visual system and their pro-cognitive effects as a schizophrenia resilience mechanism. We investigated whether common genetic resilience variants might affect brain structure in similar neural circuits. METHOD Using structural magnetic resonance imaging, we measured the impact of an established schizophrenia polygenic resilience score (PRSResilience) on cortical volume, thickness, and surface area in 101 healthy subjects and in a replication sample of 33 224 healthy subjects (UK Biobank). FINDING We observed a significant positive whole-brain correlation between PRSResilience and cortical volume in the right fusiform gyrus (FFG) (r = 0.35; P = .0004). Post-hoc analyses in this cluster revealed an impact of PRSResilience on cortical surface area. The replication sample showed a positive correlation between PRSResilience and global cortical volume and surface area in the left FFG. CONCLUSION Our findings represent the first evidence of a neurobiological correlate of a genetic resilience factor for schizophrenia. They support the view that schizophrenia resilience emerges from strengthening neural circuits in the ventral visual pathway and an increased capacity for the disambiguation of social and nonsocial visual information. This may aid psychosocial functioning, ameliorate the detrimental effects of subtle perceptual and cognitive disturbances in at-risk individuals, and facilitate coping with the cognitive and psychosocial consequences of stressors. Our results thus provide a novel link between visual cognition, the vulnerability-stress concept, and schizophrenia resilience models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meike D Hettwer
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine, and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany,Max Planck School of Cognition, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany,Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Brain & Behaviour (INM-7), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany,Institute of Systems Neuroscience, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Thomas M Lancaster
- School of Psychology, Bath University, Bath, UK,MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Eva Raspor
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine, and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Peter K Hahn
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine, and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Nina Roth Mota
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, The Netherlands,Department of Psychiatry, Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Wolf Singer
- Ernst Strüngmann Institute for Neuroscience (ESI) in Cooperation with Max Planck Society, Frankfurt am Main, Germany,Max Planck Institute for Brain Research (MPI BR), Frankfurt am Main, Germany,Frankfurt Institute for Advanced Studies (FIAS), Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Andreas Reif
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine, and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - David E J Linden
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK,School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Robert A Bittner
- To whom correspondence should be addressed; Heinrich-Hoffmann-Str. 10, D-60528 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; tel: 69-6301-84713, fax: 69-6301-81775, e-mail:
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9
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MacCabe JH. Seeing is believing. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2021; 144:3-5. [PMID: 34231210 DOI: 10.1111/acps.13338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- James H MacCabe
- Institute of Psychiatry Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
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10
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven M Silverstein
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY,Department of Neuroscience, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY,Department of Ophthalmology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY,Center for Visual Science, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY,To whom correspondence should be addressed; Department of Psychiatry, University of Rochester Medical Center, 300 Crittenden Boulevard, Rochester, NY 14642, US; tel: 505-275-6742, fax: 585-276-2094, e-mail:
| | - Brian P Keane
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY,Department of Neuroscience, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY,Center for Visual Science, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY
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11
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Sendi MSE, Pearlson GD, Mathalon DH, Ford JM, Preda A, van Erp TGM, Calhoun VD. Multiple overlapping dynamic patterns of the visual sensory network in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2021; 228:103-111. [PMID: 33434723 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2020.11.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Although visual processing impairments have been explored in schizophrenia (SZ), their underlying neurobiology of the visual processing impairments has not been widely studied. Also, while some research has hinted at differences in information transfer and flow in SZ, there are few investigations of the dynamics of functional connectivity within visual networks. In this study, we analyzed resting-state fMRI data of the visual sensory network (VSN) in 160 healthy control (HC) subjects and 151 SZ subjects. We estimated 9 independent components within the VSN. Then, we calculated the dynamic functional network connectivity (dFNC) using the Pearson correlation. Next, using k-means clustering, we partitioned the dFNCs into five distinct states, and then we calculated the portion of time each subject spent in each state, which we termed the occupancy rate (OCR). Using OCR, we compared HC with SZ subjects and investigated the link between OCR and visual learning in SZ subjects. Besides, we compared the VSN functional connectivity of SZ and HC subjects in each state. We found that this network is indeed highly dynamic. Each state represents a unique connectivity pattern of fluctuations in VSN FNC, and all states showed significant disruption in SZ. Overall, HC showed stronger connectivity within the VSN in states. SZ subjects spent more time in a state in which the connectivity between the middle temporal gyrus and other regions of VNS is highly negative. Besides, OCR in a state with strong positive connectivity between the middle temporal gyrus and other regions correlated significantly with visual learning scores in SZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad S E Sendi
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering at Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States of America; Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering at Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, United States of America; Tri-institutional Center for Translational Research in Neuroimaging and Data Science, Georgia State University, Georgia Institute of Technology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States of America.
| | - Godfrey D Pearlson
- Departments of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Yale University, School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States of America; Olin Neuropsychiatry Research Center, Hartford, CT, United States of America
| | - Daniel H Mathalon
- Department of Psychiatry and Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States of America; Mental Health Service, Veterans Affairs San Francisco Healthcare System, San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - Judith M Ford
- Department of Psychiatry and Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States of America; Mental Health Service, Veterans Affairs San Francisco Healthcare System, San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - Adrian Preda
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, United States of America
| | - Theo G M van Erp
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, United States of America
| | - Vince D Calhoun
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering at Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States of America; Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering at Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, United States of America; Tri-institutional Center for Translational Research in Neuroimaging and Data Science, Georgia State University, Georgia Institute of Technology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States of America.
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12
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Abstract
It is now well documented that schizophrenia is associated with impairments in visual processing at all levels of vision, and that these disturbances are related to deficits in multiple higher-level cognitive and social cognitive functions. Visual remediation methods have been slow to appear in the literature as a potential treatment strategy to target these impairments, however, in contrast to interventions that aim to improve auditory and higher cognitive functions in schizophrenia. In this report, we describe a National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH)-funded R61/R33 grant that uses a phased approach to optimize and evaluate a novel visual remediation intervention for people with schizophrenia. The goals of this project are: (1) in the R61 phase, to establish the optimal components and dose (number of sessions) of a visual remediation intervention from among two specific visual training strategies (and their combination) for improving low and mid-level visual functions in schizophrenia; and (2) in the R33 phase, to determine the extent to which the optimal intervention improves not only visual processing but also higher-level cognitive and role functions. Here we present the scientific background for and innovation of the study, along with our methods, hypotheses, and preliminary data. The results of this study will help determine the utility of this novel intervention approach for targeting visual perceptual, cognitive, and functional impairments in schizophrenia.
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13
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Sadh K, Mehta UM, Muralidharan K, Shankar NS, Jain S. Understanding the role of language in patients with psychosis and hearing impairment, experiencing auditory verbal hallucinations. Schizophr Res 2020; 222:487-488. [PMID: 32518003 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2020.05.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 05/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kamaldeep Sadh
- Department of Psychiatry, NIMHANS, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences (INI), Bangalore 560029, Karnataka, India.
| | - Urvakhsh Meherwan Mehta
- Department of Psychiatry, NIMHANS, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences (INI), Bangalore 560029, Karnataka, India
| | - Kesavan Muralidharan
- Department of Psychiatry, NIMHANS, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences (INI), Bangalore 560029, Karnataka, India
| | - N Shiva Shankar
- Department of Speech Pathology and Audiology, NIMHANS, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences (INI), Bangalore 560029, Karnataka, India
| | - Sanjeev Jain
- Department of Psychiatry, NIMHANS, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences (INI), Bangalore 560029, Karnataka, India
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14
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Jefsen OH, Petersen LV, Bek T, Østergaard SD. Is Early Blindness Protective of Psychosis or Are We Turning a Blind Eye to the Lack of Statistical Power? Schizophr Bull 2020; 46:1335-1336. [PMID: 32232391 PMCID: PMC7707070 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbaa048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Oskar Hougaard Jefsen
- Psychiatric Research Academy, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark,To whom correspondence should be addressed; tel: +45 30112066, e-mail:
| | - Liselotte Vogdrup Petersen
- The National Centre for Register-based Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark,The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research iPSYCH, Aarhus, Denmark,Centre for Integrated Register-Based Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Toke Bek
- Department of Ophthalmology, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Søren Dinesen Østergaard
- Department of Affective Disorders, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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15
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Abstract
The relationship between visual loss and psychosis is complex: congenital visual loss appears to be protective against the development of a psychotic disorder, particularly schizophrenia. In later life, however, visual deprivation or visual loss can give rise to hallucinosis, disorders of visual insight such as blindsight or Anton syndrome, or, in the context of neurodegenerative disorders, more complex psychotic presentations. We draw on a computational psychiatric approach to consider the foundational role of vision in the construction of representations of the world and the effects of visual loss at different developmental stages. Using a Bayesian prediction error minimization model, we describe how congenital visual loss may be protective against the development of the kind of computational deficits postulated to underlie schizophrenia, by increasing the precision (and consequent stability) of higher-level (including supramodal) priors, focusing on visual loss-induced changes in NMDA receptor structure and function as a possible mechanistic substrate. In simple terms, we argue that when people cannot see from birth, they rely more heavily on the context they extract from the other senses, and the resulting model of the world is more impervious to the false inferences, made in the face of inevitably noisy perceptual input, that characterize schizophrenia. We show how a Bayesian prediction error minimization framework can also explain the relationship between later visual loss and other psychotic symptoms, as well as the effects of visual deprivation and hallucinogenic drugs, and outline experimentally testable hypotheses generated by this approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas A Pollak
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, New Haven, CT,To whom correspondence should be addressed; Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s Health Partners, King’s College London, De Crespigny Park, Denmark Hill, London SE5 8AF, UK; tel: +44 (0) 207 848 5135, fax: +44 (0) 207 848 0572, e-mail:
| | - Philip R Corlett
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Yale University, School of Medicine, Connecticut Mental Health Center, New Haven, CT
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16
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Kanat-Maymon Y, Ben-David BM. Small numbers are not predictive: Congenital blindness may or may not be protective for schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2019; 209:274. [PMID: 31104916 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2019.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/27/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yaniv Kanat-Maymon
- Baruch Ivcher School of Psychology, Interdisciplinary Center (IDC) Herzliya, Israel
| | - Boaz M Ben-David
- Baruch Ivcher School of Psychology, Interdisciplinary Center (IDC) Herzliya, Israel; Department of Speech-Language Pathology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Rehabilitation Sciences Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, University Health Networks (UHN), Toronto, ON, Canada.
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