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Serio B, Hettwer MD, Wiersch L, Bignardi G, Sacher J, Weis S, Eickhoff SB, Valk SL. Sex differences in intrinsic functional cortical organization reflect differences in network topology rather than cortical morphometry. bioRxiv 2023:2023.11.23.568437. [PMID: 38045320 PMCID: PMC10690290 DOI: 10.1101/2023.11.23.568437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
Brain size robustly differs between sexes. However, the consequences of this anatomical dimorphism on sex differences in intrinsic brain function remain unclear. We investigated the extent to which sex differences in intrinsic cortical functional organization may be explained by differences in cortical morphometry, namely brain size, microstructure, and the geodesic distances of connectivity profiles. For this, we computed a low dimensional representation of functional cortical organization, the sensory-association axis, and identified widespread sex differences. Contrary to our expectations, observed sex differences in functional organization were not fundamentally associated with differences in brain size, microstructural organization, or geodesic distances, despite these morphometric properties being per se associated with functional organization and differing between sexes. Instead, functional sex differences in the sensory-association axis were associated with differences in functional connectivity profiles and network topology. Collectively, our findings suggest that sex differences in functional cortical organization extend beyond sex differences in cortical morphometry. Teaser Investigating sex differences in functional cortical organization and their association to differences in cortical morphometry.
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Saberi A, Paquola C, Wagstyl K, Hettwer MD, Bernhardt BC, Eickhoff SB, Valk SL. The regional variation of laminar thickness in the human isocortex is related to cortical hierarchy and interregional connectivity. PLoS Biol 2023; 21:e3002365. [PMID: 37943873 PMCID: PMC10684102 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3002365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The human isocortex consists of tangentially organized layers with unique cytoarchitectural properties. These layers show spatial variations in thickness and cytoarchitecture across the neocortex, which is thought to support function through enabling targeted corticocortical connections. Here, leveraging maps of the 6 cortical layers based on 3D human brain histology, we aimed to quantitatively characterize the systematic covariation of laminar structure in the cortex and its functional consequences. After correcting for the effect of cortical curvature, we identified a spatial pattern of changes in laminar thickness covariance from lateral frontal to posterior occipital regions, which differentiated the dominance of infra- versus supragranular layer thickness. Corresponding to the laminar regularities of cortical connections along cortical hierarchy, the infragranular-dominant pattern of laminar thickness was associated with higher hierarchical positions of regions, mapped based on resting-state effective connectivity in humans and tract-tracing of structural connections in macaques. Moreover, we show that regions with similar laminar thickness patterns have a higher likelihood of structural connections and strength of functional connections. In sum, here we characterize the organization of laminar thickness in the human isocortex and its association with cortico-cortical connectivity, illustrating how laminar organization may provide a foundational principle of cortical function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amin Saberi
- Otto Hahn Research Group for Cognitive Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Neurosciences and Medicine (INM-7), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
- Institute of Systems Neuroscience, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Casey Paquola
- Institute of Neurosciences and Medicine (INM-7), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Konrad Wagstyl
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Meike D. Hettwer
- Otto Hahn Research Group for Cognitive Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Neurosciences and Medicine (INM-7), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
- Institute of Systems Neuroscience, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Max Planck School of Cognition, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Boris C. Bernhardt
- Multimodal Imaging and Connectome Analysis Laboratory, McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Simon B. Eickhoff
- Institute of Neurosciences and Medicine (INM-7), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
- Institute of Systems Neuroscience, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Sofie L. Valk
- Otto Hahn Research Group for Cognitive Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Neurosciences and Medicine (INM-7), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
- Institute of Systems Neuroscience, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
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Chunharas C, Hettwer MD, Wolff MJ, Rademaker RL. A gradual transition from veridical to categorical representations along the visual hierarchy during working memory, but not perception. bioRxiv 2023:2023.05.18.541327. [PMID: 37292916 PMCID: PMC10245673 DOI: 10.1101/2023.05.18.541327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The ability to stably maintain visual information over brief delays is central to cognitive functioning. One possible way to achieve robust working memory maintenance is by having multiple concurrent mnemonic representations across multiple cortical loci. For example, early visual cortex might contribute to storage by representing information in a "sensory-like" format, while intraparietal sulcus uses a format transformed away from sensory driven responses. As an explicit test of mnemonic code transformations along the visual hierarchy, we quantitatively modeled the progression of veridical-to-categorical orientation representations in human participants. Participants directly viewed, or held in mind, an oriented grating pattern, and the similarity between fMRI activation patterns for different orientations was calculated throughout retinotopic cortex. During direct perception, similarity was clustered around cardinal orientations, while during working memory the obliques were represented more similarly. We modeled these similarity patterns based on the known distribution of orientation information in the natural world: The "veridical" model uses an efficient coding framework to capture hypothesized representations during visual perception. The "categorical" model assumes that different "psychological distances" between orientations result in orientation categorization relative to cardinal axes. During direct perception, the veridical model explained the data well in early visual areas, while the categorical model did worse. During working memory, the veridical model only explained some of the data, while the categorical model gradually gained explanatory power for increasingly anterior retinotopic regions. These findings suggest that directly viewed images are represented veridically, but once visual information is no longer tethered to the sensory world, there is a gradual progression to more categorical mnemonic formats along the visual hierarchy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaipat Chunharas
- Department of Medicine, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Meike D Hettwer
- Max Planck School of Cognition, Max Planck Institute of Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Systems Neuroscience, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Michael J Wolff
- Ernst Strüngmann Institute (ESI) for Neuroscience in Cooperation with the Max Planck Society, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Rosanne L Rademaker
- Ernst Strüngmann Institute (ESI) for Neuroscience in Cooperation with the Max Planck Society, Frankfurt, Germany
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Bayrak Ş, de Wael RV, Schaare HL, Hettwer MD, Caldairou B, Bernasconi A, Bernasconi N, Bernhardt BC, Valk SL. Heritability of hippocampal functional and microstructural organisation. Neuroimage 2022; 264:119656. [PMID: 36183945 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2022.119656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 09/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The hippocampus is a uniquely infolded allocortical structure in the medial temporal lobe that consists of the microstructurally and functionally distinct subregions: subiculum, cornu ammonis, and dentate gyrus. The hippocampus is a remarkably plastic region that is implicated in learning and memory. At the same time it has been shown that hippocampal subregion volumes are heritable, and that genetic expression varies along a posterior to anterior axis. Here, we studied how a heritable, stable, hippocampal organisation may support its flexible function in healthy adults. Leveraging the twin set-up of the Human Connectome Project with multimodal neuroimaging, we observed that the functional connectivity between hippocampus and cortex was heritable and that microstructure of the hippocampus genetically correlated with cortical microstructure. Moreover, both functional and microstructural organisation could be consistently captured by anterior-to-posterior and medial-to-lateral axes across individuals. However, heritability of functional, relative to microstructural, organisation was found reduced, suggesting individual variation in functional organisation may be explained by experience-driven factors. Last, we demonstrate that structure and function couple along an inherited macroscale organisation, suggesting an interplay of stability and plasticity within the hippocampus. Our study provides new insights on the heritability of the hippocampal of the structure and function within the hippocampal organisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Şeyma Bayrak
- Otto Hahn Group Cognitive Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany; Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Brain & Behaviour (INM-7), Research Centre Jülich, FZ Jülich, Jülich, Germany; Institute of Systems Neuroscience, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany; Department of Cognitive Neurology, University Hospital Leipzig and Faculty of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Reinder Vos de Wael
- Multimodal Imaging and Connectome Analysis Laboratory, McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - H Lina Schaare
- Otto Hahn Group Cognitive Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany; Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Brain & Behaviour (INM-7), Research Centre Jülich, FZ Jülich, Jülich, Germany; Institute of Systems Neuroscience, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Meike D Hettwer
- Otto Hahn Group Cognitive Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany; Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Brain & Behaviour (INM-7), Research Centre Jülich, FZ Jülich, Jülich, Germany; Institute of Systems Neuroscience, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany; Max Planck School of Cognition, Max Planck Institute of Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Benoit Caldairou
- Neuroimaging of Epilepsy Laboratory, McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Andrea Bernasconi
- Neuroimaging of Epilepsy Laboratory, McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Neda Bernasconi
- Neuroimaging of Epilepsy Laboratory, McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Boris C Bernhardt
- Multimodal Imaging and Connectome Analysis Laboratory, McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Sofie L Valk
- Otto Hahn Group Cognitive Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany; Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Brain & Behaviour (INM-7), Research Centre Jülich, FZ Jülich, Jülich, Germany; Institute of Systems Neuroscience, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.
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Richie-Halford A, Cieslak M, Ai L, Caffarra S, Covitz S, Franco AR, Karipidis II, Kruper J, Milham M, Avelar-Pereira B, Roy E, Sydnor VJ, Yeatman JD, Abbott NJ, Anderson JAE, Gagana B, Bleile M, Bloomfield PS, Bottom V, Bourque J, Boyle R, Brynildsen JK, Calarco N, Castrellon JJ, Chaku N, Chen B, Chopra S, Coffey EBJ, Colenbier N, Cox DJ, Crippen JE, Crouse JJ, David S, Leener BD, Delap G, Deng ZD, Dugre JR, Eklund A, Ellis K, Ered A, Farmer H, Faskowitz J, Finch JE, Flandin G, Flounders MW, Fonville L, Frandsen SB, Garic D, Garrido-Vásquez P, Gonzalez-Escamilla G, Grogans SE, Grotheer M, Gruskin DC, Guberman GI, Haggerty EB, Hahn Y, Hall EH, Hanson JL, Harel Y, Vieira BH, Hettwer MD, Hobday H, Horien C, Huang F, Huque ZM, James AR, Kahhale I, Kamhout SLH, Keller AS, Khera HS, Kiar G, Kirk PA, Kohl SH, Korenic SA, Korponay C, Kozlowski AK, Kraljevic N, Lazari A, Leavitt MJ, Li Z, Liberati G, Lorenc ES, Lossin AJ, Lotter LD, Lydon-Staley DM, Madan CR, Magielse N, Marusak HA, Mayor J, McGowan AL, Mehta KP, Meisler SL, Michael C, Mitchell ME, Morand-Beaulieu S, Newman BT, Nielsen JA, O’Mara SM, Ojha A, Omary A, Özarslan E, Parkes L, Peterson M, Pines AR, Pisanu C, Rich RR, Sahoo AK, Samara A, Sayed F, Schneider JT, Shaffer LS, Shatalina E, Sims SA, Sinclair S, Song JW, Hogrogian GS, Tamnes CK, Tooley UA, Tripathi V, Turker HB, Valk SL, Wall MB, Walther CK, Wang Y, Wegmann B, Welton T, Wiesman AI, Wiesman AG, Wiesman M, Winters DE, Yuan R, Zacharek SJ, Zajner C, Zakharov I, Zammarchi G, Zhou D, Zimmerman B, Zoner K, Satterthwaite TD, Rokem A. Author Correction: An analysis-ready and quality controlled resource for pediatric brain white-matter research. Sci Data 2022; 9:709. [PMID: 36396653 PMCID: PMC9671885 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-022-01816-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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Hettwer MD, Lancaster TM, Raspor E, Hahn PK, Mota NR, Singer W, Reif A, Linden DEJ, Bittner RA. Evidence From Imaging Resilience Genetics for a Protective Mechanism Against Schizophrenia in the Ventral Visual Pathway. Schizophr Bull 2022; 48:551-562. [PMID: 35137221 PMCID: PMC9077432 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbab151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Illuminating neurobiological mechanisms underlying the protective effect of recently discovered common genetic resilience variants for schizophrenia is crucial for more effective prevention efforts. Current models implicate adaptive neuroplastic changes in the visual system and their pro-cognitive effects as a schizophrenia resilience mechanism. We investigated whether common genetic resilience variants might affect brain structure in similar neural circuits. METHOD Using structural magnetic resonance imaging, we measured the impact of an established schizophrenia polygenic resilience score (PRSResilience) on cortical volume, thickness, and surface area in 101 healthy subjects and in a replication sample of 33 224 healthy subjects (UK Biobank). FINDING We observed a significant positive whole-brain correlation between PRSResilience and cortical volume in the right fusiform gyrus (FFG) (r = 0.35; P = .0004). Post-hoc analyses in this cluster revealed an impact of PRSResilience on cortical surface area. The replication sample showed a positive correlation between PRSResilience and global cortical volume and surface area in the left FFG. CONCLUSION Our findings represent the first evidence of a neurobiological correlate of a genetic resilience factor for schizophrenia. They support the view that schizophrenia resilience emerges from strengthening neural circuits in the ventral visual pathway and an increased capacity for the disambiguation of social and nonsocial visual information. This may aid psychosocial functioning, ameliorate the detrimental effects of subtle perceptual and cognitive disturbances in at-risk individuals, and facilitate coping with the cognitive and psychosocial consequences of stressors. Our results thus provide a novel link between visual cognition, the vulnerability-stress concept, and schizophrenia resilience models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meike D Hettwer
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine, and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany,Max Planck School of Cognition, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany,Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Brain & Behaviour (INM-7), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany,Institute of Systems Neuroscience, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Thomas M Lancaster
- School of Psychology, Bath University, Bath, UK,MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Eva Raspor
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine, and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Peter K Hahn
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine, and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Nina Roth Mota
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, The Netherlands,Department of Psychiatry, Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Wolf Singer
- Ernst Strüngmann Institute for Neuroscience (ESI) in Cooperation with Max Planck Society, Frankfurt am Main, Germany,Max Planck Institute for Brain Research (MPI BR), Frankfurt am Main, Germany,Frankfurt Institute for Advanced Studies (FIAS), Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Andreas Reif
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine, and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - David E J Linden
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK,School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Robert A Bittner
- To whom correspondence should be addressed; Heinrich-Hoffmann-Str. 10, D-60528 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; tel: 69-6301-84713, fax: 69-6301-81775, e-mail:
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7
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Sanfelici R, Ruef A, Antonucci LA, Penzel N, Sotiras A, Dong MS, Urquijo-Castro M, Wenzel J, Kambeitz-Ilankovic L, Hettwer MD, Ruhrmann S, Chisholm K, Riecher-Rössler A, Falkai P, Pantelis C, Salokangas RKR, Lencer R, Bertolino A, Kambeitz J, Meisenzahl E, Borgwardt S, Brambilla P, Wood SJ, Upthegrove R, Schultze-Lutter F, Koutsouleris N, Dwyer DB. Novel Gyrification Networks Reveal Links with Psychiatric Risk Factors in Early Illness. Cereb Cortex 2021; 32:1625-1636. [PMID: 34519351 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhab288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Adult gyrification provides a window into coordinated early neurodevelopment when disruptions predispose individuals to psychiatric illness. We hypothesized that the echoes of such disruptions should be observed within structural gyrification networks in early psychiatric illness that would demonstrate associations with developmentally relevant variables rather than specific psychiatric symptoms. We employed a new data-driven method (Orthogonal Projective Non-Negative Matrix Factorization) to delineate novel gyrification-based networks of structural covariance in 308 healthy controls. Gyrification within the networks was then compared to 713 patients with recent onset psychosis or depression, and at clinical high-risk. Associations with diagnosis, symptoms, cognition, and functioning were investigated using linear models. Results demonstrated 18 novel gyrification networks in controls as verified by internal and external validation. Gyrification was reduced in patients in temporal-insular, lateral occipital, and lateral fronto-parietal networks (pFDR < 0.01) and was not moderated by illness group. Higher gyrification was associated with better cognitive performance and lifetime role functioning, but not with symptoms. The findings demonstrated that gyrification can be parsed into novel brain networks that highlight generalized illness effects linked to developmental vulnerability. When combined, our study widens the window into the etiology of psychiatric risk and its expression in adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachele Sanfelici
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilian University, Munich, 80336, Germany.,Max Planck School of Cognition, Leipzig, 04103, Germany
| | - Anne Ruef
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilian University, Munich, 80336, Germany
| | - Linda A Antonucci
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilian University, Munich, 80336, Germany.,Department of Basic Medical Science, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, 70124, Italy
| | - Nora Penzel
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital, University of Cologne, Cologne, 50937, Germany
| | - Aristeidis Sotiras
- Department of Radiology and Institute of Informatics, Washington University in St. Luis, st. Luis, MO63110, USA
| | - Mark Sen Dong
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilian University, Munich, 80336, Germany
| | - Maria Urquijo-Castro
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilian University, Munich, 80336, Germany
| | - Julian Wenzel
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital, University of Cologne, Cologne, 50937, Germany
| | - Lana Kambeitz-Ilankovic
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilian University, Munich, 80336, Germany.,Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital, University of Cologne, Cologne, 50937, Germany
| | | | - Stephan Ruhrmann
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital, University of Cologne, Cologne, 50937, Germany
| | - Katharine Chisholm
- Institute for Mental Health, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.,Department of Psychology, Aston University, Birmingham, B4 7ET, UK
| | | | - Peter Falkai
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilian University, Munich, 80336, Germany.,Max-Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, 80804, Germany
| | - Christos Pantelis
- Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centrem University of Melbourne & Melbourne Health, Melbourne, 3053, Australia
| | | | - Rebekka Lencer
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Münster, Münster, 48149, Germany.,Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, 23538, Germany
| | - Alessandro Bertolino
- Department of Basic Medical Science, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, 70124, Italy
| | - Joseph Kambeitz
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital, University of Cologne, Cologne, 50937, Germany
| | - Eva Meisenzahl
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, 40629, Germany
| | - Stefan Borgwardt
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, 23538, Germany.,Department of Psychiatry (Psychiatric University Hospital, UPK), University of Basel, Basel, 4002, Switzerland
| | - Paolo Brambilla
- Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Grande Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milano, 20122, Italy.,Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, 20122, Italy
| | - Stephen J Wood
- Centre for Youth Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, 3052, Australia.,Orygen, Melbourne, 3052, Australia.,School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Rachel Upthegrove
- Institute for Mental Health, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.,Early Intervention Service, Birmingham Women's and Children's NHS foundation Trust, Birmingham, B4 6NH, UK
| | - Frauke Schultze-Lutter
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, 40629, Germany.,Department of Psychology and Mental Health, Faculty of Psychology, Airlangga University, Surubaya, 60286, Indonesia.,University Hospital of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bern, Bern, 3000, Switzerland
| | - Nikolaos Koutsouleris
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilian University, Munich, 80336, Germany.,Max-Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, 80804, Germany.,Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Dominic B Dwyer
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilian University, Munich, 80336, Germany
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