1
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Fang X, Wei K, Yang R. Untethered Soft Pneumatic Actuators with Embedded Multiple Sensing Capabilities. Soft Robot 2024; 11:382-391. [PMID: 37948534 DOI: 10.1089/soro.2023.0048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Pneumatic soft robot attracts extensive attention because of its own characteristics. It has great application potential in medical and other fields. Although the recent improvement of the soft robot shows great potentials for delicate manipulations, the development of completely untethered pneumatic intelligent soft robots remains challenging. This article introduces a novel type of untethered soft pneumatic actuator with embedded multiple sensing capabilities. The untethered drive of the soft pneumatic actuator is achieved by near-infrared-induced liquid-gas phase transition. In addition, a soft conductive resin was developed to make flexible sensors. Embedded flexible sensors enable bending and temperature sensing of soft actuators. With Digital Light Processing three-dimensional printing, the rapid fabrication of soft actuators and flexible sensors was realized. This article demonstrates the potential of the proposed untethered soft actuators with embedded multiple sensing capabilities as an important contribution to the research of completely untethered intelligent soft robots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingmiao Fang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Kun Wei
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Runhuai Yang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
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2
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Fan L, Jiang Y, Deng R, Zhu H, Dai X, Liang H, Li N, Qian Z. Mechanical Robustness Enhanced Flexible Antennas Using Ti 3C 2 MXene and Nanocellulose Composites for Noninvasive Glucose Sensing. ACS Sens 2024; 9:1866-1876. [PMID: 38499997 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.3c02474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
Electromagnetic sensors with flexible antennas as sensing elements have attracted increasing attention in noninvasive continuous glucose monitoring for diabetic patients. The significant radiation performance loss of flexible antennas during mechanical deformation impairs the reliability of glucose monitoring. Here, we present flexible ultrawideband monopole antennas composed of Ti3C2 MXene and cellulose nanofibril (CNF) composite films for continuous glucose monitoring. The flexible MXene/CNF antenna with 20% CNF content can obtain a gain of up to 3.33 dBi and a radiation efficiency of up to 65.40% at a frequency range from 2.3 to 6.0 GHz. Compared with the pure MXene antenna, this antenna offers a comparable radiation performance and a lower performance loss in mechanical bending deformation. Moreover, the MXene/CNF antenna shows a stable response to fetal bovine serum/glucose, with a correlation of >0.9 at the reference glucose levels, and responds sensitively to the variations in blood glucose levels during human trials. The proposed strategy enhancing the mechanical robustness of MXene-based flexible antennas makes metallic two-dimensional nanomaterials more promising in wearable electromagnetic sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Fan
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Yue Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Ruihua Deng
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Hua Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Xiangyu Dai
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Hao Liang
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Ning Li
- Guangdong Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence and Digital Economy (Shenzhen), Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518132, China
| | - Zhengfang Qian
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
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3
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Huang J, Hua L, Li J, Xu X, Song L, Lu Z. Sandwiched film of graphene/silver nanowire conductive layer reinforced by hydroxyethyl cellulose bond layer. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 258:128883. [PMID: 38141715 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.128883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 12/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/25/2023]
Abstract
Multilayer nanocomposite film made of different materials has multifunctional properties and is applied in the field of flexible electronic devices. Herein, hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) and boron nitride nanosheets (BNNS) were used as the matrix and thermal conductivity material of the HEC/BNNS (HB) insulation layer and were combined with conductive blade structure graphene/silver nanowires (GA) film to prepare a three-layer HB/GA20/HB film. Using the high mechanical properties of the HEC based film, the tensile strength of the three-layer film is increased to 22.0 MPa, 633 % higher than that of the pure conductive film. The sensor prepared by multilayer film has good bending sensing performance (1500 cycles) and electromagnetic shielding performance (29.3 dB). The heating temperature of HB/GA20/HB film heater is up to 107.9 °C at 20 V. In the HB/GA20/HB film, the external HB layer provides insulation, thermal conductivity and physical support, and the internal GA layer with good conductive and sensing properties is combined to build a multi-functional sensor, which can be applied as a mobile sensor, heater and electromagnetic shielding material in the flexible wearable field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jizhen Huang
- College of Bioresources Chemical and Materials Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an 710021, China; Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
| | - Li Hua
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an 710021, China.
| | - Jiaoyang Li
- College of Bioresources Chemical and Materials Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an 710021, China
| | - Xiaoxu Xu
- College of Bioresources Chemical and Materials Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an 710021, China
| | - Lizhi Song
- College of Bioresources Chemical and Materials Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an 710021, China
| | - Zhaoqing Lu
- College of Bioresources Chemical and Materials Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an 710021, China.
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4
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Kim SC, Hou J, Jang WG, Byun HS. The Development of a Composite Thin Film Barrier of Tungsten Fe 3O 4-rGO (FerGO) for the Radiation Shielding of Medical Personnel. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:215. [PMID: 38257014 PMCID: PMC10819262 DOI: 10.3390/polym16020215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Tungsten is the most effective eco-friendly material used for radiation shielding in hospitals. However, despite its commendable density and shielding performance, tungsten faces challenges in miscibility with other materials because of its elevated melting point and strength. In this study, to protect medical personnel against scattered rays, which are indirect X-rays, a lightweight material was prepared by mixing graphite oxide material, considering its thinness and flexibility. Tungsten particles were evenly dispersed in the polymer, and nanofibers were prepared using this blended polymer solution via electrospinning. Concurrently, the process technology was explored to craft a thin film sheet and obtain a lead-like shielding effect. A spinning solution was prepared by mixing Fe3O4-rGO (FerGO) and tungsten. At 60 kVp, 0.1 mm was measured as 0.097 mmPb, at 80 kVp, 0.2 mm was measured as 0.196 mmPb, and at 100 kVp, 0.3 mm was measured as 0.279 mmPb, showing similar shielding performance to lead. As density directly affects the shielding effect, graphene oxide played an important role in increasing the density of the material from 1.941 g/cm3 to 2.302 g/cm3. Thus, this study provides an effective process for producing thin film sheets equivalent to lead.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seon-Chil Kim
- Department of Medical Informatics, Keimyung University, 1095 Dalgubeol-daero, Daegu 42601, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Keimyung University, 1095 Dalgubeol-daero, Daegu 42601, Republic of Korea
| | - Jian Hou
- School of Intelligent Manufacturing, Luoyang Institute of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China
| | - Won-Gi Jang
- Kwang Won Electronics, Yangsan-si 50590, Republic of Korea
| | - Hong-Sik Byun
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Keimyung University, 1095 Dalgubeol-daero, Daegu 42601, Republic of Korea;
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5
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Wang C, Zhang N, Liu C, Ma B, Zhang K, Li R, Wang Q, Zhang S. New Advances in Antenna Design toward Wearable Devices Based on Nanomaterials. BIOSENSORS 2024; 14:35. [PMID: 38248412 PMCID: PMC10813296 DOI: 10.3390/bios14010035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
Wearable antennas have recently garnered significant attention due to their attractive properties and potential for creating lightweight, compact, low-cost, and multifunctional wireless communication systems. With the breakthrough progress in nanomaterial research, the use of lightweight materials has paved the way for the widespread application of wearable antennas. Compared with traditional metallic materials like copper, aluminum, and nickel, nanoscale entities including zero-dimensional (0-D) nanoparticles, one-dimensional (1-D) nanofibers or nanotubes, and two-dimensional (2-D) nanosheets exhibit superior physical, electrochemical, and performance characteristics. These properties significantly enhance the potential for constructing durable electronic composites. Furthermore, the antenna exhibits compact size and high deformation stability, accompanied by greater portability and wear resistance, owing to the high surface-to-volume ratio and flexibility of nanomaterials. This paper systematically discusses the latest advancements in wearable antennas based on 0-D, 1-D, and 2-D nanomaterials, providing a comprehensive overview of their development and future prospects in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunge Wang
- School of Mechanical and Energy Engineering, NingboTech University, Ningbo 315100, China; (C.W.); (N.Z.); (K.Z.)
| | - Ning Zhang
- School of Mechanical and Energy Engineering, NingboTech University, Ningbo 315100, China; (C.W.); (N.Z.); (K.Z.)
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Forging & Stamping Technology and Science, Yanshan University, Ministry of Education of China, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
| | - Chen Liu
- Ningbo Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Ningbo 315100, China;
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Nottingham Ningbo, Ningbo 315100, China
| | - Bangbang Ma
- Ningbo L.K. Technology Co., Ltd., Ningbo 315100, China;
| | - Keke Zhang
- School of Mechanical and Energy Engineering, NingboTech University, Ningbo 315100, China; (C.W.); (N.Z.); (K.Z.)
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Forging & Stamping Technology and Science, Yanshan University, Ministry of Education of China, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
| | - Rongzhi Li
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center of Materials Genome Engineering, State Key Laboratory for Advanced Metals and Materials, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China;
| | - Qianqian Wang
- School of Mechanical and Energy Engineering, NingboTech University, Ningbo 315100, China; (C.W.); (N.Z.); (K.Z.)
- Ningbo Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Ningbo 315100, China;
| | - Sheng Zhang
- School of Mechanical and Energy Engineering, NingboTech University, Ningbo 315100, China; (C.W.); (N.Z.); (K.Z.)
- Ningbo Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Ningbo 315100, China;
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Nottingham Ningbo, Ningbo 315100, China
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6
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Ye Y, Yu L, Lizundia E, Zhu Y, Chen C, Jiang F. Cellulose-Based Ionic Conductor: An Emerging Material toward Sustainable Devices. Chem Rev 2023; 123:9204-9264. [PMID: 37419504 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/09/2023]
Abstract
Ionic conductors (ICs) find widespread applications across different fields, such as smart electronic, ionotronic, sensor, biomedical, and energy harvesting/storage devices, and largely determine the function and performance of these devices. In the pursuit of developing ICs required for better performing and sustainable devices, cellulose appears as an attractive and promising building block due to its high abundance, renewability, striking mechanical strength, and other functional features. In this review, we provide a comprehensive summary regarding ICs fabricated from cellulose and cellulose-derived materials in terms of fundamental structural features of cellulose, the materials design and fabrication techniques for engineering, main properties and characterization, and diverse applications. Next, the potential of cellulose-based ICs to relieve the increasing concern about electronic waste within the frame of circularity and environmental sustainability and the future directions to be explored for advancing this field are discussed. Overall, we hope this review can provide a comprehensive summary and unique perspectives on the design and application of advanced cellulose-based ICs and thereby encourage the utilization of cellulosic materials toward sustainable devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhang Ye
- Sustainable Functional Biomaterials Lab, Department of Wood Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Bioproducts Institute, The University of British Columbia, 2385 East Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Le Yu
- School of Resource and Environmental Sciences, Hubei Biomass-Resource Chemistry and Environmental Biotechnology Key Laboratory, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, P. R. China
| | - Erlantz Lizundia
- Life Cycle Thinking Group, Department of Graphic Design and Engineering Projects, Faculty of Engineering in Bilbao University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Bilbao 48013, Spain
- BCMaterials Lab, Basque Center for Materials, Applications and Nanostructures, Leioa 48940, Spain
| | - Yeling Zhu
- Sustainable Functional Biomaterials Lab, Department of Wood Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Bioproducts Institute, The University of British Columbia, 2385 East Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Chaoji Chen
- School of Resource and Environmental Sciences, Hubei Biomass-Resource Chemistry and Environmental Biotechnology Key Laboratory, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, P. R. China
| | - Feng Jiang
- Sustainable Functional Biomaterials Lab, Department of Wood Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Bioproducts Institute, The University of British Columbia, 2385 East Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
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7
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Tong Y, Zhang Y, Bao B, Hu X, Li J, Wu H, Yang K, Zhang S, Yang H, Guo K. Multifunctional Biosensing Platform Based on Nickel-Modified Laser-Induced Graphene. Bioengineering (Basel) 2023; 10:bioengineering10050620. [PMID: 37237690 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering10050620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Nickel plating electrolytes prepared by using a simple salt solution can achieve nickel plating on laser-induced graphene (LIG) electrodes, which greatly enhances the electrical conductivity, electrochemical properties, wear resistance, and corrosion resistance of LIG. This makes the LIG-Ni electrodes well suited for electrophysiological, strain, and electrochemical sensing applications. The investigation of the mechanical properties of the LIG-Ni sensor and the monitoring of pulse, respiration, and swallowing confirmed that the sensor can sense insignificant deformations to relatively large conformal strains of skin. Modulation of the nickel-plating process of LIG-Ni, followed by chemical modification, may allow for the introduction of glucose redox catalyst Ni2Fe(CN)6 with interestingly strong catalytic effects, which gives LIG-Ni impressive glucose-sensing properties. Additionally, the chemical modification of LIG-Ni for pH and Na+ monitoring also confirmed its strong electrochemical monitoring potential, which demonstrates application prospects in the development of multiple electrochemical sensors for sweat parameters. A more uniform LIG-Ni multi-physiological sensor preparation process provides a prerequisite for the construction of an integrated multi-physiological sensor system. The sensor was validated to have continuous monitoring performance, and its preparation process is expected to form a system for non-invasive physiological parameter signal monitoring, thus contributing to motion monitoring, disease prevention, and disease diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Tong
- School of Biomedical Engineering (Suzhou), Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215163, China
| | - Yingying Zhang
- School of Biomedical Engineering (Suzhou), Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215163, China
| | - Benkun Bao
- Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215163, China
| | - Xuhui Hu
- Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215163, China
| | - Jiuqiang Li
- Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215163, China
| | - Han Wu
- Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215163, China
| | - Kerong Yang
- Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215163, China
| | - Senhao Zhang
- Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215163, China
| | - Hongbo Yang
- School of Biomedical Engineering (Suzhou), Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215163, China
| | - Kai Guo
- School of Biomedical Engineering (Suzhou), Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215163, China
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8
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Optimal Design of Carbon-Based Polymer Nanocomposites Preparation Based on Response Surface Methodology. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15061494. [PMID: 36987274 PMCID: PMC10052088 DOI: 10.3390/polym15061494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Response surface methodology (RSM) and central composite design (CCD) were used to improve the preparation of carbon nanotube and graphene (CNT-GN)-sensing unit composite materials in this study. Four independent variable factors (CNT content, GN content, mixing time, and curing temperature) were controlled at five levels, and 30 samples were generated using the multivariate control analysis technique. On the basis of the experimental design, semi-empirical equations were developed and utilized to predict the sensitivity and compression modulus of the generated samples. The results reveal a strong correlation between the experimental and expected values of sensitivity and the compression modulus for the CNT-GN/RTV (room-temperature-vulcanized silicone rubber) polymer nanocomposites fabricated using different design strategies. The correlation coefficients for the sensitivity and compression modulus are R2 =0.9634 and R2=0.9115, respectively. The ideal preparation parameters of the composite in the experimental range include a CNT content of 1.1 g, a GN content of 1.0 g, a mixing time of 15 min, and a curing temperature of 68.6 °C, according to theoretical predictions and experimental findings. At 0~30 kPa, the CNT-GN/RTV-sensing unit composite materials may reach a sensitivity of 0.385 kPa−1 and a compressive modulus of 601.567 kPa. This provides a new idea for the preparation of flexible sensor cells and reduces the time and economic cost of experiments.
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9
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Dulal M, Afroj S, Ahn J, Cho Y, Carr C, Kim ID, Karim N. Toward Sustainable Wearable Electronic Textiles. ACS NANO 2022; 16:19755-19788. [PMID: 36449447 PMCID: PMC9798870 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c07723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Smart wearable electronic textiles (e-textiles) that can detect and differentiate multiple stimuli, while also collecting and storing the diverse array of data signals using highly innovative, multifunctional, and intelligent garments, are of great value for personalized healthcare applications. However, material performance and sustainability, complicated and difficult e-textile fabrication methods, and their limited end-of-life processability are major challenges to wide adoption of e-textiles. In this review, we explore the potential for sustainable materials, manufacturing techniques, and their end-of-the-life processes for developing eco-friendly e-textiles. In addition, we survey the current state-of-the-art for sustainable fibers and electronic materials (i.e., conductors, semiconductors, and dielectrics) to serve as different components in wearable e-textiles and then provide an overview of environmentally friendly digital manufacturing techniques for such textiles which involve less or no water utilization, combined with a reduction in both material waste and energy consumption. Furthermore, standardized parameters for evaluating the sustainability of e-textiles are established, such as life cycle analysis, biodegradability, and recyclability. Finally, we discuss the current development trends, as well as the future research directions for wearable e-textiles which include an integrated product design approach based on the use of eco-friendly materials, the development of sustainable manufacturing processes, and an effective end-of-the-life strategy to manufacture next generation smart and sustainable wearable e-textiles that can be either recycled to value-added products or decomposed in the landfill without any negative environmental impacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marzia Dulal
- Centre
for Print Research (CFPR), University of
the West of England, Frenchay Campus, BristolBS16 1QY, United
Kingdom
| | - Shaila Afroj
- Centre
for Print Research (CFPR), University of
the West of England, Frenchay Campus, BristolBS16 1QY, United
Kingdom
| | - Jaewan Ahn
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea
Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Yujang Cho
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea
Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Chris Carr
- Clothworkers’
Centre for Textile Materials Innovation for Healthcare, School of
Design, University of Leeds, LeedsLS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Il-Doo Kim
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea
Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Nazmul Karim
- Centre
for Print Research (CFPR), University of
the West of England, Frenchay Campus, BristolBS16 1QY, United
Kingdom
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10
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Qian W, Fu H, Sun Y, Wang Z, Wu H, Kou Z, Li BW, He D, Nan CW. Scalable Assembly of High-Quality Graphene Films via Electrostatic-Repulsion Aligning. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2206101. [PMID: 36269002 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202206101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Assembling pristine graphene into freestanding films featuring high electrical conductivity, superior flexibility, and robust mechanical strength aims at meeting the all-around high criteria of new-generation electronics. However, voids and defects produced in the macroscopic assembly process of graphene nanosheets severely degrade the performance of graphene films, and mechanical brittleness often limits their applications in wide scenarios. To address such challenges, an electrostatic-repulsion aligning strategy is demonstrated to produce highly conductive, ultraflexible, and multifunctional graphene films. Typically, the high electronegativity of titania nanosheets (TiNS) induces the aligning of negatively charged graphene nanosheets via electrostatic repulsion in the film assembly. The resultant graphene films show fine microstructure, enhanced mechanical properties, and improved electrical conductivity up to 1.285 × 105 S m-1 . Moreover, the graphene films can withstand 5000 repeated folding without structural damage and electrical resistance fluctuation. These comprehensive improved properties, combined with the facile synthesis method and scalable production, make these graphene films a promising platform for electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding and thermal-management applications in smart and wearable electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Qian
- Hubei Engineering Research Center of Radio Frequency Microwave Technology and Application, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, P. R. China
| | - Huaqiang Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Silicate Materials for Architectures, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, P. R. China
| | - Yi Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Center of Smart Materials and Devices, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, P. R. China
| | - Zhe Wang
- Hubei Engineering Research Center of Radio Frequency Microwave Technology and Application, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, P. R. China
| | - Han Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Center of Smart Materials and Devices, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, P. R. China
| | - Zongkui Kou
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, P. R. China
| | - Bao-Wen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Center of Smart Materials and Devices, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, P. R. China
| | - Daping He
- Hubei Engineering Research Center of Radio Frequency Microwave Technology and Application, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Silicate Materials for Architectures, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, P. R. China
| | - Ce-Wen Nan
- State Key Lab of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
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11
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Cherevko AG, Krygin AS, Ivanov AI, Soots RA, Antonova IV. Benefits of Printed Graphene with Variable Resistance for Flexible and Ecological 5G Band Antennas. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:7267. [PMID: 36295335 PMCID: PMC9608259 DOI: 10.3390/ma15207267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The possibility of creating antennas of the 5G standard (5.2-5.9 GHz) with specified electrodynamic characteristics by printing layers of variable thickness using a graphene suspension has been substantiated experimentally and by computer simulation. A graphene suspension for screen printing on photographic paper and other flexible substrates was prepared by means of exfoliation from graphite. The relation between the graphene layer thickness and its sheet resistance was studied with the aim of determining the required thickness of the antenna conductive layer. To create a two-sided dipole, a technology has been developed for the double-sided deposition of graphene layers on photographic paper. The electrodynamic characteristics of graphene and copper antennas of identical design are compared. The antenna design corresponds to the operating frequency of 2.4 GHz. It was found that the use of graphene as a conductive layer made it possible to suppress the fundamental (first) harmonic (2.45 GHz) and to observe radiation at the second harmonic (5.75 GHz). This effect is assumed to observe in the case when the thickness of graphene is lower than that of the skin depth. The result indicates the possibility of changing the antenna electrodynamic characteristics by adjusting the graphene layer thickness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander G. Cherevko
- Department of Physics, Siberian State University of Telecommunications and Informatics, 86 Kirov Str., Novosibirsk 630102, Russia
| | - Alexey S. Krygin
- Department of Physics, Siberian State University of Telecommunications and Informatics, 86 Kirov Str., Novosibirsk 630102, Russia
| | - Artem I. Ivanov
- Rzhanov Institute of Semiconductor Physics SB RAS, 13 Lavrentev Av., Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Regina A. Soots
- Rzhanov Institute of Semiconductor Physics SB RAS, 13 Lavrentev Av., Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Irina V. Antonova
- Rzhanov Institute of Semiconductor Physics SB RAS, 13 Lavrentev Av., Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
- Department of Semiconductor Devices and Microelectronics, Novosibirsk State Technical University, 20 K. Marx Av., Novosibirsk 630073, Russia
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12
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Luo M, Liu Z, Li Z, Wang Q, Liu R, Xu Y, Wang K, Shi X, Ye S. Patterned Ag/PI RFID Tag Integrated with Humidity Sensing by In Situ Metallization. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2022; 38:11478-11485. [PMID: 36063438 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c01975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
This article presents a cost-efficient flexible chipless radio frequency identification (RFID) tag with wireless humidity sensing, which is fabricated by in situ metallization and inkjet printing techniques. The inkjet printing technique is applied to print the mask for RFID antenna, which is designed with frequency-encoding simulation by a high-frequency structure simulator (HFSS). A high-quality patterned Ag antenna is realized by the in situ metallization of a polyimide (PI) film, leading to strong adhesion between the Ag antenna and PI substrate. The patterned Ag antenna of the chipless RFID tag consists three parallel dipole resonators, one of which is sensitive to humidity, while the other two are utilized to encode and store data. As a result, a 2-bit chipless RFID with high humidity sensitivity based on a Ag/PI film is developed, which displays excellent flexibility and good mechanical stability. The performance of the fabricated tag shows good agreement with the simulation results. Moreover, the tag is applied to detect the water source, where the resonance frequency shows good linearity versus the distance to the water source. These results demonstrate that the proposed chipless RFID tag with humidity sensing has a 2-bit storage capacity, high humidity sensitivity, excellent mechanical properties, and long-term stability, confirming a cost-efficient preparation process for flexible electronics.
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13
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Ahadi M, Roudjane M, Dugas MA, Miled A, Messaddeq Y. Wearable Sensor Based on Flexible Sinusoidal Antenna for Strain Sensing Applications. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:4069. [PMID: 35684691 PMCID: PMC9185364 DOI: 10.3390/s22114069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
A flexible sinusoidal-shaped antenna sensor is introduced in this work, which is a modified half-wave dipole that can be used for strain sensing applications. The presented antenna is an improved extension of the previously introduced antenna sensor for respiration monitoring. The electrical and radiative characteristics of the sinusoidal antenna and the effects of the geometrical factors are studied. An approach is provided for designing the antenna, and equations are introduced to estimate the geometrical parameters based on desired electrical specifications. It is shown that the antenna sensor can be designed to have up to 5.5 times more sensitivity compared to the last generation of the antenna sensor previously introduced for respiration monitoring. The conductive polymer material used to fabricate the new antenna makes it more flexible and durable compared to the previous generation of antenna sensors made of glass-based material. Finally, a reference antenna made of copper and an antenna sensor made of the conductive polymer are fabricated, and their electrical characteristics are analyzed in free space and over the body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehran Ahadi
- Center for Optics, Photonics and Lasers (COPL), Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada;
- LABioTRON Bioengineering Research Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, and Research Centre for Advanced Materials (CERMA), Université Laval, Quebec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada;
| | - Mourad Roudjane
- Center for Optics, Photonics and Lasers (COPL), Department of Physics, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada;
| | - Marc-André Dugas
- Département de Pédiatrie, Faculté de Médecine, Centre Mére-Enfant Soleil du CHU de Québec, Université Laval, and Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Quebec City, QC G1V 4G2, Canada;
| | - Amine Miled
- LABioTRON Bioengineering Research Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, and Research Centre for Advanced Materials (CERMA), Université Laval, Quebec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada;
| | - Younès Messaddeq
- Center for Optics, Photonics and Lasers (COPL), Department of Physics, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada;
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14
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Yao X, Chen L, Luo Z, Ye C, Liang F, Yang T, Liu X, Tian X, Bi H, Wang C, Cai C, Lyu L, Wu X. High‐performance flexible humidity sensors for breath detection and non‐touch switches. NANO SELECT 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/nano.202100343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Xingye Yao
- In Situ Devices Center, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multidimensional Information Processing East China Normal University Shanghai China
| | - Lei Chen
- In Situ Devices Center, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multidimensional Information Processing East China Normal University Shanghai China
| | - Zewei Luo
- In Situ Devices Center, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multidimensional Information Processing East China Normal University Shanghai China
| | - Changqing Ye
- In Situ Devices Center, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multidimensional Information Processing East China Normal University Shanghai China
| | - Fang Liang
- In Situ Devices Center, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multidimensional Information Processing East China Normal University Shanghai China
| | - Tao Yang
- In Situ Devices Center, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multidimensional Information Processing East China Normal University Shanghai China
| | - Xingchi Liu
- In Situ Devices Center, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multidimensional Information Processing East China Normal University Shanghai China
| | - Xiyue Tian
- In Situ Devices Center, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multidimensional Information Processing East China Normal University Shanghai China
| | - Hengchang Bi
- In Situ Devices Center, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multidimensional Information Processing East China Normal University Shanghai China
| | - Chaolun Wang
- In Situ Devices Center, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multidimensional Information Processing East China Normal University Shanghai China
| | - Chunhua Cai
- In Situ Devices Center, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multidimensional Information Processing East China Normal University Shanghai China
| | - Liangjian Lyu
- In Situ Devices Center, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multidimensional Information Processing East China Normal University Shanghai China
| | - Xing Wu
- In Situ Devices Center, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multidimensional Information Processing East China Normal University Shanghai China
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15
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Abd El-Hameed AS, Afifi AI, Darwish MA, Alex T. Nanomaterials for Antenna Applications. SYNTHESIS AND APPLICATIONS OF NANOPARTICLES 2022:297-318. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-16-6819-7_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
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16
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Hu Z, Xiao Z, Jiang S, Song R, He D. A Dual-Band Conformal Antenna Based on Highly Conductive Graphene-Assembled Films for 5G WLAN Applications. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 14:5087. [PMID: 34501177 PMCID: PMC8434397 DOI: 10.3390/ma14175087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Flexible electronic devices are widely used in the Internet of Things, smart home and wearable devices, especially in carriers with irregular curved surfaces. Light weight, flexible and corrosion-resistant carbon-based materials have been extensively investigated in RF electronics. However, the insufficient electrical conductivity limits their further application. In this work, a flexible and low-profile dual-band Vivaldi antenna based on highly conductive graphene-assembled films (GAF) is proposed for 5G Wi-Fi applications. The proposed GAF antenna with the profile of 0.548 mm comprises a split ring resonator and open circuit half wavelength resonator to implement the dual band-notched characteristic. The operating frequency of the flexible GAF antenna covers the Wi-Fi 6e band, 2.4-2.45 GHz and 5.15-7.1 GHz. Different conformal applications are simulated by attaching the antenna to the surface of cylinders with different radii. The measured results show that the working frequency bands and the radiation patterns of the GAF antenna are relatively stable, with a bending angle of 180°. For demonstration of practical application, the GAF antennas are conformed to a commercial router. The spectral power of the GAF antenna router is greater than the copper antenna router, which means a higher signal-to-noise ratio and a longer transmission range can be achieved. All results indicate that the proposed GAF antenna has broad application prospects in next generation Wi-Fi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zelong Hu
- Hubei Engineering Research Center of RF-Microwave Technology and Application, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China; (Z.H.); (S.J.)
| | - Zhuohua Xiao
- School of Information Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China;
| | - Shaoqiu Jiang
- Hubei Engineering Research Center of RF-Microwave Technology and Application, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China; (Z.H.); (S.J.)
| | - Rongguo Song
- Hubei Engineering Research Center of RF-Microwave Technology and Application, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China; (Z.H.); (S.J.)
- School of Information Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China;
| | - Daping He
- Hubei Engineering Research Center of RF-Microwave Technology and Application, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China; (Z.H.); (S.J.)
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17
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Peng Y, Yang N, Xu Q, Dai Y, Wang Z. Recent Advances in Flexible Tactile Sensors for Intelligent Systems. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 21:5392. [PMID: 34450833 PMCID: PMC8401379 DOI: 10.3390/s21165392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 07/31/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Tactile sensors are an important medium for artificial intelligence systems to perceive their external environment. With the rapid development of smart robots, wearable devices, and human-computer interaction interfaces, flexible tactile sensing has attracted extensive attention. An overview of the recent development in high-performance tactile sensors used for smart systems is introduced. The main transduction mechanisms of flexible tactile sensors including piezoresistive, capacitive, piezoelectric, and triboelectric sensors are discussed in detail. The development status of flexible tactile sensors with high resolution, high sensitive, self-powered, and visual capabilities are focused on. Then, for intelligent systems, the wide application prospects of flexible tactile sensors in the fields of wearable electronics, intelligent robots, human-computer interaction interfaces, and implantable electronics are systematically discussed. Finally, the future prospects of flexible tactile sensors for intelligent systems are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Zhiqiang Wang
- Information Science Academy of China Electronics Technology Group Corporation, Beijing 100086, China; (Y.P.); (N.Y.); (Q.X.); (Y.D.)
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18
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Han M, Liu Y, Rakhmanov R, Israel C, Tajin MAS, Friedman G, Volman V, Hoorfar A, Dandekar KR, Gogotsi Y. Solution-Processed Ti 3 C 2 T x MXene Antennas for Radio-Frequency Communication. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2003225. [PMID: 33251683 PMCID: PMC9119193 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202003225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 09/27/2020] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Highly integrated, flexible, and ultrathin wireless communication components are in significant demand due to the explosive growth of portable and wearable electronic devices in the fifth-generation (5G) network era, but only conventional metals meet the requirements for emerging radio-frequency (RF) devices so far. Here, it is reported on Ti3 C2 Tx MXene microstrip transmission lines with low-energy attenuation and patch antennas with high-power radiation at frequencies from 5.6 to 16.4 GHz. The radiation efficiency of a 5.5 µm thick MXene patch antenna manufactured by spray-coating from aqueous solution reaches 99% at 16.4 GHz, which is about the same as that of a standard 35 µm thick copper patch antenna at about 15% of its thickness and 7% of the copper weight. MXene outperforms all other materials evaluated for patch antennas to date. Moreover, it is demonstrated that an MXene patch antenna array with integrated feeding circuits on a conformal surface has comparable performance with that of a copper antenna array at 28 GHz, which is a target frequency in practical 5G applications. The versatility of MXene antennas in wide frequency ranges coupled with the flexibility, scalability, and ease of solution processing makes MXene promising for integrated RF components in various flexible electronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meikang Han
- A. J. Drexel Nanomaterials Institute and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Yuqiao Liu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Roman Rakhmanov
- A. J. Drexel Nanomaterials Institute and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Christopher Israel
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Villanova University, Villanova, PA, 19085, USA
| | - Md Abu Saleh Tajin
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Gary Friedman
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | | | - Ahmad Hoorfar
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Villanova University, Villanova, PA, 19085, USA
| | - Kapil R Dandekar
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Yury Gogotsi
- A. J. Drexel Nanomaterials Institute and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
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19
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Zhou Y, Soltani S, Li BM, Wu Y, Kim I, Soewardiman H, Werner DH, Jur JS. Direct-Write Spray Coating of a Full-Duplex Antenna for E-Textile Applications. MICROMACHINES 2020; 11:E1056. [PMID: 33260364 PMCID: PMC7760154 DOI: 10.3390/mi11121056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Recent advancements in printing technologies have greatly improved the fabrication efficiency of flexible and wearable electronics. Electronic textiles (E-textiles) garner particular interest because of their innate and desirable properties (i.e., conformability, breathability, fabric hand), which make them the ideal platform for creating wireless body area networks (WBANs) for wearable healthcare applications. However, current WBANs are limited in use due to a lack of flexible antennas that can provide effective wireless communication and data transfer. In this work, we detail a novel fabrication process for flexible textile-based multifunctional antennas with enhanced dielectric properties. Our fabrication process relies on direct-write printing of a dielectric ink consisting of ultraviolet (UV)-curable acrylates and urethane as well as 4 wt.% 200 nm barium titanate (BT) nanoparticles to enhance the dielectric properties of the naturally porous textile architecture. By controlling the spray-coating process parameters of BT dielectric ink on knit fabrics, the dielectric constant is enhanced from 1.43 to 1.61, while preserving the flexibility and air permeability of the fabric. The novel combination textile substrate shows great flexibility, as only 2 N is required for a 30 mm deformation. The final textile antenna is multifunctional in the sense that it is capable of operating in a full-duplex mode while presenting a relatively high gain of 9.12 dB at 2.3 GHz and a bandwidth of 79 MHz (2.260-2.339 GHz) for each port. Our proposed manufacturing process shows the potential to simplify the assembly of traditionally complex E-textile systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhou
- Department of Textile Engineering, Chemistry and Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA; (Y.Z.); (B.M.L.); (I.K.)
| | - Saber Soltani
- Electrical Engineering Department, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; (S.S.); (Y.W.); (D.H.W.)
| | - Braden M. Li
- Department of Textile Engineering, Chemistry and Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA; (Y.Z.); (B.M.L.); (I.K.)
| | - Yuhao Wu
- Electrical Engineering Department, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; (S.S.); (Y.W.); (D.H.W.)
| | - Inhwan Kim
- Department of Textile Engineering, Chemistry and Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA; (Y.Z.); (B.M.L.); (I.K.)
| | - Henry Soewardiman
- Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA;
| | - Douglas H. Werner
- Electrical Engineering Department, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; (S.S.); (Y.W.); (D.H.W.)
| | - Jesse S. Jur
- Department of Textile Engineering, Chemistry and Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA; (Y.Z.); (B.M.L.); (I.K.)
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20
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High conductive graphene assembled films with porous micro-structure for freestanding and ultra-low power strain sensors. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2020; 65:1363-1370. [PMID: 36659215 DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2020.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Graphene emerges as an ideal material for constructing high-performance strain sensors, due to its superior mechanical property and high conductivity. However, in the process of assembling graphene into macroscopic materials, its conductivity decreases significantly. Also, tedious fabrication process hinders the application of graphene-based strain sensors. In this work, we report a freestanding graphene assembled film (GAF) with high conductivity ((2.32 ± 0.08) × 105 S m-1). For the sensitive materials of strain sensors, it is higher than most of reported carbon nanotube and graphene materials. These advantages enable the GAF to be an ultra-low power consumption strain sensor for detecting airflow and vocal vibrations. The resistance of the GAF remains unchanged with increasing temperature (20-100 ℃), exhibiting a good thermal stability. Also, the GAF can be used as a strain sensor directly without any flexible substrates, which greatly simplifies the fabrication process in comparison with most reported strain sensors. Additionally, the GAF used as a pressure sensor with only ~4.7 μW power is investigated. This work provides a new direction for the preparation of advanced sensors with ultra-low power consumption, and the development of flexible and energy-saving electronic devices.
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21
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El Gharbi M, Fernández-García R, Ahyoud S, Gil I. A Review of Flexible Wearable Antenna Sensors: Design, Fabrication Methods, and Applications. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 13:E3781. [PMID: 32867144 PMCID: PMC7503853 DOI: 10.3390/ma13173781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This review paper summarizes various approaches developed in the literature for antenna sensors with an emphasis on flexible solutions. The survey helps to recognize the limitations and advantages of this technology. Furthermore, it offers an overview of the main points for the development and design of flexible antenna sensors from the selection of the materials to the framing of the antenna including the different scenario applications. With regard to wearable antenna sensors deployment, a review of the textile materials that have been employed is also presented. Several examples related to human body applications of flexible antenna sensors such as the detection of NaCl and sugar solutions, blood and bodily variables such as temperature, strain, and finger postures are also presented. Future investigation directions and research challenges are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariam El Gharbi
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 08222 Terrassa, Spain; (M.E.G.); (R.F.-G.)
| | - Raúl Fernández-García
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 08222 Terrassa, Spain; (M.E.G.); (R.F.-G.)
| | - Saida Ahyoud
- Information Technology & Systems Modeling Team, Faculty of Sciences, Abdelmalek Essaadi University, 93002 Tetouan, Morocco;
| | - Ignacio Gil
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 08222 Terrassa, Spain; (M.E.G.); (R.F.-G.)
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22
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Zhang J, Song R, Zhao X, Fang R, Zhang B, Qian W, Zhang J, Liu C, He D. Flexible Graphene-Assembled Film-Based Antenna for Wireless Wearable Sensor with Miniaturized Size and High Sensitivity. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:12937-12943. [PMID: 32548477 PMCID: PMC7288573 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c00263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The flexible radio frequency (RF) wireless antennas used as sensors, which can detect signal variation resulting from the deformation of the antenna, have attracted increasing attention with the development of wearable electronic devices and the Internet of Things (IoT). However, miniaturization and sensitivity issues restrict the development of flexible RF sensors. In this work, we demonstrate the application of a flexible and highly conductive graphene-assembled film (GAF) for antenna design. The GAF with a high conductivity of 106 S/m has the advantages of light weight, high flexibility, and superb mechanical stability. As a result, a small-size (50 mm × 50 mm) and flexible GAF-based antenna operating at 3.13-4.42 GHz is achieved, and this GAF antenna-based wireless wearable sensor shows high strain sensitivities of 34.9 for tensile bending and 35.6 for compressive bending. Furthermore, this sensor exhibits good mechanical flexibility and structural stability after a 100-cycle bending test when attached to the back of the hand and the wrist, which demonstrates broad application prospects in health-monitoring devices, electronic skins, and smart robotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jibo Zhang
- Hubei
Engineering Research Center of RF-Microwave Technology and Application,
School of Science, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, P. R. China
| | - Rongguo Song
- Hubei
Engineering Research Center of RF-Microwave Technology and Application,
School of Science, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, P. R. China
| | - Xin Zhao
- Hubei
Engineering Research Center of RF-Microwave Technology and Application,
School of Science, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, P. R. China
| | - Ran Fang
- Hubei
Engineering Research Center of RF-Microwave Technology and Application,
School of Science, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, P. R. China
| | - Bin Zhang
- Hubei
Engineering Research Center of RF-Microwave Technology and Application,
School of Science, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, P. R. China
| | - Wei Qian
- Hubei
Engineering Research Center of RF-Microwave Technology and Application,
School of Science, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, P. R. China
| | - Jingwei Zhang
- Hubei
Engineering Research Center of RF-Microwave Technology and Application,
School of Science, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, P. R. China
| | - Chengguo Liu
- Hubei
Engineering Research Center of RF-Microwave Technology and Application,
School of Science, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, P. R. China
- . Tel: +86 139 86111739
| | - Daping He
- Hubei
Engineering Research Center of RF-Microwave Technology and Application,
School of Science, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, P. R. China
- State
Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and
Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, P. R. China
- . Tel: +86 177 64000852
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23
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Li M, Wang B, Yang M, Li Q, Calatayud DG, Zhang S, Wang H, Wang L, Mao B. Promoting mercury removal from desulfurization slurry via S-doped carbon nitride/graphene oxide 3D hierarchical framework. Sep Purif Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2020.116515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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24
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Fang R, Song R, Zhao X, Wang Z, Qian W, He D. Compact and Low-Profile UWB Antenna Based on Graphene-Assembled Films for Wearable Applications. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 20:E2552. [PMID: 32365820 PMCID: PMC7249118 DOI: 10.3390/s20092552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In this article, a graphene-assembled film (GAF)-based compact and low-profile ultra-wide bandwidth (UWB) antenna is presented and tested for wearable applications. The highly conductive GAFs (~106 S/m) together with the flexible ceramic substrate ensure the flexibility and robustness of the antenna, which are two main challenges in designing wearable antennas. Two H-shaped slots are introduced on a coplanar-waveguide (CPW) feeding structure to adjust the current distribution and thus improve the antenna bandwidth. The compact GAF antenna with dimensions of 32 × 52 × 0.28 mm3 provides an impedance bandwidth of 60% (4.3-8.0 GHz) in simulation. The UWB characteristics are further confirmed by on-body measurements and show a bending insensitive bandwidth of ~67% (4.1-8.0 GHz), with the maximum gain at 7.45 GHz being 3.9 dBi and 4.1 dBi in its flat state and bent state, respectively. Our results suggest that the proposed antenna functions properly in close proximity to a human body and can sustain repetitive bending, which make it well suited for applications in wearable devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Fang
- Hubei Engineering Research Center of RF-Microwave Technology and Application, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China; (R.F.); (R.S.); (X.Z.); (Z.W.); (W.Q.)
| | - Rongguo Song
- Hubei Engineering Research Center of RF-Microwave Technology and Application, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China; (R.F.); (R.S.); (X.Z.); (Z.W.); (W.Q.)
| | - Xin Zhao
- Hubei Engineering Research Center of RF-Microwave Technology and Application, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China; (R.F.); (R.S.); (X.Z.); (Z.W.); (W.Q.)
| | - Zhe Wang
- Hubei Engineering Research Center of RF-Microwave Technology and Application, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China; (R.F.); (R.S.); (X.Z.); (Z.W.); (W.Q.)
| | - Wei Qian
- Hubei Engineering Research Center of RF-Microwave Technology and Application, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China; (R.F.); (R.S.); (X.Z.); (Z.W.); (W.Q.)
| | - Daping He
- Hubei Engineering Research Center of RF-Microwave Technology and Application, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China; (R.F.); (R.S.); (X.Z.); (Z.W.); (W.Q.)
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
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Xie Z, Avila R, Huang Y, Rogers JA. Flexible and Stretchable Antennas for Biointegrated Electronics. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e1902767. [PMID: 31490582 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201902767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 06/16/2019] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Combined advances in material science, mechanical engineering, and electrical engineering form the foundations of thin, soft electronic/optoelectronic platforms that have unique capabilities in wireless monitoring and control of various biological processes in cells, tissues, and organs. Miniaturized, stretchable antennas represent an essential link between such devices and external systems for control, power delivery, data processing, and/or communication. Applications typically involve a demanding set of considerations in performance, size, and stretchability. Some of the most effective strategies rely on unusual materials such as liquid metals, nanowires, and woven textiles or on optimally configured 2D/3D structures such as serpentines and helical coils of conventional materials. In the best cases, the performance metrics of small, stretchable, radio frequency (RF) antennas realized using these strategies compare favorably to those of traditional devices. Examples range from dipole, monopole, and patch antennas for far-field RF operation, to magnetic loop antennas for near-field communication (NFC), where the key parameters include operating frequency, Q factor, radiation pattern, and reflection coefficient S11 across a range of mechanical deformations and cyclic loads. Despite significant progress over the last several years, many challenges and associated research opportunities remain in the development of high-efficiency antennas for biointegrated electronic/optoelectronic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoqian Xie
- Departments of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, and Materials Science and Engineering, Center for Bio-Integrated Electronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Raudel Avila
- Departments of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, and Materials Science and Engineering, Center for Bio-Integrated Electronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Yonggang Huang
- Departments of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, and Materials Science and Engineering, Center for Bio-Integrated Electronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - John A Rogers
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Biomedical Engineering, Neurological Surgery, Chemistry, Mechanical Engineering, Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Simpson Querrey Institute and Feinberg Medical School, Center for Bio-Integrated Electronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
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Ullah Z, Witjaksono G, Nawi I, Tansu N, Irfan Khattak M, Junaid M. A Review on the Development of Tunable Graphene Nanoantennas for Terahertz Optoelectronic and Plasmonic Applications. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 20:E1401. [PMID: 32143388 PMCID: PMC7085581 DOI: 10.3390/s20051401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Revised: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Exceptional advancement has been made in the development of graphene optical nanoantennas. They are incorporated with optoelectronic devices for plasmonics application and have been an active research area across the globe. The interest in graphene plasmonic devices is driven by the different applications they have empowered, such as ultrafast nanodevices, photodetection, energy harvesting, biosensing, biomedical imaging and high-speed terahertz communications. In this article, the aim is to provide a detailed review of the essential explanation behind graphene nanoantennas experimental proofs for the developments of graphene-based plasmonics antennas, achieving enhanced light-matter interaction by exploiting graphene material conductivity and optical properties. First, the fundamental graphene nanoantennas and their tunable resonant behavior over THz frequencies are summarized. Furthermore, incorporating graphene-metal hybrid antennas with optoelectronic devices can prompt the acknowledgment of multi-platforms for photonics. More interestingly, various technical methods are critically studied for frequency tuning and active modulation of optical characteristics, through in situ modulations by applying an external electric field. Second, the various methods for radiation beam scanning and beam reconfigurability are discussed through reflectarray and leaky-wave graphene antennas. In particular, numerous graphene antenna photodetectors and graphene rectennas for energy harvesting are studied by giving a critical evaluation of antenna performances, enhanced photodetection, energy conversion efficiency and the significant problems that remain to be addressed. Finally, the potential developments in the synthesis of graphene material and technological methods involved in the fabrication of graphene-metal nanoantennas are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaka Ullah
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Bandar Seri Iskandar 32610, Malaysia;
| | - Gunawan Witjaksono
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Bandar Seri Iskandar 32610, Malaysia;
| | - Illani Nawi
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Bandar Seri Iskandar 32610, Malaysia;
| | - Nelson Tansu
- Center for Photonics and Nanoelectronics, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Lehigh University, 7 Asa Drive, Bethlehem, PA 18015, USA
| | - Muhammad Irfan Khattak
- Department of Electrical Communication Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Kohat campus, Kohat 26030, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Junaid
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Bandar Seri Iskandar 32610, Malaysia;
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Meng Q, Liu Z, Cai R, Han S, Lu S, Liu T. Non‐oxidized graphene/elastomer composite films for wearable strain and pressure sensors with ultra‐high flexibility and sensitivity. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.4760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qingshi Meng
- College of Aerospace EngineeringShenyang Aerospace University (SAU) Shenyang China
| | - Zhiwen Liu
- College of Aerospace EngineeringShenyang Aerospace University (SAU) Shenyang China
| | - Rui Cai
- School of Mechanical, Aerospace and Automotive EngineeringCoventry University Coventry UK
| | - Sensen Han
- College of Aerospace EngineeringShenyang Aerospace University (SAU) Shenyang China
| | - Shaowei Lu
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringShenyang Aerospace University (SAU) Shenyang China
| | - Tianqing Liu
- College of Aerospace EngineeringShenyang Aerospace University (SAU) Shenyang China
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute Brisbane Australia
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Sa’don SNH, Jamaluddin MH, Kamarudin MR, Ahmad F, Yamada Y, Kamardin K, Idris IH. Analysis of Graphene Antenna Properties for 5G Applications. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 19:E4835. [PMID: 31698830 PMCID: PMC6891658 DOI: 10.3390/s19224835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Revised: 10/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The incoming 5G technology requires antennas with a greater capacity, wider wireless spectrum utilisation, high gain, and steer-ability. This is due to the cramped spectrum utilisation in the previous generation. As a matter of fact, conventional antennas are unable to serve the new frequency due to the limitations in fabrication and installation mainly for smaller sizes. The use of graphene material promises antennas with smaller sizes and thinner dimensions, yet capable of emitting higher frequencies. Hence, graphene antennas were studied at a frequency of 15 GHz in both single and array elements. The high-frequency antenna contributed to a large bandwidth and was excited by coplanar waveguide for easy fabrication on one surface via screen printing. The defected ground structure was applied in an array element to improve the radiation and increase the gain. The results showed that the printed, single element graphene antenna produced an impedance bandwidth, gain, and efficiency of 48.64%, 2.87 dBi, and 67.44%, respectively. Meanwhile, the array element produced slightly better efficiency (72.98%), approximately the same impedance bandwidth as the single element (48.98%), but higher gain (8.41 dBi). Moreover, it provided a beam width of 21.2° with scanning beam capability from 0° up to 39.05°. Thus, it was proved that graphene materials can be applied in 5G.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mohd Haizal Jamaluddin
- Wireless Communication Centre, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru 81310, Malaysia;
| | - Muhammad Ramlee Kamarudin
- Faculty of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, Parit Raja, Batu Pahat 86400, Malaysia;
| | - Fauzan Ahmad
- Department of Electronic Systems Engineering, Malaysia-Japan International Institute of Technology, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Jalan Sultan Yahya Petra, Kuala Lumpur 54100, Malaysia; (F.A.); (Y.Y.); (K.K.)
| | - Yoshihide Yamada
- Department of Electronic Systems Engineering, Malaysia-Japan International Institute of Technology, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Jalan Sultan Yahya Petra, Kuala Lumpur 54100, Malaysia; (F.A.); (Y.Y.); (K.K.)
| | - Kamilia Kamardin
- Department of Electronic Systems Engineering, Malaysia-Japan International Institute of Technology, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Jalan Sultan Yahya Petra, Kuala Lumpur 54100, Malaysia; (F.A.); (Y.Y.); (K.K.)
| | - Izni Husna Idris
- Division of Communication Engineering, School of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru 81310, Malaysia;
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Mao K, Ma J, Li X, Yang Z. Rapid duplexed detection of illicit drugs in wastewater using gold nanoparticle conjugated aptamer sensors. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 688:771-779. [PMID: 31255815 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.06.325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2019] [Revised: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The abuse of illicit drug addiction is a worldwide public health and social problem. In this paper, we reported on a simple and rapid colorimetric biosensor for duplexed detection of methamphetamine (METH) and cocaine in a single assay. Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) and Au@Ag NPs were synthesized and functionalized with DNA reporter probes (RPs) for METH and cocaine, respectively. The magnetic beads (MBs) were conjugated with two capture probes (CPs) respective to METH and cocaine. The respective RPs and CPs were designed to hybridize with each illicit drug-binding DNA aptamers through DNA-DNA hybridization, forming a sandwich structure. This MBs-based sandwich structure could be removed with an external magnetic field. However, due to the higher affinity of DNA aptamers with illicit drugs, the sandwich structure was disassembled when illicit drugs are introduced into the solution, leading to the colour changes of the supernatant. Utilizing a non-negative matrix factorization (NMF) algorithm to process the data, we demonstrated the ability of our biosensor for the simultaneous quantification of two illicit drugs. Under the optimal condition, our sensors were able to detect both METH and cocaine at the nM level with a wide dynamic range. This sensing platform provides a huge potential on drug consumption evaluation at the community level for wastewater-based epidemiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang Mao
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jun Ma
- Guangzhou Huali Science and Technology Vocational College, Guangzhou 511325, China
| | - Xiqing Li
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Zhugen Yang
- School of Water, Environment and Energy, Cranfield University, Cranfield MK43 0AL, United Kingdom.
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30
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A flexible, conductive and simple pressure sensor prepared by electroless silver plated polyester fabric. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2019.04.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Jeong J, Park K, Lee C. Design of Cavity-Backed Bow-Tie Antenna with Matching Layer for Human Body Application. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 19:E4015. [PMID: 31533356 PMCID: PMC6767672 DOI: 10.3390/s19184015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
This paper presents the broadband antenna for the microwave radiometric sensing of internal body temperature. For broadband operation, the bow-tie antenna was designed and backed with a cylindrical cavity, which decreased environmental electromagnetic interference and also improved the directivity of the antenna. The broadband impedance-transforming balun in microstrip form was also designed to feed the bow-tie antenna, and was located inside the cavity. An impedance-matching dielectric layer (IMDL) was introduced on top of the bow-tie antenna, for impedance match with the human body with high permittivity. The fabricated antenna was measured in free space with the IMDL removed, showing an input reflection coefficient lower than -10 dB from 2.64 to > 3.60 GHz with antenna gain over 6.0 dBi and radiation efficiency over 74.7% from 2.7 to 3.5 GHz. The IMDL was re-installed on the cavity-backed bow-tie antenna to measure the antenna performance for the human head with relative permittivity of about 40. The measured reflection coefficient was as low as -28.9 dB at 2.95 GHz and lower than -10 dB from 2.65 to > 3.5 GHz. It was also shown that the designed antenna recovered a good impedance match by adjusting the permittivity and thickness of the IMDL for the different parts of the human body with different permittivities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinho Jeong
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Sogang University, 35 Baekbeom-ro, Mapo-gu, Seoul, Korea.
| | - Kihoon Park
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Sogang University, 35 Baekbeom-ro, Mapo-gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Changmin Lee
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Sogang University, 35 Baekbeom-ro, Mapo-gu, Seoul, Korea
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32
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Recent advances in noninvasive flexible and wearable wireless biosensors. Biosens Bioelectron 2019; 141:111422. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2019.111422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Revised: 06/01/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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de Cos Gómez ME, Fernández Álvarez H, Puerto Valcarce B, García González C, Olenick J, Las-Heras Andrés F. Zirconia-Based Ultra-Thin Compact Flexible CPW-Fed Slot Antenna for IoT. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 19:E3134. [PMID: 31315265 PMCID: PMC6679260 DOI: 10.3390/s19143134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Revised: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
An ultra-thin compact flexible CPW-fed slot monopole antenna suitable for the Internet of Things (IoT) applications was achieved as a result of exploring the use of Zirconia-based ENrG's Thin E-Strate® for the antenna's design. The electromagnetic characterization of the novel material at the frequency range of interest was analyzed. A comparison was made concerning the required dimensions and the simulation results regarding impedance matching and radiation properties, for three different dielectric substrates: Novel flexible ceramic (ENrG's Thin E-Strate), rigid Arlon 25N, and flexible Polypropylene (PP). Two different metallization techniques-electrotextile-based and inkjet printing-were used in the fabrication of prototypes based on ENrG's Thin E-Strate. Return losses measured results for the fabricated prototypes with both procedures was compared, as well as with simulation. The best prototype on the ENrG's Thin E-Strate was compared with one on Arlon 25N, in terms of radiation properties in an anechoic chamber, and conclusions were drawn.
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Mohamadzade B, Hashmi RM, Simorangkir RBVB, Gharaei R, Ur Rehman S, Abbasi QH. Recent Advances in Fabrication Methods for Flexible Antennas in Wearable Devices: State of the Art. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 19:E2312. [PMID: 31109158 PMCID: PMC6567739 DOI: 10.3390/s19102312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Revised: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Antennas are a vital component of the wireless body sensor networks devices. A wearable antenna in this system can be used as a communication component or energy harvester. This paper presents a detailed review to recent advances fabrication methods for flexible antennas. Such antennas, for any applications in wireless body sensor networks, have specific considerations such as flexibility, conformability, robustness, and ease of integration, as opposed to conventional antennas. In recent years, intriguing approaches have demonstrated antennas embroidered on fabrics, encapsulated in polymer composites, printed using inkjets on flexible laminates and a 3-D printer and, more interestingly, by injecting liquid metal in microchannels. This article presents an operational perspective of such advanced approaches and beyond, while analyzing the strengths and limitations of each in the microwave as well as millimeter-wave regions. Navigating through recent developments in each area, mechanical and electrical constitutive parameters are reviewed, and finally, some open challenges are presented as well for future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahare Mohamadzade
- School of Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney NSW 2109, Australia.
| | - Raheel M Hashmi
- School of Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney NSW 2109, Australia.
| | | | - Reza Gharaei
- Faculty of Engineering, Islamic Azad University-South Tehran Branch, Tehran 15847-43311, Iran.
| | - Sabih Ur Rehman
- School of Computing and Mathematics, Charles Sturt University, Port Macquarie NSW 2444, Australia.
| | - Qammer H Abbasi
- School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK.
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Zhu J, Fox JJ, Yi N, Cheng H. Structural Design for Stretchable Microstrip Antennas. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:8867-8877. [PMID: 30758181 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b22021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Wireless technology plays a critical role in the development of flexible and stretchable electronics due to the increasing demand for compactness, portability, and level of comfort. As an important candidate in wireless technology, microstrip antennas have recently been explored for flexible and stretchable electronics. However, the stretchable characteristics of the microstrip antenna typically come at the cost of reduced electrical conductivity and radiation efficiency. By utilizing a soft silicone substrate and the structural design of the conventional metallic materials for both patch and ground plane in the microstrip antennas, we have demonstrated two designs of stretchable microstrip antennas: "meshed microstrip antenna" and "arched microstrip antenna". The former exploits initially wavy structures from patterning, and the latter also uses the deformed wavy structures created from the prestrain strategy. In comparison to their solid microstrip antenna counterpart, the radiation properties of the resulting stretchable microstrip antennas do not change much. Meanwhile, the resonance frequency decreases with the externally applied tensile strain along the feeding direction in the design of the meshed microstrip antenna but increases with the increasing strain in the design of the arched microstrip antenna. The change in the resonance frequency with the externally applied tensile strain in the latter design has a high sensitivity, manifesting a 3.35- and a 1.49-fold increase of sensitivity when compared to those in previous reports that used silver nanowire- or liquid-metal-based stretchable microstrip antennas. Considering the high sensitivity and compliant characteristic of the stretchable microstrip antenna, we have demonstrated an arched microstrip antenna-based strain sensor that is capable of detecting the motion of human wrists with high sensitivity, little hysteresis, and possible wireless communication.
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