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Guo W, Li J, Luo M, Mao Y, Yu X, Elskens M, Baeyens W, Gao Y. Estrogenic activity and ecological risk of steroids, bisphenol A and phthalates after secondary and tertiary sewage treatment processes. WATER RESEARCH 2022; 214:118189. [PMID: 35184019 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.118189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Effluents of sewage treatment plants (STPs) are an important source of estrogenic substances to the receiving water bodies affecting their ecological safety. In this study, steroids, bisphenol A (BPA) and phthalates were assessed in the secondary (SE) and tertiary effluent (TE) of three typical urban STPs in Beijing (China). In addition, the overall estrogenic activity in these effluents was assessed by an in-vitro bioassay (ERE-CALUX). Results showed that the concentrations and activities of estrogenic compounds in TE were lower than those in SE. The residual concentration of 17β-estradiol (E2) was the highest among the detected steroids, accounting for 51.6 ± 5.1% in SE and 57.5 ± 24.8% in TE. The residual level (25.2-41.6 ng/L) of BPA in effluents was significantly higher than that of steroids (0.2-28.8 ng/L). The residual concentration of diethyl phthalate was the highest among the detected phthalates accounting for 47.1 ± 5.1% in SE and 37.6 ± 11.5% in TE. Steroids and BPA had a higher removal rate (83.5% and 96.7%) in secondary and tertiary treatment than phthalates (68.8% and 83.1%). The hydrophobic characteristics of these estrogenic compounds determined the removal mechanism. The removal of steroids, BPA, dimethyl phthalate and diethyl phthalate (LogKow= 1.61-4.15) mainly occurred through biodegradation in the water phase, while the removal of dibutyl phthalate, butylbenzyl phthalate and di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (LogKow= 4.27-7.50) mainly occurred in the solid phase after adsorption on and sedimentation of the suspended particulate matter. According to ERE-CALUX, the estrogenic activity in the final STP effluents was 3.2-45.6 ng E2-equivalents/L, which is higher than reported levels in the effluents of European STPs. Calculation of estrogenic equivalents by using substance specific chemical analysis indicated that the dominant contributor was E2 (56.4-88.4%), followed by 17α-ethinylestradiol (EE2) (4.1-34.8%), both also exerting a moderate risk to the aquatic ecosystem. While the upgrade of treatment processes in STPs has efficiently reduced the emission of estrogenic substances, their ecological risk was not yet phased out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Guo
- Analytical, Environmental and Geochemistry (AMGC), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), 1050, Belgium; College of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China.
| | - Jun Li
- College of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Mingyue Luo
- Analytical, Environmental and Geochemistry (AMGC), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), 1050, Belgium
| | - Yan Mao
- Solid Waste and Chemicals Management Center of MEE, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Xiangyi Yu
- Solid Waste and Chemicals Management Center of MEE, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Marc Elskens
- Analytical, Environmental and Geochemistry (AMGC), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), 1050, Belgium
| | - Willy Baeyens
- Analytical, Environmental and Geochemistry (AMGC), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), 1050, Belgium
| | - Yue Gao
- Analytical, Environmental and Geochemistry (AMGC), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), 1050, Belgium.
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Robitaille J, Denslow ND, Escher BI, Kurita-Oyamada HG, Marlatt V, Martyniuk CJ, Navarro-Martín L, Prosser R, Sanderson T, Yargeau V, Langlois VS. Towards regulation of Endocrine Disrupting chemicals (EDCs) in water resources using bioassays - A guide to developing a testing strategy. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 205:112483. [PMID: 34863984 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.112483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are found in every environmental medium and are chemically diverse. Their presence in water resources can negatively impact the health of both human and wildlife. Currently, there are no mandatory screening mandates or regulations for EDC levels in complex water samples globally. Bioassays, which allow quantifying in vivo or in vitro biological effects of chemicals are used commonly to assess acute toxicity in water. The existing OECD framework to identify single-compound EDCs offers a set of bioassays that are validated for the Estrogen-, Androgen-, and Thyroid hormones, and for Steroidogenesis pathways (EATS). In this review, we discussed bioassays that could be potentially used to screen EDCs in water resources, including in vivo and in vitro bioassays using invertebrates, fish, amphibians, and/or mammalians species. Strengths and weaknesses of samples preparation for complex water samples are discussed. We also review how to calculate the Effect-Based Trigger values, which could serve as thresholds to determine if a given water sample poses a risk based on existing quality standards. This work aims to assist governments and regulatory agencies in developing a testing strategy towards regulation of EDCs in water resources worldwide. The main recommendations include 1) opting for internationally validated cell reporter in vitro bioassays to reduce animal use & cost; 2) testing for cell viability (a critical parameter) when using in vitro bioassays; and 3) evaluating the recovery of the water sample preparation method selected. This review also highlights future research avenues for the EDC screening revolution (e.g., 3D tissue culture, transgenic animals, OMICs, and Adverse Outcome Pathways (AOPs)).
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Robitaille
- Centre Eau Terre Environnement, Institut National de La Recherche Scientifique (INRS), Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | | | - Beate I Escher
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Leipzig, Germany; Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | | | - Vicki Marlatt
- Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | - Laia Navarro-Martín
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Thomas Sanderson
- Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, INRS, Laval, QC, Canada
| | | | - Valerie S Langlois
- Centre Eau Terre Environnement, Institut National de La Recherche Scientifique (INRS), Quebec City, QC, Canada.
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Černá T, Ezechiáš M, Semerád J, Grasserová A, Cajthaml T. Evaluation of estrogenic and antiestrogenic activity in sludge and explanation of individual compound contributions. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 423:127108. [PMID: 34523467 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.127108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Mixture toxicity, including agonistic and antagonistic effects, is an unrevealed environmental problem. Estrogenic endocrine disruptors are known to cause adverse effects for aquatic biota, but causative chemicals and their contributions to the total activity in sewage sludge remain unknown. Therefore, advanced analytical methods, a yeast bioassay and mixture toxicity models were concurrently applied for the characterization of 8 selected sludges with delectable estrogenic activity (and 3 sludges with no activity as blanks) out of 25 samples from wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). The first applied full logistic model adequately explained total activity by considering the concentrations of the monitored compounds. The results showed that the activity was primarily caused by natural estrogens in municipal WWTP sludge. Nevertheless, activity in a sample originating from a car-wash facility was dominantly caused by partial agonists - nonylphenols - and only a model enabling prediction of all dose-response curve parameters of the final mixture curve explained these results. Antiestrogenic effects were negligible, and effect-directed analysis identified the causative chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tereza Černá
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, Prague 4, Czech Republic; Institute for Environmental Studies, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Benátská 2, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Ezechiáš
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslav Semerád
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Alena Grasserová
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, Prague 4, Czech Republic; Institute for Environmental Studies, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Benátská 2, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Cajthaml
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, Prague 4, Czech Republic; Institute for Environmental Studies, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Benátská 2, Prague 2, Czech Republic.
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Methodological Protocol for Assessing the Environmental Footprint by Means of Ecotoxicological Tools: Wastewater Treatment Plants as an Example Case. METHODS IN PHARMACOLOGY AND TOXICOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0150-1_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Guo W, Van Langenhove K, Vandermarken T, Denison MS, Elskens M, Baeyens W, Gao Y. In situ measurement of estrogenic activity in various aquatic systems using organic diffusive gradients in thin-film coupled with ERE-CALUX bioassay. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2019; 127:13-20. [PMID: 30897513 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Revised: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Organic-diffusive gradients in thin-film samplers (o-DGT), were developed and applied for accumulation of estrogen and estrogen-like compounds on a XAD18 resin and deployed in situ in the effluents of Beijing Gaobeidian Wastewater Treatment Plant (GWWTP) and Brussels North Wastewater Treatment Plant as well as in several aquatic systems in Belgium, including the Zenne River, the Belgian Oostende Harbor and the North Sea. Estrogenic compounds accumulate on the XAD18 resin and the estrogenic activity of the resin extract was measured with the Estrogen Responsive Elements-Chemically Activated LUciferase gene eXpression (ERE-CALUX) bioassay. With this result and by applying Fick's diffusion law, it is possible to calculate the estrogenic activity in the aquatic system, if the diffusion boundary layer (DBL) is known or negligible compared to the hydrogel diffusive layer thickness. The DBL thickness in our study varied from 0.010 to 0.023 cm and ignoring the DBL thickness would for instance, underestimate the estrogenic activity by 10-20%. Estrogenic activities in the secondary effluent of GWWTP were the highest (29 ± 4 ng E2-equivalents L-1), while the lowest level was found at the Belgian Oostende Harbor (0.05 ± 0.01 ng E2-equivalents L-1). Comparable estrogenic activities in water samples measured by o-DGT and grab sampling were obtained, confirming that o-DGT can be efficiently used in various aquatic systems. The advantage of our sampling and measuring method is that very low, time averaged estrogenic activities can be determined, with a minimum of sample treatment. The risk of sample contamination is very low as well as the cost of the whole analytical procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Guo
- Analytical, Environmental and Geochemistry (AMGC), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), 1050, Belgium; School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Kersten Van Langenhove
- Analytical, Environmental and Geochemistry (AMGC), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), 1050, Belgium
| | - Tara Vandermarken
- Analytical, Environmental and Geochemistry (AMGC), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), 1050, Belgium
| | - Michael S Denison
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Marc Elskens
- Analytical, Environmental and Geochemistry (AMGC), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), 1050, Belgium
| | - Willy Baeyens
- Analytical, Environmental and Geochemistry (AMGC), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), 1050, Belgium
| | - Yue Gao
- Analytical, Environmental and Geochemistry (AMGC), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), 1050, Belgium.
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Baderna D, Caloni F, Benfenati E. Investigating landfill leachate toxicity in vitro: A review of cell models and endpoints. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2019; 122:21-30. [PMID: 30448364 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2018.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Revised: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Landfill leachate is a complex mixture characterized by high toxicity and able to contaminate soils and waters surrounding the dumpsite, especially in developing countries where engineered landfills are still rare. Leachate pollution can severely damage natural ecosystems and harm human health. Traditionally, the hazard assessment of leachate is based on physicochemical characterization but the toxicity is not considered. In the last few decades, different bioassays have been used to assess the toxicity of this complex matrix, including human-related in vitro models. This article reviews the cell bioassays successfully used for the risk assessment of leachate and to evaluate the efficiency of toxicity removal of several processes for detoxification of this wastewater. Articles from 2003 to 2018 are covered, focusing mainly on studies that used human cell lines, highlighting the usefulness and adequacy of in vitro models for assessing the hazard involved with exposure to leachate, particularly as an integrative supporting tool for chemical-based risk assessment. Leachate is generally toxic, mutagenic, genotoxic and estrogenic in vitro, and these effects can be measured in the cells exposed to already low concentrations, confirming the serious hazard of this wastewater for human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Baderna
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Toxicology, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Italy.
| | - Francesca Caloni
- Department of Veterinary Medicine (DIMEVET), Università degli Studi di Milano, Italy
| | - Emilio Benfenati
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Toxicology, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Italy
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García-Córcoles MT, Rodríguez-Gómez R, de Alarcón-Gómez B, Çipa M, Martín-Pozo L, Kauffmann JM, Zafra-Gómez A. Chromatographic Methods for the Determination of Emerging Contaminants in Natural Water and Wastewater Samples: A Review. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2018; 49:160-186. [DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2018.1496010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. T. García-Córcoles
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Research Group of Analytical Chemistry and Life Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - R. Rodríguez-Gómez
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Research Group of Analytical Chemistry and Life Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Laboratory of Instrumental Analysis and Bioelectrochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Université libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - B. de Alarcón-Gómez
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Research Group of Analytical Chemistry and Life Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - M. Çipa
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tirana, Tirana, Albania
| | | | - J.-M. Kauffmann
- Laboratory of Instrumental Analysis and Bioelectrochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Université libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - A. Zafra-Gómez
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Research Group of Analytical Chemistry and Life Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
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Pedrazzani R, Cavallotti I, Bollati E, Ferreri M, Bertanza G. The role of bioassays in the evaluation of ecotoxicological aspects within the PEF/OEF protocols: The case of WWTPs. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2018; 147:742-748. [PMID: 28942277 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.09.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2017] [Revised: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The suitability evaluation of any industrial process should rely on economic, technical, social and, in particular, environmental aspects. The Commission Recommendation 2013/179/UE enables the improvement and the harmonization of the conventional evaluation of environmental footprints, such as LCA (Life Cycle Assessment), Carbon and Water Footprint, by suggesting the assessment of life cycle environmental performance of products and organisations (PEF, OEF). Novelty aspects reside in including new impact categories (namely, human toxicity cancer effects, human toxicity not-cancer effects and eco-toxicity). This paper presents an application of PEF/OEF protocol to the example case of an activated sludge wastewater treatment plant. Strengths and criticisms of this approach are discussed, by taking into consideration the possible final goal of the suitability assessment. Valuably, the adoption of bioassays (i.e., the input of their results in the models for calculating the life cycle environmental performance) for a more reliable evaluation of the impact on the ecosystem and human health is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Pedrazzani
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Università degli Studi di Brescia, via Branze 38, I-25123 Brescia, Italy; MISTRAL c/o DSMC - Università degli Studi di Brescia, Viale Europa, 11, I-25123 Brescia, Italy.
| | - Irma Cavallotti
- ICA, Società di Ingegneria Chimica p.er l'Ambiente srl, Via Stezzano, 87 c/o Parco Scientifico Tecnologico Kilometro Rosso, I-24126 Bergamo, Italy.
| | - Edoardo Bollati
- ICA, Società di Ingegneria Chimica p.er l'Ambiente srl, Via Stezzano, 87 c/o Parco Scientifico Tecnologico Kilometro Rosso, I-24126 Bergamo, Italy
| | - Marta Ferreri
- ICA, Società di Ingegneria Chimica p.er l'Ambiente srl, Via Stezzano, 87 c/o Parco Scientifico Tecnologico Kilometro Rosso, I-24126 Bergamo, Italy
| | - Giorgio Bertanza
- Department of Civil, Environmental, Architectural Engineering and Mathematics, Università degli Studi di Brescia, via Branze 43, I-25123 Brescia, Italy; MISTRAL c/o DSMC - Università degli Studi di Brescia, Viale Europa, 11, I-25123 Brescia, Italy.
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Guo W, Van Langenhove K, Denison MS, Baeyens W, Elskens M, Gao Y. Estrogenic Activity Measurements in Water Using Diffusive Gradients in Thin-Film Coupled with an Estrogen Bioassay. Anal Chem 2017; 89:13357-13364. [PMID: 29151339 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b03537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A novel type of diffusive gradients in thin-film (DGT) was combined with a chemically activated luciferase gene expression bioassay (CALUX) to measure estrogens in aquatic systems. The performance of this novel method was assessed with 17β-estradiol (E2) as the model steroid hormone, XAD 18 resin gel as the binding phase in the DGT method and VM7Luc4E2 cells (formerly BG1Luc4E2) for the Estrogen Responsive Element (ERE)-CALUX bioassay. The measured effective diffusion coefficient of E2 in agarose diffusive gel was 4.65 ± 0.37 × 10-6 cm2 s-1 at 25 °C. The detection limit of this combined DGT/ERE-CALUX method for 1 day of sampling (0.026 ± 0.003 ng L-1 of E2) is significantly lower than that obtained by spot sampling combined with GC-MS/MS or LC-MS/MS analysis (0.1-7.0 ng L-1). The method is independent of pH (5-8), ionic strength (0.001-0.5 M), and dissolved organic matter (DOM; concentrations up to 30 mg L-1). Field applications of this novel DGT in effluents of three sewage treatment plants in Beijing city (China) showed comparable results to conventional spot (grab) sampling. This study demonstrates that the combined DGT/ERE-CALUX approach is an effective and sensitive tool for in situ monitoring of estrogenic activity in waters and wastewaters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Guo
- Analytical, Environmental and Geo-Chemistry (AMGC), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB) , Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussel, Belgium.,School of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University , Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Kersten Van Langenhove
- Analytical, Environmental and Geo-Chemistry (AMGC), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB) , Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussel, Belgium
| | - Michael S Denison
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis (UC Davis) , One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Willy Baeyens
- Analytical, Environmental and Geo-Chemistry (AMGC), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB) , Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussel, Belgium
| | - Marc Elskens
- Analytical, Environmental and Geo-Chemistry (AMGC), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB) , Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussel, Belgium
| | - Yue Gao
- Analytical, Environmental and Geo-Chemistry (AMGC), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB) , Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussel, Belgium
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Fang TY, Praveena SM, deBurbure C, Aris AZ, Ismail SNS, Rasdi I. Analytical techniques for steroid estrogens in water samples - A review. CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 165:358-368. [PMID: 27665296 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.09.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Revised: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, environmental concerns over ultra-trace levels of steroid estrogens concentrations in water samples have increased because of their adverse effects on human and animal life. Special attention to the analytical techniques used to quantify steroid estrogens in water samples is therefore increasingly important. The objective of this review was to present an overview of both instrumental and non-instrumental analytical techniques available for the determination of steroid estrogens in water samples, evidencing their respective potential advantages and limitations using the Need, Approach, Benefit, and Competition (NABC) approach. The analytical techniques highlighted in this review were instrumental and non-instrumental analytical techniques namely gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS), liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS), enzyme-linked immuno sorbent assay (ELISA), radio immuno assay (RIA), yeast estrogen screen (YES) assay, and human breast cancer cell line proliferation (E-screen) assay. The complexity of water samples and their low estrogenic concentrations necessitates the use of highly sensitive instrumental analytical techniques (GC-MS and LC-MS) and non-instrumental analytical techniques (ELISA, RIA, YES assay and E-screen assay) to quantify steroid estrogens. Both instrumental and non-instrumental analytical techniques have their own advantages and limitations. However, the non-instrumental ELISA analytical techniques, thanks to its lower detection limit and simplicity, its rapidity and cost-effectiveness, currently appears to be the most reliable for determining steroid estrogens in water samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Yien Fang
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, UPM, Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.
| | - Sarva Mangala Praveena
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, UPM, Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.
| | - Claire deBurbure
- Université 1B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Université catholique de Louvain, Belgium.
| | - Ahmad Zaharin Aris
- Environmental Forensics Research Centre, Faculty of Environmental Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Sharifah Norkhadijah Syed Ismail
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, UPM, Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.
| | - Irniza Rasdi
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, UPM, Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.
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11
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Analysis of 17-β-estradiol and 17-α-ethinylestradiol in biological and environmental matrices — A review. Microchem J 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2015.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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12
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Papa M, Ceretti E, Viola GCV, Feretti D, Zerbini I, Mazzoleni G, Steimberg N, Pedrazzani R, Bertanza G. The assessment of WWTP performance: Towards a jigsaw puzzle evaluation? CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 145:291-300. [PMID: 26688267 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.11.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Revised: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
A chemical and bio-analytical protocol is proposed as a holistic monitoring framework for the assessment of WWTPs (Wastewater Treatment Plants) performance. This combination of tests consists of: i) an analysis of emerging contaminants, to be added to the established physico-chemical parameters in order to understand the causes of (new) pollution phenomena and ii) some of the bio-analytical tools most widely applied in the field of wastewater research, which provide information on groups of chemicals with a common mode of toxic action (baseline toxicity, estrogenicity and mutagenicity/genotoxicity, selected as the most representative for human health). The negative effects of the discharge can thus be highlighted directly and used to assess the global environmental impact of WWTPs. As a validation, this multi-tiered approach was applied to a full-scale WWTP (150,000 p.e.), where different measurements were carried out: EDCs (Endocrine Disrupting Compounds) detection; algal growth inhibition, bioluminescence inhibition and acute toxicity test (for baseline toxicity); an E-Screen-like assay (for estrogenic activity); Ames, Allium cepa and Comet tests (for mutagenic/genotoxic activity). As a result, the WWTP showed good performance for all these issues, displaying its ability to enhance effluent quality, except for residual mutagenic behaviour, probably due to the by-products generated by the tertiary ozonation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Papa
- Department of Civil, Environmental, Architectural Engineering and Mathematics, University of Brescia, Via Branze 43, I-25123, Brescia, Italy.
| | - Elisabetta Ceretti
- Department of Medical and Surgical Specialities, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University of Brescia, Viale Europa 11, I-25123, Brescia, Italy
| | - Gaia Claudia Viviana Viola
- Department of Medical and Surgical Specialities, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University of Brescia, Viale Europa 11, I-25123, Brescia, Italy
| | - Donatella Feretti
- Department of Medical and Surgical Specialities, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University of Brescia, Viale Europa 11, I-25123, Brescia, Italy; Brescia University Research Center "Integrated Models for Prevention and Protection in Environmental and Occupational Health" (MISTRAL), Italy
| | - Ilaria Zerbini
- Department of Medical and Surgical Specialities, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University of Brescia, Viale Europa 11, I-25123, Brescia, Italy
| | - Giovanna Mazzoleni
- Department of Clinical & Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Viale Europa 11, I-25123, Brescia, Italy; Brescia University Research Center "Integrated Models for Prevention and Protection in Environmental and Occupational Health" (MISTRAL), Italy
| | - Nathalie Steimberg
- Department of Clinical & Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Viale Europa 11, I-25123, Brescia, Italy
| | - Roberta Pedrazzani
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Brescia, Via Branze 38, I-25123, Brescia, Italy; Brescia University Research Center "Integrated Models for Prevention and Protection in Environmental and Occupational Health" (MISTRAL), Italy
| | - Giorgio Bertanza
- Department of Civil, Environmental, Architectural Engineering and Mathematics, University of Brescia, Via Branze 43, I-25123, Brescia, Italy; Brescia University Research Center "Integrated Models for Prevention and Protection in Environmental and Occupational Health" (MISTRAL), Italy
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13
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Jarošová B, Bláha L, Giesy JP, Hilscherová K. What level of estrogenic activity determined by in vitro assays in municipal waste waters can be considered as safe? ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2014; 64:98-109. [PMID: 24384232 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2013.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2013] [Revised: 12/09/2013] [Accepted: 12/10/2013] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
In vitro assays are broadly used tools to evaluate the estrogenic activity in Waste Water Treatment Plant (WWTP) effluents and their receiving rivers. Since potencies of individual estrogens to induce in vitro and in vivo responses can differ it is not possible to directly evaluate risks based on in vitro measures of estrogenic activity. Estrone, 17beta-estradiol, 17alfa-ethinylestradiol and to some extent, estriol have been shown to be responsible for the majority of in vitro estrogenic activity of municipal WWTP effluents. Therefore, in the present study safe concentrations of Estrogenic Equivalents (EEQs-SSE) in municipal WWTP effluents were derived based on simplified assumption that the steroid estrogens are responsible for all estrogenicity determined with particular in vitro assays. EEQs-SSEs were derived using the bioassay and testing protocol-specific in vitro potencies of steroid estrogens, in vivo predicted no effect concentration (PNECs) of these compounds, and their relative contributions to the overall estrogenicity detected in municipal WWTP effluents. EEQs-SSEs for 15 individual bioassays varied from 0.1 to 0.4ng EEQ/L. The EEQs-SSEs are supposed to be increased by use of location-specific dilution factors of WWTP effluents entering receiving rivers. They are applicable to municipal wastewater and rivers close to their discharges, but not to industrial waste waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbora Jarošová
- Masaryk University, Faculty of Science, RECETOX, Kamenice 5, CZ-62500 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Luděk Bláha
- Masaryk University, Faculty of Science, RECETOX, Kamenice 5, CZ-62500 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - John P Giesy
- Department of Biomedical Veterinary Sciences and Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Klára Hilscherová
- Masaryk University, Faculty of Science, RECETOX, Kamenice 5, CZ-62500 Brno, Czech Republic.
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14
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Kolkman A, Schriks M, Brand W, Bäuerlein PS, van der Kooi MME, van Doorn RH, Emke E, Reus AA, van der Linden SC, de Voogt P, Heringa MB. Sample preparation for combined chemical analysis and in vitro bioassay application in water quality assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2013; 36:1291-1303. [PMID: 24216068 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2013.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2013] [Revised: 10/09/2013] [Accepted: 10/13/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The combination of in vitro bioassays and chemical screening can provide a powerful toolbox to determine biologically relevant compounds in water extracts. In this study, a sample preparation method is evaluated for the suitability for both chemical analysis and in vitro bioassays. A set of 39 chemicals were spiked to surface water, which were extracted using Oasis MCX cartridges. The extracts were chemically analyzed by liquid chromatography linear ion trap Orbitrap analysis and recoveries appeared to be on average 61% Compounds with logK(ow) values in the range between 0 and 4 are recovered well using this method. In a next step, the same extracts were tested for genotoxic activity using the Comet assay and Ames fluctuation test and for specific endocrine receptor activation using a panel of CALUX assays, for estrogenic (ER), androgenic (AR), glucocorticoid (GR), progestagenic (PR), and thyroidogenic (TR) agonistic activities. The results of the genotoxicity assays indicated that spiked genotoxic compounds were preserved during sample preparation. The measured responses of the GR CALUX and ER CALUX assays were similar to the predicted responses. The measured responses in the AR CALUX and PR CALUX assays were much lower than expected from the analytical concentration, probably due to antagonistic effects of some spiked compounds. Overall, the presented sample preparation method seems to be suitable for both chemical analysis and specific in vitro bioassay applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annemieke Kolkman
- KWR Watercycle Research Institute, P.O. Box 1072, 3430 BB Nieuwegein, The Netherlands.
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15
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Avberšek M, Žegura B, Filipič M, Uranjek-Ževart N, Heath E. Determination of estrogenic potential in waste water without sample extraction. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2013; 260:527-533. [PMID: 23811375 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2013.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2013] [Revised: 05/29/2013] [Accepted: 06/03/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
This study describes the modification of the ER-Calux assay for testing water samples without sample extraction (NE-(ER-Calux) assay). The results are compared to those obtained with ER-Calux assay and a theoretical estrogenic potential obtained by GC-MSD. For spiked tap and waste water samples there was no statistical difference between estrogenic potentials obtained by the three methods. Application of NE-(ER-Calux) to "real" influent and effluents from municipal waste water treatment plants and receiving surface waters found that the NE-(ER-Calux) assay gave higher values compared to ER-Calux assay and GC-MSD. This is explained by the presence of water soluble endocrine agonists that are usually removed during extraction. Intraday dynamics of the estrogenic potential of a WWTP influent and effluent revealed an increase in the estrogenic potential of the influent from 12.9 ng(EEQ)/L in the morning to a peak value of 40.0 ng(EEQ)/L in the afternoon. The estrogenic potential of the effluent was <LOD (<0.68 ng(EEQ)/L). The overall reduction in estrogenic potential was 92-98%. Daytime estrogenic potential values varied significantly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miha Avberšek
- Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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