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Yu-Xiao L, Shu-Han L, Li L, Shu-Di Y, Bin-Yu L, Chen W, Shih-Chieh H, Shuh-Ji K. Seasonal variations, source apportionment and dry deposition of chemical species of total suspended particulate in Pengjia Yu Island, East China Sea. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2023; 187:114608. [PMID: 36652864 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.114608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Total of 172 total suspended particulate (TSP) samples and its chemical compositions were collected and analyzed from January to December 2010 in Pengjia Yu Island, an open region in East China Sea (ECS). Despite the predominance of sea-salt major ions (Na+, Cl-), the presence of non-sea-salt SO42- (nss-SO42-) and NO3- as well as combustion-derived trace metals clearly establishes the impact of anthropogenic sources over ECS. The annual contributions of coal, heavy-fuel oil and traffic to the measured chemical species were 21.0 %, 15.0 % and 15.5 %, respectively. Especially in spring, the contributions of crustal minerals to measured chemical species during dust period (33.6 %) were higher than that (13.2 %) during non-dust period. The calculated annual average dry deposition fluxes for trace metals and total inorganic nitrogen were 246.1 ± 345.8 μg/m2/d and 2950.4 ± 2245.0 μg/m2/d, suggesting that atmospheric deposition is an important source of nutrient elements for the south of ECS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Yu-Xiao
- School of Water Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Technology, Nanchang, China; State Key Laboratory of Marine Resources Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Liu Shu-Han
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resources Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Luo Li
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resources Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, Haikou, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Marine Science and Technology, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China.
| | - Yang Shu-Di
- School of Water Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Technology, Nanchang, China; State Key Laboratory of Marine Resources Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Lu Bin-Yu
- School of Water Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Technology, Nanchang, China
| | - Wang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resources Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Hsu Shih-Chieh
- Research Center for Environmental Changes, Academia Sinica, Taipei, China
| | - Kao Shuh-Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resources Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, Haikou, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Marine Science and Technology, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China.
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Zhang X, Eto Y, Aikawa M. Risk assessment and management of PM 2.5-bound heavy metals in the urban area of Kitakyushu, Japan. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 795:148748. [PMID: 34328942 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The sampling campaign of PM2.5 was carried out in Kitakyushu City on the western edge of Japan from 2013 to 2019, and 29 heavy metals loaded in PM2.5 were measured in this study. During the whole sampling period, the PM2.5 mass concentration ranged from 6.3 μg·m-3 to 57.5 μg·m-3, with a median value of 21.3 μg·m-3, and the sum concentration of heavy metals only accounted for 3%. According to the enrichment factor (EF) and geo-accumulation index (Igeo) analysis, it can be known that Se, Mo, Pb, As, Zn, W, Sb, Cu, V, Cr, Ni, and Cs were mainly from anthropogenic sources, which had EF values larger than 10 and Igeo values larger than 0. The comprehensive ecological risk index for these 12 anthropogenic metals was far greater than 600. This large index showed severe metal pollution and very high ecological risk in the urban area of Kitakyushu, Japan, which should be paid great attention. The human health assessment result further revealed that children living at the sampling site faced severe non-carcinogenic risk (HI = 7.8) and moderate carcinogenic risk (CR = 1.2 × 10-4), and oral ingestion was basically the most important exposure pathway, followed by dermal contact and inhalation. The priority control metals included Mo, Se, As, Pb, Sb, and Cr; moreover, the concentration-weighted trajectory analysis (CWT) indicated that Mo, Sb, and Cr were from ship emissions because some shipping routes around the Kyushu area were identified as their potential pollution source regions, while Se, As, and Pb were carried by the air masses from the Asian landmass. Overall, although the PM2.5 concentration in the urban area of Kitakyushu, Japan was not high, the heavy metal risk cannot be overlooked; it is necessary to strengthen the source control of high-risk metals and raise public protection awareness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Zhang
- Faculty of Environmental Engineering, The University of Kitakyushu, 1-1, Hibikino, Wakamatsu, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka 808-0135, Japan
| | - Yuko Eto
- Institute of Health and Environmental Sciences, City of Kitakyushu, 1-2-1 Shin-ike, Tobata-ku, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka 804-0082, Japan
| | - Masahide Aikawa
- Faculty of Environmental Engineering, The University of Kitakyushu, 1-1, Hibikino, Wakamatsu, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka 808-0135, Japan.
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Zhang X, Murakami T, Wang J, Aikawa M. Sources, species and secondary formation of atmospheric aerosols and gaseous precursors in the suburb of Kitakyushu, Japan. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 763:143001. [PMID: 33131869 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The simultaneous assessment of source apportionment and secondary formation processes was comprehensively studied in a suburban area located on the western edge of Japan by combining year-round daily observation using a filter-pack method with model calculations. Secondary formation was the most important pollution source, accounting for ca. 45% (23% (secondary sulfates) + 22% (secondary nitrates)) of the sources of total atmospheric aerosol mass. For the secondary aerosol composition at this suburban site in western Japan, the secondary sulfates were mainly derived from volcanic eruptions (Sakurajima volcano and/or Aso volcano), the oxidation of SO2 from industrial combustion, ship emissions in the Kyushu area, and long-distance transportation from several coastal cities in Eastern China. Multiple regression results further revealed that the secondary sulfate formation process was significantly influenced by and related to HNO3, HCl, and the relative humidity (RH) (p < 0.01). While the potential pollution source region of secondary nitrates was located in the northwest region of the sampling site, where air masses pass through Mongolia and Northern China, the formation mechanism of secondary nitrates was more complicated, with the important driving factors being Ox, NO2, NH3, HCl, temperature (T), and RH. In addition, if the presence of atmospheric HNO3 was ignored, the nitrogen oxidation rate (NOR) would be significantly underestimated, especially at relative humidity levels less than 60% and temperatures greater than 16 °C. The results of this study clearly demonstrate the source contribution and characteristics of secondary aerosols in the suburban area of western Japan and can be adopted as the important basis to mitigate particle pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Zhang
- Faculty of Environmental Engineering, The University of Kitakyushu, 1-1, Hibikino, Wakamatsu, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka 808-0135, Japan; School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Co-Innovation Center for Green Building of Shandong Province, Shandong Jianzhu University, Jinan 250101, China
| | - Takuya Murakami
- Faculty of Environmental Engineering, The University of Kitakyushu, 1-1, Hibikino, Wakamatsu, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka 808-0135, Japan
| | - Jinhe Wang
- School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Co-Innovation Center for Green Building of Shandong Province, Shandong Jianzhu University, Jinan 250101, China
| | - Masahide Aikawa
- Faculty of Environmental Engineering, The University of Kitakyushu, 1-1, Hibikino, Wakamatsu, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka 808-0135, Japan.
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Oishi Y, Shin K, Tayasu I. Lead isotope ratios in moss for the assessment of transboundary pollutants in the Yatsugatake Mountains, central Japan. Ecol Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/1440-1703.12205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshitaka Oishi
- Center for Arts and Sciences Fukui Prefectural University Matsuoka Fukui Japan
| | - Ki‐Cheol Shin
- Research Institute for Humanity and Nature Kita‐ku Kyoto Japan
| | - Ichiro Tayasu
- Research Institute for Humanity and Nature Kita‐ku Kyoto Japan
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Du X, Jin X, Zucker N, Kennedy R, Urpelainen J. Transboundary air pollution from coal-fired power generation. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2020; 270:110862. [PMID: 32721309 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.110862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
To what extent do the short-term negative externalities of fossil fuel use traverse national borders? Transnational negative externalities are thought to motivate international environmental cooperation, but we often lack detailed data on their occurrence. Using a Hybrid Single Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory Model (HYSPLIT), we offer global estimates of the extent of transboundary air pollution from coal-fired power generation. In an advance of the existing literature, we attribute the air pollution experienced in different locales to specific coal-fired power plants, allowing us to evaluate the extent to which pollution from the coal industry is experienced across different jurisdictions. Our results indicate that the issue is most severe in South Asia and East Asia. When weighting by the population of "receiving" locations, India is found to be the largest emitter of transboundary air pollution, followed by China. Residents of Bangladesh are found to experience the most transboundary air pollution by a wide margin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinming Du
- School of International and Public Affairs, Columbia University, 420 W 118th St, New York, NY, 10027, United States.
| | - Xiaomeng Jin
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, United States.
| | - Noah Zucker
- Department of Political Science, Columbia University, 420 W 118th St, Room 710, New York, NY, 10027, United States.
| | - Ryan Kennedy
- Department of Political Science, University of Houston, 3551 Cullen Blvd, Room 447, Houston, TX, 77204, United States.
| | - Johannes Urpelainen
- School of Advanced International Studies, Johns Hopkins University, 1619 Massachusetts Ave NW, Washington, DC, 20036, United States.
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Nakao M, Yamauchi K, Mitsuma S, Odaira T, Obata H, Chijimatsu Y, Ishihara Y. Associations of Ambient Air Pollutant Concentrations With Respiratory Symptoms and Perceived Health Status in Japanese Adults With and Without Chronic Respiratory Diseases: A Panel Study. J Prev Med Public Health 2019; 52:416-426. [PMID: 31795618 PMCID: PMC6893223 DOI: 10.3961/jpmph.19.180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives In recent years, transboundary air pollution from mainland East Asia has led to growing concerns about air pollution in Japan. Air pollution is reportedly associated with the exacerbation of respiratory diseases. In this study, we assessed the effects of air pollution on respiratory symptoms and the health status of participants with and without chronic respiratory diseases. Methods Participants (n=2753) with and without chronic respiratory diseases who visited healthcare facilities in Japan during February from 2010 to 2015 filled out a self-report questionnaire regarding their symptoms and perceived health status. Participants were followed up during April-May and June-July. Results Oxidant concentrations were associated with respiratory symptoms, overall health, and quality of life (QoL). Suspended particulate matter (SPM) and particulate matter <2.5 μm levels were associated with physical fitness; SPM was also associated with QoL. Recent experience of an Asian sand dust event had a significant effect on allergic symptoms, change in health, and QoL. Conclusions Respiratory symptoms were more strongly affected by oxidants than by other pollutants. Significant associations of air pollutants were found with a comprehensive range of items related to perceived health status, including overall health and QoL. Although the effects of air pollutants on respiratory symptoms and health status were more apparent among patients with respiratory diseases, the adverse effects of air pollutants were significant even among participants without such conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motoyuki Nakao
- Department of Public Health, School of Medicine, Kurume University, Kurume, Japan
| | - Keiko Yamauchi
- Department of Public Health, School of Medicine, Kurume University, Kurume, Japan
| | - Satoshi Mitsuma
- Niigata Association of Occupational Health Inc., Niigata, Japan
| | | | - Hideto Obata
- Yamaguchi-ken Saiseikai Shimonoseki General Hospital, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | | | - Yoko Ishihara
- Department of Public Health, School of Medicine, Kurume University, Kurume, Japan
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Relationships between perceived health status and ambient air quality parameters in healthy Japanese: a panel study. BMC Public Health 2019; 19:620. [PMID: 31117980 PMCID: PMC6530092 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-019-6934-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background There has been growing global concern about air pollution due to its great risk to public health. In Japan, although industrial- and traffic-related air pollution has been decreasing, concerns about particulate matter air pollution has been growing in recent years. In this study, we examined the effects of air pollution on symptoms and the health status of healthy subjects in Japan. Methods Participants (n = 2887) who visited healthcare centers in Kumamoto or Niigata prefectures in February from 2010 to 2015 were asked to fill out a questionnaire, which was a self-completed booklet containing questions on the characteristics of participants, their respiratory symptoms, and questionnaires on their health status in February, May, and July. Generalized estimating equation analyses were performed to predict the factors associated with the symptoms and health status using two-week averages of air quality parameters obtained from 49 monitoring stations as independent variables. Results Only allergy was associated with air quality in both areas. Prevalence of the other respiratory symptoms were correlated with air quality only in Kumamoto. The health statuses including the ‘physical fitness’, ‘daily activities’, and ‘social activities’ domains were related only to time spent outdoors. The ‘overall health’ was associated with time spent outdoors and concentrations of nitrogen dioxide and suspended particulate matters (SPM) in Kumamoto, and with temperatures and SPM in Niigata. The ‘pain’ score was correlated with temperature and carbon monoxide concentration only in Kumamoto. In Kumamoto, the ‘quality of life (QoL)’ was worse in those who spent shorter hours outdoors, were exposed to lower humidity, higher concentrations of oxidants, SPM, and PM2.5, and who experienced more Asian sand dust (ASD) events. In Niigata, a worsened ‘QoL’ was associated with time spent outdoors, temperature, and SPM. Conclusions The associations between air quality and the health status was found mainly in the comprehensive domain of the health status such as ‘overall health’ and ‘QoL’. The effect of short-term exposure to larger particles, such as SPM, on health status was observed when compared to smaller particles such as PM2.5 and gaseous pollutants.
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Đuričić-Milanković J, Anđelković I, Pantelić A, Petrović S, Gambaro A, Đorđević D. Size-segregated trace elements in continental suburban aerosols: seasonal variation and estimation of local, regional, and remote emission sources. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2018; 190:615. [PMID: 30267235 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-018-6962-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We have measured trace element contents in suburban aerosols from six size fractions in the range of PM0.27-16 from a background station in Belgrade (Serbia). The distribution and concentration of elements were determined within each of the investigated Dp fractions with emphasis on the fine and coarse modes. Fine/coarse mode ratios of element can provide information regarding their anthropogenic or natural origin. Analysis of seasonal variations of element contents in fine and coarse mode show that Cd, Co, K, and V have higher concentrations in the fine mode during heating season, while Fe contents are lower. In the coarse mode, Cu and V have higher concentrations during the heating season, while Al, Fe, Mg, Mn, and Sb contents are lower. We also apply a distribution probability model (normal, log-normal, and three-parameter Weibull) as new approach to estimate the distances of emission sources that can contribute to pollutant contents in particulate matter of the investigated location.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Đuričić-Milanković
- Higher Medical and Business-Technological School of Apllied Studies, Hajduk Veljkova 10, Šabac, 15000, Serbia
| | - Ivan Anđelković
- Innovation Center of the Faculty of Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 12-16, Belgrade, 11000, Serbia
| | - Ana Pantelić
- Centre of Excellence in Environmental Chemistry and Engineering-ICTM, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 14-16, Belgrade, 11000, Serbia
| | - Srđan Petrović
- Centre of Excellence in Environmental Chemistry and Engineering-ICTM, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 14-16, Belgrade, 11000, Serbia
| | - Andrea Gambaro
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, University Ca' Foscari of Venice, Dorsoduro 2137, 30123, Venice, Italy
- Institute for the Dynamics of Environmental Processes-National Research Council (CNR-IDPA), Dorsoduro 2137, 30123, Venice, Italy
| | - Dragana Đorđević
- Centre of Excellence in Environmental Chemistry and Engineering-ICTM, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 14-16, Belgrade, 11000, Serbia.
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Azuma K, Ikeda K, Kagi N, Yanagi U, Osawa H. Physicochemical risk factors for building-related symptoms in air-conditioned office buildings: Ambient particles and combined exposure to indoor air pollutants. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 616-617:1649-1655. [PMID: 29070452 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.10.147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Revised: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 10/14/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We conducted a cross-sectional epidemiological study to examine the correlation between indoor air quality (IAQ) and building-related symptoms (BRSs) of office workers in air-conditioned office buildings. We investigated 11 offices during winter and 13 offices during summer in 17 buildings with air-conditioning systems in Tokyo, Osaka, and Fukuoka, and we included 107 office workers during winter and 207 office workers during summer. We conducted environmental sampling for evaluating IAQ and concurrently administered self-reported questionnaires to collect information regarding work-related symptoms. Multivariate analyses revealed that upper respiratory symptoms showed a significant correlation with increased indoor temperature [odds ratio (OR), 1.55; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.11-2.18] and increased indoor concentration of suspended particles released from the ambient air pollution via air-conditioning systems (OR, 1.31; 95% CI, 1.08-1.59) during winter. In particular, smaller particles (particle size>0.3μm), which possibly penetrated through the filter media in air-conditioning systems from ambient air, were correlated with upper respiratory symptoms. The use of high-efficiency particulate air filters in air-conditioning systems and their adequate maintenance may be an urgent solution for reducing the indoor air concentration of submicron particles. Several irritating volatile organic compounds (VOCs) (e.g., formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, ethylbenzene, toluene, and xylenes) that were positively correlated with the indoor air concentration among their VOCs, were associated with upper respiratory symptoms, although their indoor air concentrations were lower than those specified by the indoor air quality guideline. A new approach and strategy for decreasing the potential combined health risks (i.e., additive effect of risks) associated with multiple low-level indoor pollutants that have similar hazardous properties are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenichi Azuma
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Behavioral Science, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, 377-2 Ohnohigashi, Osakasayama, Osaka 589-8511, Japan.
| | - Koichi Ikeda
- Department of Architecture, College of Science and Technology, Nihon University, 8-14 Kanda-Surugadai 1-chome, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-8308, Japan.
| | - Naoki Kagi
- Department of Mechanical and Environmental Informatics, Graduate School of Information Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan.
| | - U Yanagi
- Department of Architecture, School of Architecture, Kogakuin University, 1-24-2 Nishi-Shinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 163-8677, Japan.
| | - Haruki Osawa
- Department of Environmental Health, National Institute of Public Health, 2-3-6 Minami, Wako, Saitama 351-0197, Japan.
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Seasonal Variations and Sources of 17 Aerosol Metal Elements in Suburban Nanjing, China. ATMOSPHERE 2016. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos7120153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Garrison VH, Majewski MS, Konde L, Wolf RE, Otto RD, Tsuneoka Y. Inhalable desert dust, urban emissions, and potentially biotoxic metals in urban Saharan-Sahelian air. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2014; 500-501:383-394. [PMID: 25243921 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.08.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2014] [Revised: 08/18/2014] [Accepted: 08/28/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Saharan dust incursions and particulates emitted from human activities degrade air quality throughout West Africa, especially in the rapidly expanding urban centers in the region. Particulate matter (PM) that can be inhaled is strongly associated with increased incidence of and mortality from cardiovascular and respiratory diseases and cancer. Air samples collected in the capital of a Saharan-Sahelian country (Bamako, Mali) between September 2012 and July 2013 were found to contain inhalable PM concentrations that exceeded World Health Organization (WHO) and US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) PM2.5 and PM10 24-h limits 58 - 98% of days and European Union (EU) PM10 24-h limit 98% of days. Mean concentrations were 1.2-to-4.5 fold greater than existing limits. Inhalable PM was enriched in transition metals, known to produce reactive oxygen species and initiate the inflammatory response, and other potentially bioactive and biotoxic metals/metalloids. Eroded mineral dust composed the bulk of inhalable PM, whereas most enriched metals/metalloids were likely emitted from oil combustion, biomass burning, refuse incineration, vehicle traffic, and mining activities. Human exposure to inhalable PM and associated metals/metalloids over 24-h was estimated. The findings indicate that inhalable PM in the Sahara-Sahel region may present a threat to human health, especially in urban areas with greater inhalable PM and transition metal exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- V H Garrison
- US Geological Survey, 600 4th Street South, St. Petersburg, FL 33701, USA.
| | - M S Majewski
- US Geological Survey, 6000 J St., Sacramento, CA 95819-6129, USA.
| | | | - R E Wolf
- US Geological Survey, Denver Federal Center, Lakewood, CO 80225-0046, USA.
| | - R D Otto
- US Department of State, Office of Medical Services, 2401 E. Street NW, Washington, DC 20522-0101, USA.
| | - Y Tsuneoka
- Embassy of Japan in Sri Lanka, No. 20 Gregory's Road, Colombo 7, Sri Lanka.
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Toda K, Yunoki S, Yanaga A, Takeuchi M, Ohira SI, Dasgupta PK. Formaldehyde content of atmospheric aerosol. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2014; 48:6636-6643. [PMID: 24857706 DOI: 10.1021/es500590e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Formaldehyde (HCHO) is a highly soluble polar molecule with a large sticking coefficient and thus likely exists in both gaseous and particulate forms. Few studies, however, address particulate HCHO (HCHO(p)). Some report that HCHO(p) concentrations (obtained only with long duration sampling) are very low. The lack of data partly reflects the difficulty of specifically measuring HCHO(p). Long duration filter sampling may not produce meaningful results for a variety of reasons. In this work, gaseous HCHO (HCHO(g)) and (HCHO(p)) were, respectively, collected with a parallel plate wet denuder (PPWD) followed by a mist chamber/hydrophilic filter particle collector (PC). The PPWD quantitatively removed HCHO(g) and the PC then collected the transmitted aerosol. The collected HCHO from either device was alternately analyzed by Hantzsch reaction-based continuous flow fluorometry. Each gas and particle phase measurement took 5 min each, with a 10 min cycle. The limits of detection were 0.048 and 0.0033 μg m(-3), respectively, for HCHO(g) and HCHO(p). The instrument was deployed in three separate campaigns in a forest station in western Japan in March, May, and July of 2013. Based on 1296 data pairs, HCHO(p), was on the average, 5% of the total HCHO. Strong diurnal patterns were observed, with the HCHO(p) fraction peaking in the morning. The relative humidity dependence of the partition strongly suggests that it is driven by the liquid water content of the aerosol phase. However, HCHO(p) was 100× greater than that expected from Henry's law. We propose that the low water activity in the highly saline droplets lead to HCHO oligomerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kei Toda
- Department of Chemistry, Kumamoto University , 2-39-1 Kurokami, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan
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Pan Y, Wang Y, Sun Y, Tian S, Cheng M. Size-resolved aerosol trace elements at a rural mountainous site in Northern China: importance of regional transport. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2013; 461-462:761-771. [PMID: 23792621 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.04.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2012] [Revised: 02/28/2013] [Accepted: 04/22/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents an intensive field measurement campaign carried out at the rural mountainous site of Xinglong (960 m a.s.l.) in Northern China during Sep. 3-20 2008. Size-segregated samples were collected daily and analyzed for 25 trace elements (TEs). The majority of the TEs showed comparable concentrations in fine (<2.1 μm) and coarse particles (2.1-9 μm). In addition, elements like K, Mn, Cu, Se, Mo, Ag, Cd, Tl and Pb were accumulated in fine mode whereas Al, Co and Sb were concentrated in a coarse mode. For most of the TEs, their enrichment factor (EF) increased with decreasing particle size from large (>9 μm) to coarse, and to fine, signifying influences by anthropogenic emissions. The observed concentrations of heavy metals in fine particles, with EF values higher than 100, were significantly higher than the historical data recorded in the 1980s and 1990s, reflecting the increasing emissions in the target area. One pronounced event occurred on Sep. 14 when all of the TEs showed a peak, which was associated with regional emissions from both southeast (SE) and southwest (SW) indicated by backward trajectory analysis. This is further supported by the measurements in upwind sites where the concentrations of TEs were several times higher than those in Xinglong, suggesting potential source regions. Episodes of heavy metals were generally characterized by significant enhancements of fine mode and air mass trajectories from SE or SW alone. Taking this finding and factor analysis results together, the metallic episodes were attributable to the long-range transport of regional plumes from coal consumption and nonferrous metal smelting. With the rapid urbanization and industrialization in Northern China, the increasing emissions of TEs will place a great strain on human health and the environment in the downwind regions, thus long-term and multi-site observation with high time resolution are necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuepeng Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China.
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