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Wu S, Qi Y, Guo Y, Zhu Q, Pan W, Wang C, Sun H. The role of iron materials in the abiotic transformation and biotransformation of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs): A review. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 472:134594. [PMID: 38754233 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.134594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Revised: 05/04/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), widely used as flame retardants, easily enter the environment, thus posing environmental and health risks. Iron materials play a key role during the migration and transformation of PBDEs. This article reviews the processes and mechanisms of adsorption, degradation, and biological uptake and transformation of PBDEs affected by iron materials in the environment. Iron materials can effectively adsorb PBDEs through hydrophobic interactions, π-π interactions, hydrogen/halogen bonds, electrostatic interactions, coordination interactions, and pore filling interactions. In addition, they are beneficial for the photodegradation, reduction debromination, and advanced oxidation degradation and debromination of PBDEs. The iron material-microorganism coupling technology affects the uptake and transformation of PBDEs. In addition, iron materials can reduce the uptake of PBDEs in plants, affecting their bioavailability. The species, concentration, and size of iron materials affect plant physiology. Overall, iron materials play a bidirectional role in the biological uptake and transformation of PBDEs. It is necessary to strengthen the positive role of iron materials in reducing the environmental and health risks caused by PBDEs. This article provides innovative ideas for the rational use of iron materials in controlling the migration and transformation of PBDEs in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sai Wu
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Yuwen Qi
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Yaxin Guo
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Qing Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Weijie Pan
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Cuiping Wang
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
| | - Hongwen Sun
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
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Leri AC, Hettithanthri O, Bolan S, Zhang T, Unrine J, Myneni S, Nachman DR, Tran HT, Phillips AJ, Hou D, Wang Y, Vithanage M, Padhye LP, Jasemi Zad T, Heitz A, Siddique KHM, Wang H, Rinklebe J, Kirkham MB, Bolan N. Bromine contamination and risk management in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 469:133881. [PMID: 38422740 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.133881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Bromine (Br) is widely distributed through the lithosphere and hydrosphere, and its chemistry in the environment is affected by natural processes and anthropogenic activities. While the chemistry of Br in the atmosphere has been comprehensively explored, there has never been an overview of the chemistry of Br in soil and aquatic systems. This review synthesizes current knowledge on the sources, geochemistry, health and environmental threats, remediation approaches, and regulatory guidelines pertaining to Br pollution in terrestrial and aquatic environments. Volcanic eruptions, geothermal streams, and seawater are the major natural sources of Br. In soils and sediments, Br undergoes natural cycling between organic and inorganic forms, with bromination reactions occurring both abiotically and through microbial activity. For organisms, Br is a non-essential element; it is passively taken up by plant roots in the form of the Br- anion. Elevated Br- levels can limit plant growth on coastal soils of arid and semi-arid environments. Br is used in the chemical industry to manufacture pesticides, flame retardants, pharmaceuticals, and other products. Anthropogenic sources of organobromine contaminants in the environment are primarily wastewater treatment, fumigants, and flame retardants. When aqueous Br- reacts with oxidants in water treatment plants, it can generate brominated disinfection by-products (DBPs), and exposure to DBPs is linked to adverse human health effects including increased cancer risk. Br- can be removed from aquatic systems using adsorbents, and amelioration of soils containing excess Br- can be achieved by leaching, adding various amendments, or phytoremediation. Developing cost-effective methods for Br- removal from wastewater would help address the problem of toxic brominated DBPs. Other anthropogenic organobromines, such as polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardants, are persistent, toxic, and bioaccumulative, posing a challenge in environmental remediation. Future research directives for managing Br pollution sustainably in various environmental settings are suggested here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra C Leri
- Department of Natural Sciences, Marymount Manhattan College, 221 E 71st St., New York, NY 10021, United States.
| | - Oshadi Hettithanthri
- Ecosphere Resilience Research Centre, Faculty of Applied Sciences, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda, 10250, Sri Lanka
| | - Shiv Bolan
- UWA School of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia; The UWA Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia; Healthy Environments And Lives (HEAL) National Research Network, Canberra, Australia
| | - Tao Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Farmland Soil Pollution Prevention-Control and Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Jason Unrine
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, United States; Kentucky Water Research Institute, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, United States
| | - Satish Myneni
- Department of Geosciences, Princeton Univ., Princeton, NJ 08544, United States
| | - Danielle R Nachman
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD, United States
| | - Huu Tuan Tran
- Laboratory of Ecology and Environmental Management, Science and Technology Advanced Institute, Van Lang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam; Faculty of Applied Technology, School of Technology, Van Lang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
| | - Ankur J Phillips
- Department of Microbiology, College of Basic Sciences and Humanities, Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand 263145, India
| | - Deyi Hou
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Yidong Wang
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Meththika Vithanage
- Ecosphere Resilience Research Centre, Faculty of Applied Sciences, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda, 10250, Sri Lanka; UWA School of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia; Sustainability Cluster, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun, India
| | - Lokesh P Padhye
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Tahereh Jasemi Zad
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Anna Heitz
- Curtin Water Quality Research Centre, Department of Chemistry, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, WA 6845, Australia
| | - Kadambot H M Siddique
- UWA School of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia; The UWA Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Hailong Wang
- Biochar Engineering Technology Research Center of Guangdong Province, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong 528000, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Soil Contamination Bioremediation of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311300, People's Republic of China
| | - Jörg Rinklebe
- University of Wuppertal, School of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Institute of Foundation Engineering, Water, and Waste-Management, Laboratory of Soil, and Groundwater-Management, Pauluskirchstraße 7, Wuppertal 42285, Germany
| | - M B Kirkham
- Department of Agronomy, Throckmorton Plant Sciences Center, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, United States
| | - Nanthi Bolan
- UWA School of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia; The UWA Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia; Healthy Environments And Lives (HEAL) National Research Network, Canberra, Australia
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Belaidi S, Sangare S, Remache W, Belattar S, Seraghni N, Sehili T. Enhanced degradation of 2,6-dimethylphenol by photocatalytic systems using TiO 2 assisted with H 2O 2 and Fe(III). ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2023; 44:1464-1477. [PMID: 34779714 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2021.2005686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In this study, several photocatalytic degradation systems were investigated using 2,6-dimethylphenol (2,6-DMP) as a model compound. Highly reactive species are formed in four systems, Fe(III), TiO2, TiO2/H2O2 and TiO2/Fe(III) where complete degradation of 2,6-DMP was achieved under UV radiation. Photodegradation of the 2,6-DMP has been described by pseudo-first order kinetic model in the presence of TiO2. In UV/TiO2-H2O2 system, the addition of H2O2 in the TiO2 suspension improves the degradation rate of 2,6-DMP from 70% to 100% for a H2O2 concentration of 10-2 M in 3 h. In homogeneous system, HO• and Fe2+ can be generated by the irradiation of Fe(III) solution. The speciation of Fe(III) obtained from Visual MINTEQ soft showed the formation of several species and Fe(OH)2+ were the most predominant and active species in a pH range of 2.5-3.5. At a low concentration of TiO2 (30 mg L-1), an important positive effect due to the iron addition has been shown in TiO2/Fe(III) system, the entrance of metallic ions at different concentrations enhanced the photocatalytic activity of TiO2. A degradation percentage of 90% was achieved in the UV/TiO2-Fe(III) system under optimal conditions against 57% in UV/TiO2 system. Strong synergistic effect was observed in the UV/TiO2-H2O2 binary system. On the basis of literature, a pathway for 2,6-DMP degradation was proposed. The mechanism of degradation of the 2,6-DMP did not involve only HO• radicals, an interaction of Fe(III) in the excited state with 2,6-DMP occurred giving rise to the formation of 2,6-dimethylphenoxyl radical.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Belaidi
- Faculty of Exact Sciences, Laboratory of Sciences and Technology of Environment, University of Constantine 1, Constantine, Algeria
| | - S Sangare
- Faculty of Exact Sciences, Laboratory of Sciences and Technology of Environment, University of Constantine 1, Constantine, Algeria
| | - W Remache
- Faculty of Exact Sciences, Laboratory of Sciences and Technology of Environment, University of Constantine 1, Constantine, Algeria
| | - S Belattar
- Faculty of Exact Sciences, Laboratory of Sciences and Technology of Environment, University of Constantine 1, Constantine, Algeria
| | - N Seraghni
- Faculty of Exact Sciences, Laboratory of Sciences and Technology of Environment, University of Constantine 1, Constantine, Algeria
| | - T Sehili
- Faculty of Exact Sciences, Laboratory of Sciences and Technology of Environment, University of Constantine 1, Constantine, Algeria
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Liao X, Cao J, Lei M, Zhang C, Hu L. Impact of manganese sulfide (MnS) oxygenation-induced oxidization on aqueous organic contaminants: Insight into the role of the hydroxyl radical (HO·). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 840:156702. [PMID: 35710007 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Revised: 05/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Manganese sulfide (MnS) has unique reactive abilities and can affect the fate and toxicity of contaminants in the natural environment, specifically sulfidic sediments that undergo biogeochemical changes due to natural and artificial processes. However, the effect of oxidization induced by the oxygenation of MnS on organic contaminants remains poorly understood. Herein, we revealed that the hydroxyl radical (HO·) was the dominant reactive oxidant for the rapid degradation of the assessed hydrophobic organic contaminants (including azo dye, nitroaromatic compounds, pesticide, and an endocrine disrupt chemical) during the oxygenation of MnS based on the competitive dynamic experiments, quenching experiments and electron spin resonance (ESR) methods. The removal rates of the assessed organic contaminants were significantly dependent on MnS dosage and co-solutes, including sediment humic acid, metal ions (Mn2+and Fe3+), and inorganic anions (PO43-and Cl-). HO· scavenging by sulfide and its oxidation products (e.g., elemental sulfur), rather than dissolved Mn2+, was responsible for the low utilization efficiency of HO· for the assessed contaminants. The contribution of the manganese oxide (MnO2) generated by the oxygenation of MnS to the examined degradation of contaminants could be neglected. Considered collectively, the reaction between H2O2 and MnO2 generated superoxide radicals (O2-·) which dominated the generation of HO· in an oxic MnS suspension. The results suggest that the impact of oxidization induced by the oxygenation of MnS on environmental contaminants should be of concern in both natural and engineered systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoping Liao
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, PR China.
| | - Jinru Cao
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, PR China
| | - Meng Lei
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, PR China
| | - Caixiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, PR China
| | - Lisong Hu
- School of Xingfa Mining Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, PR China
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Dong Y, Peng W, Liu Y, Wang Z. Photochemical origin of reactive radicals and halogenated organic substances in natural waters: A review. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 401:123884. [PMID: 33113752 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.123884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Halogenated organic compounds, also termed organohalogens, were initially regarded to be of almost exclusively anthropogenic origin. However, recent research has demonstrated that photochemical reactions are important abiotic sources of organohalogen compounds in sunlit surface waters. Halide ions (X-, X represents Cl, Br and I) are common anions in natural waters and might be oxidized by reactive species originated from photochemistry of dissolved organic matter (DOM) or inorganic photoactive species. The resulting reactive halogen species may react with organic substances with diverse bimolecular reaction rate constants, depending on the complexity and structure of organic substances. Therefore, the chemical mechanism of halogenation remains challenging to be fully elucidated. To better understand the trends in the existing data and to identify the knowledge gaps that may merit further investigation, this review gives an integrative summary on the sources of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and halogen radicals (X/X2-). Photochemical halogenation of phenolic compounds and formation of methyl halide and brominated organic pollutants are highlighted. By evaluating existing literature and identifying some uncertainties, this review emphasizes the environmental significance of sunlight-driven halogenation and proposes further research directions on mechanistic investigation and rational experimental design close to natural systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongxia Dong
- Shanghai Key Lab for Urban Ecological Processes and Eco-Restoration, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Wenya Peng
- Shanghai Key Lab for Urban Ecological Processes and Eco-Restoration, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Yunjiao Liu
- Shanghai Key Lab for Urban Ecological Processes and Eco-Restoration, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Zhaohui Wang
- Shanghai Key Lab for Urban Ecological Processes and Eco-Restoration, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Biotransformation of Organic Solid Waste, Shanghai 200241, China; Technology Innovation Center for Land Spatial Eco-restoration in Metropolitan Area, Ministry of Natural Resources, 3663 N. Zhongshan Road, Shanghai 200062, China.
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6
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Ruan Y, Dou Y, Chen J, Warren A, Li J, Lin X. Evaluation of phenol-induced ecotoxicity in two model ciliate species: Population growth dynamics and antioxidant enzyme activity. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2018; 166:176-185. [PMID: 30269012 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.09.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Revised: 09/08/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The application of identical exposure dosages in different species generally leads to a limited understanding of dose-response patterns because of species-specific factors. To evaluate phenol-induced ecotoxicity, antioxidant enzyme activity and population growth dynamics were compared in two model ciliates, the marine species Euplotes vannus and the freshwater species Paramecium multimicronucleatum. Dosage ranges of phenol exposure were based on tolerance limits of test ciliates as determined by their carrying capacity (K) and growth rate (r). When the exposure duration of phenol increased from 48 h to 96 h, the median effective dose (ED50) for P. multimicronucleatum decreased faster than that for E. vannus, and the ratio of the former to the latter declined from 2.75 to 0.30. When E. vannus was exposed to increasing concentrations of phenol (0-140 mg l-1), r rose initially and then dropped significantly at concentrations higher than 40 mg l-1, whereas K decreased linearly over the entire range. For P. multimicronucleatum, both r and K declined gradually over the range 0-200 mg l-1 phenol. Dose-response patterns of activities of three individual antioxidant enzymes, and the integrative index of the three enzymes, presented a biphasic (inverse U-shaped) curve at each of four durations of exposure, i.e. 12 h, 24 h, 36 h and 48 h. Cluster analyses and multidimensional scaling analyses of antioxidant enzyme activities revealed differences in the temporal succession of physiological states between the two model ciliates. In brief, combining ED50 with growth dynamic parameters is helpful for designing exposure dosages of toxicants in ecotoxicity tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Ruan
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity and Biomonitoring, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Yingfeng Dou
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity and Biomonitoring, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Jingyi Chen
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity and Biomonitoring, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Alan Warren
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UK
| | - Jiqiu Li
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity and Biomonitoring, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China.
| | - Xiaofeng Lin
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity and Biomonitoring, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
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Zhang YN, Wang J, Chen J, Zhou C, Xie Q. Phototransformation of 2,3-Dibromopropyl-2,4,6-tribromophenyl ether (DPTE) in Natural Waters: Important Roles of Dissolved Organic Matter and Chloride Ion. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:10490-10499. [PMID: 30141914 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b03258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Novel brominated flame retardants (NBFRs) have become ubiquitous emerging organic pollutants. However, little is known about their transformation in natural waters. In this study, aquatic photochemical behavior of a representative NBFR, 2,3-dibromopropyl-2,4,6-tribromophenyl ether (DPTE), was investigated by simulated sunlight irradiation experiment. Results show that DPTE can undergo direct photolysis (apparent quantum yield 0.008 ± 0.001) and hydroxyl radical (·OH) initiated oxidation (second order reaction rate constant 2.4 × 109 M-1·s-1). Dissolved organic matter (DOM) promotes the photodegradation due to generation of excited triplet DOM and ·OH. Two chlorinated intermediates were identified in the photodegradation of DPTE in seawaters. Density functional theory calculation showed that ·Cl or ·Cl2- addition reactions on C-Br sites of the phenyl group and H-abstraction reactions from the propyl group are main reaction pathways of DPTE with the chlorine radicals. The ·Cl or ·Cl2- addition proceeds via a replacement mechanism to form chlorinated intermediates. Environmental half-lives of DPTE relevant with photodegradation are estimated to be 6.5-1153.9 days in waters of the Yellow River estuarine region. This study provides valuable insights into the phototransformation behavior of DPTE in natural waters, which is helpful for persistence assessment of the NBFRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Nan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology , Dalian University of Technology , Dalian 116024 , China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Vegetation Restoration, School of Environment , Northeast Normal University , Changchun 130117 , China
| | - Jieqiong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology , Dalian University of Technology , Dalian 116024 , China
| | - Jingwen Chen
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology , Dalian University of Technology , Dalian 116024 , China
| | - Chengzhi Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology , Dalian University of Technology , Dalian 116024 , China
| | - Qing Xie
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology , Dalian University of Technology , Dalian 116024 , China
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Zhao J, Jiang Y, Kong M, Liu G, Dionysiou DD. Fe(III)-oxalate complex mediated phosphate released from diazinon photodegradation: Pathway signatures based on oxygen isotopes. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2018; 358:319-326. [PMID: 29990820 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2018.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Revised: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/01/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The photodegradation of organophosphorus pesticides has an important influence on their fate and bioavailability in the water environment. In this study, the kinetics and mechanisms of diazinon photodegradation by Fe(III)-oxalate complex have been determined. Special attention was given to the pathway by which phosphate is released following diazinon photodegradation, as assessed by HPLC-ESI-Q/TOF-MS coupled with oxygen isotope. The results showed that diazinon was stable under dark treatment. However, the degradation of diazinon was observed in the UV-only, UV-Fe(III), and UV-Fe(III)-oxalate treatments. The degradation rate constant is the largest in the UV-Fe(III)-oxalate treatment and clearly influenced by the pH and Fe(III) / oxalate ratio. The hydroxyl radical (OH) was the main reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the UV-Fe(III)-oxalate complex treatment and the steady-state concentration of OH was 5.75 × 10-14 M. The products analysis revealed that phosphate could be released during the photodegradation of diazinon; the intermediate products were diazonon, 2-hydroxydiazonon, hydroxydiazonon, hydrogen phosphorothioate, O,O-diethyl thiophosphate (DETP), diethyl phosphate (DEP) and pyrimidinol (IMP). Compound stable oxygen isotope analysis coupled to Q-TOF/MS revealed that the degradation of diazinon initiated by the P-O bond cleavage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianwei Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture/College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yongcan Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Minghao Kong
- Environmental Engineering and Science Program, Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA
| | - Guanglong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture/College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Environmental Engineering and Science Program, Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA.
| | - Dionysios D Dionysiou
- Environmental Engineering and Science Program, Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA.
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Zhang K, Parker KM. Halogen Radical Oxidants in Natural and Engineered Aquatic Systems. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:9579-9594. [PMID: 30080407 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b02219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Photochemical reactions contribute to the transformation of contaminants and biogeochemically important substrates in environmental aquatic systems. Recent research has demonstrated that halogen radicals (e.g., Cl•, Br•, Cl2•-, BrCl•-, Br2•-) impact photochemical processes in sunlit estuarine and coastal waters rich in halides (e.g., chloride, Cl-, and bromide, Br-). In addition, halogen radicals participate in contaminant degradation in some engineered processes, including chlorine photolysis for drinking water treatment and several radical-based processes for brine and wastewater treatment. Halogen radicals react selectively with substrates (with bimolecular rate constants spanning several orders of magnitude) and via several potential chemical mechanisms. Consequently, their role in photochemical processes remains challenging to assess. This review presents an integrative analysis of the chemistry of halogen radicals and their contribution to aquatic photochemistry in sunlit surface waters and engineered treatment systems. We evaluate existing data on the generation, speciation, and reactivity of halogen radicals, as well as experimental and computational approaches used to obtain this data. By evaluating existing data and identifying major uncertainties, this review provides a basis to assess the impact of halogen radicals on photochemical processes in both saline surface waters and engineered treatment systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Zhang
- Department of Energy, Environmental & Chemical Engineering , Washington University in St. Louis , Brauer Hall, 1 Brookings Dr. , St Louis , Missouri 63130 , United States
| | - Kimberly M Parker
- Department of Energy, Environmental & Chemical Engineering , Washington University in St. Louis , Brauer Hall, 1 Brookings Dr. , St Louis , Missouri 63130 , United States
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Ma J, Zhu C, Lu J, Ouyang B, Xie Q, Liu H, Peng S, Chen T. Kinetics analysis of interfacial electron-transfer processes in goethite suspensions systems. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 188:667-676. [PMID: 28923730 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2017] [Revised: 09/04/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The photochemical behavior of goethite has been one of the most important topics in the field of environmental science due to it plays a significant role in the removal and transformation process of numerous pollutants. However, the interfacial electron transfer process of goethite is not clear. Using a nanosecond laser flash photolysis spectrometer, we report the transient spectroscopic observations of interfacial electron-transfer reactions in goethite dispersion under UV irradiation. Excitation of goethite generated conduction-band electron (ecb-) and hole (h+). The conduction band electron (ecb-) reacted with an electron acceptor, methylviologen dichloride hydrate (MV2+), forming reduced methylviologen (MV+) with a second-order rate constant of (2.6 ± 0.3) × 109 L mol-1 s-1. The concentration of MV+ was strongly influenced by MV2+ initial concentration and pH values. The flat band potential of goethite was calculated to be Efb (goethite, pH = 7) = 0.24 V (vs NHE). Oxygen did not react with conduction band electron of goethite. The present study provides a reliable method to investigate the photo-induced interfacial charge transfer of goethite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianzhong Ma
- School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, PR China; Institute of Atmospheric Environment & Pollution Control, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, PR China
| | - Chengzhu Zhu
- School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, PR China; Institute of Atmospheric Environment & Pollution Control, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, PR China.
| | - Jun Lu
- Center of Analysis & Measurement, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, PR China
| | - Bin Ouyang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, Cambs, England
| | - Qiaoqin Xie
- School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, PR China
| | - Haibo Liu
- School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, PR China
| | - Shuchuan Peng
- School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, PR China
| | - Tianhu Chen
- School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, PR China
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11
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Jiang Y, Kang N, Zhou Y, Liu G, Zhu D. The role of Fe(III) on phosphate released during the photo-decomposition of organic phosphorus in deionized and natural waters. CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 164:208-214. [PMID: 27591372 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.08.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Revised: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 08/20/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The photo-decomposition of organic phosphorus is an important route for the phosphorus cycle by which phosphate is regenerated in the aquatic environment. In this study, the role of Fe3+ as a natural photosensitizer toward the decomposition of organic phosphorus to release phosphate was examined in deionized and natural waters under UV and sunlight irradiation using glyphosate as the organic phosphorus model. The results showed that the concentration of glyphosate decreased with irradiation time in the Fe3+/UV and Fe3+/sunlight systems and TOC gradually decreased, which confirmed that glyphosate was degraded by Fe3+. The amount of phosphate released from the photo-decomposition of glyphosate was higher in the presence of Fe3+ than that of the control experiment under UV and sunlight irradiation conditions, and the generation rate of phosphate also increased with increasing Fe3+concentrations. The formation of hydroxyl radicals (·OH) in the Fe3+/UV and Fe3+/sunlight systems was identified according to the photoluminescence spectra (PL) using coumarin as the trapping molecule, and the steady-state concentrations of ·OH for the Fe3+/UV and Fe3+/sunlight systems were 1.06 × 10-14 M and 0.09 × 10-14 M, respectively. When natural water was spiked with glyphosate and Fe3+, the phosphate that was released in the Fe3+ was higher than that of the control, and the phosphate that was released was inhibited when isopropanol was added to the reaction. All of these results demonstrate that the photochemical activity of Fe3+ has significantly impact in the release of phosphate from the photo-decomposition of organic phosphorus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongcan Jiang
- Lab of Eco-Environmental Engineering Research, College of Resources & Environment, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Naixin Kang
- Lab of Eco-Environmental Engineering Research, College of Resources & Environment, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yiyong Zhou
- Institute of Hydrobiology, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Guanglong Liu
- Lab of Eco-Environmental Engineering Research, College of Resources & Environment, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan 430070, China; Institute of Hydrobiology, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China.
| | - Duanwei Zhu
- Lab of Eco-Environmental Engineering Research, College of Resources & Environment, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan 430070, China
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Li Y, Qiao X, Zhang YN, Zhou C, Xie H, Chen J. Effects of halide ions on photodegradation of sulfonamide antibiotics: Formation of halogenated intermediates. WATER RESEARCH 2016; 102:405-412. [PMID: 27393965 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2016.06.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Revised: 06/19/2016] [Accepted: 06/25/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence of sulfonamide antibiotics (SAs) in estuarine waters urges insights into their environmental fate for ecological risk assessment. Although many studies focused on the photochemical behavior of SAs, yet the effects of halide ions relevant to estuarine and marine environments on their photodegradation have been poorly understood. Here, we investigated the effects of halide ions on the photodegradation of SAs with sulfapyridine, sulfamethazine, and sulfamethoxazole as representative compounds. Results showed that halide ions did not significantly impact the photodegradation of sulfapyridine and sulfamethoxazole, while they significantly promoted the photodegradation of sulfamethazine. Further experiments found that ionic strength applied with NaClO4 significantly enhanced the photodegradation of the SAs, which was attributed to the decreased quenching rate constant of the triplet-excited SAs ((3)SA(∗)). Compared with ionic strength, specific Cl(-) effects retarded the photodegradation of the SAs. Our study found that triplet-excited sulfamethazine can oxidize halide ions to produce halogen radicals, subsequently leading to the halogenation of sulfamethazine, which was confirmed by the identification of both chlorinated and brominated intermediates. These results indicate that halide ions play an important role in the photochemical behavior of some SAs in estuarine waters and seawater. The occurrence of halogenation for certain organic pollutants can be predicted by comparing the oxidation potentials of triplet-excited contaminants with those of halogen radicals. Our findings are helpful in understanding the photochemical behavior and assessing the ecological risks of SAs and other organic pollutants in estuarine and marine environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingjie Li
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Xianliang Qiao
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China.
| | - Ya-Nan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Chengzhi Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Huaijun Xie
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Jingwen Chen
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
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13
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Liu FJ, Huang BQ, Li SX, Zheng FY, Huang XG. Effect of nitrate enrichment and diatoms on the bioavailability of Fe(III) oxyhydroxide colloids in seawater. CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 147:105-113. [PMID: 26766021 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.12.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2015] [Revised: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The photoconversion of colloidal iron oxyhydroxides was a significant source of bioavailable iron in coastal systems. Diatoms dominate phytoplankton communities in coastal and upwelling regions. Diatoms are often exposed to eutrophication. We investigated the effects of different species of diatom, cell density, illumination period, and nitrate additions on the bioavailability of Fe(III) oxy-hydroxide colloids in seawaters. With the increase of illumination period from 1 to 4 h, the ratios of concentrations of total dissolved Fe (DFe) to colloidal iron oxyhydroxides and Fe(II) to DFe increased up to 24.3% and 23.9% for seawater without coastal diatoms, 45.6% and 30.2% for Skeletonema costatum, 44.3% and 29.7% for Thalassiosira weissflogii, respectively. The photochemical activity of coastal diatoms themselves (excluding the dissolved organic matter secreted by algae) on the species transformation of iron in seawater (including the light-induced dissolution of Fe(III) oxyhydroxide colloids and the photo-reduction of Fe(III) into Fe(II)) was confirmed for the first time. There was no significant difference of the ability of S. costatum and Thalassiosira weissflogii on the photoconversion of colloidal iron oxyhydroxides. The photoproduction of dissolved Fe(II) and DFe in the seawater with or without diatoms could be depressed by the nitrate addition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng-Jiao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, Ministry of Education, Xiamen University, 361005, China; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Coastal Ecology and Environmental Studies, Xiamen University, 361005, China
| | - Bang-Qin Huang
- Key Laboratory of Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, Ministry of Education, Xiamen University, 361005, China; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Coastal Ecology and Environmental Studies, Xiamen University, 361005, China.
| | - Shun-Xing Li
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Modern Analytical Science and Separation Technology, Minnan Normal University, Zhangzhou, 363000, China.
| | - Feng-Ying Zheng
- College of Chemistry and Environment, Minnan Normal University, Zhangzhou, 363000, China; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Modern Analytical Science and Separation Technology, Minnan Normal University, Zhangzhou, 363000, China
| | - Xu-Guang Huang
- College of Chemistry and Environment, Minnan Normal University, Zhangzhou, 363000, China; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Modern Analytical Science and Separation Technology, Minnan Normal University, Zhangzhou, 363000, China
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14
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Leri AC, Ravel B. Abiotic Bromination of Soil Organic Matter. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:13350-9. [PMID: 26468620 PMCID: PMC4950848 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b03937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Biogeochemical transformations of plant-derived soil organic matter (SOM) involve complex abiotic and microbially mediated reactions. One such reaction is halogenation, which occurs naturally in the soil environment and has been associated with enzymatic activity of decomposer organisms. Building on a recent finding that naturally produced organobromine is ubiquitous in SOM, we hypothesized that inorganic bromide could be subject to abiotic oxidations resulting in bromination of SOM. Through lab-based degradation treatments of plant material and soil humus, we have shown that abiotic bromination of particulate organic matter occurs in the presence of a range of inorganic oxidants, including hydrogen peroxide and assorted forms of ferric iron, producing both aliphatic and aromatic forms of organobromine. Bromination of oak and pine litter is limited primarily by bromide concentration. Fresh plant material is more susceptible to bromination than decayed litter and soil humus, due to a labile pool of mainly aliphatic compounds that break down during early stages of SOM formation. As the first evidence of abiotic bromination of particulate SOM, this study identifies a mechanistic source of the natural organobromine in humic substances and the soil organic horizon. Formation of organobromine through oxidative treatments of plant material also provides insights into the relative stability of aromatic and aliphatic components of SOM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra C. Leri
- Department of Natural Sciences, Marymount Manhattan College, 221 E 71 St., New York, NY 10021, USA
- Corresponding author
| | - Bruce Ravel
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive MS 8520, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
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15
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Zhao Q, Zhao H, Quan X, He X, Chen S. Photochemical Formation of Hydroxylated Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (OH-PBDEs) from Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBDEs) in Aqueous Solution under Simulated Solar Light Irradiation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:9092-9099. [PMID: 26134578 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b01240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Hydroxylated polybrominated diphenyl ethers (OH-PBDEs) are of great concern due to their higher toxicity compared to PBDEs. However, the abiologic process whereby PBDEs are converted to OH-PBDEs in the aquatic environment is not well understood. To explore the possibility of OH-PBDEs photoformation in natural water, the photohydroxylation of BDE-47 has been investigated in aqueous Fe(III) and/or fulvic acid (FA) solutions and in natural lake water under simulated solar light irradiation. The results showed that 6-OH-BDE-47 and 2'-OH-BDE-68 were generated from BDE-47 under these conditions. Based on the identification of derivatives and reactive radicals, OH-PBDEs formation can be ascribed to an addition reaction of ortho-tetra-BDE radical and hydroxyl radical ((•)OH), with or without a subsequent Smiles rearrangement reaction. Since the ortho-tetra-BDE radical could be readily produced by the photolysis of BDE-47, even in pure water, (•)OH production was considered as critical for the photoformation of OH-PBDEs. Thus, it is reasonable to deduce that the photoreactive components (Fe(III), FA) in aqueous solution played an important role through influencing (•)OH generation. Although the yields of OH-PBDEs did not increase regularly with increasing concentration of these photoreactive components in solution, this study suggests a possible abiotic origin of OH-PBDEs formation in the aquatic environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education, China), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Huimin Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education, China), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Xie Quan
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education, China), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Xin He
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education, China), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Shuo Chen
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education, China), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
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16
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Calza P, Vione D, Minero C. The role of humic and fulvic acids in the phototransformation of phenolic compounds in seawater. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2014; 493:411-418. [PMID: 24954562 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.05.145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2014] [Revised: 05/29/2014] [Accepted: 05/30/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Humic substances (HS) are known to act as photosensitizers toward the transformation of pollutants in the surface layer of natural waters. This study focused on the role played by HS toward the transformation of xenobiotics in seawater, with the purpose of assessing the prevailing degradation routes. Phenol was chosen as model xenobiotic and its transformation was investigated under simulated sunlight in the presence of terrestrial or marine humic and fulvic acids, in pure water at pH8, artificial seawater (ASW) or natural seawater (NSW). The following parameters were determined: (1) the phenol degradation rate; (2) the variation in HS concentration with irradiation time; (3) the production of transformation products; (4) the influence of iron species on the transformation process. Faster transformation of phenol was observed with humic acids (HA) compared to fulvic acids (SRFA), and transformation induced by both HA and SRFA was faster in ASW than that in pure water. These observations can be explained by assuming an interplay between different competing and sometimes opposite processes, including the competition between chloride, bromide and dissolved oxygen for reaction with HS triplet states. The analysis of intermediates formed in the different matrices under study showed the formation of several hydroxylated (hydroquinone, 1,4-benzoquinone, resorcinol) and condensed compounds (2,2'-bisphenol, 4,4'-bisphenol, 4-phenoxyphenol). Although 1,4-benzoquinone was the main transformation product, formation of condensed molecules was significant with both HA and SRFA. Experiments on natural seawater spiked with HS confirmed the favored formation of condensed products, suggesting a key role of humic matter in dimerization reactions occurring in saline water.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Calza
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Torino, via P. Giuria 5, 10125 Torino, Italy.
| | - D Vione
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Torino, via P. Giuria 5, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - C Minero
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Torino, via P. Giuria 5, 10125 Torino, Italy
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17
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Méndez-Díaz JD, Shimabuku KK, Ma J, Enumah ZO, Pignatello JJ, Mitch WA, Dodd MC. Sunlight-driven photochemical halogenation of dissolved organic matter in seawater: a natural abiotic source of organobromine and organoiodine. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2014; 48:7418-7427. [PMID: 24933183 DOI: 10.1021/es5016668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Reactions of dissolved organic matter (DOM) with photochemically generated reactive halogen species (RHS) may represent an important natural source of organohalogens within surface seawaters. However, investigation of such processes has been limited by difficulties in quantifying low dissolved organohalogen concentrations in the presence of background inorganic halides. In this work, sequential solid phase extraction (SPE) and silver-form cation exchange filtration were utilized to desalt and preconcentrate seawater DOM prior to nonspecific organohalogen analysis by ICP-MS. Using this approach, native organobromine and organoiodine contents were found to range from 3.2-6.4 × 10(-4) mol Br/mol C and 1.1-3.8 × 10(-4) mol I/mol C (or 19-160 nmol Br L(-1) and 6-36 nmol I L(-1)) within a wide variety of natural seawater samples, compared with 0.6-1.2 × 10(-4) mol Br/mol C and 0.6-1.1 × 10(-5) mol I/mol C in terrestrial natural organic matter (NOM) isolates. Together with a chemical probe method specific for RHS, the SPE+ICP-MS approach was also employed to demonstrate formation of nanomolar levels of organobromine and organoiodine during simulated and natural solar irradiation of DOM in artificial and natural seawaters. In a typical experiment, the organobromine content of 2.1 × 10(-4) mol C L(-1) (2.5 mg C L(-1)) of Suwannee River NOM in artificial seawater increased by 69% (from 5.9 × 10(-5) to 1.0 × 10(-4) mol Br/mol C) during exposure to 24 h of simulated sunlight. Increasing I(-) concentrations (up to 2.0 × 10(-7) mol L(-1)) promoted increases of up to 460% in organoiodine content (from 8.5 × 10(-6) to 4.8 × 10(-5) mol I/mol C) at the expense of organobromine formation under the same conditions. The results reported herein suggest that sunlight-driven reactions of RHS with DOM may play a significant role in marine bromine and iodine cycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Diego Méndez-Díaz
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington 98195-2700, United States
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18
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Calza P, Vione D, Novelli A, Pelizzetti E, Minero C. The role of nitrite and nitrate ions as photosensitizers in the phototransformation of phenolic compounds in seawater. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2012; 439:67-75. [PMID: 23063640 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2012] [Revised: 09/07/2012] [Accepted: 09/07/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Nitrite and nitrate are known to be involved in photochemical processes occurring in natural waters. In this study we have investigated the role played by these photosensitizers towards the transformation of xenobiotic organic matter in marine water, with the goal of assessing the typical transformation routes induced in seawater by irradiated nitrite/nitrate. For this purpose, phenol was chosen as model molecule. Phenol transformation was investigated under simulated solar radiation in the presence of nitrite (in the range of 1 × 10(-5)-1 × 10(-2)M) or nitrate ions, in pure water at pH 8, in artificial seawater (containing same dissolved salts as seawater but no organic matter), and in natural seawater. In all experiments, phenol degradation rate and formation of intermediates were assessed. As expected, phenol disappearance rate decreased with decreasing nitrite concentration and was slightly reduced by the presence of chloride. Other salts present in artificial seawater (e.g. HCO(3)(-), CO(3)(2-) and Br(-)) had a more marked effect on phenol transformation. Analysis of intermediates formed in the different matrices under study showed generation of hydroxyl-, nitro- and chloroderivatives of phenol, to a different extent depending on experimental conditions. 1,4-Benzoquinone prevailed in all cases, nitroderivatives were only formed with nitrite but were not detected in nitrate-spiked solutions. Competition was observed between halogenation and nitration of phenol, with variable outcome depending on nitrite concentration. The most likely reason is competition between nitrating and halogenating species for reaction with the phenoxyl radical. A kinetic model able to justify the occurrence of different intermediates under the adopted conditions is presented and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Calza
- Università degli Studi di Torino, Dipartimento di Chimica, Via P. Giuria 5, 10125 Torino, Italy.
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Calza P, Campra L, Pelizzetti E, Minero C. Role of H2O2 in the photo-transformation of phenol in artificial and natural seawater. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2012; 431:84-91. [PMID: 22664542 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2012] [Revised: 05/08/2012] [Accepted: 05/08/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
In previous works, it was observed that phenol photo-induced transformation in natural seawater (NSW) mediated by natural photosensitizers occurs and leads to the formation of numerous hydroxylated, condensed, halogenated and nitroderivatives. Irradiation of NSW added with phenol and iron species had provided the enhanced formation of several halophenols, suggesting a central role played by iron species on the phenol halogenation in marine water. In this paper, we focus on hydrogen peroxide, another key photosensitizer, and its interaction with iron species. The ability of Fe(II)/Fe(III) and H(2)O(2) species to act as photo-sensitizers towards the transformation of organic compounds in seawater was investigated under simulated solar radiation. Light activation is necessary to induce the transformation of phenol, as no degradation occurs in the dark when either H(2)O(2) or iron/H(2)O(2) are initially added to artificial seawater (ASW). Fe(II) is easily transformed into Fe(III), assessing that a Fenton reaction (dark, Fe(II)/H(2)O(2)) does not take place in marine environment, in favour of a photo-activated reaction involving Fe(III) and H(2)O(2). When NSW is spiked with H(2)O(2) and Fe(III), halophenols' and nitrophenols' concentration decreases and completely disappears at high hydrogen peroxide concentration. Since Fe(II) and Fe(III) in spiked seawater induce an enhanced formation of haloderivatives, an excess of hydrogen peroxide act as scavenger towards the photo-produced chloro/bromo radicals, so hindering halogenation process in seawater. Hence, even if hydrogen peroxide efficiently induces the ·OH radical formation, and could then promote the phenol phototransformation, nevertheless it is negligibly involved in the production of the intermediates formed during phenol photolysis in seawater, whose formation is necessarily linked to other photosensitizer species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Calza
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Torino, via P. Giuria 5, 10125 Torino, Italy.
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