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Xu F, Wang B, Hu J, Cai N, Han L, Jiang M, Zhao Y, Zhu B. Optimization of benzene exposure risk assessment: An integrated approach utilizing internal and external concentrations with a focus on biomarkers S-PMA & t, t-MA. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 926:171719. [PMID: 38490405 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
In the majority of occupational settings within China, the concentrations of benzene are observed to fall markedly below the demarcated detection thresholds. Employing traditional risk assessment models, the presence of exceptionally low airborne benzene exposure concentrations may infuse heightened degrees of uncertainty. Consequently, the necessity arises to investigate risk assessment methodologies more apt for the prevalent exposure environment among employees. In the present study, a pharmacokinetic model premised on urinary benzene metabolites (S-PMA and t, t-MA) was employed to ascertain a more precise daily airborne benzene exposure concentration per individual. This value was integrated into the linear multistage model as the 'internal exposure concentration'. In conjunction with the U.S National Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) inhalation risk assessment model predicated on the external exposure concentration, the Singapore Ministry of Manpower's (MOM) model, and the linear multistage (LMS) model, the carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic effects of benzene were evaluated for 1781 benzene-exposed employees across 76 enterprises in Jiangsu Province. Findings suggest that in the linear multilevel model assessment, the cancer risk levels based on t, t-MA and S-PMA were higher in the printing and recording media reproduction industry, automobile manufacturing industry, general equipment manufacturing industry and the furniture manufacturing industry (median 2.842 × 10-4, 2.819 × 10-4, 2.809 × 10-4, and 2.678 × 10-4), which align more consistently with the actual benzene exposure circumstances of each industry's study participants, with overall risk levels calculated by the linear multistage model exceeding those of the EPA inhalation risk assessment model and the MOM model. This implies that the linear multistage model of internal exposure, based on the reciprocal of benzene biomarkers S-PMA and t, t-MA for airborne benzene exposure, presents enhanced sensitivity and suitability for the current occupational health risk assessment of workers. Without doubt, biomarker-based benzene exposure risk assessment emerges as the optimal choice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanwei Xu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering of Ministry of Education, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Boshen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering of Ministry of Education, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China; Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Nanjing 210000, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Preventive Medical Association, Nanjing 210000, Jiangsu, China
| | - Juan Hu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering of Ministry of Education, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Na Cai
- Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Lei Han
- Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Nanjing 210000, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Preventive Medical Association, Nanjing 210000, Jiangsu, China
| | - Minyun Jiang
- Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Yuan Zhao
- Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Nanjing 210000, Jiangsu, China
| | - Baoli Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering of Ministry of Education, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China; Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Nanjing 210000, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Preventive Medical Association, Nanjing 210000, Jiangsu, China; Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China.
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Moghadasi A, Yousefinejad S, Soleimani E. False positives and false negatives in benzene biological monitoring. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 243:117836. [PMID: 38065394 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.117836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 11/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/06/2024]
Abstract
Benzene is a commonly used industrial chemical that is a significant environmental pollutant. Occupational health specialists and industrial toxicologists are concerned with determining the exact amount of exposure to chemicals in the workplace. There are two main approaches to assess chemical exposure; air monitoring and biological monitoring. Air monitoring has limitations, which biological monitoring overcomes and could be used as a supplement to it. However, there are several factors that influence biological monitoring results. It would be possible to assess exposure more accurately if these factors were taken into account. This study aimed to review published papers for recognizing and discussing parameters that could affect benzene biological monitoring. Two types of effects can be distinguished: positive and negative effects. Factors causing positive effects will increase the metabolite concentration in urine more than expected. Furthermore, the parameters that decrease the urinary metabolite level were referred to as false negatives. From the papers, sixteen influential factors were extracted that might affect benzene biological monitoring results. Identified factors were clarified in terms of their nature and mechanism of action. It is also important to note that some factors influence the quantity and quality of the influence of other factors. As a result of this study, a decision-making protocol was developed for interpreting the final results of benzene biological monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abolfazl Moghadasi
- Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Department of Occupational Health Engineering, School of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Saeed Yousefinejad
- Department of Occupational Health Engineering, School of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Esmaeel Soleimani
- Department of Occupational Health Engineering, School of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
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Pan S, Li X, Xu X, Zhang D, Xu Z. Synthesis and application of quaternary amine-functionalized core-shell-shell magnetic polymers for determination of metabolites of benzene, toluene and xylene in human urine samples and study of exposure assessment. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1708:464320. [PMID: 37669614 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023]
Abstract
As production processes have evolved, airborne concentrations of benzene, toluene and xylene in many workplaces are already well below the occupational exposure limits. However, studies have shown that low levels of exposure to benzene, toluene and xylene can still cause health effects in people exposed occupationally. However, there is no literature on health risk assessment of internal exposure. In view of this, an analytical method based on quaternary amine-functionalized core-shell-shell magnetic polymers (QA-CSS-MPs) was developed for the determination of seven metabolites in urine by MSPE-UPLC-DAD-HRMS. Furthermore, an improved QuEChERS method for the extraction of seven metabolites from human urine samples was introduced for the first time and satisfactory extraction rates were achieved. In addition, QA-CSS-MPs microspheres with core-shell-shell structure were designed and synthesized, and the morphology, composition and magnetic properties of the materials were fully characterized to verify the rationality of the synthetic route. Subsequently, QA-CSS-MPs microspheres were used as magnetic solid-phase extraction (MSPE) adsorbents for the purification of urine extracts, and UPLC-DAD-HRMS was used for the detection of seven metabolites. As a result, this method allows the accurate determination of seven metabolites in urine samples over an ultra-wide concentration range (0.001-100 mg/L). Under optimal experimental conditions, i.e., 2% hydrochloric acid in urine for the hydrolysis and 20 mg of QA-CSS-MPs for 5 min purification, the spiked recoveries of the seven target metabolites ranged from 81.5% to 117.7% with RSDs of 1.0%-9.4%. The limits of detection (LODs, S/N≥3) for the established method were in the range of 0.2-0.3 μg/L. The developed method was applied to 254 human urine samples for the determination of seven metabolites. The results showed that the concentration distributions of three xylene metabolites in urine, 2-MHA, 3-MHA, 4-MHA and total MHA, showed statistically significant differences for occupational exposure (p<0.001). In addition, the results of the internal exposure assessment showed that there is a high potential health risk associated with occupational exposure processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengdong Pan
- Key Laboratory of Health Risk Appraisal for Trace Toxic Chemicals of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315010, China.
| | - Xiaohai Li
- Key Laboratory of Health Risk Appraisal for Trace Toxic Chemicals of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315010, China
| | - Xinwu Xu
- Cixi Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315300, China
| | - Dandan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Health Risk Appraisal for Trace Toxic Chemicals of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315010, China
| | - Zemin Xu
- Ningbo Kangning Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315201, China
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Harrath AH, Alrezaki A, Jalouli M, Al-Dawood N, Dahmash W, Mansour L, Sirotkin A, Alwasel S. Benzene exposure causes structural and functional damage in rat ovaries: occurrence of apoptosis and autophagy. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:76275-76285. [PMID: 35666417 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-21289-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Studies to date have provided evidence for damage that can occur from hydrocarbon benzene on different tissues/organs. However, little is known regarding the possible influence of this hydrocarbon on female reproduction. In this study, female Wistar rats were treated with low (2000 ppm), middle (4000 ppm), and high (8000 ppm) doses of benzene by inhalation for 30 min daily for 28 days. Benzene exposure adversely affected ovarian function and structure by inducing histopathological changes and altering reproductive steroid hormone release. In addition, benzene-exposed ovaries exhibited increased TMR red fluorescent signals at middle and high doses, revealing significant apoptosis. Interestingly, the investigation of the autophagic protein marker LC3 showed that this protein significantly increased in all benzene-treated ovaries, indicating the occurrence of autophagy. Moreover, ovaries from benzene-treated groups exhibited differential regulation of several specific genes involved in ovarian folliculogenesis and steroidogenesis, including the INSL3, CCND1, IGF-1, CYP17a, LHR, ATG5, and GDF9 genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdel Halim Harrath
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Abdulkarem Alrezaki
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maroua Jalouli
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nouf Al-Dawood
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Waleed Dahmash
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Lamjed Mansour
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Alexander Sirotkin
- Department of Zoology and Anthropology, Constantine the Philosopher University, 949 74, Nitra, Slovakia
| | - Saleh Alwasel
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
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Ye H, Shao J, Shi Y, Tan S, Su K, Zhang L, Shan X. Magnetic molecularly imprinted polymers for extraction of S-phenylmercapturic acid from urine samples followed by high-performance liquid chromatography. J Mol Recognit 2021; 34:e2930. [PMID: 34432338 DOI: 10.1002/jmr.2930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
In this study, magnetic molecularly imprinted polymers (MMIPs) were prepared and used as sorbents for extraction of S-phenylmercapturic acid (S-PMA) from urine samples, followed by high-performance liquid chromatography ultraviolet-visible (HPLC-UV/Vis) analysis. The MMIPs were synthesized by the copolymerization reaction of (phenylthio) acetic acid (template molecule), methacrylic acid (functional monomers) and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (cross-linkers). The morphology, structure property and surface groups of the prepared MMIPs were characterized by scan electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction pattern, thermogravimetric analyses, Brunauer-Emmett-Teller and vibrating sample magnetometer. The selectivity of the MMIPs was investigated in the presence of interferents. Various parameters affecting the S-PMA extraction efficiency were investigated, including MMIPs amount, pH, sample volume, desorption solvent, as well as extraction and desorption time. The obtained optimal parameters were as follows: MMIPs amount (20 mg), pH (3.0), sample volume (5 mL), desorption solvent (methanol/acetic acid [9/1, v/v]), extraction time (30 minutes) and desorption time (2 minutes). The method was validated according to the Food and Drug Administration Guidance for Industry on Bioanalytical Method Validation. The calibration curve for the analyte was linear in the concentration range of 0.030-1.0 mg/L (r = 0.9995). The LOD and LOQ of the method were 0.0080 and 0.0267 mg/L, respectively. The enrichment factor of the MMIPs was 5. The relative standard deviations of intra- and inter-day tests were in the range of 3.8-5.1% and 3.9-6.3%, respectively. The recoveries at three different concentrations of 0.10, 0.50 and 0.80 mg/L ranged between 95.2% and 98.6%. In addition, the MMIPs could be reused for at least eight times. The proposed method was successfully applied to the determination of S-PMA in urine samples. In addition, this developed method could be used as a tool in the early screening and clinical diagnosis of benzene intoxication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haipeng Ye
- Laboratory of Health testing, Hangzhou Occupational Disease Prevention and Control Hospital, Wenhui Street, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ji Shao
- Laboratory of Health testing, Hangzhou Occupational Disease Prevention and Control Hospital, Wenhui Street, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yanpeng Shi
- Laboratory of Health testing, Hangzhou Occupational Disease Prevention and Control Hospital, Wenhui Street, Hangzhou, China
| | - Siwei Tan
- Laboratory of Health testing, Hangzhou Occupational Disease Prevention and Control Hospital, Wenhui Street, Hangzhou, China
| | - Kewen Su
- Laboratory of Health testing, Hangzhou Occupational Disease Prevention and Control Hospital, Wenhui Street, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ling Zhang
- Laboratory of Health testing, Hangzhou Occupational Disease Prevention and Control Hospital, Wenhui Street, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyue Shan
- Laboratory of Health testing, Hangzhou Occupational Disease Prevention and Control Hospital, Wenhui Street, Hangzhou, China
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Schwedler G, Murawski A, Schmied-Tobies MIH, Rucic E, Scherer M, Pluym N, Scherer G, Bethke R, Kolossa-Gehring M. Benzene metabolite SPMA and acrylamide metabolites AAMA and GAMA in urine of children and adolescents in Germany - human biomonitoring results of the German Environmental Survey 2014-2017 (GerES V). ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 192:110295. [PMID: 33065072 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.110295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Benzene and acrylamide are carcinogenic substances contained inter alia in tobacco smoke. The mercapturic acid metabolites of benzene, N-acetyl-S-phenyl-L-cysteine (SPMA), and of acrylamide, N-acetyl-S-(3-amino-3-oxopropyl)-cysteine (AAMA) and N-acetyl-S-(3-amino-2-hydroxy-3-oxopropyl)-cysteine (GAMA), were analysed in 2260 first-morning void urine samples from children and adolescents aged 3-17 years, participating in the population-representative German Environmental Survey on Children and Adolescents, GerES V 2014-2017. SPMA was detected in 98% of the participants with a geometric mean (GM) of 0.097 μg/L urine. Smokers had about 10-fold higher levels of the benzene metabolite SPMA than non-smokers. The sample comprises of 48 self-reported smokers, mainly in the oldest age group (14-17-year-olds). Second-hand smoke exposure, living near busy or very busy roads, and using domestic fuels for heating were additionally associated with higher benzene metabolite levels. SPMA levels in GerES V were lower compared to levels found in other countries, which in part however may reflect different proportions of smokers. The acrylamide metabolites AAMA and GAMA were detected in 100% of the participants with a GM of 72.6 μg/L urine for AAMA and 15.0 μg/L urine for GAMA. Smoking children and adolescents had about 2.5-fold higher AAMA levels than non-smoking ones. The frequency of consumption of french-fried potatoes and potato crisps consumption was also positively associated with urinary AAMA and GAMA levels. Compared to the urinary AAMA and GAMA levels in Germany and other countries, levels in GerES V tended to be higher than in the few studies reported. The urinary levels of the benzene biomarker SPMA, and the acrylamide biomarkers AAMA and GAMA build the basis to derive reference values for the exposure of children and adolescents in Germany. The results reveal options for exposure reduction mainly in personal choices regarding smoking and diet, but also requiring policy to maintain efforts in non-smoking regulations and improving ambient air quality. Providing these results also to the European HBM Initiative HBM4EU will contribute to gain knowledge on the exposure of the European population, the health impact of carcinogens and thus providing support for substantiated exposure assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Enrico Rucic
- German Environment Agency (UBA), Berlin, Germany
| | - Max Scherer
- ABF Analytisch-Biologisches Forschungslabor GmbH, Planegg, Germany
| | - Nikola Pluym
- ABF Analytisch-Biologisches Forschungslabor GmbH, Planegg, Germany
| | - Gerhard Scherer
- ABF Analytisch-Biologisches Forschungslabor GmbH, Planegg, Germany
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Rouget F, Bihannic A, Cordier S, Multigner L, Meyer-Monath M, Mercier F, Pladys P, Garlantezec R. Petroleum and Chlorinated Solvents in Meconium and the Risk of Hypospadias: A Pilot Study. Front Pediatr 2021; 9:640064. [PMID: 34150682 PMCID: PMC8206475 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2021.640064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Hypospadias is a male congenital malformation that occurs in ~2 of 1,000 births. The association between hypospadias and fetal exposure to environmental chemicals has been studied, but the results are inconsistent. Although several petroleum and chlorinated solvents are suspected to have teratogenic effects, their role in the occurrence of hypospadias has been little studied and never using biomarkers of exposure. We aimed to evaluate the association between fetal exposure to petroleum and chlorinated solvents measured in meconium and the occurrence of hypospadias. Methods: We conducted a pilot case-control study in the maternity of the University Hospital of Rennes (France). Eleven cases of hypospadias and 46 controls were recruited between October 2012 and January 2014. Data from hospital records and maternal self-reported questionnaires, including socio-demographic characteristics and occupational and non-occupational exposure to chemicals, were collected. Meconium samples were collected using a standardized protocol. Levels of petroleum solvents (toluene, benzene, ethylbenzene, and p, m, and o xylene), certain metabolites (mandelic acid, hippuric acid, methylhippuric acid, S-phenylmercapturic acid, S-benzylmercapturic acid, and phenylglyoxylic acid), and two chlorinated solvents (trichloroethylene and tetrachloroethylene) were measured in meconium by gas and liquid chromatography, both coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. Associations between the concentration of each chemical and the occurrence of hypospadias were analyzed using exact logistic regressions adjusted for maternal age, educational level, pre-pregnancy body mass index, and alcohol, and tobacco consumption during pregnancy. Results are presented with odds ratios (ORs) and their 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Results: Quantification rates for petroleum and chlorinated solvents or metabolites ranged from 2.2% (for methylhippuric acid) to 77.1% (for trichloroethylene) of the meconium samples. We found a significant association between the quantification of phenylglyoxylic acid (metabolite of styrene and ethylbenzene) in the meconium and a higher risk of hypospadias (OR = 14.2, 95% CI [2.5-138.7]). The risk of hypospadias was non-significantly elevated for most of the other solvents and metabolites. Conclusion: This exploratory study, on a limited number of cases, suggests an association between petroleum solvents and hypospadias. Additional studies are needed to confirm these results and identify the determinants for the presence of these solvents in meconium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence Rouget
- CHU Rennes, Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail)-UMR_S 1085, Rennes, France.,Brittany Registry of Congenital Anomalies, CHU Rennes, Rennes, France
| | - Adèle Bihannic
- Brittany Registry of Congenital Anomalies, CHU Rennes, Rennes, France
| | - Sylvaine Cordier
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail)-UMR_S 1085, Rennes, France
| | - Luc Multigner
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail)-UMR_S 1085, Rennes, France
| | | | - Fabien Mercier
- LERES, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail)-UMR_S 1085, Rennes, France
| | - Patrick Pladys
- Univ Rennes, CHU Rennes, Inserm, LTSI-UMR 1099, Rennes, France
| | - Ronan Garlantezec
- CHU Rennes, Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail)-UMR_S 1085, Rennes, France
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Astolfi ML, Vitali M, Marconi E, Martellucci S, Mattei V, Canepari S, Protano C. Urinary Mercury Levels and Predictors of Exposure among a Group of Italian Children. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17249225. [PMID: 33321748 PMCID: PMC7763174 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17249225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Urinary mercury (Hg) levels are suitable to assess long-term exposure to both elemental and inorganic Hg. In this study, the urinary Hg levels of 250 children (aged 6–11 years) from three areas with different anthropogenic impacts in the Rieti province, central Italy, were assessed. The Hg concentrations were in the range of 0.04–2.18 µg L−1 with a geometric mean equal to 0.18 µg L−1 [95% confidence interval (CI), 0.17–0.20 µg L−1] or 0.21 µg g−1 creatinine (95% CI, 0.19–0.23 µg g−1 creatinine), and a reference value calculated as 95th percentile of 0.53 µg L−1 (95% CI, 0.44–0.73 µg L−1) or 0.55 µg g−1 creatinine (95% CI, 0.50–0.83 µg g−1 creatinine). In all cases, urinary Hg data were below the HBM-I values (7 µg L−1 or 5 µg g−1 creatinine) established for urine, while the 95th percentile was above the German Human Biomonitoring Commission’s RV95 (0.4 µg L−1) set for children without amalgam fillings. A significant correlation (p < 0.05) was found between creatinine-corrected results and residence area, with higher urinary Hg levels in children living in the industrial area. Multiple linear regression analysis showed that creatinine was the main predictor of urinary Hg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Luisa Astolfi
- Department of Chemistry, “Sapienza” University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-06-4991-3384
| | - Matteo Vitali
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, “Sapienza” University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (M.V.); (E.M.); (C.P.)
| | - Elisabetta Marconi
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, “Sapienza” University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (M.V.); (E.M.); (C.P.)
| | - Stefano Martellucci
- Biomedicine and Advanced Technologies Rieti Center, “Sabina Universitas”, 02100 Rieti, Italy; (S.M.); (V.M.)
| | - Vincenzo Mattei
- Biomedicine and Advanced Technologies Rieti Center, “Sabina Universitas”, 02100 Rieti, Italy; (S.M.); (V.M.)
| | - Silvia Canepari
- Department of Chemistry, “Sapienza” University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy;
| | - Carmela Protano
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, “Sapienza” University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (M.V.); (E.M.); (C.P.)
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Protano C, Astolfi ML, Marconi E, Antonucci A, Canepari S, Piamonti D, Brunori M, Vitali M. Occupational Exposure Assessment of Major and Trace Elements in Human Scalp Hair Among a Group of Eritrean Workers. Biol Trace Elem Res 2020; 197:89-100. [PMID: 31792772 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-019-01988-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to evaluate occupational exposure to 40 elements among a group of Eritrean adults employed at the Medeber metal market by analysing human scalp hair samples and by investigating the role of some predictors (gender, age, and body mass index-BMI) on their levels. Scalp hair samples were collected from 60 subjects (32 subjects working at the Medeber metal market and 28 subjects not working at Medeber and not employed in other industrial or artisanal activities) and were analysed through inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry to determine the contents of 40 major and trace elements. Information on participants was collected via questionnaire. Significant differences were found in the hair levels of certain elements between subjects working at the Medeber metal market and subjects not exposed. In particular, working at the Medeber metal market increased hair levels of Be, B, Cu, Zn, Mo, Cd, Sb, Tl, Pb, and Fe from 25 to 100%, while reduced Na, K, and Rb levels from 30 to 50%. With multivariate adjustment for age, gender, and BMI, the results confirm that working at Medeber significantly increased the hair levels of Cu, Zn, Sb, Pb, and Fe. This finding reveals the need for more accurate and routine biomonitoring surveys and the necessity of health promotion campaigns both for local decision-makers and workers to increase health promotion and safety in this workplace.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmela Protano
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Disease, Sapienza University, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, I-00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Luisa Astolfi
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, I-00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Marconi
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Disease, Sapienza University, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, I-00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Arianna Antonucci
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Disease, Sapienza University, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, I-00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Silvia Canepari
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, I-00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Daniel Piamonti
- Department of Cardiovascular, Respiratory, Nephrology, Anaesthesiology and Geriatric Science, Sapienza University, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, I-00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Brunori
- Department of Cardiovascular, Respiratory, Nephrology, Anaesthesiology and Geriatric Science, Sapienza University, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, I-00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Matteo Vitali
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Disease, Sapienza University, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, I-00185, Rome, Italy.
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10
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Application of zirconium-based metal–organic frameworks for micro-extraction by packed sorbent of urinary trans, trans-muconic acid. JOURNAL OF THE IRANIAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s13738-020-01930-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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11
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Shan X, Tan S, Shi Y, Shao J, Su K, Zhang L, Feng H, Ye H. Activated carbon/diatomite-based magnetic nanocomposites for magnetic solid-phase extraction of S-phenylmercapturic acid from human urine. Biomed Chromatogr 2020; 34:e4834. [PMID: 32203622 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.4834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In this study, activated carbon/diatomite-based magnetic nancomposites (denoted as AC/DBMNs) were synthesized and applied as an adsorbent for magnetic solid-phase extraction of S-phenylmercapturic acid (S-PMA) from human urine prior to high-performance liquid chromatography. The surface morphologies and structures of AC/DBMNs were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, transmission and scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, Brunauer-Emmett-Teller surface area, vibrating sample magnetometer and ζ-potential measurements. The experimental parameters including sample volume, sample pH, adsorbent amount, extraction time, elution solvent and desorption time were investigated in detail. Under the optimum conditions, the method exhibited good linearity (r > 0.9993) within the concentration ranges of 0.03-1.0 mg/L. Moreover, the limits of detection and quantification were 0.01 and 0.03 mg/L, respectively. The enrichment factor was 5, and good recoveries (88.9-97.3%) with relative standard deviations in the range of 5.6-6.8% (n = 6) for inter-day and 6.3-8.1% (n = 6) for intra-day were achieved. The developed method was successfully applied to the analysis of S-PMA in urine samples. In addition, this accurate and sensitive method has great potential to be applied in the early screening and clinical diagnosis of the workers exposed to benzene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyue Shan
- Hangzhou Occupational Disease Prevention and Control Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Siwei Tan
- Hangzhou Occupational Disease Prevention and Control Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yanpeng Shi
- Hangzhou Occupational Disease Prevention and Control Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ji Shao
- Hangzhou Occupational Disease Prevention and Control Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Kewen Su
- Hangzhou Occupational Disease Prevention and Control Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ling Zhang
- Hangzhou Occupational Disease Prevention and Control Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hui Feng
- China College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, China
| | - Haipeng Ye
- Hangzhou Occupational Disease Prevention and Control Hospital, Hangzhou, China
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12
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Moro AM, Sauer E, Brucker N, Charão MF, Gauer B, do Nascimento SN, Goethel G, Duarte MMMF, Garcia SC. Evaluation of immunological, inflammatory, and oxidative stress biomarkers in gasoline station attendants. BMC Pharmacol Toxicol 2019; 20:75. [PMID: 31852532 PMCID: PMC6921377 DOI: 10.1186/s40360-019-0355-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Gasoline is a complex mixture of saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons, in which aromatic compounds, such as BTX (benzene, toluene, and xylene) feature as the main constituents. Simultaneous exposure to these aromatic hydrocarbons causes a significant impact on benzene toxicity. In order to detect early alterations caused in gasoline station attendants exposed to BTX compounds, immunological, inflammatory, and oxidative stress biomarkers were evaluated. Methods A total of 66 male subjects participated in this study. The gasoline station attendants (GSA) group consisted of 38 gasoline station attendants from Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. The non-exposed group consisted of 28 subjects who were non-smokers and who had no history of occupational exposure. Environmental and biological monitoring of BTX exposure was performed using blood and urine. Results The GSA group showed increased BTX concentrations in relation to the non-exposed group (p < 0.001). The GSA group showed elevated protein carbonyl (PCO) levels and pro-inflammatory cytokines, decreased expression of CD80 and CD86 in monocytes, and reduced glutathione S-transferase (GST) activity compared to the non-exposed group (p < 0.05). BTX levels and trans,trans-muconic acid levels were positively correlated with pro-inflammatory cytokines and negatively correlated with interleukin-10 contents (p < 0.001). Increased levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines were accompanied by increased PCO contents and decreased GST activity (p < 0.001). Furthermore, according to the multiple linear regression analysis, benzene exposure was the only factor that significantly contributed to the increased pro-inflammatory cytokines (p < 0.05). Conclusions Taken together, these findings show the influence of exposure to BTX compounds, especially benzene, on the immunological, inflammatory, and oxidative stress biomarkers evaluated. Furthermore, the data suggest the relationship among the evaluated biomarkers of effect, which could contribute to providing early signs of damage to biomolecules in subjects occupationally exposed to BTX compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Maria Moro
- Laboratory of Toxicology (LATOX), Department of Analysis, Pharmacy Faculty, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Specialized Faculty in the Health Area of Rio Grande do Sul (FASURGS), Passo Fundo, RS, Brazil
| | - Elisa Sauer
- Laboratory of Toxicology (LATOX), Department of Analysis, Pharmacy Faculty, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Post-graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Avenida Ipiranga 2752, Santa Cecília, Porto Alegre, RS, CEP: 90610-000, Brazil
| | - Natália Brucker
- Laboratory of Toxicology (LATOX), Department of Analysis, Pharmacy Faculty, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Mariele Feiffer Charão
- Laboratory of Toxicology (LATOX), Department of Analysis, Pharmacy Faculty, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Health Sciences Institute, Feevale University, Novo Hamburgo, RS, Brazil
| | - Bruna Gauer
- Laboratory of Toxicology (LATOX), Department of Analysis, Pharmacy Faculty, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Post-graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Avenida Ipiranga 2752, Santa Cecília, Porto Alegre, RS, CEP: 90610-000, Brazil
| | - Sabrina Nunes do Nascimento
- Laboratory of Toxicology (LATOX), Department of Analysis, Pharmacy Faculty, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Post-graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Avenida Ipiranga 2752, Santa Cecília, Porto Alegre, RS, CEP: 90610-000, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Goethel
- Laboratory of Toxicology (LATOX), Department of Analysis, Pharmacy Faculty, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Post-graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Avenida Ipiranga 2752, Santa Cecília, Porto Alegre, RS, CEP: 90610-000, Brazil
| | | | - Solange Cristina Garcia
- Laboratory of Toxicology (LATOX), Department of Analysis, Pharmacy Faculty, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil. .,Post-graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Avenida Ipiranga 2752, Santa Cecília, Porto Alegre, RS, CEP: 90610-000, Brazil.
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13
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Protano C, Cammalleri V, Antonucci A, Ungureanu AS, Santilli F, Martellucci S, Mattei V, Vitali M. Further Insights on Predictors of Environmental Tobacco Smoke Exposure during the Pediatric Age. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16214062. [PMID: 31652694 PMCID: PMC6861986 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16214062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Revised: 10/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Background: The smoking ban in public places has reduced Environmental Tobacco Smoke (ETS) exposure for non-smokers, but despite this, domestic environments still remain places at high risk of exposure, and, today, about 40% of children worldwide are exposed to ETS at home. The aims of the study are to investigate the contribution of several factors on ETS exposure among a group of Italian children and to evaluate the changes in smoking precautions adopted at home when the smoker is the mother, the father, or both parents, respectively. Methods: A cross-sectional study was performed on a sample of 519 Italian schoolchildren. Information was collected via a questionnaire. Results: 41.4% of the participants lived with at least one smoker. Almost half of the children exposed to ETS lived with one or more smokers who do not observe any home smoking ban. Lower maternal or paternal educational levels significantly increase the risk of ETS exposure at home and the "worst case" is represented by both parents who smoke. Conclusions: More effective preventive interventions are needed to protect children from ETS exposure. Some interventions should be specifically dedicated to smokers with a low educational level and to mothers that smoke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmela Protano
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy.
| | - Vittoria Cammalleri
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy.
| | - Arianna Antonucci
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy.
| | | | - Francesa Santilli
- Biomedicine and Advanced Technologies Rieti Center, "Sabina Universitas", 02100 Rieti, Italy.
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy.
| | - Stefano Martellucci
- Biomedicine and Advanced Technologies Rieti Center, "Sabina Universitas", 02100 Rieti, Italy.
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy.
| | - Vincenzo Mattei
- Biomedicine and Advanced Technologies Rieti Center, "Sabina Universitas", 02100 Rieti, Italy.
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy.
| | - Matteo Vitali
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy.
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14
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Hauser-Davis RA. Vulnerability of small-scale fishers to benzene exposure and the current knowledge gap on benzene-exposure in Brazilian fishers. PeerJ 2019; 7:e7483. [PMID: 31423361 PMCID: PMC6697036 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.7483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Fishers are a particularly vulnerable population, chronically exposed to many stresses, injuries and health conditions directly linked to their fishing activities. This includes benzene exposure through gasoline and diesel exhaust fumes. Benzene is a known carcinogen, and has been assessed in many worker groups, but reports on fisher benzene exposure are extremely scarce in the literature. This paper discusses benzene exposure in small-scale fishers and reflects on the current knowledge gap on benzene-exposure in Brazilian fishers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Ann Hauser-Davis
- Laboratório de Avaliação e Promoção da Saúde Ambiental, IOC, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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15
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Bansal E, Placidi D, Carver S, Renzetti S, Giorgino A, Cagna G, Zoni S, Fedrighi C, Montemurro M, Oppini M, Conversano M, Guazzetti S, Wright RO, Smith D, Claudio L, Lucchini RG. Metabolic Outcomes in Southern Italian Preadolescents Residing Near an Industrial Complex: The Role of Residential Location and Socioeconomic Status. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:E2036. [PMID: 31181712 PMCID: PMC6603983 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16112036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Revised: 06/02/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Evidence suggests that environmental exposures and socioeconomic factors may interact to produce metabolic changes in children. We assessed the influence of residential location and socioeconomic status (SES) on pediatric body mass index (BMI) Z-score and fasting blood glucose (FBG) concentration. Participants included 214 children aged 6-11 years who live near a large industrial complex in Taranto, Italy. Participants were grouped into residential zones based on the distance between their home address and the complex periphery (Zone 1: 0.000-4.999 km, Zone 2: 5.000-9.999 km, Zone 3: 10.000-15.000 km). BMI Z-scores were calculated via World Health Organization (WHO) pediatric reference curves. FBG was obtained via venous blood sampling. Closer residential location to the industrial complex on the order of 5.000 km was significantly associated with worsened metabolic outcomes, particularly in female children. Zone 1 participants had higher BMI-adjusted FBG than Zone 2 and 3 participants (p < 0.05 versus Zone 2; p < 0.01 versus Zone 3). SES did not significantly influence BMI-adjusted FBG. Moreover, BMI Z-scores indicated high rates of overweight (22.0%) and obesity (22.9%) in the cohort. BMI Z-score was not significantly associated with SES or residential zone but was negatively associated with maternal education level (p < 0.05). These results offer new evidence that residing near industrial activity may predict adverse effects on child metabolic health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esha Bansal
- Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy.
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.
| | - Donatella Placidi
- Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy.
| | - Shaye Carver
- Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy.
- Department of Biology, Morrissey College of Arts and Sciences, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, PA 02467, USA.
| | - Stefano Renzetti
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy.
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy.
| | - Augusto Giorgino
- Department of Prevention, Local Health Authority of Taranto, 74121 Taranto, Italy.
| | - Giuseppa Cagna
- Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy.
| | - Silvia Zoni
- Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy.
| | - Chiara Fedrighi
- Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy.
| | - Miriana Montemurro
- Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy.
- Department of Prevention, Local Health Authority of Taranto, 74121 Taranto, Italy.
| | - Manuela Oppini
- Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy.
| | - Michele Conversano
- Department of Prevention, Local Health Authority of Taranto, 74121 Taranto, Italy.
| | - Stefano Guazzetti
- Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy.
- Local Health Authority of Reggio Emilia, 42122 Reggio Emilia, Italy.
| | - Robert O Wright
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.
| | - Donald Smith
- Department of Microbiology and Environmental Toxicology, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA.
| | - Luz Claudio
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.
| | - Roberto G Lucchini
- Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy.
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.
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16
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Rismanchian M, Ebrahim K, Ordudari Z. Development of a simple and rapid method for determination of trans, trans-Muconic Acid in human urine using PDLLME preconcentration and HPLC–UV detection. CHEMICAL PAPERS 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11696-019-00800-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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17
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Silva CB, Mota CDL, Almeida YR, Emídio V, Fonseca ASA, Mitri S, Moreira JC. Environmental exposure to benzene: evaluation of urinary S-PMA and polymorphism (CYP2E1-1293G>C and NQO1 609C>T) in Campos Elíseos residents, Duque de Caxias, Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil. CAD SAUDE PUBLICA 2019; 35:e00198618. [DOI: 10.1590/0102-311x00198618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Benzene is one of the most important substances for assessment, due to its significant use, the environmental contamination resulting from its emission and the effects on human health. It is classified by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) as a known carcinogen to humans (group 1) and associated with the development of leukemia. In general, the population is exposed to this substance by inhaling contaminated air, which varies according to the location and intensity of its potential sources. The petrochemical industry is one of the most important sources of this compound. The municipality of Duque de Caxias, specifically the Campos Elíseos district, in Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil, houses the Industrial Complex of Campos Elíseos (PICE), a grouping of over 25 industries, which includes the second largest oil refinery in Brazil. Environmental contamination from the PICE has been recognized, but there is a lack of studies concerning its impact on the health of the surrounding population. S-phenylmercapturic acid (S-PMA) concentrations ranging from 0.80 to 8.01μg.g-1 creatinine were observed in the local population, apparently related to hematological changes also observed in exposed population. The quantifiable presence of urinary S-PMA from the benzene metabolism is associated with the fact that 60% of the participants present specific hematological changes, which may be due to the environmental benzene exposure. The allele and genotype frequencies of the CYP2E1 and NQO1 enzymes observed in the study population were similar to those reported in other studies. The presence of the variant allele in the NQO1 genotype may be a risk factor for the observed hematological changes.
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18
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Biomonitoring of Urinary Benzene Metabolite SPMA in the General Population in Central Italy. TOXICS 2018; 6:toxics6030037. [PMID: 29997369 PMCID: PMC6161128 DOI: 10.3390/toxics6030037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Revised: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background: Benzene is an important component of cigarette smoke and car exhaust. Products containing benzene in concentrations greater than 0.1% are prohibited in Europe, but 1% of benzene is still allowed in gasoline. The purpose of the study was to assess the levels of urine benzene biomarkers in a sample of the general population not occupationally exposed to benzene, resident in the period 2013–2014 in Central Italy, compared to other groups. Methods: The urinary levels of the benzene metabolites S-phenyl-mercapturic acid (SPMA) and cotinine (nicotine metabolite) were determined by means of HPLC with mass spectrometric detection in 1076 subjects. Results: The median SPMA value in smokers was 1.132 µg/g of creatinine while in non-smokers it was 0.097 µg/g of creatinine, and the 95th percentile results were seven times higher. Conclusion: The main source of benzene exposure in the studied population was active smoking, however, non-smokers were also exposed to airborne benzene concentrations. The concentration ranges found in this study can be used as a background reference for occupational exposure assessment to benzene by means of SPMA biomonitoring.
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19
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Protano C, Andreoli R, Mutti A, Manigrasso M, Avino P, Vitali M. Reference Intervals for Urinary Cotinine Levels and the Influence of Sampling Time and Other Predictors on Its Excretion Among Italian Schoolchildren. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 15:ijerph15040817. [PMID: 29690510 PMCID: PMC5923859 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15040817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Revised: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
(1) Background: Environmental Tobacco Smoke (ETS) exposure remains a public health problem worldwide. The aims are to establish urinary (u-) cotinine reference values for healthy Italian children, to evaluate the role of the sampling time and of other factors on children’s u-cotinine excretion. (2) Methods: A cross-sectional study was performed on 330 children. Information on participants was gathered by a questionnaire and u-cotinine was determined in two samples for each child, collected during the evening and the next morning. (3) Results: Reference intervals (as the 2.5th and 97.5th percentiles of the distribution) in evening and morning samples were respectively equal to 0.98–4.29 and 0.91–4.50 µg L−1 (ETS unexposed) and 1.39–16.34 and 1.49–20.95 µg L−1 (ETS exposed). No statistical differences were recovered between median values found in evening and morning samples, both in ETS unexposed and exposed. Significant predictors of u-cotinine excretions were ponderal status according to body mass index of children (β = 0.202; p-value = 0.041 for evening samples; β = 0.169; p-value = 0.039 for morning samples) and paternal educational level (β = −0.258; p-value = 0.010; for evening samples; β = −0.013; p-value = 0.003 for morning samples). (4) Conclusions: The results evidenced the need of further studies for assessing the role of confounding factors on ETS exposure, and the necessity of educational interventions on smokers for rising their awareness about ETS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmela Protano
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro, 5, 00185 Rome, Italy.
| | - Roberta Andreoli
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Laboratory of Industrial Toxicology, University of Parma, 43121 Parma, Italy.
| | - Antonio Mutti
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Laboratory of Industrial Toxicology, University of Parma, 43121 Parma, Italy.
| | - Maurizio Manigrasso
- Department of Technological Innovations, National Institute for Insurance against Accidents at Work, Via IV Novembre 144, 00187 Rome, Italy.
| | - Pasquale Avino
- Department of Agricultural, Environmental and Food Sciences (DiAAA), University of Molise, Via De Sanctis, 86100 Campobasso, Italy.
- Institute of Ecotoxicology and Environmental Sciences, 700156 Kolkata, India.
| | - Matteo Vitali
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro, 5, 00185 Rome, Italy.
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20
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Protano C, Canepari S, Astolfi ML, D'Onorio De Meo S, Vitali M. Urinary reference ranges and exposure profile for lithium among an Italian paediatric population. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 619-620:58-64. [PMID: 29136535 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.11.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Revised: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The aims of the present study were to establish reference values useful in monitoring Lithium (Li) treatment and to trace environmental Li exposure profiles in paediatric age. A cross-sectional study was conducted on a group of healthy Italian children aged 5-11. Data on possible predictors were assessed through a questionnaire, and Li levels in morning and evening urinary samples were determined by ICP-MS technique. The reference intervals for the evening and morning samples were respectively 3.8-51.9μgL-1 or 5.6-60.6μgg-1 creatinine and 4.8-71.7μgL-1 or 4.8-73.2μgg-1 creatinine. Urinary Li levels showed a significantly inverse correlation with age and a positive correlation with urinary creatinine in both the evening and morning samples. No other studied variables influenced Li urinary excretion. These results, obtained using a readily available matrix as urine, can be useful for both environmental research and Li treatment monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmela Protano
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy.
| | - Silvia Canepari
- Department of Chemistry, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy.
| | - Maria Luisa Astolfi
- Department of Chemistry, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy.
| | - Sabrina D'Onorio De Meo
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Matteo Vitali
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy.
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21
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Merli D, La Cognata S, Balduzzi F, Miljkovic A, Toma L, Amendola V. A smart supramolecular device for the detection of t,t-muconic acid in urine. NEW J CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8nj02156b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
An indicator displacement assay is applied in the fluorescence detection of urinary t,t-muconic acid at the occupational level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Merli
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Pavia
- Pavia
- Italy
| | | | | | - Ana Miljkovic
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Pavia
- Pavia
- Italy
| | - Lucio Toma
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Pavia
- Pavia
- Italy
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22
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Pruneda-Alvarez LG, Ruíz-Vera T, Ochoa-Martínez AC, Pérez-Maldonado IN. Urinary trans-trans muconic acid (exposure biomarker to benzene) and hippuric acid (exposure biomarker to toluene) concentrations in Mexican women living in high-risk scenarios of air pollution. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL & OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH 2017; 72:351-358. [PMID: 27982738 DOI: 10.1080/19338244.2016.1272539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 12/11/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to determine t,t-muconic acid (t,t-MA; exposure biomarker for benzene) and hippuric acid (HA; exposure biomarker for toluene) concentrations in the urine of women living in Mexico. In a cross-sectional study, apparently healthy women (n = 104) were voluntarily recruited from localities with a high risk of air pollution; t,t-MA and HA in urine were quantified using a high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) technique. Mean urinary levels of t,t-MA ranged from 680 to 1,310 μg/g creatinine. Mean values of HA ranged from 0.38 to 0.87 g/g creatinine. In conclusion, compared to data recently reported in literature, we found high urinary levels of t,t-MA and HA in assessed women participating in this study. We therefore deem the implementation of a strategy aimed at the reduction of exposure as a necessary measure for the evaluated communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucía G Pruneda-Alvarez
- a Laboratorio de Toxicología Molecular, Centro de Investigación Aplicada en Ambiente y Salud (CIAAS), Coordinación para la Innovación y Aplicación de la Ciencia y la Tecnología (CIACYT), Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí , San Luis Potosí , México
- b Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí , San Luis Potosí , México
| | - Tania Ruíz-Vera
- a Laboratorio de Toxicología Molecular, Centro de Investigación Aplicada en Ambiente y Salud (CIAAS), Coordinación para la Innovación y Aplicación de la Ciencia y la Tecnología (CIACYT), Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí , San Luis Potosí , México
- b Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí , San Luis Potosí , México
| | - Angeles C Ochoa-Martínez
- a Laboratorio de Toxicología Molecular, Centro de Investigación Aplicada en Ambiente y Salud (CIAAS), Coordinación para la Innovación y Aplicación de la Ciencia y la Tecnología (CIACYT), Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí , San Luis Potosí , México
- b Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí , San Luis Potosí , México
| | - Iván N Pérez-Maldonado
- a Laboratorio de Toxicología Molecular, Centro de Investigación Aplicada en Ambiente y Salud (CIAAS), Coordinación para la Innovación y Aplicación de la Ciencia y la Tecnología (CIACYT), Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí , San Luis Potosí , México
- b Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí , San Luis Potosí , México
- c Unidad Académica Multidisciplinaria Zona Media, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí , Rio Verde, San Luis Potosí , México
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Protano C, Owczarek M, Antonucci A, Guidotti M, Vitali M. Assessing indoor air quality of school environments: transplanted lichen Pseudovernia furfuracea as a new tool for biomonitoring and bioaccumulation. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2017; 189:358. [PMID: 28656559 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-017-6076-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this research is to evaluate the ability of transplanted lichen Pseudovernia (P). furfuracea to biomonitor and bioaccumulate in urban indoor environments. The elements As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni and Pb and 12 selected polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were used to assess P. furfuracea as a biomonitoring tool for the indoor air quality of school environments. To achieve this purpose, lichen samples were exposed for 2 months in the outdoor and indoor environments of five school settings located in urban and rural areas. The results demonstrated that transplanted lichen P. furfuracea is a suitable biomonitoring tool for metals and PAHs in indoor settings and can discriminate between different levels of air pollution related to urbanisation and indoor conditions, such as those characterised by school environments. A transplanted lichen biomonitoring strategy is cost-effective, "green", educational for attending children and less "invasive" than traditional air sampling methods. The feasibility of indoor monitoring by P. furfuracea is a relevant finding and could be a key tool to improve air quality monitoring programmes in school scenarios and thus focus on health prevention interventions for children, who are one of the most susceptible groups in the population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmela Protano
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro, 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Malgorzata Owczarek
- Arpa Lazio, Regional Agency for Environmental Protection, Sede di Rieti, Via Salaria per l'Aquila, 8, 02100, Rieti, Italy
| | - Arianna Antonucci
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro, 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
- Department of Ecological and Biological Sciences, Tuscia University, Via S. Maria in Gradi, 4, 01100, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Maurizio Guidotti
- Arpa Lazio, Regional Agency for Environmental Protection, Sede di Rieti, Via Salaria per l'Aquila, 8, 02100, Rieti, Italy
| | - Matteo Vitali
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro, 5, 00185, Rome, Italy.
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Ferrero A, Esplugues A, Estarlich M, Llop S, Cases A, Mantilla E, Ballester F, Iñiguez C. Infants' indoor and outdoor residential exposure to benzene and respiratory health in a Spanish cohort. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2017; 222:486-494. [PMID: 28063708 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.11.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Revised: 11/20/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Benzene exposure represents a potential risk for children's health. Apart from being a known carcinogen for humans (group 1 according to IARC), there is scientific evidence suggesting a relationship between benzene exposure and respiratory problems in children. But results are still inconclusive and inconsistent. This study aims to assess the determinants of exposure to indoor and outdoor residential benzene levels and its relationship with respiratory health in infants. Participants were 1-year-old infants (N = 352) from the INMA cohort from Valencia (Spain). Residential benzene exposure levels were measured inside and outside dwellings by means of passive samplers in a 15-day campaign. Persistent cough, low respiratory tract infections and wheezing during the first year of life, and covariates (dwelling traits, lifestyle factors and sociodemographic data) were obtained from parental questionnaires. Multiple Tobit regression and logistic regression models were performed to assess factors associated to residential exposure levels and health associations, respectively. Indoor levels were higher than outdoor ones (1.46 and 0.77 μg/m3, respectively; p < 0.01). A considerable percentage of dwellings, 42% and 21% indoors and outdoors respectively, surpassed the WHO guideline of 1.7 μg/m3 derived from a lifetime risk of leukemia above 1/100 000. Monitoring season, maternal country of birth and parental tobacco consumption were associated with residential benzene exposure (indoor and outdoors). Additionally, indoor levels were associated with mother's age and type of heating, and outdoor levels were linked with zone of residence and distance from industrial areas. After adjustment for confounding factors, no significant associations were found between residential benzene exposure levels and respiratory health in infants. Hence, our study did not support the hypothesis for the benzene exposure effect on respiratory health in children. Even so, it highlights a public health concern related to the personal exposure levels, since a considerable number of children surpassed the abovementioned WHO guideline for benzene exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amparo Ferrero
- Epidemiology and Environmental Health Joint Research Unit, FISABIO-Universitat Jaume I, Universitat de València, Avenida de Catalunya 21, 46020, Valencia, Spain; Spanish Consortium for Research on Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Melchor Fernández Almagro, 3-5, 28029, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Ana Esplugues
- Faculty of Nursing and Chiropody, Universitat de València, Av. Blasco Ibáñez, 13, 46010 Valencia, Spain; Epidemiology and Environmental Health Joint Research Unit, FISABIO-Universitat Jaume I, Universitat de València, Avenida de Catalunya 21, 46020, Valencia, Spain; Spanish Consortium for Research on Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Melchor Fernández Almagro, 3-5, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marisa Estarlich
- Spanish Consortium for Research on Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Melchor Fernández Almagro, 3-5, 28029, Madrid, Spain; Epidemiology and Environmental Health Joint Research Unit, FISABIO-Universitat Jaume I, Universitat de València, Avenida de Catalunya 21, 46020, Valencia, Spain
| | - Sabrina Llop
- Epidemiology and Environmental Health Joint Research Unit, FISABIO-Universitat Jaume I, Universitat de València, Avenida de Catalunya 21, 46020, Valencia, Spain; Spanish Consortium for Research on Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Melchor Fernández Almagro, 3-5, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Amparo Cases
- Epidemiology and Environmental Health Joint Research Unit, FISABIO-Universitat Jaume I, Universitat de València, Avenida de Catalunya 21, 46020, Valencia, Spain; Spanish Consortium for Research on Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Melchor Fernández Almagro, 3-5, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Enrique Mantilla
- Center for Mediterranean Environmental Studies, (CEAM), Parque Tecnológico, Charles R. Darwin, 14, 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | - Ferran Ballester
- Epidemiology and Environmental Health Joint Research Unit, FISABIO-Universitat Jaume I, Universitat de València, Avenida de Catalunya 21, 46020, Valencia, Spain; Faculty of Nursing and Chiropody, Universitat de València, Av. Blasco Ibáñez, 13, 46010 Valencia, Spain; Spanish Consortium for Research on Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Melchor Fernández Almagro, 3-5, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Iñiguez
- Epidemiology and Environmental Health Joint Research Unit, FISABIO-Universitat Jaume I, Universitat de València, Avenida de Catalunya 21, 46020, Valencia, Spain; Spanish Consortium for Research on Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Melchor Fernández Almagro, 3-5, 28029, Madrid, Spain
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Protano C, Valeriani F, Macedonio A, Cammarota F, Romano Spica V, Orsi GB, Vitali M. Family-based social determinants and child health: Cross-sectional study. Pediatr Int 2017; 59:201-208. [PMID: 27454338 DOI: 10.1111/ped.13097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Revised: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between urbanization of residential area, parent education level, employment status, overweight/obesity, physical activity, and exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS), in a sample of healthy Italian school-age children (5-11 years). METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted on 432 children resident, respectively, in a highly urban and in a rural area (Latium Region) in 2014. Information on children and families were obtained via questionnaire. RESULTS One-third of children were overweight or obese, 15% did not participate in any sport outside school, and more than one-third were exposed to ETS in the domestic environment. Living in a rural area (adjusted OR, 2.55; 95%CI: 1.18-5.52) and lower maternal education (adjusted OR, 2.32; 95%CI: 1.03-5.27) were significant predictors of overweight/obese status. Moreover, lower maternal education level (adjusted OR, 2.74; 95%CI: 1.40-5.33) and paternal education level (adjusted OR, 3.06; 95%CI: 1.54-6.07) were significant predictors of ETS exposure. CONCLUSIONS It is essential to investigate the reasons underlying the higher frequency of overweight/obesity in children living in rural environments compared with those in urban areas; and preventative actions should be designed to be easily understood by those with lower education levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmela Protano
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Alessandro Macedonio
- Health Services and Management, Teaching Hospital Policlinico Umberto I, Rome, Italy
| | - Flavia Cammarota
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Giovanni Battista Orsi
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Matteo Vitali
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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Gonçalves ES, Borges RM, Carvalho LVBD, Alves SR, André LC, Moreira JC. Estratégias analíticas com cromatografia e espectrometria de massas para biomonitorização da exposição ao benzeno pela determinação do ácido S-fenilmercaptúrico urinário. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE SAÚDE OCUPACIONAL 2017. [DOI: 10.1590/2317-6369000127615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Resumo Introdução: o benzeno é uma substância de reconhecida toxicidade e sua biomonitorização torna-se fundamental para a prevenção de danos à saúde humana, principalmente em situações de exposição ocupacional. Dentre os biomarcadores de exposição, o ácido S-fenilmercaptúrico é considerado o único específico, mas, devido a suas baixas concentrações na urina, é requerido o uso de técnicas analíticas sensíveis capazes de quantificar traços. Objetivo: revisar metodologias baseadas na cromatografia e na espectrometria de massas para a determinação do ácido S-fenilmercaptúrico. Método: revisão da literatura sobre a determinação do ácido S-fenilmercaptúrico urinário por técnicas de cromatografia e espectrometria de massas, nas principais bases de dados científicas, considerando o período entre 1951 e 2015. Resultados: 120 documentos serviram como base teórica para a construção desta revisão. A técnica analítica mais empregada foi o acoplamento da cromatografia a líquido com a espectrometria de massas. Contudo, os métodos diferem quanto ao preparo das amostras. Conclusão: o alto custo de aquisição e a manutenção de equipamentos são fatores limitantes para a difusão dos sistemas de cromatografia e espectrometria de massas. No entanto, sua elevada sensibilidade e seletividade faz com que essas técnicas, acopladas, possibilitem elucidar situações de exposição ocupacional e ambiental a poluentes, como o benzeno.
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Moro AM, Brucker N, Charão MF, Baierle M, Sauer E, Goethel G, Barth A, Nascimento SN, Gauer B, Durgante J, Amaral BS, Neto FR, Gioda A, Garcia SC. Biomonitoring of gasoline station attendants exposed to benzene: Effect of gender. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2017; 813:1-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2016.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Revised: 09/17/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Protano C, Astolfi ML, Canepari S, Vitali M. Urinary levels of trace elements among primary school-aged children from Italy: The contribution of smoking habits of family members. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 557-558:378-385. [PMID: 27016686 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.03.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2015] [Revised: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 03/11/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The aims of the present study was to investigate the role of Environmental Tobacco Smoke (ETS) exposure in domestic environment, the smoking policies adopted at home on urinary excretion of 23 trace elements present in tobacco and/or tobacco smoke (Li, Be, B, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ga, Rb, Sr, Cd, Sn, Sb, Te, Cs, Tl, Pb, Bi, U) among a sample of healthy Italian school-aged children. The levels of monitored trace elements in urine samples from 110 children (5-11years) living in a rural area and recruited in a cross-sectional study were measured via inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, while information regarding demographic characteristics and ETS exposure of the participants were obtained from questionnaires. Univariate elaborations evidenced that Co and Mn levels increased in children exposed to ETS in domestic environment, but multiple linear regression analyses revealed the independent effect of the habit of cohabitant(s) smoker(s) of smoking at home when children is present on urinary concentrations of Li, Ti, V, Co, Ga and Sr. Besides, we found significant gender- and age-dependency of some monitored elements: females presented higher Cu and Pb levels, but lower Rb levels respect to males, while age displayed a significant negative independent effect on the Cr, Co, Rb, and Sn concentrations, but positive on Ga levels. Finally, u-creatinine was a significant predictor for almost all the analytes, but not for Mn, Cd, Sb, Ga.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmela Protano
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Disease, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy.
| | - Maria Luisa Astolfi
- Department of Chemistry, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy.
| | - Silvia Canepari
- Department of Chemistry, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy.
| | - Matteo Vitali
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Disease, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy.
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Jain RB. Trends and variability in the levels of urinary thiocyanate, perchlorate, and nitrate by age, gender, race/ethnicity, smoking status, and exposure to environmental tobacco smoke over 2005-2012. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 557-558:221-30. [PMID: 26994809 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.03.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Revised: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Data from National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey for 2005-2012 were used to study the trends and variability in the levels of urinary thiocyanate (u-SCN), perchlorate (u-P8), and nitrate (u-NO3) by gender, race/ethnicity, active smoking, and exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) at home for those aged 12-19 and ≥20years old. For those aged ≥20years, adjusted levels of u-SCN, u-P8, and u-NO3 (i) were lower for males than females (p<0.01), and (ii) were higher for non-Hispanic white (NHW) than non-Hispanic black (NHB) (p<0.01). Also, for those aged ≥20years NHB had higher adjusted levels than Mexican American (MA) for u-SCN (p<0.01) but NHB had lower adjusted levels than MA for u-P8 (p<0.01) and u-NO3 (p<0.01). For those aged 12-19years, adjusted levels of u-SCN, u-P8, and u-NO3 did not vary by gender (p>0.05), and adjusted levels of u-P8 and u-NO3 for NHB were lower than for NHW (p<0.01) as well as higher for NHB than MA for u-SCN (p<0.01) and lower for NHB than MA (p<0.01) for u-P8 and u-NO3. Among those aged ≥20years, active smoking was associated with higher adjusted levels of u-SCN (p<0.01) in a dose-response manner and active smoking was associated with lower adjusted levels of u-P8 (p<0.01) in a dose-response manner. Exposure to ETS was associated with higher adjusted levels of u-SCN (p=0.02) and lower adjusted levels of u-P8 (p<0.01) among ≥20years old. Adjusted levels of u-P8 decreased over 2005-2012 among both 12-19 (p<0.01) and ≥20years old (p=0.04). There was borderline increase in the adjusted levels of u-NO3 for those aged ≥20years (p=0.05) over 2005-2012.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ram B Jain
- 2959 Estate View Court, Dacula, GA 30019, USA.
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30
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Antonucci A, Vitali M, Avino P, Manigrasso M, Protano C. Sensitive multiresidue method by HS-SPME/GC-MS for 10 volatile organic compounds in urine matrix: a new tool for biomonitoring studies on children. Anal Bioanal Chem 2016; 408:5789-5800. [PMID: 27311952 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-016-9682-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Revised: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A HS-SPME method coupled with GC-MS analysis has been developed for simultaneously measuring the concentration of 10 volatile organic compounds (VOCs) (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, o-, m-, and p-xylene, methyl tert-butyl ether, ethyl tert-butyl ether, 2-methyl-2-butyl methyl ether, and diisopropyl ether) in urine matrix as a biomonitoring tool for populations at low levels of exposure to such VOCs. These compounds, potentially toxic for human health, are common contaminants of both outdoor and indoor air, as they are released by autovehicular traffic; some of them are also present in environmental tobacco smoke (ETS). Thus, the exposure to these pollutants cannot be neglected and should be assessed. The low limits of detection and quantification (LODs and LOQs <6.5 and 7.5 ng L(-1), respectively) and the high reproducibility (CVs <4 %) make the developed method suited for biomonitoring populations exposed at low levels such as children. Further, the method is cost-effective and low in time-consumption; therefore, it is useful for investigating large populations. It has been applied to children exposed to traffic pollution and/or ETS; the relevant results are reported, and the relevant implications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arianna Antonucci
- Department of Ecological and Biological Sciences, Tuscia University, Via S. Maria in Gradi, 4, 01100, Viterbo, Italy
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro, 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Matteo Vitali
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro, 5, 00185, Rome, Italy.
| | - Pasquale Avino
- Department of Technological Innovations, INAIL, Via IV Novembre 144, 00187, Rome, Italy
| | - Maurizio Manigrasso
- Department of Technological Innovations, INAIL, Via IV Novembre 144, 00187, Rome, Italy
| | - Carmela Protano
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro, 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
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Fenga C, Gangemi S, Giambò F, Tsitsimpikou C, Golokhvast K, Tsatsakis A, Costa C. Low-dose occupational exposure to benzene and signal transduction pathways involved in the regulation of cellular response to oxidative stress. Life Sci 2016; 147:67-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2015.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2015] [Revised: 12/07/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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Majumdar D, Dutta C, Sen S. Inhalation exposure or body burden? Better way of estimating risk--An application of PBPK model. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2016; 41:54-61. [PMID: 26650798 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2015.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Revised: 10/31/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We aim to establish a new way for estimating the risk from internal dose or body burden due to exposure of benzene in human subject utilizing physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model. We also intend to verify its applicability on human subjects exposed to different levels of benzene. We estimated personal inhalation exposure of benzene for two occupational groups namely petrol pump workers and car drivers with respect to a control group, only environmentally exposed. Benzene in personal air was pre-concentrated on charcoal followed by chemical desorption and analysis by gas chromatography equipped with flame ionization detector (GC-FID). We selected urinary trans,trans-muconic acid (t,t-MA) as biomarker of benzene exposure and measured its concentration using solid phase extraction followed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Our estimated inhalation exposure of benzene was 137.5, 97.9 and 38.7 μg/m(3) for petrol pump workers, car drivers and environmentally exposed control groups respectively which resulted in urinary t,t-MA levels of 145.4±55.3, 112.6±63.5 and 60.0±34.9 μg g(-1) of creatinine, for the groups in the same order. We deduced a derivation for estimation of body burden from urinary metabolite concentration using PBPK model. Estimation of the internal dose or body burden of benzene in human subject has been made for the first time by the measurement of t,t-MA as a urinary metabolite using physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model as a tool. The weight adjusted total body burden of benzene was estimated to be 17.6, 11.1 and 5.0 μg kg(-1) of body weight for petrol pump workers, drivers and the environmentally exposed control group, respectively using this method. We computed the carcinogenic risk using both the estimated internal benzene body burden and external exposure values using conventional method. Our study result shows that internal dose or body burden is not proportional to level of exposure rather have a non-linear relationship. At a higher exposure level such as for occupational exposure of petrol pump workers and drivers, the conventionally estimated risk is higher than risk estimated from internal body burden. Likewise, for environmental exposure the conventional risk estimation predict lower level than estimated in our study. This emphasizes the importance of body burden and to consider it as a key parameter while estimating health risk at varying level of exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipanjali Majumdar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calcutta, 92, A.P.C. Road, Kolkata 700 009, India.
| | - Chirasree Dutta
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calcutta, 92, A.P.C. Road, Kolkata 700 009, India
| | - Subha Sen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calcutta, 92, A.P.C. Road, Kolkata 700 009, India
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Benzene-Induced Aberrant miRNA Expression Profile in Hematopoietic Progenitor Cells in C57BL/6 Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:27058-71. [PMID: 26569237 PMCID: PMC4661859 DOI: 10.3390/ijms161126001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Revised: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Benzene is a common environmental pollutant that causes hematological alterations. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) may play a role in benzene-induced hematotoxicity. In this study, C57BL/6 mice showed significant hematotoxicity after exposure to 150 mg/kg benzene for 4 weeks. Benzene exposure decreased not only the number of cells in peripheral blood but also hematopoietic progenitor cells in the bone marrow. Meanwhile, RNA from Lin− cells sorted from the bone marrow was applied to aberrant miRNA expression profile using Illumina sequencing. We found that 5 miRNAs were overexpressed and 45 miRNAs were downregulated in the benzene exposure group. Sequencing results were confirmed through qRT-PCR. Furthermore, we also identified five miRNAs which significantly altered in Lin−c-Kit+ cells obtained from benzene-exposed mice, including mmu-miR-34a-5p; mmu-miR-342-3p; mmu-miR-100-5p; mmu-miR-181a-5p; and mmu-miR-196b-5p. In summary, we successfully established a classical animal model to induce significant hematotoxicity by benzene injection. Benzene exposure may cause severe hematotoxicity not only to blood cells in peripheral circulation but also to hematopoietic cells in bone marrow. Benzene exposure also alters miRNA expression in hematopoietic progenitor cells. This study suggests that benzene induces alteration in hematopoiesis and hematopoiesis-associated miRNAs.
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Jain RB. Levels of selected urinary metabolites of volatile organic compounds among children aged 6-11 years. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2015; 142:461-470. [PMID: 26257031 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2015.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2015] [Revised: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Data from National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey for the years 2011-2012 were used to evaluate variability in the observed levels of 20 urinary metabolites of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) by age, gender, and race/ethnicity among children aged 6-11 years. Exposure to environmental tobacco smoke was positively associated with the levels of selected metabolites of acrylonitrile, 1,3-butadiene, cyanide, and propylene oxide in a dose-response manner. Levels of the selected metabolites of acrolein, acrylonitrile, 1,3-butadiene, styrene, toluene, and xylene decreased with increase in age. Levels of 1-bromopropane decreased with number of rooms in the house but the reverse was true for 1,3-butadiene, carbon-disulfide, and N,N-dimethylformamide. Levels of most of the 20 metabolites did not vary with gender. Non-Hispanic white children had higher adjusted levels of N-Acetyl-S-(3,4-dihydroxybutyl)-L-cysteine (DHBMA), N-Acetyl-S-(N-methylcarbamoyl)-L-cysteine (AMCC), and phenylglyoxylic acid (PGA) than non-Hispanic black children. Non-Hispanic white children had statistically significantly higher adjusted levels of N-Acetyl-S-(2-carbamoyl-2-hydroxyethyl)-L-cysteine (GAMA), trans, trans-Muconic acid (MU), and N-Acetyl-S-(N-methylcarbamoyl)-L-cysteine (AMCC) than non-Hispanic Asian children but statistically significantly lower levels of N-Acetyl-S-(n-propyl)-L-cysteine (BPMA) than non-Hispanic Asian children. Non-Hispanic Asian children had the lowest levels of 13 of the 20 metabolites among four major racial/ethnic groups but highest levels for three metabolites. For selected metabolites of acrolein, acrylamide, acrylonitrile-vinyl chloride-ethylene oxide, benzene, 1,3-butadien, crotonaldehyde, cyanide, ethylbenzene-styrene, and toluene, children had statistically significantly higher levels than nonsmoking adults. These results demonstrate how vulnerable children are to being exposed to harmful chemicals like VOCs in their own homes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ram B Jain
- 2959 Estate View Court, Dacula, GA 30019, USA.
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Jain RB. Distributions of selected urinary metabolites of volatile organic compounds by age, gender, race/ethnicity, and smoking status in a representative sample of U.S. adults. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2015; 40:471-9. [PMID: 26282484 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2015.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2015] [Revised: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 07/23/2015] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Data from National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey for the years 2011-2012 were used to evaluate variability in the observed levels of 19 urinary metabolites of 15 parent volatile organic compounds (VOCs) by age, gender, race/ethnicity, and smoking status. Smokers were found to have statistically significantly higher adjusted levels than nonsmokers for selected urinary metabolites of acrolein, acrylamide, acrylonitrile, 1,3-butadiene, carbon-disulfide, crotonaldehyde, cyanide, N,N-dimethylformamide, ethylbenzene-styrene, propylene oxide, styrene, and xylene. Female nonsmokers were found to have lower adjusted levels of selected metabolites of acrolein, carbon-disulfide, and N,N-dimethylformamide than male nonsmokers but female smokers had higher levels of each of these metabolites than male smokers. In addition, female smokers also had higher adjusted levels of selected metabolites of 1,3-butadiene, crotonaldehyde, cyanide, and ethylbenzene-styrene. Thus, constituents other than VOCs in tobacco smoke affect excretion of certain VOC metabolites differently among males and females. Non-Hispanic whites (NHW) had higher adjusted levels than non-Hispanic blacks (NHB) for 8 metabolites. NHB had statistically significantly lower adjusted levels than Hispanics for 5 VOC metabolites and lower levels than non-Hispanic Asians (NHAS) for 6 metabolites. Hispanics had statistically significantly higher levels than NHAS for 5 metabolites. Levels of 11 of the 19 metabolites analyzed increased with increase in age. Exposure to environmental tobacco smoke at home was associated with increased levels of 9 metabolites. Increase in the number of days tobacco products were used during the last five days was associated with increased levels of 12 of the 19 VOC metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ram B Jain
- 2959 Estate View Court, Dacula, GA 30019, United States.
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Li J, Lu S, Liu G, Zhou Y, Lv Y, She J, Fan R. Co-exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, benzene and toluene and their dose-effects on oxidative stress damage in kindergarten-aged children in Guangzhou, China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2015; 524-525:74-80. [PMID: 25889546 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2015] [Revised: 04/07/2015] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), benzene and toluene (BT) are ubiquitous toxic pollutants in the environment. Children are sensitive and susceptible to exposure to these contaminants. To investigate the potential oxidative DNA damage from the co-exposure of PAHs and BT in children, 87 children (aged 3-6) from a kindergarten in Guangzhou, China, were recruited. Ten urinary PAHs and four BT metabolites, as well as 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG, a biomarker of oxidative DNA damage)in urine, were determined using a liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometer. The results demonstrated that the levels of PAHs and BT in children from Guangzhou were 2-30 times higher than those in children from the other countries based on a comparison with recent data from the literature. In particular, the difference is more substantial for pyrene and volatile BT. Co-exposure to PAHs and BT could lead to additive oxidative DNA damage. Significant dose-effects were observed between the sum concentration of urinary monohydroxylated metabolites of PAHs (∑OH-PAHs), the sum concentration of the metabolites of BT (∑BT) and 8-OHdG levels. Every one percent increase in urinary PAHs and BT generated 0.33% and 0.02% increases in urinary 8-OHdG, respectively. We also determined that the urinary levels of PAHs and BT were negatively associated with the age of the children. Moreover, significant differences in the levels of ∑OH-PAHs and ∑BT were determined between 3- and 6-year-old children (p<0.05), which may be caused by different metabolism capabilities or inhalation frequencies. In conclusion, exposure to PAHs or BT could lead to oxidative DNA damage, and 8-OHdG is a good biomarker for indicating the presence of DNA damage. There exists a significant dose-effect relationship between PAH exposure, BT exposure and the concentration of 8-OHdG in urine. Toddlers (3-4 years old) face a higher burden of PAH and BT exposure compared with older children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junnan Li
- Key Laboratory of Ecology and Environmental Science in Guangdong Higher Education, School of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Shaoyou Lu
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Guihua Liu
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Yuanxiu Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Ecology and Environmental Science in Guangdong Higher Education, School of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Yanshan Lv
- Key Laboratory of Ecology and Environmental Science in Guangdong Higher Education, School of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Jianwen She
- Environmental Health Laboratory Branch, California Department of Public Health, 850 Marina Bay Parkway, Richmond, CA 94804, United States
| | - Ruifang Fan
- Key Laboratory of Ecology and Environmental Science in Guangdong Higher Education, School of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China.
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Schantz MM, Benner BA, Heckert NA, Sander LC, Sharpless KE, Vander Pol SS, Vasquez Y, Villegas M, Wise SA, Alwis KU, Blount BC, Calafat AM, Li Z, Silva MJ, Ye X, Gaudreau É, Patterson DG, Sjödin A. Development of urine standard reference materials for metabolites of organic chemicals including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, phthalates, phenols, parabens, and volatile organic compounds. Anal Bioanal Chem 2015; 407:2945-54. [PMID: 25651899 PMCID: PMC5137188 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-014-8441-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Revised: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Two new Standard Reference Materials (SRMs), SRM 3672 Organic Contaminants in Smokers' Urine (Frozen) and SRM 3673 Organic Contaminants in Non-Smokers' Urine (Frozen), have been developed in support of studies for assessment of human exposure to select organic environmental contaminants. Collaborations among three organizations resulted in certified values for 11 hydroxylated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (OH-PAHs) and reference values for 11 phthalate metabolites, 8 environmental phenols and parabens, and 24 volatile organic compound (VOC) metabolites. Reference values are also available for creatinine and the free forms of caffeine, theobromine, ibuprofen, nicotine, cotinine, and 3-hydroxycotinine. These are the first urine Certified Reference Materials characterized for metabolites of organic environmental contaminants. Noteworthy, the mass fractions of the environmental organic contaminants in the two SRMs are within the ranges reported in population survey studies such as the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) and the Canadian Health Measures Survey (CHMS). These SRMs will be useful as quality control samples for ensuring compatibility of results among population survey studies and will fill a void to assess the accuracy of analytical methods used in studies monitoring human exposure to these organic environmental contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele M Schantz
- Chemical Sciences Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USA,
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Protano C, Andreoli R, Mutti A, Petti S, Vitali M. Biomarkers of oxidative stress to nucleic acids: background levels and effects of body mass index and life-style factors in an urban paediatric population. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2014; 500-501:44-51. [PMID: 25217743 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.08.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Revised: 08/18/2014] [Accepted: 08/26/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The aims of the present study were to establish the background levels of 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-oxodGuo), 8-oxo-7,8-dihydroguanosine (8-oxoGuo), 8-oxo-7,8-dihydroguanine (8-oxoGua) among a group of healthy Italian children, and to evaluate the contribution of some potential interfering/confounding factors to the urinary (u) levels of these biomarkers of oxidised guanine derivatives. The levels of 8-oxodGuo, 8-oxoGuo, 8-oxoGua, and u-cotinine in urine samples from 159 healthy children (5-11years) recruited in a cross-sectional study were measured via liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Data regarding the anthropometric and life-style characteristics of the participants were obtained from questionnaires. The 5th-95th percentiles of the levels of 8-oxodGuo, 8-oxoGuo, and 8-oxoGua for all children were 2.4-13.9, 3.8-19.9 and 5.4-79.5μg/L and 2.9-12.6, 4.8-15.2, and 5.1-93.4μg/g creatinine, respectively. Significant correlations were found between the level of 8-oxoGuo and that of 8-oxoGua and 8-oxodGuo but not between the level of 8-oxoGua and that of 8-oxodGuo in all children and in both the male and female subgroups. Multiple linear regression analyses revealed the independent effect of the investigated variables on 8-oxodGuo, 8-oxoGuo, and 8-oxoGua. u-Creatinine was the most significant predictor of the urinary excretion of both 8-oxoGuo and 8-oxodGuo, age displayed a significant positive independent effect on the level of 8-oxoGuo, whereas the weight status according to the BMI was negatively associated with the level of 8-oxodGuo. None of the chosen independent variables influenced the levels of 8-oxoGua.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmela Protano
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy.
| | - Roberta Andreoli
- Laboratory of Industrial Toxicology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Parma, via Gramsci 14, I-43126 Parma, Italy.
| | - Antonio Mutti
- Laboratory of Industrial Toxicology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Parma, via Gramsci 14, I-43126 Parma, Italy.
| | - Stefano Petti
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy.
| | - Matteo Vitali
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy.
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Barata-Silva C, Mitri S, Pavesi T, Saggioro E, Moreira JC. Benzeno: reflexos sobre a saúde pública, presença ambiental e indicadores biológicos utilizados para a determinação da exposição. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1590/1414-462x201400040006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
O uso indiscriminado de um número cada vez maior de substâncias químicas vem aumentando e a contaminação ambiental associada tem trazido sérias consequências para o sistema público de saúde devido à elevação de danos para a saúde humana. Uma das substâncias que desperta grande interesse devido à contaminação contemporânea é o benzeno, composto aromático classificado pela International Agency for Research on Cancer como reconhecidamente carcinogênico para humanos. O objetivo do presente estudo foi elaborar e discutir um panorama sobre a contaminação por benzeno, seu metabolismo, consequências para a saúde e sua determinação ambiental e biológica a partir de informações existentes na literatura científica. O levantamento de dados possibilitou o acesso a mais de 200 artigos científicos tanto de âmbito nacional quanto internacional, demonstrando a atualidade do tema e a necessidade de minimização da exposição humana a essa substância. A maioria preocupa-se em explorar o metabolismo e investigar indicadores de exposição, muitos já amplamente estudados e com sérias limitações. Contudo, um crescente número de pesquisadores estão empenhados em elucidar fatores relacionados à suscetibilidade e à interferência da exposição no material genético e proteico. Indicadores de exposição inovadores têm sido propostos com o objetivo de complementar as lacunas de informações anteriormente obtidas, contribuindo para o delineamento da estrutura da biologia de sistemas orgânicos frente à exposição ao benzeno.
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Urinary S-phenylmercapturic acid as a key biomarker for measuring occupational exposure to low concentrations of benzene in Chinese workers: a pilot study. J Occup Environ Med 2014; 56:319-25. [PMID: 24561506 DOI: 10.1097/jom.0000000000000098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study analyzed the level of urinary S-phenylmercapturic acid (U-SPMA) for low benzene exposure in a group of Chinese shoe-making workers. METHODS Urinary samples from 55 workers exposed to benzene at levels lower than 10 parts per million (ppm) were collected at postshift. U-SPMA level was determined using high-performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrography (HPLC/MS) method. RESULTS Good linearity of U-SPMA was observed within the range from 10 to 320 μg/L (r = 0.9994). Concentration of airborne benzene ranged from 0.71 to 32.17 mg/m³, and three segments were divided with different levels of exposure (≤6.0, 6.0 to 10.0, 10 to 32.5 mg/m³), the median U-SPMA concentrations were 49.55, 102.15, and 335.69 μg/g Cr, respectively. CONCLUSION A good linear correlation was found between U-SPMA levels and airborne benzene concentrations. The selected method could be applied for detecting other working conditions in China.
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Gagné S. Determination oftrans,trans-muconic acid in workers' urine through ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. Biomed Chromatogr 2012; 27:664-8. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.2844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2012] [Revised: 10/18/2012] [Accepted: 10/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Gagné
- Institut de recherche Robert-Sauvé en santé et en sécurité du travail; 505 Boul De Maisonneuve Ouest; Montréal; Québec; Canada; H3A 3C2
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