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Wardhani K, Yazzie S, McVeigh C, Edeh O, Grimes M, Jacquez Q, Dixson C, Barr E, Liu R, Bolt AM, Feng C, Zychowski KE. Systemic immunological responses are dependent on sex and ovarian hormone presence following acute inhaled woodsmoke exposure. Part Fibre Toxicol 2024; 21:27. [PMID: 38797836 PMCID: PMC11129474 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-024-00587-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rural regions of the western United States have experienced a noticeable surge in both the frequency and severity of acute wildfire events, which brings significant challenges to both public safety and environmental conservation efforts, with impacts felt globally. Identifying factors contributing to immune dysfunction, including endocrinological phenotypes, is essential to understanding how hormones may influence toxicological susceptibility. METHODS This exploratory study utilized male and female C57BL/6 mice as in vivo models to investigate distinct responses to acute woodsmoke (WS) exposure with a focus on sex-based differences. In a second set of investigations, two groups were established within the female mouse cohort. In one group, mice experienced ovariectomy (OVX) to simulate an ovarian hormone-deficient state similar to surgical menopause, while the other group received Sham surgery as controls, to investigate the mechanistic role of ovarian hormone presence in driving immune dysregulation following acute WS exposure. Each experimental cohort followed a consecutive 2-day protocol with daily 4-h exposure intervals under two conditions: control HEPA-filtered air (FA) and acute WS to simulate an acute wildfire episode. RESULTS Metals analysis of WS particulate matter (PM) revealed significantly increased levels of 63Cu, 182W, 208Pb, and 238U, compared to filtered air (FA) controls, providing insights into the specific metal components most impacted by the changing dynamics of wildfire occurrences in the region. Male and female mice exhibited diverse patterns in lung mRNA cytokine expression following WS exposure, with males showing downregulation and females displaying upregulation, notably for IL-1β, TNF-α, CXCL-1, CCL-5, TGF-β, and IL-6. After acute WS exposure, there were notable differences in the responses of macrophages, neutrophils, and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) cytokines IL-10, IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α. Significant diverse alterations were observed in BAL cytokines, specifically IL-1β, IL-10, IL-6, and TNF-α, as well as in the populations of immune cells, such as macrophages and polymorphonuclear leukocytes, in both Sham and OVX mice, following acute WS exposure. These findings elucidated the profound influence of hormonal changes on inflammatory outcomes, delineating substantial sex-related differences in immune activation and revealing altered immune responses in OVX mice due to ovarian hormone deficiency. In addition, the flow cytometry analysis highlighted the complex interaction between OVX surgery, acute WS exposure, and their collective impact on immune cell populations within the hematopoietic bone marrow niche. CONCLUSIONS In summary, both male and female mice, alongside females subjected to OVX and those who had sham surgery, exhibit significant variations in the expression of proinflammatory cytokines, chemokines, lung mRNA gene expression, and related functional networks linked to signaling pathways. These differences potentially act as mediators of sex-specific and hormonal influences in the systemic inflammatory response to acute WS exposure during a wildfire event. Understanding the regulatory roles of genes expressed differentially under environmental stressors holds considerable implications, aiding in identifying sex-specific therapeutic targets for addressing acute lung inflammation and injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kartika Wardhani
- College of Nursing, University of New Mexico-Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
- Biochemistry and Biotechnology Group (B-TEK), Bioscience Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, USA
| | - Sydnee Yazzie
- College of Nursing, University of New Mexico-Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Charlotte McVeigh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico-Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Onamma Edeh
- College of Nursing, University of New Mexico-Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Martha Grimes
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico-Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Quiteria Jacquez
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico-Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Connor Dixson
- College of Nursing, University of New Mexico-Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Edward Barr
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico-Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Rui Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico-Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Alicia M Bolt
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico-Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Changjian Feng
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico-Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Katherine E Zychowski
- College of Nursing, University of New Mexico-Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA.
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Raqib R, Akhtar E, Ahsanul Haq M, Ahmed S, Haque F, Chowdhury MAH, Shahriar MH, Begum BA, Eunus M, Sarwar G, Parvez F, Sharker Y, Ahsan H, Yunus M. Reduction of household air pollution through clean fuel intervention and recovery of cellular immune balance. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2023; 179:108137. [PMID: 37579572 PMCID: PMC11062205 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2023.108137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We conducted a clean fuel intervention trial (Bangladesh Global Environmental and Occupational Health (GEOHealth) (NCT02824237) with liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) for 26 months among rural Bangladeshi women chronically exposed to household air pollution (HAP) from biomass fuel (BMF) use. We aimed to evaluate the effect of HAP reduction following LPG intervention on immune response outcome. METHODS We supplied LPG cook stove and refills in cylinder in 200 households for 26 months. We measured personal exposure to HAP [particulate matter 2.5 (PM2·5), black carbon (BC) and carbon monoxide (CO)] in 200 women (main cook) by personal monitors at pre- and post-intervention. Immune function was assessed before and after intervention, in blood collected within 2 weeks of HAP measurements. Primary endpoints included reduction in HAP, lymphocyte proliferation and oxidative stress response, and alterations in T and B cell proportions. FINDINGS Exclusive LPG use for 26 months resulted in significant reduction in PM2·5 (43.5%), BC (13%) and CO (48%) exposure in the women. For one unit decrease in BC, Treg cells and memory B cells increased by 7% and 34% respectively, in the peripheral circulation. One unit decrease in CO was significantly associated with increase in early B cells and plasmablasts by 66% and 5% respectively. For one unit decrease in BC, percent-dividing cells, proliferation and expansion indices increased by 2%, 0.4%, and 1%, respectively. INTERPRETATION Reduced personal exposure to HAP through clean fuel intervention was related to a return towards cellular immune balance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Mahbub Eunus
- U-Chicago Research Bangladesh, Mohakhali, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Golam Sarwar
- U-Chicago Research Bangladesh, Mohakhali, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Faruque Parvez
- Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, USA
| | | | - Habibul Ahsan
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Chicago, Chicago, USA; U-Chicago Research Bangladesh, Mohakhali, Dhaka, Bangladesh
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Zhao H, Lin T, Yang Y, Feng C, Wang W, Gong L. The effect of short-term air pollutants exposure on outpatient admission for blepharitis in Shanghai, China: a hospital-based study. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:47655-47669. [PMID: 36745352 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-25605-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Blepharitis is a very common ophthalmologic disease, and few studies have examined if air pollutants contribute to the risk of blepharitis. We investigated the presence of any potential correlation between exposure to air pollution and outpatient admission for blepharitis in Shanghai, China. Data on daily outpatient admission for blepharitis were collected from January 2017 to July 2022. Air pollution and meteorological data were acquired from the Shanghai Environmental Protection Agency. Using the distributed lag non-linear model (DLNM) we investigated the relationship between air pollutants and blepharitis. Seasonal stratified analysis was carried out. In total, 10,681 blepharitis patients were recruited. In the single-pollutant model, a 10 μg/m3 increase in particulate matter with < 2.5 μm PM2.5 and 10 μm PM10 along with sulfur dioxide (SO2) and 100 μg/m3 increase in carbon monoxide (CO) was significantly associated with outpatient visits for blepharitis. In the multi-pollutant model, a 10 μg/m3 increase in ozone (O3) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and a 100 μg/m3 increase in carbon monoxide (CO) was significantly associated with outpatient visits for blepharitis. Moreover, there was an obvious relationship between blepharitis and PM2.5 and O3 in the summers and blepharitis and PM10, NO2, and SO2 during the winters. Exposure to short-term air pollution increases the risk of blepharitis outpatient visits in Shanghai, China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Zhao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye, Ear, Nose, and Throat Hospital of Fudan University, No.83, Fenyang Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai, 200000, China
- Laboratory of Myopia, NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia (Fudan University), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai, 200000, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200000, China
| | - Tong Lin
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye, Ear, Nose, and Throat Hospital of Fudan University, No.83, Fenyang Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai, 200000, China
- Laboratory of Myopia, NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia (Fudan University), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai, 200000, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200000, China
| | - Yun Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye, Ear, Nose, and Throat Hospital of Fudan University, No.83, Fenyang Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai, 200000, China
- Laboratory of Myopia, NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia (Fudan University), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai, 200000, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200000, China
| | - Changming Feng
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye, Ear, Nose, and Throat Hospital of Fudan University, No.83, Fenyang Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai, 200000, China
- Laboratory of Myopia, NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia (Fudan University), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai, 200000, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200000, China
| | - Wushuang Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye, Ear, Nose, and Throat Hospital of Fudan University, No.83, Fenyang Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai, 200000, China
- Laboratory of Myopia, NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia (Fudan University), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai, 200000, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200000, China
| | - Lan Gong
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye, Ear, Nose, and Throat Hospital of Fudan University, No.83, Fenyang Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai, 200000, China.
- Laboratory of Myopia, NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia (Fudan University), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai, 200000, China.
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200000, China.
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Mechanisms of Lung Damage and Development of COPD Due to Household Biomass-Smoke Exposure: Inflammation, Oxidative Stress, MicroRNAs, and Gene Polymorphisms. Cells 2022; 12:cells12010067. [PMID: 36611860 PMCID: PMC9818405 DOI: 10.3390/cells12010067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic exposure to indoor biomass smoke from the combustion of solid organic fuels is a major cause of disease burden worldwide. Almost 3 billion people use solid fuels such as wood, charcoal, and crop residues for indoor cooking and heating, accounting for approximately 50% of all households and 90% of rural households globally. Biomass smoke contains many hazardous pollutants, resulting in household air pollution (HAP) exposure that often exceeds international standards. Long-term biomass-smoke exposure is associated with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) in adults, a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, chronic bronchitis, and other lung conditions. Biomass smoke-associated COPD differs from the best-known cigarette smoke-induced COPD in several aspects, such as a slower decline in lung function, greater airway involvement, and less emphysema, which suggests a different phenotype and pathophysiology. Despite the high burden of biomass-associated COPD, the molecular, genetic, and epigenetic mechanisms underlying its pathogenesis are poorly understood. This review describes the pathogenic mechanisms potentially involved in lung damage, the development of COPD associated with wood-derived smoke exposure, and the influence of genetic and epigenetic factors on the development of this disease.
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Jia Z, Gao Y, Zhao L, Han S. Effects of pain and depression on the relationship between household solid fuel use and disability among middle-aged and older adults. Sci Rep 2022; 12:21270. [PMID: 36481918 PMCID: PMC9732289 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-25825-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Household air pollution (HAP) is suggested to increases people's risk of disability, but mediating mechanisms between HAP and disability remains under-investigated. The aim of this study was to investigate the underlying mechanisms between household air pollution and disability in middle-aged and older adults (i.e., older than 45 years) using a nationally representative prospective cohort. In total, 3754 middle-aged and older adults were selected from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study. Correlation analysis and logistic regression analysis were employed to estimate the association between HAP, pain, depression and disability. Finally, three significant mediation pathways through which HAP directly impacts disability were found: (1) pain (B = 0.09, 95% CI 0.01, 0.02), accounting for 15.25% of the total effect; (2) depression (B = 0.07, 95% CI 0.004, 0.02), accounting for 11.86% of the total effect; (3) pain and depression (B = 0.04, 95% CI 0.003, 0.01), accounting for 6.78% of the total effect. The total mediating effect was 33.89%. This study clarified that HAP can indirectly affect disability through the respective and serial mediating roles of pain and depression. These findings potentially have important implications for national strategies concerning the widespread use of clean fuels by citizens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihao Jia
- grid.27255.370000 0004 1761 1174School of Physical Education, Shandong University, Jinan, 250061 China
| | - Yan Gao
- grid.27255.370000 0004 1761 1174School of Physical Education, Shandong University, Jinan, 250061 China
| | - Liangyu Zhao
- grid.27255.370000 0004 1761 1174School of Physical Education, Shandong University, Jinan, 250061 China
| | - Suyue Han
- grid.27255.370000 0004 1761 1174School of Physical Education, Shandong University, Jinan, 250061 China
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Raqib R, Akhtar E, Sultana T, Ahmed S, Chowdhury MAH, Shahriar MH, Kader SB, Eunus M, Haq MA, Sarwar G, Islam T, Alam DS, Parvez F, Begum BA, Ahsan H, Yunus M. Association of household air pollution with cellular and humoral immune responses among women in rural Bangladesh. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 299:118892. [PMID: 35077836 PMCID: PMC9850293 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.118892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Household air pollution (HAP) arising from combustion of biomass fuel (BMF) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in low-income countries. Air pollution may stimulate pro-inflammatory responses by activating diverse immune cells and cyto/chemokine expression, thereby contributing to diseases. We aimed to study cellular immune responses among women chronically exposed to HAP through use of BMF for domestic cooking. Among 200 healthy, non-smoking women in rural Bangladesh, we assessed exposure to HAP by measuring particulate matter 2.5 (PM2.5), black carbon (BC) and carbon monoxide (CO), through use of personal monitors RTI MicroPEM™ and Lascar CO logger respectively, for 48 h. Blood samples were collected following HAP exposure assessment and were analyzed for immunoprofiling by flow cytometry, plasma IgE by immunoassay analyzer and cyto/chemokine response from monocyte-derived-macrophages (MDM) and -dendritic cells (MDDC) by multiplex immunoassay. In multivariate linear regression model, a doubling of PM2.5 was associated with small increments in immature/early B cells (CD19+CD38+) and plasmablasts (CD19+CD38+CD27+). In contrast, a doubling of CO was associated with 1.20% reduction in CD19+ B lymphocytes (95% confidence interval (CI) = -2.36, -0.01). A doubling of PM2.5 and BC each was associated with 3.12% (95%CI = -5.85, -0.38) and 4.07% (95%CI = -7.96, -0.17) decrements in memory B cells (CD19+CD27+), respectively. Exposure to CO was associated with increased plasma IgE levels (beta(β) = 240.4, 95%CI = 3.06, 477.8). PM2.5 and CO exposure was associated with increased MDM production of CXCL10 (β = 12287, 95%CI = 1038, 23536) and CCL5 (β = 835.7, 95%CI = 95.5, 1576), respectively. Conversely, BC exposure was associated with reduction in MDDC-produced CCL5 (β = -3583, 95%CI = -6358, -807.8) and TNF-α (β = -15521, 95%CI = -28968, -2074). Our findings suggest that chronic HAP exposure through BMF use adversely affects proportions of B lymphocytes, particularly memory B cells, plasma IgE levels and functions of antigen presenting cells in rural women.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Evana Akhtar
- Infectious Diseases Division, icddr,b, Bangladesh
| | | | - Shyfuddin Ahmed
- Health Systems and Population Studies Division, icddr,b, Dhaka, 1212, Bangladesh
| | | | | | - Shirmin Bintay Kader
- Health Systems and Population Studies Division, icddr,b, Dhaka, 1212, Bangladesh
| | - Mahbbul Eunus
- U-Chicago Research Bangladesh, Mohakhali, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | - Golam Sarwar
- U-Chicago Research Bangladesh, Mohakhali, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Tariqul Islam
- U-Chicago Research Bangladesh, Mohakhali, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | - Faruque Parvez
- Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, USA
| | | | - Habibul Ahsan
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Chicago, Chicago, USA
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Pang KL, Ekeuku SO, Chin KY. Particulate Air Pollution and Osteoporosis: A Systematic Review. Risk Manag Healthc Policy 2021; 14:2715-2732. [PMID: 34194253 PMCID: PMC8238075 DOI: 10.2147/rmhp.s316429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Air pollution is associated with inflammation and oxidative stress, which predispose to several chronic diseases in human. Emerging evidence suggests that the severity and progression of osteoporosis are directly associated with inflammation induced by air pollutants like particulate matter (PM). This systematic review examined the relationship between PM and bone health or fractures. A comprehensive literature search was conducted from January until February 2021 using the PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Google Scholar and Cochrane Library databases. Human cross-sectional, cohort and case-control studies were considered. Of the 1500 papers identified, 14 articles were included based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The air pollution index investigated by most studies were PM2.5 and PM10. Current studies demonstrated inconsistent associations between PM and osteoporosis risk or fractures, which may partly due to the heterogeneity in subjects' characteristics, study design and analysis. In conclusion, there is an inconclusive relationship between osteoporosis risk and fracture and PM exposures which require further validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kok-Lun Pang
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Cheras, 56000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Sophia Ogechi Ekeuku
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Cheras, 56000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Kok-Yong Chin
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Cheras, 56000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Lin P, Ji HH, Li YJ, Guo SD. Macrophage Plasticity and Atherosclerosis Therapy. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:679797. [PMID: 34026849 PMCID: PMC8138136 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.679797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic disease starting with the entry of monocytes into the subendothelium and the subsequent differentiation into macrophages. Macrophages are the major immune cells in atherosclerotic plaques and are involved in the dynamic progression of atherosclerotic plaques. The biological properties of atherosclerotic plaque macrophages determine lesion size, composition, and stability. The heterogenicity and plasticity of atherosclerotic macrophages have been a hotspot in recent years. Studies demonstrated that lipids, cytokines, chemokines, and other molecules in the atherosclerotic plaque microenvironment regulate macrophage phenotype, contributing to the switch of macrophages toward a pro- or anti-atherosclerosis state. Of note, M1/M2 classification is oversimplified and only represent two extreme states of macrophages. Moreover, M2 macrophages in atherosclerosis are not always protective. Understanding the phenotypic diversity and functions of macrophages can disclose their roles in atherosclerotic plaques. Given that lipid-lowering therapy cannot completely retard the progression of atherosclerosis, macrophages with high heterogeneity and plasticity raise the hope for atherosclerosis regression. This review will focus on the macrophage phenotypic diversity, its role in the progression of the dynamic atherosclerotic plaque, and finally discuss the possibility of treating atherosclerosis by targeting macrophage microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Lin
- Institute of Lipid Metabolism and Atherosclerosis, Innovative Drug Research Centre, School of Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Hong-Hai Ji
- Institute of Lipid Metabolism and Atherosclerosis, Innovative Drug Research Centre, School of Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Yan-Jie Li
- Institute of Lipid Metabolism and Atherosclerosis, Innovative Drug Research Centre, School of Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Shou-Dong Guo
- Institute of Lipid Metabolism and Atherosclerosis, Innovative Drug Research Centre, School of Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
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Abstract
Inflammation is a common and essential event in the pathogenesis of diverse diseases. Decades of research has converged on an understanding that all combustion-derived particulate matter (PM) is inflammatory to some extent in the lungs and also systemically, substantially explaining a significant portion of the massive cardiopulmonary disease burden associated with these exposures. In general, this means that efforts to do the following can all be beneficial: reduce particulates at the source, decrease the inflammatory potential of PM output, and, where PM inhalation is unavoidable, administer anti-inflammatory treatment. A range of research, including basic illumination of inflammatory pathways, assessment of disease burden in large cohorts, tailored treatment trials, and epidemiologic, animal, and in vitro studies, is highlighted in this review. However, meaningful translation of this research to decrease the burden of disease and deliver a clear and cohesive message to guide daily clinical practice remains rudimentary. Ongoing efforts to better understand substantial differences in the concentration and type of PM to which the global community is exposed and then distill how that influences inflammation promises to have real-world benefit. This review addresses this complex topic in 3 sections, including ambient PM (typically associated with ground-level transportation), wildfire-induced PM, and PM from indoor biomass burning. Recognizing the overlap between these domains, we also describe differences and suggest future directions to better inform clinical practice and public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weidong Wu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Yuefei Jin
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Chris Carlsten
- Air Pollution Exposure Laboratory, Department of Medicine and School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
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Gallardo-Vera F, Tapia-Rodriguez M, Diaz D, Fortoul van der Goes T, Montaño LF, Rendón-Huerta EP. Vanadium pentoxide increased PTEN and decreased SHP1 expression in NK-92MI cells, affecting PI3K-AKT-mTOR and Ras-MAPK pathways. J Immunotoxicol 2018; 15:1-11. [PMID: 29228829 DOI: 10.1080/1547691x.2017.1404662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Vanadium is an air pollutant that imparts immunosuppressive effects on NK cell immune responses, in part, by dysregulating interleukin (IL)-2/IL-2R-mediated JAK signaling pathways and inducing apoptosis. The aim of the present study was to evaluate effects of vanadium pentoxide (V2O5) on other IL-2 receptor-mediated signaling pathways, i.e. PI3K-AKT-mTOR and Ras-MAPK. Here, IL-2-independent NK-92MI cells were exposed to different V2O5 doses for 24 h periods. Expression of PI3K, Akt, mTOR, ERK1/2, MEK1, PTEN, SHP1, BAD and phosphorylated forms, as well as caspases-3, -8, -9, BAX and BAK in/on the cells were then determined by flow cytometry. The results show that V2O5 was cytotoxic to NK cells in a dose-related manner. Exposure increased BAD and pBAD expression and decreased that of BAK and BAX, but cell death was not related to caspase activation. At 400 µM V2O5, expression of PI3K-p85 regulatory subunit increased 20% and pPI3K 50%, while that of the non-pPI3K 110α catalytic subunit decreased by 20%. At 200 μM, V2O5 showed significant decrease in non-pAkt expression (p < 0.05); the decrease in pAkt expression was significant at 100 μM. Non-pmTOR expression displayed a significant downward trend beginning at 100 μM. Expressions of pMEK-1/2 and pERK-1/2 increased substantially at 200 μM V2O5. No differences were found with non-phosphorylated ERK-1/2. PTEN expression increased significantly at 100 μM V2O5 exposure whereas pPTEN decreased by 18% at 25 μM V2O5 concentrations, but remained unchanged thereafter. Lastly, V2O5 at all doses decreased SHP1 expression and increased expression of its phosphorylated form. These results indicated a toxic effect of V2O5 on NK cells that was due in part to dysregulation of signaling pathways mediated by IL-2 via increased PTEN and decreased SHP1 expression. These results can help to explain some of the known deleterious effects of this particular form of vanadium on innate immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Gallardo-Vera
- a Laboratorio de Inmunobiología, Departamento de Biología Celular y Tisular, Facultad de Medicina, UNAM , Mexico City , México
| | - Miguel Tapia-Rodriguez
- b Unidad de Microscopia , Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, UNAM , Mexico City , México
| | - Daniel Diaz
- c Facultad de Ciencias , UNAM , Mexico City , México
| | - Teresa Fortoul van der Goes
- a Laboratorio de Inmunobiología, Departamento de Biología Celular y Tisular, Facultad de Medicina, UNAM , Mexico City , México
| | - Luis F Montaño
- a Laboratorio de Inmunobiología, Departamento de Biología Celular y Tisular, Facultad de Medicina, UNAM , Mexico City , México
| | - Erika P Rendón-Huerta
- a Laboratorio de Inmunobiología, Departamento de Biología Celular y Tisular, Facultad de Medicina, UNAM , Mexico City , México
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Mondal NK, Saha H, Mukherjee B, Tyagi N, Ray MR. Inflammation, oxidative stress, and higher expression levels of Nrf2 and NQO1 proteins in the airways of women chronically exposed to biomass fuel smoke. Mol Cell Biochem 2018; 447:63-76. [DOI: 10.1007/s11010-018-3293-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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12
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Roth-Walter F, Bergmayr C, Meitz S, Buchleitner S, Stremnitzer C, Fazekas J, Moskovskich A, Müller MA, Roth GA, Manzano-Szalai K, Dvorak Z, Neunkirchner A, Jensen-Jarolim E. Janus-faced Acrolein prevents allergy but accelerates tumor growth by promoting immunoregulatory Foxp3+ cells: Mouse model for passive respiratory exposure. Sci Rep 2017; 7:45067. [PMID: 28332605 PMCID: PMC5362909 DOI: 10.1038/srep45067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Acrolein, a highly reactive unsaturated aldehyde, is generated in large amounts during smoking and is best known for its genotoxic capacity. Here, we aimed to assess whether acrolein at concentrations relevant for smokers may also exert immunomodulatory effects that could be relevant in allergy or cancer. In a BALB/c allergy model repeated nasal exposure to acrolein abrogated allergen-specific antibody and cytokine formation, and led to a relative accumulation of regulatory T cells in the lungs. Only the acrolein-treated mice were protected from bronchial hyperreactivity as well as from anaphylactic reactions upon challenge with the specific allergen. Moreover, grafted D2F2 tumor cells grew faster and intratumoral Foxp3+ cell accumulation was observed in these mice compared to sham-treated controls. Results from reporter cell lines suggested that acrolein acts via the aryl-hydrocarbon receptor which could be inhibited by resveratrol and 3′-methoxy-4′-nitroflavone Acrolein- stimulation of human PBMCs increased Foxp3+ expression by T cells which could be antagonized by resveratrol. Our mouse and human data thus revealed that acrolein exerts systemic immunosuppression by promoting Foxp3+ regulatory cells. This provides a novel explanation why smokers have a lower allergy, but higher cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Roth-Walter
- Comparative Medicine, The Interuniversity Messerli Research Institute of the University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Medical University Vienna and University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Cornelia Bergmayr
- Institute of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center of Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sarah Meitz
- Comparative Medicine, The Interuniversity Messerli Research Institute of the University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Medical University Vienna and University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Stefan Buchleitner
- Comparative Medicine, The Interuniversity Messerli Research Institute of the University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Medical University Vienna and University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Caroline Stremnitzer
- Institute of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center of Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Judit Fazekas
- Comparative Medicine, The Interuniversity Messerli Research Institute of the University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Medical University Vienna and University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Anna Moskovskich
- Comparative Medicine, The Interuniversity Messerli Research Institute of the University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Medical University Vienna and University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Mario A Müller
- Comparative Medicine, The Interuniversity Messerli Research Institute of the University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Medical University Vienna and University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Georg A Roth
- Department of Anesthesiology, General Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Krisztina Manzano-Szalai
- Comparative Medicine, The Interuniversity Messerli Research Institute of the University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Medical University Vienna and University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Zdenek Dvorak
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Alina Neunkirchner
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Immunomodulation, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Erika Jensen-Jarolim
- Comparative Medicine, The Interuniversity Messerli Research Institute of the University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Medical University Vienna and University Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Institute of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center of Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Olloquequi J, Silva O R. Biomass smoke as a risk factor for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: effects on innate immunity. Innate Immun 2016; 22:373-81. [PMID: 27226464 DOI: 10.1177/1753425916650272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2015] [Accepted: 04/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), a major cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide, is considered an archetypical disease of innate immunity, where inhaled particles and gases trigger an inflammatory response, favoring tissue proliferation in small airways and tissue destruction in lung parenchyma, in addition to the recruitment of immune cells to these compartments. Although cigarette smoking is still considered the main risk factor for developing COPD, the trend of proposing biomass smoke (BS) exposure as a principal risk factor is gaining importance, as around 3 billion people worldwide are exposed to this pollutant daily. A considerable amount of evidence has shown the potential of BS as an enhancer of lung inflammation. However, an impairment of some innate immune responses after BS exposure has also been described. Regarding the mechanisms by which biomass smoke alters the innate immune responses, three main classes of cell surface receptors-the TLRs, the scavenger receptors and the transient receptor potential channels-have shown the ability to transduce signals initiated after BS exposure. This article is an updated and comprehensive review of the immunomodulatory effects described after the interaction of BS components with these receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordi Olloquequi
- Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Talca, Chile
| | - Rafael Silva O
- Unidad de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Hospital Regional de Talca, Región del Maule, Chile
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14
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Kamal A, Cincinelli A, Martellini T, Malik RN. Linking mobile source-PAHs and biological effects in traffic police officers and drivers in Rawalpindi (Pakistan). ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2016; 127:135-143. [PMID: 26827277 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2016.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2015] [Revised: 11/12/2015] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of traffic related polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) on blood parameters of subjects, including traffic police officers (TP), drivers (DR) and control subjects (CN) with presumably different levels of exposure. We quantified the urinary 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OHPyr), α-naphthol and β-naphthol (α- and β-naph) as biomarkers of exposure to PAHs in relation with biomarkers of effect (Hb, MCV, PCV, PLT, RBCs), biomarkers of inflammation/infection (CRP, WBCs), oxidative stress (SOD) and oxidative DNA damage i.e. 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG). Results showed that mean 1-OHPyr, α-naph and β-naph concentrations were significantly higher in TPs (0.98, 1.55, and 1.9µmolmol-Cr(-1), respectively, p<0.05) than CNs (0.7, 0.6; 0.67µmolmol-Cr(-1), respectively, P<0.05). Furthermore, WBC and CRP were found in higher concentrations in TPs than CNs (7.04×10(3)µL(-1) and 0.95mgL(-1) vs. 5.1×10(3)µL(-1) and 0.54mgL(-1), respectively). The urinary 8-OHdG level, a biomarker of oxidative DNA damage, was higher in TPs than both CN and DR subjects (48ngmg-Cr(-1), 24ngmg-Cr(-1) and 33ngmg-Cr(-1), respectively). Self-reported health assessment indicates that, on the basis of daily time spent in the middle of heavy traffic, TPs and DRs more frequently suffered from adverse head and respiratory symptoms. The PCA analysis evidenced the impact of traffic pollution on exposure biomarkers and DNA damage. The study suggests that traffic pollution may be associated with important health risk, in particular on the respiratory system, not only for workers exposed to traffic exhausts but also for general public. Finally, vehicular air pollution in the city of Rawalpindi should be a high-priority concern for the Pakistan Government that needs to be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atif Kamal
- Environmental Biology and Ecotoxicology Laboratory, Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan
| | - Alessandra Cincinelli
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia, 3, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019 Florence, Italy; CNR, Istituto per la Dinamica dei Processi Ambientali, Via Dorsoduro 2137, 30123 Venezia, Italy
| | - Tania Martellini
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia, 3, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019 Florence, Italy
| | - Riffat Naseem Malik
- Environmental Biology and Ecotoxicology Laboratory, Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan.
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15
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Kamal A, Cincinelli A, Martellini T, Malik RN. Biomarkers of PAH exposure and hematologic effects in subjects exposed to combustion emission during residential (and professional) cooking practices in Pakistan. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:1284-1299. [PMID: 26358213 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-5297-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2015] [Accepted: 08/21/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the exposure of household women and professional male workers to combustion emission in the indoor and semi-outdoor environments, respectively, by using biochemical parameters and the biomarkers of exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH). Female (WR n = 60) and male "cooks" (WC n = 60) exposed to the combustion emission of fuel wood and coal in rural/suburban areas of Pakistan were recruited in this study and compared to non-exposed female (CF) and male (CM) groups (n = 32 and 34, respectively). Urinary biomarkers of PAH exposure including 1-hyroxypyrene (1-OHPyr), α-naphthol, and β-naphthol were analyzed together with the biomarkers of effect, including the serum c-reactive proteins (CRP), white blood cells (WBCs), hemoglobin (Hb), red blood cells (RBC), and platelet (PLT) count. In addition, blood superoxide dismutase (SOD) and urinary level of 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) were evaluated to determine the oxidative stress and DNA damage, respectively. A questionnaire was used to document demographic-, health-, and exposure-related information. The results showed that urinary β-naphthol was almost 44% higher in WR subjects than WC (median 7.69 vs. 3.39 μmol/mol-Cr, respectively; p = 0.01) and respective controls (CF). Higher urinary 8-OHdG were observed in WR (71.1 ng/mg-Cr) than WC (56.37 ng/mg-Cr) (p < 0.001), and lower life status and higher degree of headache were observed in WR than WC. In WCs, however, a low Hb and high WBC (8.29 × 10(3) μL(-1), ranging between 6.1 and 10.6 × 10(3) μL(-1)) were observed in comparison with CM. The study shows that WC subjects used larger amount of fuel and were subjected to prolonged exposure. It was concluded that the role of ventilation is fundamental and WR were more exposed to PAHs despite the fact that WC spent more time in cooking (due to occupational requirement) than WR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atif Kamal
- Environmental Biology and Ecotoxicology Laboratory, Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan.
| | - Alessandra Cincinelli
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia, 3, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
- CNR, Istituto per la Dinamica dei Processi Ambientali, Via Dorsoduro 2137, 30123, Venezia, Italy
| | - Tania Martellini
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia, 3, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
| | - Riffat Naseem Malik
- Environmental Biology and Ecotoxicology Laboratory, Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan.
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16
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Saha H, Mukherjee B, Bindhani B, Ray MR. Changes in RANKL and osteoprotegerin expression after chronic exposure to indoor air pollution as a result of cooking with biomass fuel. J Appl Toxicol 2015; 36:969-76. [DOI: 10.1002/jat.3275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2015] [Revised: 11/07/2015] [Accepted: 11/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hirak Saha
- Department of Experimental Hematology; Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute; Kolkata- 700 026 India
| | - Bidisha Mukherjee
- Department of Experimental Hematology; Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute; Kolkata- 700 026 India
- Department of Zoology; Ravenshaw University; Cuttack- 753003 India
| | - Banani Bindhani
- Department of Experimental Hematology; Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute; Kolkata- 700 026 India
| | - Manas Ranjan Ray
- Department of Experimental Hematology; Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute; Kolkata- 700 026 India
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17
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Muala A, Rankin G, Sehlstedt M, Unosson J, Bosson JA, Behndig A, Pourazar J, Nyström R, Pettersson E, Bergvall C, Westerholm R, Jalava PI, Happo MS, Uski O, Hirvonen MR, Kelly FJ, Mudway IS, Blomberg A, Boman C, Sandström T. Acute exposure to wood smoke from incomplete combustion--indications of cytotoxicity. Part Fibre Toxicol 2015; 12:33. [PMID: 26511835 PMCID: PMC4625445 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-015-0111-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 10/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Smoke from combustion of biomass fuels is a major risk factor for respiratory disease, but the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. The aim of this study was to determine whether exposure to wood smoke from incomplete combustion would elicit airway inflammation in humans. Methods Fourteen healthy subjects underwent controlled exposures on two separate occasions to filtered air and wood smoke from incomplete combustion with PM1 concentration at 314 μg/m3 for 3 h in a chamber. Bronchoscopy with bronchial wash (BW), bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) and endobronchial mucosal biopsies was performed after 24 h. Differential cell counts and soluble components were analyzed, with biopsies stained for inflammatory markers using immunohistochemistry. In parallel experiments, the toxicity of the particulate matter (PM) generated during the chamber exposures was investigated in vitro using the RAW264.7 macrophage cell line. Results Significant reductions in macrophage, neutrophil and lymphocyte numbers were observed in BW (p < 0.01, <0.05, <0.05, respectively) following the wood smoke exposure, with a reduction in lymphocytes numbers in BAL fluid (<0.01. This unexpected cellular response was accompanied by decreased levels of sICAM-1, MPO and MMP-9 (p < 0.05, <0.05 and <0.01). In contrast, significant increases in submucosal and epithelial CD3+ cells, epithelial CD8+ cells and submucosal mast cells (p < 0.01, <0.05, <0.05 and <0.05, respectively), were observed after wood smoke exposure. The in vitro data demonstrated that wood smoke particles generated under these incomplete combustion conditions induced cell death and DNA damage, with only minor inflammatory responses. Conclusions Short-term exposure to sooty PAH rich wood smoke did not induce an acute neutrophilic inflammation, a classic hallmark of air pollution exposure in humans. While minor proinflammatory lymphocytic and mast cells effects were observed in the bronchial biopsies, significant reductions in BW and BAL cells and soluble components were noted. This unexpected observation, combined with the in vitro data, suggests that wood smoke particles from incomplete combustion could be potentially cytotoxic. Additional research is required to establish the mechanism of this dramatic reduction in airway leukocytes and to clarify how this acute response contributes to the adverse health effects attributed to wood smoke exposure. Trial registration NCT01488500 Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12989-015-0111-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ala Muala
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Division of Medicine/Respiratory Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Gregory Rankin
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Division of Medicine/Respiratory Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Maria Sehlstedt
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Division of Medicine/Respiratory Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Jon Unosson
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Division of Medicine/Respiratory Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Jenny A Bosson
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Division of Medicine/Respiratory Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Annelie Behndig
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Division of Medicine/Respiratory Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Jamshid Pourazar
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Division of Medicine/Respiratory Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Robin Nyström
- Department of Applied Physics and Electronics, Thermochemical Energy Conversion Laboratory, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Esbjörn Pettersson
- Department of Applied Physics and Electronics, Thermochemical Energy Conversion Laboratory, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Christoffer Bergvall
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Roger Westerholm
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Pasi I Jalava
- Department of Environmental Science, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Mikko S Happo
- Department of Environmental Science, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Oskari Uski
- Department of Environmental Science, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | | | - Frank J Kelly
- Environmental Research Group, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Ian S Mudway
- Environmental Research Group, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Anders Blomberg
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Division of Medicine/Respiratory Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Christoffer Boman
- Department of Applied Physics and Electronics, Thermochemical Energy Conversion Laboratory, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Thomas Sandström
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Division of Medicine/Respiratory Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.
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18
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Essouma M, Bigna JJR, Noubiap JJN. Household Air Pollution, Intermediate Outcomes, and Major Adverse Cardiovascular Events. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich) 2015; 18:479-80. [PMID: 26491947 DOI: 10.1111/jch.12719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mickael Essouma
- Division of Medicine, Sangmelima Referral Hospital, Sangmelima, Cameroon
| | - Jean Joel R Bigna
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Centre Pasteur of Yaoundé, Member of International Network of the Pasteur Institutes, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Jean Jacques N Noubiap
- Department of Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital and University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,Medical Diagnostic Center, Yaoundé, Cameroon
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Noubiap JJN, Essouma M, Bigna JJR. Targeting Household Air Pollution for Curbing the Cardiovascular Disease Burden: A Health Priority in Sub-Saharan Africa. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich) 2015; 17:825-9. [PMID: 26140428 PMCID: PMC8031568 DOI: 10.1111/jch.12610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2015] [Revised: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Household air pollution (HAP) is a major public health problem, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa where most of the populations still rely on solid fuels for cooking, heating, and lighting. This narrative review highlights the direct and indirect evidence of the important role of HAP in cardiovascular disease, especially in sub-Saharan African countries where highest rates of major cardiovascular disease and death are observed, and thus provides ample reason for promotion of preventive interventions to reduce HAP exposures in the region. There is an urgent need for efficient strategies to educate populations on the health issues associated with this health hazard, to provide affordable clean cooking energy for poor people and to promote improved household ventilation. High-quality data on household energy practices and patterns of HAP and related health issues are still needed for efficient policy making in this region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Jacques N. Noubiap
- Department of MedicineGroote Schuur Hospital and University of Cape TownCape TownSouth Africa
- Medical Diagnostic CenterYaoundéCameroon
| | - Mickael Essouma
- Internal Medicine UnitSangmelima Reference HospitalSangmelimaCameroon
| | - Jean Joel R. Bigna
- Department of Epidemiology and Public HealthCentre Pasteur of YaoundéMember of International Network of the Pasteur InstitutesYaoundéCameroon
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20
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Zambrano AI, Muñoz BE, Mkocha H, West SK. Exposure to an Indoor Cooking Fire and Risk of Trachoma in Children of Kongwa, Tanzania. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2015; 9:e0003774. [PMID: 26046359 PMCID: PMC4457924 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Elimination of blinding trachoma by 2020 can only be achieved if affected areas have effective control programs in place before the target date. Identifying risk factors for active disease that are amenable to intervention is important to successfully design such programs. Previous studies have linked sleeping by a cooking fire to trachoma in children, but not fully explored the mechanism and risks. We propose to determine the risk for active trachoma in children with exposure to cooking fires by severity of trachoma, adjusting for other known risk factors. METHODS Complete census of 52 communities in Kongwa, Tanzania, was conducted to collect basic household characteristics and demographic information on each family member. Information on exposure to indoor cooking fires while the mother was cooking and while sleeping for each child was collected. 6656 randomly selected children ages 1-9 yrs were invited to a survey where both eyelids were graded for follicular (TF) and intense trachoma (TI) using the WHO simplified grading scheme. Ocular swab were taken to assess the presence of Chlamydia trachomatis. FINDINGS 5240 (79%) of the invited children participated in the study. Overall prevalence for trachoma was 6·1%. Odds for trachoma and increased severity were higher in children sleeping without ventilation and a cooking fire in their room (TF OR = 1·81, 1·00-3·27 and TI OR 4·06, 1·96-8·42). Children with TF or TI who were exposed were more likely to have infection than children with TF or TI who were not exposed. There was no increased risk with exposure to a cooking fire while the mother was cooking. CONCLUSIONS In addition to known risk factors for trachoma, sleeping by an indoor cooking fire in a room without ventilation was associated with active trachoma and appears to substantially increase the risk of intense inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea I. Zambrano
- Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Beatriz E. Muñoz
- Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | | | - Sheila K. West
- Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
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21
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Silva R, Oyarzún M, Olloquequi J. Pathogenic Mechanisms in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Due to Biomass Smoke Exposure. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arbr.2015.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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22
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Xie Y, Gong C, Bo L, Jiang S, Kan H, Song W, Zhao J, Li Y. Treg responses are associated with PM2.5-induced exacerbation of viral myocarditis. Inhal Toxicol 2015; 27:281-6. [PMID: 25951053 DOI: 10.3109/08958378.2015.1040139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The adverse cardiovascular events induced by ambient fine particles (PM2.5) are paid more attention in the world. The current study was conducted to explore the mechanisms of T regulatory cells (Treg) responses in PM2.5-induced exacerbation of viral myocarditis. The male BALB/c mice were administered an intratracheal (i.t.) instillation of 10 mg/kg b.w. PM2.5 suspension. Twenty-four hours later, the mice were injected intraperitoneally (i.p.) with 100 μl of coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) diluted in Eagle's minimal essential medium (EMEM). Seven days after the treatment, serum, splenetic, and cardiac tissues were examined. The results showed that pre-exposure to PM2.5 aggravated the cardiac inflammation in the CVB3-infected mice along with an increase of Treg cells in the spleen. The mRNA expressions of interleukin-6 (IL-6), TNF-α, transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), and Foxp3 were up-regulated in the PM2.5-pretreated mice than that in the CVB3-treated mice. Similar results were found in the sera. In addition, compared with the CVB3-treated mice, the cardiac protein expression of TGF-β increased in the PM2.5-pretreated mice. These results demonstrated that preexposure to PM2.5 exacerbated virus-induced myocarditis possibly through the depression of the immune response and increase of inflammation in myocardium through the Treg responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuquan Xie
- Department of Cardiology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine , Shanghai , China and
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23
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Ranabhat CL, Kim CB, Kim CS, Jha N, Deepak KC, Connel FA. Consequence of indoor air pollution in rural area of Nepal: a simplified measurement approach. Front Public Health 2015; 3:5. [PMID: 25674557 PMCID: PMC4306325 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2015.00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2014] [Accepted: 01/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
People of developing countries especially from rural area are commonly exposed to high levels of household pollution for 3–7 h daily using biomass in their kitchen. Such biomass produces harmful smoke and makes indoor air pollution (IAP). Community-based cross-sectional study was performed to identify effects of IAP by simplified measurement approach in Sunsari District of Nepal. Representative samples of 157 housewives from household, involving more than 5 years in kitchen were included by cluster sampling. Data were analyzed by SPSS and logistic regression was applied for the statistical test. Most (87.3%) housewives used biomass as a cooking fuel. Tearing of eyes, difficulty in breathing, and productive cough were the main reported health problems and traditional mud stoves and use of unrefined biomass were statistically significant (p < 0.05) and more risk (AOR > 2) with health problems related to IAP. The treatment cost and episodes of acute respiratory infection was >2 folders higher in severe IAP than mild IAP. Simplified measurement approach could be helpful to measure IAP in rural area. Some effective intervention is suggested to reduce the severe level of IAP considering women and children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chhabi Lal Ranabhat
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Wonju College of Medicine Yonsei University , Wonju, Gangwon , South Korea ; Institute for Poverty Alleviation and International Development, Yonsei University , Wonju, Gangwon , South Korea
| | - Chun-Bae Kim
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Wonju College of Medicine Yonsei University , Wonju, Gangwon , South Korea ; Institute for Poverty Alleviation and International Development, Yonsei University , Wonju, Gangwon , South Korea
| | - Chang-Soo Kim
- Institute for Poverty Alleviation and International Development, Yonsei University , Wonju, Gangwon , South Korea
| | - Nilambar Jha
- BP Koirala Institute of Health Science, School of Public Health and Community Medicine , Dharan , Nepal
| | - K C Deepak
- BP Koirala Institute of Health Science, School of Public Health and Community Medicine , Dharan , Nepal
| | - Fredric A Connel
- Department of Health Services, School of Public Health, University of Washington , Seattle, WA , USA
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24
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Silva R, Oyarzún M, Olloquequi J. Pathogenic mechanisms in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease due to biomass smoke exposure. Arch Bronconeumol 2015; 51:285-92. [PMID: 25614376 DOI: 10.1016/j.arbres.2014.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2014] [Revised: 10/12/2014] [Accepted: 10/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) mortality and morbidity have increased significantly worldwide in recent decades. Although cigarette smoke is still considered the main risk factor for the development of the disease, estimates suggest that between 25% and 33% of COPD patients are non-smokers. Among the factors that may increase the risk of developing COPD, biomass smoke has been proposed as one of the most important, affecting especially women and children in developing countries. Despite the epidemiological evidence linking exposure to biomass smoke with adverse health effects, the specific cellular and molecular mechanisms by which this pollutant can be harmful for the respiratory and cardiovascular systems remain unclear. In this article we review the main pathogenic mechanisms proposed to date that make biomass smoke one of the major risk factors for COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Silva
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Talca, Chile
| | - Manuel Oyarzún
- Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jordi Olloquequi
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Talca, Chile.
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25
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Gallardo-Vera F, Diaz D, Tapia-Rodriguez M, Fortoul van der Goes T, Masso F, Rendon-Huerta E, Montaño LF. Vanadium pentoxide prevents NK-92MI cell proliferation and IFNγ secretion through sustained JAK3 phosphorylation. J Immunotoxicol 2015; 13:27-37. [PMID: 25565016 DOI: 10.3109/1547691x.2014.996681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Vanadium is a major air pollutant with toxic and carcinogenic effects; it also exercises immunosuppressive effects on the adaptive immune response. Its effect on the innate immune response is poorly explored. The aim of this study was to identify if vanadium pentoxide (V2O5) impairs the function of immunoregulatory NK cells and to determine possible mechanisms associated with this effect. Interleukin-2-independent NK-92MI cells were exposed to different V2O5 concentrations for 6, 12, or 24 h periods. Cell proliferation was then evaluated using CFSE staining, apoptosis by Annexin V binding, and necrosis by 7-AAD staining. The release of IL-2, -4, -6, -10, -17A, IFNγ, and TNFα by the cells were assessed using a human CBA kit. Expression of CD45, SOCS1, JAK3, pJAK3, STAT5, pSTAT5, IL-2R, IL-15R, Fas, and FasL in/on the cells was determined by flow cytometry; JAK3 and pJAK3 expression were also evaluated via confocal microscopy. The results indicated that V2O5 could inhibit NK-92MI cell proliferation and induce cell apoptosis in a dose- and time-related manner. V2O5 also inhibited IL-2, IL-10, and IFNγ secretion but mostly only after 24 h of exposure and with primarily the higher doses tested. V2O5 had no effect on expression of JAK3 and STAT5, but did cause an increase in pJAK3 and appeared to lead (trend) to reductions in levels of phosphorylated STAT5. V2O5 increased the expression of IL-2R, IL-15R, Fas, and FasL at concentrations above the 50-100 µM range. V2O5 had no effect on expression of the CD45 membrane phosphatase, but it did cause an increase in the expression of SOCS1. These results indicate that a key toxic effect of V2O5 on NK cells is a dysregulation of signaling pathways mediated by IL-2. These effects could help to explain the previously-reported deleterious effects on innate immune responses of hosts exposed to inhaled V2O5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Gallardo-Vera
- a Laboratorio Inmunobiología, Departamento de Biología Celular y Tisular, Facultad de Medicina
| | - Daniel Diaz
- b Departamento de Biología Celular y Fisiología
| | | | | | - Felipe Masso
- d Departamento de Fisiología , Instituto Nacional de Cardiología 'Ignacio Chávez' , México
| | - Erika Rendon-Huerta
- a Laboratorio Inmunobiología, Departamento de Biología Celular y Tisular, Facultad de Medicina
| | - Luis F Montaño
- a Laboratorio Inmunobiología, Departamento de Biología Celular y Tisular, Facultad de Medicina
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26
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Gordon SB, Bruce NG, Grigg J, Hibberd PL, Kurmi OP, Lam KBH, Mortimer K, Asante KP, Balakrishnan K, Balmes J, Bar-Zeev N, Bates MN, Breysse PN, Buist S, Chen Z, Havens D, Jack D, Jindal S, Kan H, Mehta S, Moschovis P, Naeher L, Patel A, Perez-Padilla R, Pope D, Rylance J, Semple S, Martin WJ. Respiratory risks from household air pollution in low and middle income countries. THE LANCET RESPIRATORY MEDICINE 2014; 2:823-60. [PMID: 25193349 DOI: 10.1016/s2213-2600(14)70168-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 516] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
A third of the world's population uses solid fuel derived from plant material (biomass) or coal for cooking, heating, or lighting. These fuels are smoky, often used in an open fire or simple stove with incomplete combustion, and result in a large amount of household air pollution when smoke is poorly vented. Air pollution is the biggest environmental cause of death worldwide, with household air pollution accounting for about 3·5-4 million deaths every year. Women and children living in severe poverty have the greatest exposures to household air pollution. In this Commission, we review evidence for the association between household air pollution and respiratory infections, respiratory tract cancers, and chronic lung diseases. Respiratory infections (comprising both upper and lower respiratory tract infections with viruses, bacteria, and mycobacteria) have all been associated with exposure to household air pollution. Respiratory tract cancers, including both nasopharyngeal cancer and lung cancer, are strongly associated with pollution from coal burning and further data are needed about other solid fuels. Chronic lung diseases, including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and bronchiectasis in women, are associated with solid fuel use for cooking, and the damaging effects of exposure to household air pollution in early life on lung development are yet to be fully described. We also review appropriate ways to measure exposure to household air pollution, as well as study design issues and potential effective interventions to prevent these disease burdens. Measurement of household air pollution needs individual, rather than fixed in place, monitoring because exposure varies by age, gender, location, and household role. Women and children are particularly susceptible to the toxic effects of pollution and are exposed to the highest concentrations. Interventions should target these high-risk groups and be of sufficient quality to make the air clean. To make clean energy available to all people is the long-term goal, with an intermediate solution being to make available energy that is clean enough to have a health impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen B Gordon
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK.
| | - Nigel G Bruce
- Department of Public Health and Policy, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Jonathan Grigg
- Centre for Paediatrics, Blizard Institute, Queen Mary, University of London, London, UK
| | - Patricia L Hibberd
- Division of Global Health, Department of Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Om P Kurmi
- Clinical Trials Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Kin-bong Hubert Lam
- Institute of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, School of Health and Population Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Kevin Mortimer
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
| | - Kwaku Poku Asante
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kalpana Balakrishnan
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Sri Ramachandra University, Chennai, India
| | - John Balmes
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Naor Bar-Zeev
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, College of Medicine, University of Malawi, Blantyre, Malawi; Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Michael N Bates
- Divisions of Epidemiology and Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Patrick N Breysse
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Sonia Buist
- Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Zhengming Chen
- Clinical Trials Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Deborah Havens
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
| | - Darby Jack
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Haidong Kan
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Sumi Mehta
- Health Effects Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Peter Moschovis
- Division of Global Health, Department of Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Luke Naeher
- The University of Georgia, College of Public Health, Department of Environmental Health Science, Athens, GA, USA
| | | | | | - Daniel Pope
- Department of Public Health and Policy, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Jamie Rylance
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, College of Medicine, University of Malawi, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Sean Semple
- University of Aberdeen, Scottish Centre for Indoor Air, Division of Applied Health Sciences, Royal Aberdeen Children's Hospital, Aberdeen, UK
| | - William J Martin
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, College of Public Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
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27
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Laffon B, Aguilera F, Ríos-Vázquez J, García-Lestón J, Fuchs D, Valdiglesias V, Pásaro E. Endocrine and immunological parameters in individuals involved in Prestige spill cleanup tasks seven years after the exposure. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2013; 59:103-111. [PMID: 23792419 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2013.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2013] [Revised: 05/16/2013] [Accepted: 05/27/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
In November 2002 the oil tanker Prestige spilled 63,000tonnes of heavy oil off the northwest coast of Spain, impacting more than 1000km of coastline. A general concern led to a huge mobilization of human and technical resources, and more than 300,000 people participated in cleanup activities, which lasted up to 10months. Some endocrine and immunological alterations were reported in Prestige oil exposed subjects for several months. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate if these alterations are still present seven years after the exposure. Fifty-four individuals exposed for at least 2months were compared to 50 matched referents. Prolactin and cortisol plasma concentrations, percentages of lymphocyte subsets (CD3(+), CD4(+), CD8(+), CD19(+), and CD56(+)16(+)), plasma levels of circulating cytokines (interleukin (IL) 2, IL4, IL6, IL10, tumour necrosis factor α, and interferon γ), and serum concentrations of neopterin, tryptophan and kynurenine were determined in peripheral blood samples. Results showed significant differences in exposed individuals vs. referents only in cortisol (increase), kynurenine and %CD16(+)56(+) lymphocytes (both decrease). Time of exposure to the oil or using protective clothes did not influence the results, but effect of using protective mask was observed on neopterin, %CD8(+), CD4(+)/CD8(+) ratio and IL4. Surveillance of the exposed individuals for early detection of possible health problems related to the endocrine or immunological systems is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blanca Laffon
- Toxicology Unit, Department of Psychobiology, University of A Coruña, Edificio de Servicios Centrales de Investigación, Campus Elviña s/n, 15071-A Coruña, Spain.
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28
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Yamamoto SS, Phalkey R, Malik AA. A systematic review of air pollution as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease in South Asia: limited evidence from India and Pakistan. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2013; 217:133-44. [PMID: 24064368 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2013.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2012] [Revised: 08/06/2013] [Accepted: 08/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are major contributors to mortality and morbidity in South Asia. Chronic exposure to air pollution is an important risk factor for cardiovascular diseases, although the majority of studies to date have been conducted in developed countries. Both indoor and outdoor air pollution are growing problems in developing countries in South Asia yet the impact on rising rates of CVD in these regions has largely been ignored. We aimed to assess the evidence available regarding air pollution effects on CVD and CVD risk factors in lower income countries in South Asia. A literature search was conducted in PubMed and Web of Science. Our inclusion criteria included peer-reviewed, original, empirical articles published in English between the years 1990 and 2012, conducted in the World Bank South Asia region (Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka). This resulted in 30 articles. Nine articles met our inclusion criteria and were assessed for this systematic review. Most of the studies were cross-sectional and examined measured particulate matter effects on CVD outcomes and indicators. We observed a bias as nearly all of the studies were from India. Hypertension and CVD deaths were positively associated with higher particulate matter levels. Biomarkers of oxidative stress such as increased levels of P-selection expressing platelets, depleted superoxide dismutase and reactive oxygen species generation as well as elevated levels of inflammatory-related C-reactive protein, interleukin-6 and interleukin-8 were also positively associated with biomass use or elevated particulate matter levels. An important outcome of this investigation was the evidence suggesting important air pollution effects regarding CVD risk in South Asia. However, too few studies have been conducted. There is as an urgent need for longer term investigations using robust measures of air pollution with different population groups that include a wider range of air pollutants and outcomes, including early indicators of CVD. These regions are facing burdens from increasing urbanization, air pollution and populations, generally weaker health infrastructure, aging populations and increased incidence of non-communicable diseases, included CVD. The extent to which the problem of air pollution and CVD will impact these countries will depend largely on the information available to inform policy and programs, which are still lacking, political will as well as social and economic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- S S Yamamoto
- Institute of Public Health, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - R Phalkey
- Institute of Public Health, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - A A Malik
- Federal Postgraduate Medical Institute, Lahore, Pakistan
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