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Schaeffer C, Schummer C, Scholer S, van Nieuwenhuyse A, Pincemaille J. Evaluation of environmental contamination in beeswax products. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2024; 1244:124243. [PMID: 39068867 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2024.124243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
Beeswaxes are used as a coating agent or as a wrapping material for food products making them potentially ingested by consumers. There is no regulation yet in Europe giving maximum levels of contaminants in this type of product. Nevertheless, being a natural product, they are exposed to environmental pollution, thus it appears necessary to establish their contamination rate in order to evaluate potential human exposure. In this study, a method of extraction of different environmental contaminants including pesticides, phthalates, PAHs and phenols was developed. Based on a hot Soxhlet extraction, followed by cleaning steps, the method was validated for the quantitation of the cited contaminants by LC-MS/MS and GC-(MS)/MS. Three different types of waxes were analyzed including typical white waxes (Cera Alba) and yellow waxes (Cera Flava). It was shown that all waxes had the presence of at least one contaminant and that phthalates, in particular DEHP, was present in all beeswax samples. Insecticides were found in majority among all the classes of pesticides screened. The yellow waxes were found to be contaminated with the highest rates of PAHs (60%), pesticides (75%) and phenols (40%). The detection frequency of PAHs, in contrast to phthalates, was the lowest for all the types of waxes combined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charline Schaeffer
- Laboratoire National de Santé, Service de Surveillance Alimentaire, Département des Laboratoires de protection de la Santé, 1, rue Louis Rech, Dudelange 3555, Luxembourg
| | - Claude Schummer
- Laboratoire National de Santé, Service de Surveillance Alimentaire, Département des Laboratoires de protection de la Santé, 1, rue Louis Rech, Dudelange 3555, Luxembourg
| | - Sarada Scholer
- Laboratoire National de Santé, Service de Surveillance Alimentaire, Département des Laboratoires de protection de la Santé, 1, rue Louis Rech, Dudelange 3555, Luxembourg
| | - An van Nieuwenhuyse
- Laboratoire National de Santé, Département des Laboratoires de Protection de la Santé, 1, rue Louis Rech, Dudelange 3555, Luxembourg
| | - Justine Pincemaille
- Laboratoire National de Santé, Service de Surveillance Alimentaire, Département des Laboratoires de protection de la Santé, 1, rue Louis Rech, Dudelange 3555, Luxembourg.
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2
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Elizalde L, Arbetman M, Arnan X, Eggleton P, Leal IR, Lescano MN, Saez A, Werenkraut V, Pirk GI. The ecosystem services provided by social insects: traits, management tools and knowledge gaps. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2020; 95:1418-1441. [PMID: 32525288 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Social insects, i.e. ants, bees, wasps and termites, are key components of ecological communities, and are important ecosystem services (ESs) providers. Here, we review the literature in order to (i) analyse the particular traits of social insects that make them good suppliers of ESs; (ii) compile and assess management strategies that improve the services provided by social insects; and (iii) detect gaps in our knowledge about the services that social insects provide. Social insects provide at least 10 ESs; however, many of them are poorly understood or valued. Relevant traits of social insects include high biomass and numerical abundance, a diversity of mutualistic associations, the ability to build important biogenic structures, versatile production of chemical defences, the simultaneous delivery of several ESs, the presence of castes and division of labour, efficient communication and cooperation, the capacity to store food, and a long lifespan. All these characteristics enhance social insects as ES providers, highlighting their potential, constancy and efficiency as suppliers of these services. In turn, many of these traits make social insects stress tolerant and easy to manage, so increasing the ESs they provide. We emphasise the need for a conservation approach to the management of the services, as well as the potential use of social insects to help restore habitats degraded by human activities. In addition, we stress the need to evaluate both services and disservices in an integrated way, because some species of social insects are among the most problematic invasive species and native pests. Finally, we propose two areas of research that will lead to a greater and more efficient use of social insects as ES providers, and to a greater appreciation of them by producers and decision-makers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana Elizalde
- LIHo - Laboratorio Ecotono, INIBIOMA-CONICET-Universidad Nacional del Comahue, Pasaje Gutiérrez 1125, Bariloche, 8400, Argentina
| | - Marina Arbetman
- Ecopol, INIBIOMA-CONICET - Universidad Nacional del Comahue, Pasaje Gutiérrez 1125, Bariloche, 8400, Argentina
| | - Xavier Arnan
- CREAF, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Catalunya, Barcelona, E-08193, Spain
| | - Paul Eggleton
- Life Sciences Department, The Natural History Museum, London, SW7 5BD, U.K
| | - Inara R Leal
- Departamento de Botânica, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Av. Prof. Moraes Rego, 1235 - Cidade Universitária, Recife, 50670-901, Brazil
| | - María Natalia Lescano
- LIHo - Laboratorio Ecotono, INIBIOMA-CONICET-Universidad Nacional del Comahue, Pasaje Gutiérrez 1125, Bariloche, 8400, Argentina
| | - Agustín Saez
- Ecopol, INIBIOMA-CONICET - Universidad Nacional del Comahue, Pasaje Gutiérrez 1125, Bariloche, 8400, Argentina
| | - Victoria Werenkraut
- LIHo - Laboratorio Ecotono, INIBIOMA-CONICET-Universidad Nacional del Comahue, Pasaje Gutiérrez 1125, Bariloche, 8400, Argentina
| | - Gabriela I Pirk
- LIHo - Laboratorio Ecotono, INIBIOMA-CONICET-Universidad Nacional del Comahue, Pasaje Gutiérrez 1125, Bariloche, 8400, Argentina
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Cuvillier-Hot V, Lenoir A. Invertebrates facing environmental contamination by endocrine disruptors: Novel evidences and recent insights. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2020; 504:110712. [PMID: 31962147 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2020.110712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Revised: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The crisis of biodiversity we currently experience raises the question of the impact of anthropogenic chemicals on wild life health. Endocrine disruptors are notably incriminated because of their possible effects on development and reproduction, including at very low doses. As commonly recorded in the field, the burden they impose on wild species also concerns invertebrates, with possible specificities linked with the specific physiology of these animals. A better understanding of chemically-mediated endocrine disruption in these species has clearly gained from knowledge accumulated on vertebrate models. But the molecular pathways specific to invertebrates also need to be reckoned, which implies dedicated research efforts to decipher their basic functioning in order to be able to assess its possible disruption. The recent rising of omics technologies opens the way to an intensification of these efforts on both aspects, even in species almost uninvestigated so far.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alain Lenoir
- IRBI, Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte, UMR CNRS, Faculté des Sciences, Parc de Grandmont, Université de Tours, Tours, France
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Interference of oleamide with analytical and bioassay results. Sci Rep 2020; 10:2163. [PMID: 32034225 PMCID: PMC7005802 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-59093-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
During sample preparation and analysis, samples are coming in contact with different labware materials. By four unrelated analytical (phytochemical and pharmaceutical) case-studies and employing different analytical techniques, we demonstrated the potential misinterpretation of analytical results due to the use of contaminants-leaching labware during sample handling. Oleamide, a common polymer lubricant and a bioactive compound, was identified as a main analytical interference, leaching from different labware items into solvents, recognised as chemically compatible with the tested polymer material. Moreover, anti-inflammatory effect of oleamide at 100 μg mL−1 and considerable pro-inflammatory effect of the plastic syringe extractables (containing oleamide) at the same level were shown in a TLR4-based bioassay. Taking these results into account, together with the fact that oleamide can be a compound of natural origin, we would like to notify the professional public regarding the possible erroneous oleamide-related analytical and bioassay results due to the use of oleamide-leaching labware. Researchers are alerted to double check the real source of oleamide (labware or natural extract), which will prevent further reporting of false results. Analysis of procedural blanks with de-novo developed UHPLC-ESI-MS method is, among some other strategies, proposed for detection of oleamide interference and avoidance of misleading results of certain analyses.
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Chunin N, Phooplub K, Kaewpet M, Wattanasin P, Kanatharana P, Thavarungkul P, Thammakhet-Buranachai C. A novel 3D-printed solid phase microextraction device equipped with silver-polyaniline coated pencil lead for the extraction of phthalate esters in cosmeceutical products. Anal Chim Acta 2019; 1091:30-39. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2019.09.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Revised: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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6
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Gadi R, Sharma SK, Mandal TK. Source apportionment and health risk assessment of organic constituents in fine ambient aerosols (PM 2.5): A complete year study over National Capital Region of India. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 221:583-596. [PMID: 30665088 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.01.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Revised: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Fine ambient aerosols (PM2.5) levels in the atmosphere are continuously worsening over Delhi and National Capital Region (NCR) of India. Complete source profiles are required to be assessed for implementation of proper mitigation measures over the NCR. In this study, emission sources of PM2.5 are reported for the NCR of India for samples collected during December 2016 to December 2017 at three sampling sites in Delhi, Uttar Pradesh and Haryana. Organic constituents (n-alkanes, isoprenoid hydrocarbons, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, phthalates, levoglucosan and n-alkanoic acids) in PM2.5 were measured to apportion the sources over the study area. Source apportionment of PM2.5 was performed using organic constituents by Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) and Principal Component Analysis (PCA). Health risk associated with organic pollutants [PAHs and carcinogen BEHP bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate] demonstrated the threat of PM2.5 exposure via inhalation. Transport pathways of air masses were evaluated using 3-day backward trajectories and observed that some air masses originated from local sources along with long-range transport which influenced the PAHs concentration during most of the study period over the NCR. PMF and PCA resulted in the five major emission sources [vehicular emissions (32.2%), biomass burning (30%), cooking emissions (16.8%), plastic burning (13.4%), mixed sources (7.6%) including biogenic and industrial emissions] for PM2.5 over the sampling sites. The present study reveals that transport sector is a major source to be targeted to reduce the vehicular emissions and consequent health risks associated with organic pollutants especially PAHs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranu Gadi
- Indira Gandhi Delhi Technical University for Women, New Delhi, 110006, India.
| | - Sudhir Kumar Sharma
- National Physical Laboratory, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - Tuhin Kumar Mandal
- National Physical Laboratory, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), New Delhi, 110012, India
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Aboelkheir MG, Visconte LY, Oliveira GE, Toledo Filho RD, Souza FG. The biodegradative effect of Tenebrio molitor Linnaeus larvae on vulcanized SBR and tire crumb. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 649:1075-1082. [PMID: 30308879 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.08.228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Revised: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The overall world consumption rate of rubber tends to increase by an average of 2.8% per year in the period between 2017 and 2025. Rubber residues represent a severe problem to both health and environment due to their cross-linked structure that offers a prolonged degradation rate. A good solution to eliminate this problem is recycling and recovery, aiming at the production of new materials. The tire crumb can be recycled by chemical/biological recovery, where the elastomer is devulcanized, or by physical recovery, where the three-dimensional network is transformed into small fragments. In this study, we investigated the bio-degradation effect caused by Mealworms (the larvae of Tenebrio molitor Linnaeus) on vulcanized SBR-rubber and tire crumb as a desulphurization method. The surface modifications of both rubbers were studied by instrumental techniques: FTIR-ATR, TGA, XRD, and SEM. The cross-linking degree of the rubber was determined via circular condensation method. The obtained results show that the Tenebrio molitor could survive after three weeks of direct contact with SBR-rubber and tire crumb as the only alimentation. There was a declining effect of cross-linking degree by increasing the contact time between the rubbers and larvae. The FTIR results indicate surface/chemical modifications of the rubbers and the SEM results show the free sulfur after it was released in the form of sulfur flower-like. Also, the TGA results highlight a difference in the degrading behavior and residues of the treated and non-treated rubbers. Therefore, the reported results were promising, demonstrating the biodegradation effect caused by the Tenebrio molitor mealworms, highlighting an alternative and natural mean of degrading vulcanized rubber residues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mostafa G Aboelkheir
- Instituto de Macromoléculas, Centro de Tecnologia - Cidade Universitária, Av. Horacio Macedo, 2030, Bloco J. Universidade Federal de Rio de Janeiro, Zip code 21941-909, Brazil
| | - Leila Y Visconte
- Instituto de Macromoléculas, Centro de Tecnologia - Cidade Universitária, Av. Horacio Macedo, 2030, Bloco J. Universidade Federal de Rio de Janeiro, Zip code 21941-909, Brazil
| | - Geiza E Oliveira
- Programa de Engenharia Civil, COPPE, Centro de Tecnologia-Cidade Universitária, Av. Horacio Macedo, 2030, Bloco I. Universidade Federal de Rio de Janeiro, Zip code 21941-914, Brazil
| | - Romildo D Toledo Filho
- Programa de Engenharia Civil, COPPE, Centro de Tecnologia-Cidade Universitária, Av. Horacio Macedo, 2030, Bloco I. Universidade Federal de Rio de Janeiro, Zip code 21941-914, Brazil
| | - Fernando G Souza
- Instituto de Macromoléculas, Centro de Tecnologia - Cidade Universitária, Av. Horacio Macedo, 2030, Bloco J. Universidade Federal de Rio de Janeiro, Zip code 21941-909, Brazil; Programa de Engenharia Civil, COPPE, Centro de Tecnologia-Cidade Universitária, Av. Horacio Macedo, 2030, Bloco I. Universidade Federal de Rio de Janeiro, Zip code 21941-914, Brazil.
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8
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Gómez-Ramos MM, Ucles S, Ferrer C, Fernández-Alba AR, Hernando MD. Exploration of environmental contaminants in honeybees using GC-TOF-MS and GC-Orbitrap-MS. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 647:232-244. [PMID: 30081361 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Revised: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This study reports an analytical approach by gas chromatography and high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) intended to be used for investigation of non-targeted environmental contaminants in honeybees. The approach involves a generic extraction and analysis with two GC-HRMS systems: time-of-flight and Orbitrap analyzers, GC-TOF-MS, and GC-Orbitrap-MS operated in electron-impact ionization (EI) mode. The workflow for screening of non-targeted contaminants consisted of initial peak detection by deconvolution and matching the first-stage mass spectra EI-MS with a nominal mass spectral library. To gain further confidence in the structural characterization of the contaminants under investigation, molecular formula of representative ions (molecular and fragment ions) was provided for those with an accurate mass scoring (error < 5 ppm). This methology was applied for screening environmental contaminants in 75 samples of adult honeybee. This approach has provided the tentative identification of environmental contaminants belonging to different chemical groups, among them, PAHs, phthalates and synthetic musks. Residues of veterinary treatments used in apiculture were also detected in the honeybee samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Gómez-Ramos
- Chemistry and Physics Department, University of Almeria, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3), 04120 Almería, Spain
| | - S Ucles
- Chemistry and Physics Department, University of Almeria, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3), 04120 Almería, Spain
| | - C Ferrer
- Chemistry and Physics Department, University of Almeria, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3), 04120 Almería, Spain
| | - A R Fernández-Alba
- Chemistry and Physics Department, University of Almeria, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3), 04120 Almería, Spain
| | - M D Hernando
- National Institute for Agricultural and Food Research and Technology - INIA, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
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Aviles A, Boulogne I, Durand N, Maria A, Cordeiro A, Bozzolan F, Goutte A, Alliot F, Dacher M, Renault D, Maibeche M, Siaussat D. Effects of DEHP on post-embryonic development, nuclear receptor expression, metabolite and ecdysteroid concentrations of the moth Spodoptera littoralis. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 215:725-738. [PMID: 30347366 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.10.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Revised: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) is recognized in vertebrates as an Endocrine Disrupting Chemical (EDC). DEHP can alter steroid hormones production, development, reproduction and behavior in vertebrates. Only few studies investigated DEHP effects on insects. However, some recent studies on aquatic insects showed that DEHP could also act as an EDC by interfering with the signaling pathways of ecdysteroids, the main hormones involved in the control of insect post-embryonic development and physiology. The aim of the study was to investigate (1) the fate of DEHP within a terrestrial insect species by exposing larvae to food containing a wide range of DEHP concentrations and (2) the effects of this chemical on their post-embryonic development and metamorphosis, by using a multi-level approach. DEHP was shown to be present both in larvae and resulting stages, with higher concentrations in chrysalises and adults than in larvae. DEHP concentrations also decreased at the end of the last larval instar, suggesting the metabolic transformation or excretion of this chemical during this time. Only the two highest DEHP doses induced higher insect mortality, whereas low and intermediate concentrations increased larval food consumption without affecting body weight. Metabolic profiles showed that in control insects, the last three days before metamorphosis correspond to a metabolic transition, but with time-dependent changes in treated insects. Interestingly, DEHP treatments also alter both hemolymphatic ecdysteroid titers and expression levels of ecdysteroid response genes. These results confirm that DEHP can alter insect post-embryonic development and metamorphosis, by interfering with ecdysteroid pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amandine Aviles
- Sorbonne Université, INRA, CNRS, IRD, UPEC, Univ. P7, Institut d'Ecologie et des Sciences de l'Environnement de Paris (iEES-Paris), F75005, Paris, France
| | - Isabelle Boulogne
- Sorbonne Université, INRA, CNRS, IRD, UPEC, Univ. P7, Institut d'Ecologie et des Sciences de l'Environnement de Paris (iEES-Paris), F75005, Paris, France; Normandie Université, UNIROUEN, Laboratoire Glyco-MEV EA 4358, Fédération de Recherche "Normandie Végétal" FED 4277, 76000 Rouen, France
| | - Nicolas Durand
- Sorbonne Université, INRA, CNRS, IRD, UPEC, Univ. P7, Institut d'Ecologie et des Sciences de l'Environnement de Paris (iEES-Paris), F75005, Paris, France
| | - Annick Maria
- Sorbonne Université, INRA, CNRS, IRD, UPEC, Univ. P7, Institut d'Ecologie et des Sciences de l'Environnement de Paris (iEES-Paris), F75005, Paris, France
| | - Alexandra Cordeiro
- Sorbonne Université, INRA, CNRS, IRD, UPEC, Univ. P7, Institut d'Ecologie et des Sciences de l'Environnement de Paris (iEES-Paris), F75005, Paris, France
| | - Françoise Bozzolan
- Sorbonne Université, INRA, CNRS, IRD, UPEC, Univ. P7, Institut d'Ecologie et des Sciences de l'Environnement de Paris (iEES-Paris), F75005, Paris, France
| | - Aurélie Goutte
- École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), PSL Research University, UMR 7619 METIS, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Fabrice Alliot
- École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), PSL Research University, UMR 7619 METIS, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Matthieu Dacher
- Sorbonne Université, INRA, CNRS, IRD, UPEC, Univ. P7, Institut d'Ecologie et des Sciences de l'Environnement de Paris (iEES-Paris), F75005, Paris, France; Sorbonne Université, INRA, CNRS, IRD, UPEC, Univ. P7, Institut d'Ecologie et des Sciences de l'Environnement de Paris (iEES-Paris), 78026 Versailles, France
| | - David Renault
- Université de Rennes 1, UMR CNRS 6553 Ecobio, 263 Avenue du Gal Leclerc, CS 74205, 35042 Rennes Cedex, France; Institut Universitaire de France, 1 Rue Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Martine Maibeche
- Sorbonne Université, INRA, CNRS, IRD, UPEC, Univ. P7, Institut d'Ecologie et des Sciences de l'Environnement de Paris (iEES-Paris), F75005, Paris, France
| | - David Siaussat
- Sorbonne Université, INRA, CNRS, IRD, UPEC, Univ. P7, Institut d'Ecologie et des Sciences de l'Environnement de Paris (iEES-Paris), F75005, Paris, France.
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Gadi R, Sharma SK, Mandal TK, Kumar R, Mona S, Kumar S, Kumar S. Levels and sources of organic compounds in fine ambient aerosols over National Capital Region of India. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:31071-31090. [PMID: 30187408 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-3044-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The study presents the spatial and temporal variation of fine ambient aerosols (PM2.5) over National Capital Region (NCR), India, during January to June 2016. The investigation includes three sampling sites, one in Delhi and two in the adjoining states of Delhi (Uttar Pradesh and Haryana), across NCR, India. The average PM2.5 concentration was highest for Delhi (128.5 ± 51.5 μg m-3) and lowest for Mahendragarh, Haryana (74.5 ± 28.7 μg m-3), during the study period. Seasonal variation was similar for all the sites with highest concentration during winter and lowest in summer. PM2.5 samples were analysed for organic compounds using gas chromatograph (GC). The concentration of three organic compound classes, n-alkanes (C11-C35), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and phthalates, present in PM2.5 samples has been reported. Diagnostic ratios for n-alkanes demonstrated that biogenic emissions were dominant over Mahendragarh while major contributions were observed from petrogenic emissions over Delhi and Modinagar, Uttar Pradesh. Molecular diagnostic ratios were calculated to distinguish between different sources of PAHs, which revealed that the fossil fuel combustion (diesel and gasoline emissions), traffic emissions, and biomass burning are the major source contributors. Health risk associated with human exposure of phthalates and PAHs was also assessed as daily intake (DI, ng kg-1 day-1) and lung cancer risk, respectively. Backward trajectory analysis explained the local, regional, and long-range transport routes of PM2.5 for all sites. Principal component analysis (PCA) results summarized that the vehicular emissions, biomass burning, and plastic burning were the major sources of the PAHs and phthalates over the sampling sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranu Gadi
- Indira Gandhi Delhi Technical University for Women, New Delhi, 110006, India.
| | - Sudhir Kumar Sharma
- National Physical Laboratory, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - Tuhin Kumar Mandal
- National Physical Laboratory, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - Ravi Kumar
- Multanimal Modi College, Modinagar, Uttar Pradesh, 201204, India
| | - Sharma Mona
- Central University of Haryana, Mahendragarh, Haryana, 123031, India
| | - Sachin Kumar
- Multanimal Modi College, Modinagar, Uttar Pradesh, 201204, India
| | - Sanchit Kumar
- Central University of Haryana, Mahendragarh, Haryana, 123031, India
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Khan SR, Singh SK, Rastogi N. Heavy metal accumulation and ecosystem engineering by two common mine site-nesting ant species: implications for pollution-level assessment and bioremediation of coal mine soil. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2017; 189:195. [PMID: 28357721 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-017-5865-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The present study focuses on the abundance, heavy metal content, and the impact of ecosystem engineering activities of two coal mine site-inhabiting ant species, Cataglyphis longipedem and Camponotus compressus. The abundance of Ct. longipedem increased while that of C. compressus decreased, with increasing soil pollution. Correspondence analysis reveals a close association between soil heavy metal concentrations and Ct. longipedem abundance, but this association is lacking in the case of C. compressus. Cataglyphis ants which occupy stress-characterized niches appear to be pre-adapted to tolerate heavy metal pollution. Higher concentrations of Zn and Mn in Ct. longipedem may contribute to the strengthening of the cuticular structures, necessary for nest excavation in the hard, arid soil and for single load carrying. C. compressus ants appear to be pollution sensitive. Their higher Fe content may be related to metal uptake via plant-derived liquids and species-specific regulatory mechanisms. The metal pollution index and biota-to-soil accumulation factors, calculated by using the ant body metal content of the two species, indicate an overall decrease of soil heavy metal concentrations with increase of the site age, which reflects the degree of pollution related to the mine site age. The concentrations of total and available heavy metals (Fe, Zn, Mn, Pb, and Cu) were significantly lower in the ant nest debris soil as compared to the reference soil. The results of the present study highlight the role of ants as bioindicators and in bioremediation of contaminated soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shbbir R Khan
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, U.P, 221 005, India
| | - Satish K Singh
- Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, U.P, 221 005, India
| | - Neelkamal Rastogi
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, U.P, 221 005, India.
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Sampath S, Selvaraj KK, Shanmugam G, Krishnamoorthy V, Chakraborty P, Ramaswamy BR. Evaluating spatial distribution and seasonal variation of phthalates using passive air sampling in southern India. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2017; 221:407-417. [PMID: 27979682 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Revised: 11/26/2016] [Accepted: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Usage of phthalates as plasticizers has resulted in worldwide occurrence and is becoming a serious concern to human health and environment. However, studies on phthalates in Indian atmosphere are lacking. Therefore, we studied the spatio-temporal trends of six major phthalates in Tamil Nadu, southern India, using passive air samplers. Phthalates were ubiquitously detected in all the samples and the average total phthalates found in decreasing order is pre-monsoon (61 ng m-3) > summer (52 ng m-3) > monsoon (17 ng m-3). Largely used phthalates, dibutylphthalate (DBP) and diethylhexlphthalate (DEHP) were predominantly found in all the seasons with contribution of 11-31% and 59-68%, respectively. The highest total phthalates was observed in summer at an urban location (836 ng m-3). Furthermore, through principal component analysis, potential sources were identified as emissions from additives of plasticizers in the polymer industry and the productions of adhesives, building materials and vinyl flooring. Although inhalation exposure of infants was higher than other population segments (toddlers, children and adults), exposure levels were found to be safe for people belonging to all ages based on reference dose (RfD) and tolerable daily intake (TDI) values. This study first attempted to report seasonal trend based on atmospheric monitoring using passive air sampling technique and exposure risk together.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srimurali Sampath
- Department of Environmental Biotechnology, School of Environmental Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli 620024, Tamil Nadu, India; SRM Research Institute, SRM University, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Krishna Kumar Selvaraj
- Department of Environmental Biotechnology, School of Environmental Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli 620024, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Govindaraj Shanmugam
- Department of Environmental Biotechnology, School of Environmental Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli 620024, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Vimalkumar Krishnamoorthy
- Department of Environmental Biotechnology, School of Environmental Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli 620024, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Paromita Chakraborty
- SRM Research Institute, SRM University, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu, India; Department of Civil Engineering, SRM University, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Babu Rajendran Ramaswamy
- Department of Environmental Biotechnology, School of Environmental Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli 620024, Tamil Nadu, India.
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Biomarkers of Ecotoxicological Effects in Social Insects. PERSPECTIVES IN ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-46248-6_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
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Lenoir A, Boulay R, Dejean A, Touchard A, Cuvillier-Hot V. Phthalate pollution in an Amazonian rainforest. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:16865-16872. [PMID: 27372101 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-7141-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Phthalates are ubiquitous contaminants and endocrine-disrupting chemicals that can become trapped in the cuticles of insects, including ants which were recognized as good bioindicators for such pollution. Because phthalates have been noted in developed countries and because they also have been found in the Arctic, a region isolated from direct anthropogenic influence, we hypothesized that they are widespread. So, we looked for their presence on the cuticle of ants gathered from isolated areas of the Amazonian rainforest and along an anthropogenic gradient of pollution (rainforest vs. road sides vs. cities in French Guiana). Phthalate pollution (mainly di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP)) was higher on ants gathered in cities and along road sides than on those collected in the pristine rainforest, indicating that it follows a human-mediated gradient of disturbance related to the use of plastics and many other products that contain phthalates in urban zones. Their presence varied with the ant species; the cuticle of Solenopsis saevissima traps higher amount of phthalates than that of compared species. However, the presence of phthalates in isolated areas of pristine rainforests suggests that they are associated both with atmospheric particles and in gaseous form and are transported over long distances by wind, resulting in a worldwide diffusion. These findings suggest that there is no such thing as a "pristine" zone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alain Lenoir
- IRBI, Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte, CNRS UMR 7261, Université de Tours, Faculté des Sciences, Parc de Grandmont, 37200, Tours, France.
| | - Raphaël Boulay
- IRBI, Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte, CNRS UMR 7261, Université de Tours, Faculté des Sciences, Parc de Grandmont, 37200, Tours, France
| | - Alain Dejean
- Ecolab, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INPT, UPS, Toulouse, France
- CNRS, UMR EcoFoG, AgroParisTech, Cirad, INRA, Université des Antilles, Université de Guyane, 97310, Kourou, France
| | - Axel Touchard
- CNRS, UMR EcoFoG, AgroParisTech, Cirad, INRA, Université des Antilles, Université de Guyane, 97310, Kourou, France
| | - Virginie Cuvillier-Hot
- CNRS; UMR 8198, Unité Évolution, Écologie et Paléontologie, Université de Lille, Lille, France
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15
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Carr AL, Sonenshine DE, Strider JB, Roe RM. Evidence of female sex pheromones and characterization of the cuticular lipids of unfed, adult male versus female blacklegged ticks, Ixodes scapularis. EXPERIMENTAL & APPLIED ACAROLOGY 2016; 68:519-538. [PMID: 26864785 PMCID: PMC4785100 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-015-0009-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Copulation in Ixodes scapularis involves physical contact between the male and female (on or off the host), male mounting of the female, insertion/maintenance of the male chelicerae in the female genital pore (initiates spermatophore production), and the transfer of the spermatophore by the male into the female genital pore. Bioassays determined that male mounting behavior/chelicerae insertion required direct contact with the female likely requiring non-volatile chemical cues with no evidence of a female volatile sex pheromone to attract males. Unfed virgin adult females and replete mated adult females elicited the highest rates of male chelicerae insertion with part fed virgin adult females exhibiting a much lower response. Whole body surface hexane extracts of unfed virgin adult females and males, separately analyzed by GC-MS, identified a number of novel tick surface associated compounds: fatty alcohols (1-hexadecanol and 1-heptanol), a fatty amide (erucylamid), aromatic hydrocarbons, a short chain alkene (1-heptene), and a carboxylic acid ester (5β-androstane). These compounds are discussed in terms of their potential role in female-male communication. The two most abundant fatty acid esters found were butyl palmitate and butyl stearate present in ratios that were sex specific. Only 6 n-saturated hydrocarbons were identified in I. scapularis ranging from 10 to 18 carbons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann L Carr
- Department of Entomology, North Carolina State University, Campus Box 7647, Raleigh, NC, 27695-7647, USA
| | - Daniel E Sonenshine
- Department of Biological Sciences, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, 23529, USA
| | - John B Strider
- Department of Entomology, North Carolina State University, Campus Box 7647, Raleigh, NC, 27695-7647, USA
| | - R Michael Roe
- Department of Entomology, North Carolina State University, Campus Box 7647, Raleigh, NC, 27695-7647, USA.
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16
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Gómez-Ramos MM, García-Valcárcel AI, Tadeo JL, Fernández-Alba AR, Hernando MD. Screening of environmental contaminants in honey bee wax comb using gas chromatography-high-resolution time-of-flight mass spectrometry. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:4609-4620. [PMID: 26527334 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-5667-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This study reports an analytical approach intended to be used for investigation of non-targeted environmental contaminants and to characterize the organic pollution pattern of bee wax comb samples. The method comprises a generic extraction followed by detection with gas chromatography coupled to high-resolution time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC-TOF-MS), operated in electron impact ionization (EI) mode. The screening approach for the investigation of non-targeted contaminants consisted of initial peak detection by deconvolution and matching the first-stage mass spectra EI-MS(1) with a nominal mass spectral library. To gain further confidence in the structural characterization of the contaminants under investigation, the molecular formula of representative ions (molecular ion when present in the EI spectrum) and, for at least other two fragment ions, was provided for those with an accurate mass scoring (mass error < 5 ppm). This methodology was applied for screening environmental contaminants in 50 samples of bee wax comb. This approach has allowed the tentative identification of some GC-amenable contaminants belonging to different chemical groups, among them, phthalates and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), along with residues of veterinary treatments used in apiculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Gómez-Ramos
- European Union Reference Laboratory for Pesticide Residues in Fruit & Vegetables, University of Almeria, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3), 04120, Almería, Spain
| | - A I García-Valcárcel
- National Institute for Agricultural and Food Research and Technology-INIA, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - J L Tadeo
- National Institute for Agricultural and Food Research and Technology-INIA, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - A R Fernández-Alba
- European Union Reference Laboratory for Pesticide Residues in Fruit & Vegetables, University of Almeria, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3), 04120, Almería, Spain
| | - M D Hernando
- National Institute for Agricultural and Food Research and Technology-INIA, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
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Lenoir A, Touchard A, Devers S, Christidès JP, Boulay R, Cuvillier-Hot V. Ant cuticular response to phthalate pollution. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 21:13446-13451. [PMID: 25012205 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-014-3272-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2014] [Accepted: 07/01/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Phthalates are common atmospheric contaminants used in the plastic industry. Ants have been shown to constitute good bioindicators of phthalate pollution. Hence, phthalates remain trapped on ant cuticles which are mostly coated with long-chain hydrocarbons. In this study, we artificially contaminated Lasius niger ants with four phthalates: dibutyl phthalate (DBP), diisobutyl phthalate (DiBP), di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), and benzyl butyl phthalate (BBP). The first three have previously been found on ants in nature in Touraine (France), while the fourth has not. The four phthalates disappeared rapidly (less than 5 days) from the cuticles of live ants. In contrast, on the cuticles of dead ants, DEHP quantities remained unchanged over time. These results indicate that phthalates are actively absorbed by the cuticles of live ants. Cuticular absorption of phthalates is nonspecific because eicosane, a nonnatural hydrocarbon on L. niger cuticle, was similarly absorbed. Ants are important ecological engineers and may serve as bioindicators of ecosystem health. We also suggest that ants and more generally terrestrial arthropods may contribute to the removal of phthalates from the local environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alain Lenoir
- IRBI, Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte, UMR CNRS 7261, Université François Rabelais, 37200, Tours, France,
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18
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Cuvillier-Hot V, Salin K, Devers S, Tasiemski A, Schaffner P, Boulay R, Billiard S, Lenoir A. Impact of ecological doses of the most widespread phthalate on a terrestrial species, the ant Lasius niger. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2014; 131:104-110. [PMID: 24713390 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2014.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2013] [Revised: 12/03/2013] [Accepted: 03/18/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Phthalates are synthetic contaminants released into the environment notably by plastic waste. Semi-volatile, they adsorb to atmospheric particles and get distributed in all ecosystems. Effects of this major anthropogenic pollution in economical species in aquatic habitats have attracted large interest. On the contrary, very few studies have focused on wild terrestrial species. Yet, these lipophilic molecules are easily trapped by insect cuticle; ants and other insects have been shown to permanently bear among their cuticular components a non-negligible proportion of phthalates, meaning that they suffer from chronic exposure to these pollutants. Oral route could also be an additional way of contamination, as phthalates tend to stick to any organic particle. We show here via a food choice experiment that Lasius niger workers can detect, and avoid feeding on, food contaminated with DEHP (DiEthyl Hexyl Phthalate), the most widespread phthalate found in nature. This suggests that the main source of contamination for ants is atmosphere and that doses measured on the cuticle correspond to the chronic exposure levels for these animals. Such an ecologically relevant dose of DEHP was used to contaminate ants in lab and to investigate their physiological impact. Over a chronic exposure (1 dose per week for 5 weeks), the egg-laying rate of queens was significantly reduced lending credence to endocrine disruptive properties of such a pollutant, as also described for aquatic invertebrates. On the contrary, short term exposure (24h) to a single dose of DEHP does not induce oxidative stress in ant workers as expected, but leads to activation of the immune system. Because of their very large distribution, their presence in virtually all terrestrial ecosystems and their representation at all trophic levels, ants could be useful indicators of contamination by phthalates, especially via monitoring the level of activation of their immune state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginie Cuvillier-Hot
- Laboratoire GEPV - CNRS, UMR 8198 Université des Sciences et Technologies de Lille1, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France.
| | - Karine Salin
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie des Hydrosystèmes Naturels et Anthropisés (LEHNA) - CNRS, UMR 5023 Université Lyon1, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Séverine Devers
- IRBI, Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte, Université François Rabelais, UMR CNRS 7261, Tours, France
| | - Aurélie Tasiemski
- Laboratoire GEPV - CNRS, UMR 8198 Université des Sciences et Technologies de Lille1, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Pauline Schaffner
- Laboratoire GEPV - CNRS, UMR 8198 Université des Sciences et Technologies de Lille1, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Raphaël Boulay
- IRBI, Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte, Université François Rabelais, UMR CNRS 7261, Tours, France
| | - Sylvain Billiard
- Laboratoire GEPV - CNRS, UMR 8198 Université des Sciences et Technologies de Lille1, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Alain Lenoir
- IRBI, Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte, Université François Rabelais, UMR CNRS 7261, Tours, France
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