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Li W, Li X, Han C, Gao L, Wu H, Li M. A new view into three-dimensional excitation-emission matrix fluorescence spectroscopy for dissolved organic matter. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 855:158963. [PMID: 36155043 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Three-dimensional excitation-emission matrix fluorescence spectroscopy (3D EEMs) has been extensively used for dissolved organic matter (DOM) characterization. However, the application of 3D EEMs is constantly limited by issues such as contradictory component identification, confusing interpretation of spectral indicators, and inability to establish biodegradability. In this study, some improvements were proposed by investigating the 3D EEMs, spectral indicators, and degradability of the standard and representative DOM. To overcome the unclear identification of DOM components, it was recommended to partition 3D EEMs into three subareas: aromatic protein (New-I), humic-like (New-II), and soluble microbial by-product-like (New-III). Significant strong positive correlations (ρ = 0.727, P < 0.001) were observed between fluorescence index (FI) and biological index (BIX), and (R = 0.809, P < 0.001) humification index (HIX) and specific ultraviolet absorbance of 254 nm (SUVA254). Except for FI (R = -0.483, P = 0.023), no other spectral indicators (P > 0.05) were found to be significantly correlated with molecular weight. As thence results, the FI and HIX were the most suitable indicators for evaluating DOM. The half-life (20 < 21 < 26 < 29 < 46 days) revealed that the degradability of individual DOM components was in the order of tyrosine > tryptophan > fulvic acid > protein > humic acid. The degradation dynamics were governed by first-order decay kinetics (R2 = 0.91-0.99). This study clarified the fluorescence properties and degradability of DOM, as well as the reliability of spectral indicators. The degradation performance of individual DOM components engaged in the carbon cycling process was revealed, paving the path for further applications of 3D EEMs in DOM research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Li
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Xuan Li
- Institute for Sustainable Industries and Liveable Cities, Victoria University, PO Box 14428, Melbourne, Victoria 8001, Australia
| | - Chunxiao Han
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China
| | - Li Gao
- Institute for Sustainable Industries and Liveable Cities, Victoria University, PO Box 14428, Melbourne, Victoria 8001, Australia
| | - Haiming Wu
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science & Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, PR China
| | - Ming Li
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China.
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Effects of Contemporary Land Use Types and Conversions from Wetland to Paddy Field or Dry Land on Soil Organic Carbon Fractions. SUSTAINABILITY 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/su12052094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Soil organic carbon (SOC) concentration is closely related to soil quality and climate change. The objectives of this study were to estimate the effects of contemporary land use on SOC concentrations at 0–20 cm depths, and to investigate the dynamics of SOC in paddy-field soil and dry-land soil after their conversion from natural wetlands (20 and 30 years ago). We investigated the dissolved organic carbon (DOC), light fraction organic carbon (LFOC), heavy fraction organic carbon (HFOC), and other soil properties (i.e., moisture content, bulk density, pH, clay, sand, silt, available phosphorous, light fraction nitrogen, and heavy fraction nitrogen) in natural wetlands, constructed wetlands, fishponds, paddy fields, and soybean fields. The results indicated that the content of DOC increased 17% in constructed wetland and decreased 39% in fishponds, and the content of HFOC in constructed wetland and fishponds increased 50% and 8%, respectively, compared with that in natural wetlands at 0–20 cm. After the conversion of a wetland, the content of HFOC increased 72% in the paddy fields and decreased 62% in the dry land, while the content of DOC and LFOC decreased in both types. In the paddy fields, LFOC and HFOC content in the topmost 0.2 m of the soil layer was significantly higher compared to the layer below (from 0.2 to 0.6 m), and there were no significant differences observed in the dry land. The findings suggest that the paddy fields can sequester organic carbon through the accumulation of HFOC. However, the HFOC content decreased 22% after 10 years of cultivation with the decrease of clay content, indicating that paddy fields need to favor clay accumulation for the purpose of enhancing carbon sequestration in the paddy fields.
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Song X, Li Y, Yue X, Hussain Q, Zhang J, Liu Q, Jin S, Cui D. Effect of cotton straw-derived materials on native soil organic carbon. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 663:38-44. [PMID: 30708215 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.01.311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Revised: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Different types of crop straw and their derived biochars and compost treatments have huge potential for carbon sequestration to sustain crop productivity. In this study, cotton straw (straw), cotton straw-derived compost (compost) and cotton straw-derived biochar (biochar) with equivalent carbon (C) content were added to soil and incubated for 30 and 180 days. The C sequestration potential of these organic materials was determined by 13C isotope trace method. The structural characteristic of soil organic carbon (SOC) was analyzed by solid-state 13C NMR spectroscopy. The SOC concentration was measured by wet oxidation and dry combustion methods. The results showed that 50.84%, 41.03% and 38.55% of native SOC were replaced by biochar, compost, and straw, respectively. The carbohydrate C and methoxyl C contents were significantly higher in straw and biochar amendments respectively, while phenolic C and alkyl C were high in compost amendment and a higher proportion of aryl C occurred in biochar treatment. These findings revealed that straw material was easier to be decomposed, but compost and biochar showing better stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyun Song
- College of Resources and Environment, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, PR China; Qingdao Engineering Research Center for Rural Environment, College of Resources and Environment, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, PR China
| | - Yan Li
- College of Resources and Environment, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, PR China
| | - Xin Yue
- College of Resources and Environment, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, PR China
| | - Qaiser Hussain
- Institute of Soil Science, Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Jinjing Zhang
- College of Resources and Environment, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, PR China
| | - Qinghua Liu
- College of Resources and Environment, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, PR China
| | - Shengai Jin
- College of Resources and Environment, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, PR China
| | - Dejie Cui
- College of Resources and Environment, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, PR China; Qingdao Engineering Research Center for Rural Environment, College of Resources and Environment, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, PR China.
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Miller JJ, Beasley BW, Hazendonk P, Drury CF, Chanasyk DS. Influence of Long-term Application of Feedlot Manure Amendments on Water Repellency of a Clay Loam Soil. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY 2017; 46:667-675. [PMID: 28724097 DOI: 10.2134/jeq2017.02.0074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Long-term application of feedlot manure to cropland may increase the quantity of soil organic carbon (C) and change its quality, which may influence soil water repellency. The objective was to determine the influence of feedlot manure type (stockpiled vs. composted), bedding material (straw [ST] vs. woodchips [WD]), and application rate (13, 39, or 77 Mg ha) on repellency of a clay loam soil after 17 annual applications. The repellency was determined on all 14 treatments using the water repellency index ( index), the water drop penetration time (WDPT) method, and molarity of ethanol (MED) test. The C composition of particulate organic matter in soil of five selected treatments after 16 annual applications was also determined using C nuclear magnetic resonance-direct polarization with magic-angle spinning (NMR-DPMAS). Manure type had no significant ( > 0.05) effect on index and WDPT, and MED classification was similar. Mean index and WDPT values were significantly greater and MED classification more hydrophobic for WD than ST. Application rate had no effect on the index, but WDPT was significantly greater and MED classification more hydrophobic with increasing application rate. Strong ( > 0.7) but nonsignificant positive correlations were found between index and WDPT versus hydrophobic (alkyl + aromatic) C, lignin at 74 ppm (O-alkyl), and unspecified aromatic compounds at 144 ppm. Specific aromatic compounds also contributed more to repellency than alkyl, O-alkyl, and carbonyl compounds. Overall, all three methods consistently showed that repellency was greater for WD- than ST-amended clay loam soil, but manure type had no effect.
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Masoom H, Courtier-Murias D, Farooq H, Soong R, Kelleher BP, Zhang C, Maas WE, Fey M, Kumar R, Monette M, Stronks HJ, Simpson MJ, Simpson AJ. Soil Organic Matter in Its Native State: Unravelling the Most Complex Biomaterial on Earth. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:1670-1680. [PMID: 26783947 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b03410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Since the isolation of soil organic matter in 1786, tens of thousands of publications have searched for its structure. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy has played a critical role in defining soil organic matter but traditional approaches remove key information such as the distribution of components at the soil-water interface and conformational information. Here a novel form of NMR with capabilities to study all physical phases termed Comprehensive Multiphase NMR, is applied to analyze soil in its natural swollen-state. The key structural components in soil organic matter are identified to be largely composed of macromolecular inputs from degrading biomass. Polar lipid heads and carbohydrates dominate the soil-water interface while lignin and microbes are arranged in a more hydrophobic interior. Lignin domains cannot be penetrated by aqueous solvents even at extreme pH indicating they are the most hydrophobic environment in soil and are ideal for sequestering hydrophobic contaminants. Here, for the first time, a complete range of physical states of a whole soil can be studied. This provides a more detailed understanding of soil organic matter at the molecular level itself key to develop the most efficient soil remediation and agricultural techniques, and better predict carbon sequestration and climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hussain Masoom
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto , Toronto, Ontario Canada , M1C 1A4
| | | | - Hashim Farooq
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto , Toronto, Ontario Canada , M1C 1A4
| | - Ronald Soong
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto , Toronto, Ontario Canada , M1C 1A4
| | - Brian P Kelleher
- School of Chemical Sciences, Dublin City University , Dublin, Ireland
| | - Chao Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto , Toronto, Ontario Canada , M1C 1A4
| | - Werner E Maas
- Bruker BioSpin Corp., Billerica, Massachusetts 01821-3991, United States
| | - Michael Fey
- Bruker BioSpin Corp., Billerica, Massachusetts 01821-3991, United States
| | - Rajeev Kumar
- Bruker BioSpin Canada, Milton, Ontario Canada , L9T 1Y6
| | | | | | - Myrna J Simpson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto , Toronto, Ontario Canada , M1C 1A4
| | - André J Simpson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto , Toronto, Ontario Canada , M1C 1A4
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Silva LCR, Doane TA, Corrêa RS, Valverde V, Pereira EIP, Horwath WR. Iron-mediated stabilization of soil carbon amplifies the benefits of ecological restoration in degraded lands. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2015; 25:1226-1234. [PMID: 26485951 DOI: 10.1890/14-2151.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Recent observations across a 14-year restoration chronosequence have shown an unexpected accumulation of soil organic carbon in strip-mined areas of central Brazil. This was attributed to the rapid plant colonization that followed the incorporation of biosolids into exposed regoliths, but the specific mechanisms involved in the stabilization of carbon inputs from the vegetation remained unclear. Using isotopic and elemental analyses, we tested the hypothesis that plant-derived carbon accumulation was triggered by the formation of iron-coordinated complexes, stabilized into physically protected (occluded) soil fractions. Confirming this hypothesis, we identified a fast formation of microaggregates shortly after the application of iron-rich biosolids, which was characterized by a strong association between pyrophosphate-extractable iron and plant-derived organic matter. The formation of microaggregates preceded the development of macroaggregates, which drastically increased soil carbon content (-140 Mg C/ha) a few years after restoration. Consistent with previous theoretical work, iron-coordinated organic complexes served as nuclei for aggregate formation, reflecting the synergistic effect of biological, chemical, and physical mechanisms of carbon stabilization in developing soils. Nevertheless, iron was not the only factor affecting soil carbon content. The highest carbon accumulation was observed during the period of highest plant diversity (> 30 species; years 3-6), declining significantly with the exclusion of native species by invasive grasses (years 9-14). Furthermore, the increasing dominance of invasive grasses was associated with a steady decline in the concentration of soil nitrogen and phosphorus per unit of accumulated carbon. These results demonstrate the importance of interdependent ecological and biogeochemical processes, and the role of soil-plant interactions in determining the success of restoration efforts. In contrast with previous but unsuccessful attempts to restore mined areas through nutrient application alone, iron-mediated stabilization of vegetation inputs favored the regeneration of a barren stable state that had persisted for over five decades since disturbance. The effectiveness of coupled organic matter and iron "fertilization," combined with management of invasive species, has the possibility to enhance terrestrial carbon sequestration and accelerate the restoration of degraded lands, while addressing important challenges associated with urban waste disposal.
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Martinez-Balmori D, Spaccini R, Aguiar NO, Novotny EH, Olivares FL, Canellas LP. Molecular characteristics of humic acids isolated from vermicomposts and their relationship to bioactivity. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2014; 62:11412-9. [PMID: 25379603 DOI: 10.1021/jf504629c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Vermitechnology is an effective composting method, which transforms biomass into nutrient-rich organic fertilizer. Mature vermicompost is a renewable organic product containing humic substances with high biological activity. The aim of this study was to assess the chemical characteristics and the bioactivity of humic acids isolated from different vermicomposts produced with either cattle manure, sugar cane bagasse, sunflower cake from seed oil extraction, or filter cake from a sugar cane factory. More than 200 different molecules were found, and it was possible to identify chemical markers on humic acids according to the nature of the organic source. The large hydrophobic character of humic extracts and the preservation of altered lignin derivatives confer to humic acids the ability to induce lateral root emergence in maize seedlings. Humic acid-like substances extracted from plant biomass residues represent an additional valuable product of vermicomposting that can be used as a plant growth promoter.
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Molecular evaluation of soil organic matter characteristics in three agricultural soils by improved off-line thermochemolysis: The effect of hydrofluoric acid demineralisation treatment. Anal Chim Acta 2013; 802:46-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2013.09.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2013] [Revised: 09/15/2013] [Accepted: 09/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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