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de Pierri L, Novotny EH, Pellegrino Cerri CE, José de Souza A, Mattos BB, Tornisielo VL, Regitano JB. Accessing biochar's porosity using a new low field NMR approach and its impacts on the retention of highly mobile herbicides. Chemosphere 2022; 287:132237. [PMID: 34543894 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Agrowaste biochars [sugarcane straw (SS), rice husk (RH), poultry manure (PM), and sawdust (SW)] were synthesized at different pyrolysis temperatures (350, 450, 550, and 650 °C) to evaluate their potential to retain highly mobile herbicides, such as hexazinone and tebuthiuron that often contaminate water resources around sugarcane plantations. A new low field nuclear magnetic resonance approach based on decay due to diffusion in internal magnetic field (NMR-DDIF) was successfully used to determine biochar's porosity and specific surface area (SSA) to clear the findings of this work. SSA of pores with diameters >5.0 μm increased with pyrolysis temperatures and seemed to dictate biochar's retention, which was >70% of the applied amounts at 650 °C. These macropores appear to act as main arteries for herbicide intra-particle diffusion into smaller pores, thus enhancing herbicides retention. Biochar granulometry had little, but herbicide aging had a significant effect on sorption, mainly of tebuthiuron. However, soils amended with 10,000 kg ha-1 of the biochars showed low sorption potential. Therefore, higher than usual biochar rates or proper incorporation strategies, i.e., surface incorporation, will be needed to remediate areas contaminated with these highly mobile herbicides, thus precluding their leaching to groundwaters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Letícia de Pierri
- Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture (ESALQ), Dept. of Soil Science, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, C.P. 09, 13418-260, SP, Brazil.
| | | | - Carlos Eduardo Pellegrino Cerri
- Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture (ESALQ), Dept. of Soil Science, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, C.P. 09, 13418-260, SP, Brazil.
| | - Adijailton José de Souza
- Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture (ESALQ), Dept. of Soil Science, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, C.P. 09, 13418-260, SP, Brazil.
| | - Bianca Braz Mattos
- Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation, Embrapa Soils, Rio de Janeiro, 22460-000, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Valdemar Luiz Tornisielo
- Center of Nuclear Energy in Agriculture (CENA), University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, 03178-200, SP, Brazil.
| | - Jussara Borges Regitano
- Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture (ESALQ), Dept. of Soil Science, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, C.P. 09, 13418-260, SP, Brazil.
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Dela Piccolla C, Hesterberg D, Muraoka T, Novotny EH. Optimizing pyrolysis conditions for recycling pig bones into phosphate fertilizer. Waste Manag 2021; 131:249-257. [PMID: 34174561 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2021.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Selecting pyrolysis parameters for recycling P-rich and hazardous biowastes, such as bones, into fertilizers is still a challenge. Our objective was to improve pyrolysis procedures of pig bones for the production of P fertilizers. Bone chars were produced by pyrolysis at 400, 550, or 800 °C with no gas addition; 550 and 800 °C under N2; 800 °C under steam flux, using calcination at 800 °C as control treatment. Synchrotron-based X-ray diffraction and X-ray absorption near edge structure spectroscopy at the P and Ca K- and L-edges showed that these bone chars were largely composed of hydroxyapatite. Hydroxyapatite crystallization was inhibited by pyrolysis conducted in the absence of oxygen at 400, 550, or 800 °C, either under no gas or under N2 flux. The clogging of pores by lack of organic compounds removal was hypothesized to cause low surface area of 400 °C bone char, resulting in a fertilizer with citric-acid soluble P as low as calcination, while 550 and 800 °C bone chars obtained in absence of oxygen showed greater porosity, surface area, and citric acid-soluble P than steamed or calcined samples at 800 °C. Although extractable phosphate in water and neutral-ammonium-citrate showed trends comparable to those from citric acid, it was negligible for all heated materials. Since it is possible to produce bone chars with different chemical, physical and crystallographic properties by managing pyrolysis conditions, bone chars can be designed to increase their suitability as P fertilizers for different purposes, such as high solubility or slow P release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiano Dela Piccolla
- Soil Science Department, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of Sao Paulo, Piracicaba, SP 13418900, Brazil.
| | - Dean Hesterberg
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.
| | - Takashi Muraoka
- Soil Science Department, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of Sao Paulo, Piracicaba, SP 13418900, Brazil; Center of Nuclear Energy in Agriculture, University of Sao Paulo, Piracicaba, SP 13416000, Brazil.
| | - Etelvino Henrique Novotny
- Embrapa Soils, Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation-Embrapa, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 22460000, Brazil.
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Novotny EH, Turetta APD, Resende MF, Rebello CM. The quality of soil organic matter, accessed by 13C solid state nuclear magnetic resonance, is just as important as its content concerning pesticide sorption. Environ Pollut 2020; 266:115298. [PMID: 32798983 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The global increase of food production has been achieved mainly through the intensive use of inputs such as pesticides. Once released to the soil, sorption (which could be represented by Freundlich solid-water distribution coefficients - KF) and degradation are two governing processes that determine the distribution and persistence of pesticides in the environment. In spite of the huge dataset, the only apparent generalisation is the high correlation between KF and soil organic matter (SOM) content. However, in this work no correlation was observed between KF and organic C content (OC) and so the obtained KOC (KF normalised by OC) spread out in a wide range: 1100 to 11,400 mL g-1 for abamectin; and 30-150 mL g-1 for atrazine, both ranges corroborate with data from literature. These high variabilities indicate that other soil components or SOM quality strongly interfere in the pesticide sorption in addition to SOM content. Seeking to estimate the influence of SOM quality in the abamectin and atrazine KOC values, the humic acids, a fraction of the SOM, was analysed by 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (13C NMR) and Principal Component (PC) Regression. The first PC of 13C NMR spectra presented negative loadings for aliphatic compounds and positive loadings for aryl C, typical of partially oxidised pyrogenic C. Their scores showed strong correlation with the abamectin KOC values (R2 = 0.91, p < 5 10-8) and weaker with atrazine KOC (R2 = 0.63, p < 0.0001), in addition to a smaller standardised slope: 1.01 for abamectin and 0.76 for atrazine. These results could be explained by the higher hydrophobicity of abamectin, being thus more prone to interact with the polycondensed aryl groups from the pyrogenic C. It is also important to highlight that humic acids are useful proxies for understanding the paramount interaction of SOM with pesticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- E H Novotny
- EMBRAPA Soils, Rua Jardim Botânico, 1024, 22460-000, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
| | - A P D Turetta
- EMBRAPA Soils, Rua Jardim Botânico, 1024, 22460-000, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Program of Territorial Development and Public Policy, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, Seropedica 23890-000, Brazil
| | - M F Resende
- EMBRAPA Soils, Rua Jardim Botânico, 1024, 22460-000, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - C M Rebello
- EMBRAPA Soils, Rua Jardim Botânico, 1024, 22460-000, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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Smidt E, Tintner J, Nelle O, Oliveira RR, Patzlaff R, Novotny EH, Klemm S. Infrared spectroscopy refines chronological assessment, depositional environment and pyrolysis conditions of archeological charcoals. Sci Rep 2020; 10:12427. [PMID: 32709969 PMCID: PMC7381679 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-69445-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Based on infrared spectral characteristics, six archeological sample sets of charcoals from German (5) and Brazilian (1) sites, covering the time span from the nineteenth century CE to 3950 BCE, were compared to a chronological (present to the fifteenth century BCE) series of Austrian charcoals. A typical chronological trend of several bands (stretch vibrations: O–C–O of carboxylates at 1,585–1,565 and 1,385–1,375 cm−1, C–O carboxylic acids at 1,260–1,250 cm−1) that indicate oxidation and subsequently increasing hydrophilicity (O–H stretch vibration at about 3,400 cm−1) was also contained in the archive samples. Three sample sets fit in the typical band development according to their age. For three sample sets this conformity was not observed. Despite the age of two sample sets (3950–2820 BCE), most charcoals were assigned to the Modern Period. Apart from the high degree of carbonization, anaerobic depositional conditions over a longer period of time seem to contribute to the surprising conservation. Non-removable mineral components in charcoals, as observed in a third sample set, strongly influence infrared band intensities and positions of organic compounds. The role of inorganic components in terms of charcoal aging, and the information we can obtain from spectral characteristics in an archeological context, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Smidt
- Institute of Physics and Materials Science, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Peter Jordan Straße 82, 1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - J Tintner
- Institute of Physics and Materials Science, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Peter Jordan Straße 82, 1190, Vienna, Austria.
| | - O Nelle
- State Office for Cultural Heritage Baden-Württemberg, Tree-ring lab, Fischersteig 9, 78343, Gaienhofen-Hemmenhofen, Germany
| | - R R Oliveira
- Departamento de Geografia e Meio Ambiente, PUC-Rio Rua Marquês de S. Vicente, 225, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 22451-900, Brazil
| | - R Patzlaff
- Anthropological Collections at the Archaeobotanical and Landscape Lab of the National Museum, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - E H Novotny
- Embrapa Soil, R. Jardim Botânico, 1024, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 22460-000, Brazil
| | - S Klemm
- Archaeology & Communication, Lammgasse 3/12, 1080, Vienna, Austria
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Kuhnen Silva A, de Almeida Ribeiro Oliveira G, Bassinello PZ, Lanna AC, Novotny EH, Lião LM. Evaluation of Lipoxygenase Activity in Common Beans by UV and NMR Spectroscopy: Proposal for a Complementary Technique for Enzymatic Studies. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-019-01499-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Soares MVL, Alves Filho EG, Silva LMA, Novotny EH, Canuto KM, Wurlitzer NJ, Narain N, de Brito ES. Tracking thermal degradation on passion fruit juice through Nuclear Magnetic Resonance and chemometrics. Food Chem 2017; 219:1-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.09.127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Revised: 09/19/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Martinez-Balmori D, Spaccini R, Aguiar NO, Novotny EH, Olivares FL, Canellas LP. Molecular characteristics of humic acids isolated from vermicomposts and their relationship to bioactivity. J Agric Food Chem 2014; 62:11412-9. [PMID: 25379603 DOI: 10.1021/jf504629c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Vermitechnology is an effective composting method, which transforms biomass into nutrient-rich organic fertilizer. Mature vermicompost is a renewable organic product containing humic substances with high biological activity. The aim of this study was to assess the chemical characteristics and the bioactivity of humic acids isolated from different vermicomposts produced with either cattle manure, sugar cane bagasse, sunflower cake from seed oil extraction, or filter cake from a sugar cane factory. More than 200 different molecules were found, and it was possible to identify chemical markers on humic acids according to the nature of the organic source. The large hydrophobic character of humic extracts and the preservation of altered lignin derivatives confer to humic acids the ability to induce lateral root emergence in maize seedlings. Humic acid-like substances extracted from plant biomass residues represent an additional valuable product of vermicomposting that can be used as a plant growth promoter.
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Melligan F, Dussan K, Auccaise R, Novotny EH, Leahy JJ, Hayes MHB, Kwapinski W. Characterisation of the products from pyrolysis of residues after acid hydrolysis of Miscanthus. Bioresour Technol 2012; 108:258-263. [PMID: 22281143 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2011.12.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2011] [Revised: 12/19/2011] [Accepted: 12/20/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Platform chemicals such as furfural and hydroxymethylfurfural are major products formed during the acid hydrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass in second generation biorefining processes. Solid hydrolysis residues (HR) can amount to 50 wt.% of the starting biomass materials. Pyrolysis of the HRs gives rise to biochar, bio-liquids, and gases. Time and temperature were variables during the pyrolysis of HRs in a fixed bed tubular reactor, and both parameters have major influences on the amounts and properties of the products. Biochar, with potential for carbon sequestration and soil conditioning, composed about half of the HR pyrolysis product. The amounts (11-20 wt.%) and compositions (up to 77% of phenols in organic fraction) of the bio-liquids formed suggest that these have little value as fuels, but could be sources of phenols, and the gas can have application as a fuel.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Melligan
- Carbolea Research Group, Department of Chemical and Environmental Sciences, University of Limerick, Ireland
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Costa AB, Novotny EH, Bloise AC, de Azevedo ER, Bonagamba TJ, Zucchi MR, Santos VLCS, Azevedo AEG. Characterization of organic matter in sediment cores of the Todos os Santos Bay, Bahia, Brazil, by elemental analysis and 13C NMR. Mar Pollut Bull 2011; 62:1883-90. [PMID: 21704343 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2011.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2010] [Revised: 05/28/2011] [Accepted: 06/02/2011] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The impact of human activity on the sediments of Todos os Santos Bay in Brazil was evaluated by elemental analysis and 13C Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (13C NMR). This article reports a study of six sediment cores collected at different depths and regions of Todos os Santos Bay. The elemental profiles of cores collected on the eastern side of Frades Island suggest an abrupt change in the sedimentation regime. Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) analysis corroborates this result. The range of depths of the cores corresponds to about 50 years ago, coinciding with the implantation of major onshore industrial projects in the region. Principal Component Analysis of the 13C NMR spectra clearly differentiates sediment samples closer to the Subaé estuary, which have high contents of terrestrial organic matter, from those closer to a local oil refinery. The results presented in this article illustrate several important aspects of environmental impact of human activity on this bay.
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Affiliation(s)
- A B Costa
- Centro de Pesquisa em Geofísica e Geologia, Instituto de Física, Universidade Federal da Bahia, 40170-115 Salvador, BA, Brazil
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Melligan F, Auccaise R, Novotny EH, Leahy JJ, Hayes MHB, Kwapinski W. Pressurised pyrolysis of Miscanthus using a fixed bed reactor. Bioresour Technol 2011; 102:3466-3470. [PMID: 21094043 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2010.10.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2010] [Revised: 10/23/2010] [Accepted: 10/27/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Miscanthus x giganteus was pyrolysed, in a fixed bed reactor in a constant flow of dinitrogen gas, at a rate of 13°C/min from ambient to 550°C, then held for 25 min at this temperature. The pressures employed ranged from atmospheric to 26 bar. The major compounds identified in the bio-oil were water, phenol, and phenol derivatives. The water contents impact on the usefulness of the bio-oil as a fuel. However, the phenols could provide useful platform chemicals and products. The properties of the char were determined using elemental analyses, surface area measurements using the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller equation, a calorimetric bomb, Scanning Electron Microscopy, and solid state (13)C NMR spectroscopy. The chars were highly carbonised, especially at the higher pressures, and provided thermally stable materials. Pressure impacted greatly on the surface area. Char formed at atmospheric pressure had a surface area of 162 m(2)/g, whereas that from the highest pressure applied was only 0.137 m(2)/g.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Melligan
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
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Prestes RA, Colnago LA, Forato LA, Vizzotto L, Novotny EH, Carrilho E. A rapid and automated low resolution NMR method to analyze oil quality in intact oilseeds. Anal Chim Acta 2007; 596:325-9. [PMID: 17631114 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2007.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2007] [Revised: 06/06/2007] [Accepted: 06/11/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Oilseeds with modified fatty acid profiles have been the genetic alternative for high quality vegetable oil for food and biodiesel applications. They can provide stable, functional oils for the food industry, without the hydrogenation process that produces trans-fatty acid, which has been linked to cardiovascular disease. High yield and high quality oilseeds are also necessary for the success of biodiesel programs, as polyunsaturated or saturated fatty acid oil produces biofuel with undesirable properties. In this paper, a rapid and automated low resolution NMR method to select intact oilseeds with a modified fatty acid profile is introduced, based on 1H transverse relaxation time (T2). The T2 weighted NMR signal, obtained by a CPMG pulse sequence and processed by chemometric methods was able to determine the oil quality in intact seeds by its fatty composition, cetane number, iodine value and kinematic viscosity with a correlation coefficient r > 0.9. The automated system has the potential to analyze more than 1000 samples per hour and is a powerful tool to speed up the selection of high quality oilseeds for food and biodiesel applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosilene Aparecida Prestes
- Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Química de São Carlos, Av. Trabalhador São-Carlense 400, São Carlos, SP 13560-970, Brazil
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