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Olisah C, Malloum A, Adegoke KA, Ighalo JO, Conradie J, Ohoro CR, Amaku JF, Oyedotun KO, Maxakato NW, Akpomie KG, Okeke ES. Scientometric trends and knowledge maps of global polychlorinated naphthalenes research over the past four decades. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024:124407. [PMID: 38908679 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.124407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2023] [Revised: 05/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/24/2024]
Abstract
Polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs) were included in the banned list of the Stockholm Convention due to their potential to provoke a wide range of adverse effects on living organisms and the environment. Many reviews have been written to clarify the state of knowledge and identify the research needs of this pollutant class. However, studies have yet to analyse the scientometric complexities of PCN literature. In this study, we used bibliometric R and vosviewer programs as a scientometric tool to fill this gap by focusing on articles indexed on Web of Science and Scopus databases and those published between 1973 to 2022. A total of 707 articles were published within this period with a publication/author, author/publication, and co-authors/publication ratios of 0.45, 2.19, and 4.86, respectively. Developed countries dominated most scientometric indices (number of publications, citations, and collaboration networks) in the survey period. Lotka's inverse square rule of author productivity showed that Lotka's laws do not fit PCN literature. An annual percentage growth rate of 7.46% and a Kolmogorov-Smirnoff goodness-of-fit of 0.88 suggests that more output on PCNs is likely in years to come. More research is needed from scholars from developing countries to measure the supremacy of the developed nations and to effectively comply with the Stockholm Convention agreement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chijioke Olisah
- Institute for Coastal and Marine Research (CMR), Nelson Mandela University, PO Box 77000, Gqeberha, 6031, South Africa; Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5/753, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Alhadji Malloum
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Maroua, Maroua, Cameroon; Department of Chemistry, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, 9300, South Africa
| | - Kayode A Adegoke
- Department of Industrial Chemistry, First Technical University, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Joshua O Ighalo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, P. M. B. 5025, Awka, Nigeria; Tim Taylor Department of Chemical Engineering, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Jeanet Conradie
- Department of Chemistry, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, 9300, South Africa
| | - Chinemerem R Ohoro
- Water Research Group, Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, 11 Hoffman St, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa
| | - James F Amaku
- Department of Chemistry, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike, Nigeria; Department of Applied Science, Faculty of Science Engineering and Technology, Walter Sisulu University, Potsdam Site, East London 5200, South Africa
| | - Kabir O Oyedotun
- College of Science, Engineering and Technology (CSET), University of South Africa, Florida Campus, Johannesburg, 1710, South Africa
| | - Nobanathi W Maxakato
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein 2028, South Africa
| | - Kovo G Akpomie
- Department of Chemistry, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, 9300, South Africa; Department of Pure & Industrial Chemistry, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
| | - Emmanuel Sunday Okeke
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria; Natural Science Unit, School of General Studies, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria; Institute of Environmental Health and Ecological Security, School of the Environment and Safety, Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, PR China
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Son JY, Khuman SN, Park MK, Lee HY, Kim CS, Lee IS, Choi SD. Distributions of PCDD/Fs, PCBs, and PCNs in coastal sediments collected from major industrial bays in South Korea. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2024; 200:116160. [PMID: 38377865 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2024.116160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins/furans (PCDD/Fs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs) were assessed in coastal sediments from industrial bays in South Korea to evaluate the pollution levels and their environmental impact. The mean sediment concentrations of Σ17 PCDD/Fs, Σ18 PCBs, and Σ15 PCNs were 198 ± 140, 3427 ± 7037, and 85 ± 336 pg/g dw, respectively. Generally, pollutant concentrations in the inner bay were higher than those in the outer bay, indicating the influence of industrial emissions and harbor activities. The primary sources were identified as steel manufacturing and wastewater treatment plants for PCDD/Fs, harbor and shipbuilding activities for PCBs, and combustion-related sources for PCNs. Notably, PCDD/F concentrations exceeded sediment guideline values. The combined effects of PCDD/Fs and PCBs demonstrated adverse impacts on aquatic organisms. Hence, the release of toxic pollutants into the marine environment could have potential biological effects due to the combined impact of these various compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Young Son
- Department of Civil, Urban, Earth, and Environmental Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Sanjenbam Nirmala Khuman
- Department of Civil, Urban, Earth, and Environmental Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Kyu Park
- Department of Civil, Urban, Earth, and Environmental Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho-Young Lee
- Department of Civil, Urban, Earth, and Environmental Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Chul-Su Kim
- UNIST Environmental Analysis Center (UEAC), Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Seok Lee
- Southeast Sea Fisheries Research Institute, National Institute of Fisheries Science (NIFS), Tongyeong 53085, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Deuk Choi
- Department of Civil, Urban, Earth, and Environmental Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea; UNIST Environmental Analysis Center (UEAC), Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea.
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Gebru TB, Li Y, Dong C, Yang Y, Yang R, Pei Z, Zhang Q, Jiang G. Spatial and temporal trends of polychlorinated naphthalenes in the Arctic atmosphere at Ny-Ålesund and London Island, Svalbard. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 878:163023. [PMID: 36990243 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.163023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs) are ubiquitous atmospheric pollutants that can even be found in the most remote region of the Arctic. However, temporal trend analysis and reports on mono- to octa-CN in the Arctic air are still scarce. In the present study, 8 years of atmospheric monitoring data of PCNs on Svalbard was investigated using XAD-2 resin passive air samplers (PASs) from 2011-2019. The concentrations of ∑75 PCNs in the Arctic air ranged from 4.56 to 85.2 pg/m3, with a mean of 23.5 pg/m3. The mono-CNs and di-CNs were the dominant homologue groups accounting for 80 % of the total concentrations. The most abundant congeners were PCN-1, PCN-2, PCN-24/14, PCN-5/7, and PCN-3, respectively. A declining time trend of PCN concentration was observed from 2013 to 2019. The reduction in PCN concentrations is likely due to declining global emissions and banned production. However, no significant spatial difference was observed among the sampling sites. The total PCN toxic equivalency (TEQ) concentrations in the Arctic atmosphere ranged from 0.043 to 1.93 fg TEQ/m3 (mean 0.41 fg TEQ/m3). The fraction of combustion-related congeners to ∑PCNs (tri- to octa-CN) analysis results indicated that the sources of PCNs in the Arctic air were contributed mainly from reemissions of historical Halowax mixtures and combustion-related sources. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first research to report all 75 PCN congeners and homologue groups in Arctic air. Therefore, this study provides data on recent temporal trend analysis as well as all the 75 PCN congeners in the Arctic atmosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tariku Bekele Gebru
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Department of Chemistry, College of Natural and Computational Sciences, Mekelle University, P.O. Box 231, Mekelle, Ethiopia
| | - Yingming Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Cheng Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yuxin Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Ruiqiang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Zhiguo Pei
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qinghua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou 310024, China; Institute of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
| | - Guibin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou 310024, China; Institute of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
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Dien NT, Hirai Y, Koshiba J, Sakai SI. Factors affecting multiple persistent organic pollutant concentrations in the air above Japan: A panel data analysis. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 277:130356. [PMID: 34384189 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Numerous reports have elucidated different statistical approaches to identify temporal trends in atmospheric persistent organic pollutant (POP) time series. However, the correlation of industrial activity with concentrations of atmospheric POPs in Japan has not yet been determined. Herein, a panel data analysis of a 16-year monitoring program (2003-2018) conducted by the Japanese Ministry of Environment was used to investigate a range of POPs in the atmosphere above Japan. This work focuses on polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), hexachlorobenzene (HCB), and pentachlorobenzene (PeCBz) collected each year at 53 sites across Japan. The panel analysis revealed that PCB, PCN, and PBDE concentrations were influenced by a combination of factors including year, industrial activity (municipal and industrial waste incinerators, cement kilns, steel industry, and secondary zinc production), population, temperature, and atmospheric boundary layer. However, HCB and PeCBz were not significantly affected by these factors. Industrial activity showed stronger positive correlations with all homologues of PCBs, PCNs, and PBDEs as compared to those demonstrated by population. Significant decreasing trends were identified for the atmospheric ∑PBDEs (half-life t1/2 = 9.4 years), ∑PCNs (t1/2 = 8.9 years), and ∑PCBs (t1/2 = 13.5 years) concentrations, while HCB and PeCBz showed slightly increasing or steady levels. As a statistical tool, panel data analysis can contribute to the assessment of spatial and temporal trends of POPs at a national scale, while elucidating different behavioral responses to numerous environmental variables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen Thanh Dien
- Environment Preservation Research Center, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan.
| | - Yasuhiro Hirai
- Environment Preservation Research Center, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan.
| | - Junichiro Koshiba
- Environment Preservation Research Center, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan.
| | - Shin-Ichi Sakai
- Environment Preservation Research Center, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan.
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Xu S, Liu W, Liu GB, Wang S, Li C, Pan K. Occurrence, Human Exposure, and Risk Assessment of Polybrominated Dibenzo-p-Dioxins and Dibenzofurans, Polychlorinated Naphthalenes, and Metals in Atmosphere Around Industrial Parks in Jiangsu, China. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2021; 106:683-689. [PMID: 33590262 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-021-03141-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Air samples were collected around industrial parks in Jiangsu, China, to allow the concentrations, profiles, and risk assessment of polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PBDD/Fs), polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs), and metals to be investigated. The concentrations of ΣPBDD/Fs and ΣPCNs were 1324.26-2080.98 fg/m3 (11.35-42.57 fg I-TEQ/m3) and 10,404.9-29,322.9 fg/m3 (1.32-7.19 fg I-TEQ/ m3), respectively. The highest concentration of ΣPBDD/Fs and ΣPCNs were observed at site C. PBDD/Fs were mainly dominated by PBDFs. The main contributor to the ΣPBDD/Fs in all samples was 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpBDF, which accounted for 25.75%-39.4%. For PCNs, the predominating homologues were tetra-, tri- and penta-CNs, which contributed 30.7%-43.3%, 24.7%-31.0%, and 10.6%-21.6%, respectively. As for metals, the pollution of As, Mn, Cr, and Ni in most samples exceeded National Ambient Air Quality Standards of China. Assessing the risk of inhalation exposure showed that there were potential carcinogenic risks to local residents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shen Xu
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Jiangsu Key Lab of Environmental Engineering, Jiangsu Provincial Academy of Environmental Science, Nanjing, 210036, Jiangsu, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Xianlin Road 163, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Guang-Bing Liu
- Jiangsu Key Lab of Environmental Engineering, Jiangsu Provincial Academy of Environmental Science, Nanjing, 210036, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shui Wang
- Jiangsu Key Lab of Environmental Engineering, Jiangsu Provincial Academy of Environmental Science, Nanjing, 210036, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Xianlin Road 163, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Ke Pan
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
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Guo W, Wang W, Yang Y, Zhang S, Yang B, Ma W, He Y, Lin Z, Cai Z. Facile fabrication of magnetic covalent organic frameworks and their application in selective enrichment of polychlorinated naphthalenes from fine particulate matter. Mikrochim Acta 2021; 188:91. [PMID: 33598812 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-021-04750-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Magnetic covalent organic frameworks (Fe3O4@TPPCl4) were synthesized via a one-pot process in which magnetic nanoparticles (Fe3O4@MNP) served as a magnetic core and 2,4,6-trihydroxy-1,3,5-benzenetricarbaldehyde (TP) and 2,2',5,5'-tetrachlorobenzidine (PCl4) as two building blocks to form a shell. The as-prepared Fe3O4@TPPCl4 nanoparticles have superior features, including large surface area (186.5 m2 g-1), high porosity, strong magnetic responsiveness (42.6 emu g-1), high chlorine content, and outstanding thermal stability, which make them an ideal adsorbent for highly selective enrichment of polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs). Combining with atmospheric pressure gas chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (APGC-MS/MS), a simple analytical method of Fe3O4@TPPCl4-based magnetic solid-phase extraction (MSPE)-APGC-MS/MS was developed, which exhibited good linearity (r ≥ 0.9991) for eight PCNs in the concentration range 0.1-100 ng L-1. Moreover, low detection limits (0.005-0.325 ng L-1), high enrichment factors (46.62-81.97-fold), and good relative standard deviations (RSDs) of inter-day (n = 3, 1.64 to 7.44%) and day-to-day (n = 3, 2.62 to 8.23%) were achieved. This method was successfully applied to the selective enrichment of PCNs in fine particulate matter (PM)2.5 samples, and ultra-trace PCNs were found in the range 1.56-3.75 ng kg-1 with satisfactory recoveries (93.11-105.81%). The successful application demonstrated the great potential of Fe3O4@TPPCl4 nanoparticles as an adsorbent for enrichment of halogenated compounds. Schematic presented one-pot synthesis of magnetic covalent organic framework nanocomposites (Fe3O4@TPPCl4) and their application in the selective enrichment of PCNs from PM2.5 prior to APGC-MS/MS analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Guo
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Analytical Science for Food Safety and Biology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection Technology for Food Safety, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350116, Fujian, China
| | - Wenli Wang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Analytical Science for Food Safety and Biology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection Technology for Food Safety, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350116, Fujian, China
| | - Yixin Yang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Analytical Science for Food Safety and Biology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection Technology for Food Safety, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350116, Fujian, China
| | - Shasha Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Analytical Science for Food Safety and Biology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection Technology for Food Safety, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350116, Fujian, China
| | - Baichuan Yang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Analytical Science for Food Safety and Biology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection Technology for Food Safety, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350116, Fujian, China
| | - Wende Ma
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Analytical Science for Food Safety and Biology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection Technology for Food Safety, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350116, Fujian, China
| | - Yu He
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Analytical Science for Food Safety and Biology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection Technology for Food Safety, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350116, Fujian, China
| | - Zian Lin
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Analytical Science for Food Safety and Biology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection Technology for Food Safety, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350116, Fujian, China.
| | - Zongwei Cai
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Analytical Science for Food Safety and Biology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection Technology for Food Safety, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350116, Fujian, China. .,State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, 224 Waterloo Road, Kowloon Tong, 999077, Hong Kong, SAR, People's Republic of China.
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Die Q, Lu A, Li C, Li H, Kong H, Li B. Occurrence of dioxin-like POPs in soils from urban green space in a metropolis, North China: implication to human exposure. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:5587-5597. [PMID: 32974823 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-10953-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Urban green space is a special space for urban life and natural contact and has an important impact on human health. However, little information is available on dioxin-like persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in the soils from the specific areas. We measured the concentrations of polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs), polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs), and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in the soils from urban green space in a metropolis, North China, and found total concentrations of PCDD/Fs, PCBs, and PCNs in the range of 11.5-91.4, 14.7-444, and 82.5-848 pg/g, respectively. It was worth to notice that the concentrations of PCDD/Fs in public park soil from urban center were significantly higher than those in the road greenbelts and resident lawns (Kruskal-Wallis test, p = 0.004). The source analysis indicated that sewage sludge from wastewater treatment plants were important sources of PCNs and PCDD/Fs in urban green land soils, and atmospheric deposition from municipal solid waste incinerator (MSWI) also play an important role in PCDD/F sources. The rough exposure risk evaluation showed that the residents were at a safe level with the daily doses being 0.172-3.144 fg/kg BW/day for children and 0.022-0.406 fg/kg BW/day for adult. Due to the complex and variable sources of PCDD/Fs in urban areas, dioxin-like POPs in urban green land should be given more attention to weaken human exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingqi Die
- Beijing Research Center for Agricultural Standards and Testing, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100097, China
- Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Agriculture Environment Monitoring, Beijing, 100097, China
| | - Anxiang Lu
- Beijing Research Center for Agricultural Standards and Testing, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100097, China
- Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Agriculture Environment Monitoring, Beijing, 100097, China
| | - Cheng Li
- Beijing Research Center for Agricultural Standards and Testing, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100097, China.
- Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Agriculture Environment Monitoring, Beijing, 100097, China.
| | - Haifeng Li
- Beijing Research Center for Agricultural Standards and Testing, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100097, China
- Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Agriculture Environment Monitoring, Beijing, 100097, China
| | - Hongling Kong
- Beijing Research Center for Agricultural Standards and Testing, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100097, China
- Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Agriculture Environment Monitoring, Beijing, 100097, China
| | - Bingru Li
- Beijing Research Center for Agricultural Standards and Testing, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100097, China
- Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Agriculture Environment Monitoring, Beijing, 100097, China
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Wania F, Shunthirasingham C. Passive air sampling for semi-volatile organic chemicals. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2020; 22:1925-2002. [PMID: 32822447 DOI: 10.1039/d0em00194e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
During passive air sampling, the amount of a chemical taken up in a sorbent from the air without the help of a pump is quantified and converted into an air concentration. In an equilibrium sampler, this conversion requires a thermodynamic parameter, the equilibrium sorption coefficient between gas-phase and sorbent. In a kinetic sampler, a time-averaged air concentration is obtained using a sampling rate, which is a kinetic parameter. Design requirements for kinetic and equilibrium sampling conflict with each other. The volatility of semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) varies over five orders of magnitude, which implies that passive air samplers are inevitably kinetic samplers for less volatile SVOCs and equilibrium samplers for more volatile SVOCs. Therefore, most currently used passive sampler designs for SVOCs are a compromise that requires the consideration of both a thermodynamic and a kinetic parameter. Their quantitative interpretation depends on assumptions that are rarely fulfilled, and on input parameters, that are often only known with high uncertainty. Kinetic passive air sampling for SVOCs is also challenging because their typically very low atmospheric concentrations necessitate relatively high sampling rates that can only be achieved without the use of diffusive barriers. This in turn renders sampling rates dependent on wind conditions and therefore highly variable. Despite the overall high uncertainty arising from these challenges, passive air samplers for SVOCs have valuable roles to play in recording (i) spatial concentration variability at scales ranging from a few centimeters to tens of thousands of kilometers, (ii) long-term trends, (iii) air contamination in remote and inaccessible locations and (iv) indoor inhalation exposure. Going forward, thermal desorption of sorbents may lower the detection limits for some SVOCs to an extent that the use of diffusive barriers in the kinetic sampling of SVOCs becomes feasible, which is a prerequisite to decreasing the uncertainty of sampling rates. If the thermally stable sorbent additionally has a high sorptive capacity, it may be possible to design true kinetic samplers for most SVOCs. In the meantime, the passive air sampling community would benefit from being more transparent by rigorously quantifying and explicitly reporting uncertainty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Wania
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, Ontario M1C 1A4, Canada.
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Mao S, Zhang G, Li J, Geng X, Wang J, Zhao S, Cheng Z, Xu Y, Li Q, Wang Y. Occurrence and sources of PCBs, PCNs, and HCB in the atmosphere at a regional background site in east China: Implications for combustion sources. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 262:114267. [PMID: 32179224 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Multiple types of persistent organic pollutants (POPs), such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs), and hexachlorobenzene (HCB), can be unintentionally released from combustion or thermal industrial processes, which are speculated to be the main sources of these contaminants, as they were banned on production and use since several decades ago. In this study, concentrations and sources of 40 PCBs, 39 PCNs, and HCB were analyzed in air samples collected during the period 2012-2015 at a background site in east China. ΣPCBs, ΣPCNs, and HCB were in the range of 9-341 pg/m3, 6-143 pg/m3, and 14-522 pg/m3, respectively. Seasonal characteristics with high levels in winter and low levels in summer were observed for PCNs and HCB. PCBs also exhibited slightly higher levels in winter. Source apportionment was conducted, using polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) as combustion sources indicator, combined with principal component analysis (PCA) and positive matrix factorization (PMF) model. The results indicated that the legacy of past produced and used commercial PCBs was the dominant contributor (∼56%) to the selected PCBs in the atmosphere in east China. PCNs were mainly emitted from combustion sources (∼64%), whereas HCB almost entirely originated from combustion process (>90%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuduan Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong province Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China; College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Gan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong province Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China.
| | - Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong province Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Xiaofei Geng
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong province Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jiaqi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong province Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shizhen Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong province Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Zhineng Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong province Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Yue Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550081, China
| | - Qilu Li
- School of Environment, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, 453007, China
| | - Yan Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
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10
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Waheed S, Khan MU, Sweetman AJ, Jones KC, Moon HB, Malik RN. Exposure of polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs) to Pakistani populations via non-dietary sources from neglected e-waste hubs: A problem of high health concern. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 259:113838. [PMID: 32023785 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2019] [Revised: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
To date limited information's are available concerning unintentional productions, screening, profiling, and health risks of polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs) in ambient environment and occupational environment. Literature reveals that dust is a neglected environmental matrix never measured for PCNs. To our knowledge, this is the first study to investigate the concentrations and health risks of PCNs in indoor dust, air, and blood of major e-waste recycling hubs in Pakistan. Indoor air (n = 125), dust (n = 250), and serum (n = 250) samples were collected from five major e-waste hubs and their vicinity to measure 39 PCN congeners using GC-ECNI-MS. ∑39PCN concentrations in indoor air, dust, and serum (worker > resident > children) samples ranged from 7.0 to 9583 pg/m3, from 0.25 to 697 ng/g, and from 0.15 to 401 pg/g lipid weight, respectively. Predominant PCN congeners in indoor air and dust were tri- and tetra-CNs, while tetra- and penta-CNs were dominant in human serum samples. The higher PCNs contribution was recorded at the recycling units, while the lower was observed at the shops of the major e-waste hubs. Higher contribution of combustion origin CNs in air, dust and human samples showed combustion sources at the major e-waste hubs, while Halowax and Aroclor based technical mixture showed minor contribution in these samples. Mean toxic equivalent (TEQ) concentrations of PCNs were 2.79E+00 pg-TEQ/m3, 1.60E-02 ng-TEQ/g, 8.11E-01 pg-TEQ/g, 7.14E-01 pg-TEQ/g, and 6.37E-01 pg-TEQ/g for indoor air, dust, and serum samples from workers, residents, and children, respectively. In our study, CNs- 66/67 and -73 in indoor air, dust, and human serum were the great contributors to total TEQ concentrations of PCNs. This first base line data directs government and agencies to implement rules, regulation to avoid negative health outcomes and suggests further awareness in regard of provision of proper knowledge to the target population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sidra Waheed
- Environmental Biology and Ecotoxicology Laboratory, Department of Environmental Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Usman Khan
- Department of Marine Science and Convergence Engineering, Hanyang University, Ansan, 15588, Republic of Korea.
| | - Andrew J Sweetman
- Centre for Chemicals Management, Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Bailrigg, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK
| | - Kevin C Jones
- Centre for Chemicals Management, Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Bailrigg, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK
| | - Hyo-Bang Moon
- Department of Marine Science and Convergence Engineering, Hanyang University, Ansan, 15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Riffat Naseem Malik
- Environmental Biology and Ecotoxicology Laboratory, Department of Environmental Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan.
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11
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Jin R, Fu J, Zheng M, Yang L, Habib A, Li C, Liu G. Polychlorinated Naphthalene Congener Profiles in Common Vegetation on the Tibetan Plateau as Biomonitors of Their Sources and Transportation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:2314-2322. [PMID: 31951122 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b06668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs) are globally transported, carcinogenic, persistent organic pollutants (POPs) that were recently added to the Stockholm Convention with 184 parties. The Tibetan Plateau plays an important role in the global transportation and distribution of POPs. Knowledge of PCN sources and transportation on the Tibetan Plateau is important for their control globally. In this study, we quantified the congener-specific concentrations of PCNs in lichen, moss, soil, and air samples collected on the Tibetan plateau and found that common lichens were effective biomonitors for predicting atmospheric PCNs in this area. The physiochemical properties of the PCNs, the temperatures, and the lichen lipid contents were identified as important factors influencing PCN partitioning between lichens and air. Lichen-air partitioning equations were established and used to predict PCN concentrations in air in Southeast Tibet. The lichens could be used as PCN biomonitors to clarify their spatial variations, sources, and transportation in the southeast of the plateau. PCN concentrations in lichens increased with altitude, suggesting that high-mountain cold-trapping influenced the PCN transportation behavior. Principal component analysis and linear discriminant analysis showed that the major source of PCNs in this region was long-range atmospheric transportation via the Indian monsoon in summer and wind from Southwest Asia in winter. This study provides a novel method using PCN congener profiles as fingerprints and statistical models for studying the geochemical effects of conditions in high-mountain regions on the contamination behaviors of 75 congeners of the notorious PCNs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences , Chinese Academy of Sciences , P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085 , China
- Multiphase Chemistry Department , Max Planck Institute for Chemistry , 55128 Mainz , Germany
| | - Jianjie Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences , Chinese Academy of Sciences , P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085 , China
- Institute of Environment and Health, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study , University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Hangzhou 310024 , China
| | - Minghui Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences , Chinese Academy of Sciences , P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085 , China
- Institute of Environment and Health, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study , University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Hangzhou 310024 , China
| | - Lili Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences , Chinese Academy of Sciences , P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085 , China
| | - Ahsan Habib
- Department of Chemistry , University of Dhaka , Dhaka 1000 , Bangladesh
| | - Cui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences , Chinese Academy of Sciences , P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085 , China
| | - Guorui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences , Chinese Academy of Sciences , P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085 , China
- Institute of Environment and Health, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study , University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Hangzhou 310024 , China
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12
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Jipeng Qi, Wang C, Sun J, Li S. TiO2 Assisted Photocatalytic Decomposition of 2-Chloronaphthalene on Iron Nanoparticles in Aqueous Systems: Synergistic Effect and Intermediate Products. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY A 2019. [DOI: 10.1134/s0036024419080119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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13
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Fang Y, Nie Z, Yang J, Die Q, He J, Yu H, Zhou Q, Huang Q. Polychlorinated naphthalene emissions to the atmosphere from typical secondary aluminum smelting plants in southwestern China: concentrations, characterization, and risk evaluation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:12731-12740. [PMID: 30879233 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-04744-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Secondary aluminum smelting industry, as an important source of polychlorinated naphthalene (PCN) in environment, has been concerned in recent years. To figure out the emission characteristics of PCNs and the potential influence on surrounding environment, two typical secondary aluminum smelting plants were selected and PCNs were determined in flue gas, fly ash, aluminum slag, soil, and air samples collected at and around the plants by GC-MS coupled with DFS. PCN emission factors from the flue gas of the two plants (mean 0.006 ng toxic equivalents/t) were found obviously decreased compared with similar smelting process detected in 2010. The stage of feeding material was still the major PCNs discharge period during the whole smelting process. The total PCN concentrations in air were found to be ranked as following: workshops (290-1917 pg/m3), the area near the workshops (62.3-697 pg/m3), and the surrounding areas (29.9-164 pg/m3, mean 64.5 pg/m3). Similar high concentrations of PCNs were found in soil from by the workshop door (983 ng/g dry weight). Soil-air exchange calculations indicated that mono-CN to tetra-CN would volatilize but hepta-CN and octa-CN would be deposited to the soil. Exposure of plant workers and local inhabitants to PCNs through inhalation was found to be acceptable but higher (especially for workers in the workshops) than living areas. The workshop and the nearby area are potential PCNs polluted areas and should be paid attention during the practical operation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyan Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Hebei University, Baoding, 071000, China
| | - Zhiqiang Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China.
| | - Jinzhong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Qingqi Die
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Jie He
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Hongjin Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Qi Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Qifei Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China.
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14
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Dat ND, Chang KS, Chang MB. Characteristics of atmospheric polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs) collected at different sites in northern Taiwan. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 237:186-195. [PMID: 29482024 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.02.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2018] [Revised: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Ambient air samples were collected simultaneously at three sites in northern Taiwan using high-volume samplers during winter and summer to evaluate the atmospheric PCN characteristics including concentration, distribution, potential sources and gas/particle partitioning. The average concentration (Σ73 PCNs from di-to octa-CN) observed at industrial site is the highest (172 ± 111 pg m-3), while PCN levels measured at urban and rural sites are comparable (45.2 ± 8.20 and 45.9 ± 24.4 pg m-3, respectively). The PCN concentrations are higher in summer compared with those measured in winter for all three sampling sites. Gas-phase PCNs predominate in ambient air, accounting for 94 ± 6.0% of total concentration. Homologue distributions of PCNs measured at industrial site are different from two other sites for both gas and particulate phases, suggesting that different sources contribute to PCNs collected at industrial site. Based on the ratios of characteristic PCN congeners and fraction of Σcombustion-related PCNs/ΣPCNs, thermal processes are identified as major sources of PCNs at industrial site. PCNs collected at urban and rural sites are mixed sources of thermal emissions and evaporation, however, more influence of thermal sources in winter and more impact of evaporation sources in summer are observed. Results of the logKp-logPL relationship indicate that both adsorption and absorption govern gas/particle partitioning of atmospheric PCNs in northern Taiwan. Furthermore, the relationship between logKp and logKOA reveals that absorption is more important in governing gas/particle partitioning of PCNs in winter compared to summer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen-Duy Dat
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Central University (NCU), Zhongli, 320, Taiwan
| | - Kai-Siang Chang
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Central University (NCU), Zhongli, 320, Taiwan
| | - Moo-Been Chang
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Central University (NCU), Zhongli, 320, Taiwan.
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15
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Die Q, Nie Z, Yue B, Zhu X, Gao X, Wang J, Yang Y, Fang Y, Huang Q. Assessment of the temporal and spatial distribution of atmospheric PCNs and their air-soil exchange using passive air samplers in Shanghai, East China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:14365-14375. [PMID: 28429273 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-8813-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A total of 47 passive air samples and 25 soil samples were collected to study the temporal trend, distribution, and air-soil exchange of polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs) in Shanghai, China. Atmospheric PCNs ranged from 3.44 to 44.1 pg/m3 (average of 21.9 pg/m3) in summer and 13.6 to 153 pg/m3 (average of 40.0 pg/m3) in winter. In the soil samples, PCN concentrations were 54.7-1382 pg/g dry weight (average of 319 pg/g). Tri-CNs and tetra-CNs were two dominant homolog groups in air samples, while di-CNs were also found at comparable proportions to tri-CNs and tetra-CNs in soil samples. Most air and soil samples from the industrial and urban areas showed higher PCN concentrations than those from suburban areas. However, some soil samples in urban centers presented higher PCN concentrations than industrial areas. Analysis of PCN sources indicated that both industrial thermal process and historical usage of commercial PCN mixtures contributed to the PCN burden in most areas. The fugacity fraction results indicated a strong tendency of volatilization for lighter PCNs (tri- to hexa-CNs) in both seasons, and air-soil deposition for octa-CNs. Moreover, air-soil exchange fluxes indicate that soil was an important source of atmospheric PCNs in some areas. The results of this study provide information for use in the evaluation of the potential impact and human health risk of PCNs around the study areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingqi Die
- College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Zhiqiang Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China.
| | - Bo Yue
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Xuemei Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Xingbao Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Jianyuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Yufei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Yanyan Fang
- College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Qifei Huang
- College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China.
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16
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Xue L, Zhang L, Yan Y, Dong L, Huang Y, Li X. Concentrations and patterns of polychlorinated naphthalenes in urban air in Beijing, China. CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 162:199-207. [PMID: 27497350 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.07.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Revised: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Air samples were collected, using a high-volume air sampler, at an urban site in Beijing from April 2014 to March 2015. The polychlorinated naphthalene (PCN) concentration in the atmosphere in each season was determined. The total PCN (total target tri- to octachloronaphthalene congeners) concentrations were 1.99-19.0 pg/m(3), and the mean was 7.20 pg/m(3). The PCN concentrations were higher in fall than summer, indicating that the concentrations varied significantly over time. The trichloronaphthalene homolog was the predominant PCN homolog in all four seasons. The PCN toxic equivalent (TEQ) concentrations were 0.42-6.89 fg/m(3), and the mean was 1.74 fg/m(3). The CN-66/67 and CN-73 congeners were the predominant contributors to the TEQ concentrations. The mean seasonal TEQ concentration decreased in the order fall (3.18 fg/m(3)) > winter (1.41 fg/m(3)) > summer (1.11 fg/m(3)) > spring (1.03 fg/m(3)). The TEQ concentrations and the PCN concentrations did not follow the same seasonal trends, but the highest TEQ and PCN concentrations were both found in fall. Correlation analysis, ratio analysis, and principal component analysis were used to investigate the sources of PCNs to the Beijing atmosphere. The results suggested that combustion processes may be the main sources of PCNs to the Beijing atmosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingnan Xue
- College of Resource Environment and Tourism, Capital Normal University, Beijing, 100048, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Dioxin Pollution Control, National Research Center for Environmental Analysis and Measurement, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Lifei Zhang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Dioxin Pollution Control, National Research Center for Environmental Analysis and Measurement, Beijing, 100029, China.
| | - Yan Yan
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Dioxin Pollution Control, National Research Center for Environmental Analysis and Measurement, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Liang Dong
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Dioxin Pollution Control, National Research Center for Environmental Analysis and Measurement, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Yeru Huang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Dioxin Pollution Control, National Research Center for Environmental Analysis and Measurement, Beijing, 100029, China.
| | - Xiaoxiu Li
- College of Resource Environment and Tourism, Capital Normal University, Beijing, 100048, China.
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17
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Huang Y, Li J, Xu Y, Xu W, Zhong G, Liu X, Zhang G. Polychlorinated naphthalenes in the air over the equatorial Indian Ocean: Occurrence, potential sources, and toxicity. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2016; 107:240-244. [PMID: 27084202 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.03.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Revised: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Monitoring of marine polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs) is crucial, as they are considered persistent organic pollutants (POPs) by the Stockholm Convention. Data on PCNs in marine environment are scarce. In this study, 19 air samples were collected during a cruise in the equatorial Indian Ocean on board the Chinese research vessel Shiyan I from 4/2011 to 5/2011. PCN concentration of these air samples ranged from 0.033 to 2.56pgm(-3), with an average of 0.518pgm(-3), equal to or lower than the values reported for other oceans, seas, and lakes worldwide. Tri- and tetra-CNs were the main homologues in most samples. Reemission of Halowax mixtures and incineration processes were the major sources of atmospheric PCNs in the study area. The PCN-corresponding toxic equivalency values ranged from 0 to 0.190fgm(-3) (average: 0.038fgm(-3)), falling in the low end of global range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumei Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, People's Republic of China; School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, People's Republic of China
| | - Weihai Xu
- South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, People's Republic of China
| | - Guangcai Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, People's Republic of China
| | - Gan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, People's Republic of China
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18
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Die Q, Nie Z, Fang Y, Yang Y, Gao X, Tian Y, He J, Liu F, Huang Q, Tian S. Seasonal and spatial distributions of atmospheric polychlorinated naphthalenes in Shanghai, China. CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 144:2134-2141. [PMID: 26583296 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2015] [Revised: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/04/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Air samples were collected in Shanghai during summer and winter 2013, and the gas and particulate concentrations of polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs) were measured. All 75 congeners were quantified and the corresponding toxic equivalents (TEQs) were calculated. PCN concentrations were higher in summer than winter, at 8.22-102 pg/m(3) (average of 61.3 pg/m(3)) in summer and 16.5-61.1 pg/m(3) (average of 37.7 pg/m(3)) in winter. Their seasonal TEQ values were in contrast, at 1.35-7.31 fg/m(3) (average of 3.84 fg/m(3)) in summer and 4.08-23.3 fg/m(3) (average of 8.80 fg/m(3)) in winter, because of the seasonal change in congener profiles. Tri-CNs were the predominant homologs in both the summer and winter samples. However, the major congeners in summer were PCNs containing less chlorine, but these decreased over winter. Air mass back trajectories suggested that wind direction over various sites was similar in the summer and winter seasons, yet there were clear seasonal variations in atmospheric PCN concentrations. Ratios of several characteristic congeners were calculated and the results indicated that the ratios varied only to a limited extent with PCN emissions profile from industrial thermal sources, but varied strongly with profiles of technical PCN and PCN contaminants in polychlorinated biphenyl mixtures. The results of principal component analysis suggest that local industrial thermal emissions (thermal processes containing waste incineration and secondary metal smelting processes) still play a considerable role in influencing the atmospheric PCNs in Shanghai.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingqi Die
- College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Zhiqiang Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
| | - Yanyan Fang
- College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Yufei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Xingbao Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Yajun Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Jie He
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Feng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Qifei Huang
- College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
| | - Shulei Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
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19
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Ali U, Sánchez-García L, Rehman MYA, Syed JH, Mahmood A, Li J, Zhang G, Jones KC, Malik RN. Tracking the fingerprints and combined TOC-black carbon mediated soil-air partitioning of polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs) in the Indus River Basin of Pakistan. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2016; 208:850-858. [PMID: 26613673 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2015.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Revised: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This study reports the first investigation of polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs) in air and soil samples from ecologically important sites of the Indus River Basin, Pakistan. The concentrations of ∑39-PCNs in air and soil were found in a range between 1-1588 pg m(-3) and 0.02-23 ng g(-1) while the mean TEQ values were calculated to be 5.4E(-04) pg TEQ m(-3) and 1.6E(+01) pg TEQ g(-1), respectively. Spatially, air and soil PCN concentrations were found to be high at Rahim Yar Khan (agricultural region). Lower-medium chlorinated PCNs (sum of tri-, tetra- and penta-CNs) predominated in both air and soil, altogether constituting 87 and 86% of total PCNs in the two environmental matrices, respectively. According to the data, soil-air partitioning of PCNs was interpreted to be similarly controlled by the combined effect of black carbon and organic matter in the Indus River Basin, with no preferential implication of the recalcitrant organic form.
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Affiliation(s)
- Usman Ali
- Environmental Biology and Ecotoxicology Laboratory, Department of Environmental Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan
| | - Laura Sánchez-García
- Institute of Environmental Sciences of Aragon, Zaragoza University, C/Pedro Cerbuna 12, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Muhammad Yasir Abdur Rehman
- Environmental Biology and Ecotoxicology Laboratory, Department of Environmental Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan
| | - Jabir Hussain Syed
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Adeel Mahmood
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad 45550, Pakistan
| | - Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Gan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Kevin C Jones
- Centre for Chemicals Management, Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Bailrigg, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK
| | - Riffat Naseem Malik
- Environmental Biology and Ecotoxicology Laboratory, Department of Environmental Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan.
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Ali U, Syed JH, Mahmood A, Li J, Zhang G, Jones KC, Malik RN. Influential role of black carbon in the soil-air partitioning of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in the Indus River Basin, Pakistan. CHEMOSPHERE 2015; 134:172-180. [PMID: 25933089 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Revised: 03/04/2015] [Accepted: 03/06/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Levels of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were assessed in surface soils and passive air samples from the Indus River Basin, and the influential role of black carbon (BC) in the soil-air partitioning process was examined. ∑26-PCBs ranged between 0.002-3.03 pg m(-3) and 0.26-1.89 ng g(-1) for passive air and soil samples, respectively. Lower chlorinated (tri- and tetra-) PCBs were abundant in both air (83.9%) and soil (92.1%) samples. Soil-air partitioning of PCBs was investigated through octanol-air partition coefficients (KOA) and black carbon-air partition coefficients (KBC-A). The results of the paired-t test revealed that both models showed statistically significant agreement between measured and predicted model values for the PCB congeners. Ratios of fBCKBC-AδOCT/fOMKOA>5 explicitly suggested the influential role of black carbon in the retention and soil-air partitioning of PCBs. Lower chlorinated PCBs were strongly adsorbed and retained by black carbon during soil-air partitioning because of their dominance at the sampling sites and planarity effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Usman Ali
- Environmental Biology and Ecotoxicology Laboratory, Department of Environmental Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan
| | - Jabir Hussain Syed
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Adeel Mahmood
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, PO: 45550, Pakistan
| | - Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Gan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Kevin C Jones
- Centre for Chemicals Management, Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Bailrigg, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK
| | - Riffat Naseem Malik
- Environmental Biology and Ecotoxicology Laboratory, Department of Environmental Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan.
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Effects of individual polychlorinated naphthalene (PCN) components of Halowax 1051 and two defined, artificial PCN mixtures on AHR and CYP1A1 protein expression, steroid secretion and expression of enzymes involved in steroidogenesis (CYP17, 17β-HSD and CYP19) in porcine ovarian follicles. Toxicology 2014; 322:14-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2014.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2014] [Revised: 04/25/2014] [Accepted: 04/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Mahmood A, Malik RN, Li J, Zhang G. Congener specific analysis, spatial distribution and screening-level risk assessment of polychlorinated naphthalenes in water and sediments from two tributaries of the River Chenab, Pakistan. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2014; 485-486:693-700. [PMID: 24768853 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.03.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2014] [Revised: 03/23/2014] [Accepted: 03/23/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The number of reports regarding PCN screening-levels and ecological risk assessment in environmental compartments is limited. This study presents information on congener specific analysis, distribution pattern of PCN and ecological risk assessment via PCN exposure/contamination through water and sediment from two tributaries of the River Chenab, Pakistan. A total twenty eight samples of water and sediment were collected during Jan, 2013 to June, 2013 to analyze the ∑39PCN congeners. ∑39PCN concentrations ranged between 8.94 and 414 ng g(-1) dw and 178-489 ng l(-1) in sediment and water, respectively. Water exhibited higher TEQ values while in case of sediments TEQ values were at higher than the previously reported data from other parts of the world. This is the first report of PCNs' distribution pattern and screening-level risk assessment from Pakistan. The results of toxicity exposure of PCN warrant auxiliary devotion in future, to this group of contaminant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adeel Mahmood
- Environmental Biology Laboratory, Department of Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan
| | - Riffat Naseem Malik
- Environmental Biology and Ecotoxicology Laboratory, Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan.
| | - Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Gan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
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Mahmood A, Malik RN, Li J, Zhang G, Jones KC. PCNs (polychlorinated napthalenes): dietary exposure via cereal crops, distribution and screening-level risk assessment in wheat, rice, soil and air along two tributaries of the River Chenab, Pakistan. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2014; 481:409-417. [PMID: 24607633 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.02.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2014] [Revised: 02/05/2014] [Accepted: 02/11/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
There is a lack of scientific literature regarding the bioaccumulation, dietary and toxicity exposure of PCN via food crops. The current study presents the information of dietary intake, distribution pattern and screening level risk assessment of PCN in wheat, rice, soil and air along upstream feeding tributaries of the River Chenab, Punjab Province, Pakistan. A total six air and twenty eight of soil, wheat and rice samples were collected during Jan, 2013 to June, 2013 to analyze the thirty nine PCN congeners. ∑39PCN concentrations were ranged between 0.02 and 0.21 ng g(-1) dw, 0.02-1.21 ng g(-1) dw, 24.6-233 ng g(-1) dw and 1,222-5,052 pg m(-3) in wheat, rice, soil and air samples, respectively. In this study soil exhibited higher TEQ values while in case of air, wheat and rice TEQ concentrations were in accordance with the previously reported pattern from other parts of the world. Estimated daily intake (EDI) of ∑39PCN through consumption of wheat and rice was estimated as 0.21 ng kg(-1) (body weight)day(-1) and 0.03 ng kg(-1) (body weight)day(-1), respectively. This is the first report of PCN dietary intake and screening-level risk assessment by consumption of cereal crops from Pakistan. The results of dietary and toxicity exposure of PCN warrant auxiliary devotion in future, to this group of contaminant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adeel Mahmood
- Environmental Biology Laboratory, Department of Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan
| | - Riffat Naseem Malik
- Environmental Biology and Ecotoxicology Laboratory, Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan.
| | - Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Gan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Kevin C Jones
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK
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