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Yuan C, Davis AP, Kaya D, Kjellerup BV. Distribution and biodegradation potential of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) accumulated in media of a stormwater bioretention. CHEMOSPHERE 2023:139188. [PMID: 37302503 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.139188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a group of organic compounds that can be captured and accumulate in the bioretention cell media, which may lead to secondary pollution and ecological risks. This research aimed to understand the spatial distribution of 16 priority PAHs in bioretention media, identify their sources, evaluate their ecological impact, and assess the potential for their aerobic biodegradation. The highest total PAH concentration (25.5 ± 1.7 μg/g) was observed 1.83 m from the inlet and 10-15 cm deep. The individual PAHs with the highest concentrations were benzo [g,h,i]perylene in February (1.8 ± 0.8 μg/g) and pyrene in June (1.8 ± 0.8 μg/g). Data indicated that primary sources of PAHs were fossil fuel combustion and petroleum. The ecological impact and toxicity of the media were assessed by probable effect concentrations (PECs) and benzo [a]pyrene total toxicity equivalent (BaP-TEQ). The results showed that the concentrations of pyrene and chrysene exceeded the PECs, and the average BaP-TEQ was 1.64 μg/g, primarily caused by benzo [a]pyrene. The functional gene (C12O) of PAH-ring cleaving dioxygenases (PAH-RCD) was present in the surface media, which indicated that aerobic biodegradation of PAHs was possible. Overall, this study revealed the PAHs accumulated most at medium distance and depth, where biodegradation may be limited. Thus, the accumulation of PAHs below the surface of the bioretention cell may need to be considered during long-term operation and maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Yuan
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Allen P Davis
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Devrim Kaya
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Birthe V Kjellerup
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA.
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Popick H, Brinkmann M, McPhedran K. Assessment of stormwater discharge contamination and toxicity for a cold-climate urban landscape. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES EUROPE 2022; 34:43. [PMID: 35582663 PMCID: PMC9106602 DOI: 10.1186/s12302-022-00619-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stormwater is water resulting from precipitation events and snowmelt running off the urban landscape, collecting in storm sewers, and typically being released into receiving water bodies through outfalls with minimal to no treatment. Despite a growing body of evidence observing its deleterious pollution impacts, stormwater management and treatment in cold climates remains limited, partly due to a lack of quality and loading data and modeling parameters. This study examines the quality of stormwater discharging during the summer season in a cold-climate, semi-arid Canadian city (Saskatoon, Saskatchewan). RESULTS Seven stormwater outfalls with mixed-land-use urban catchments > 100 km2 were sampled for four summer (June-August 2019) storm events and analyzed for a suite of quality parameters, including total suspended solids (TSS), chemical oxygen demand (COD), dissolved organic carbon (DOC), metals, and targeted polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). In addition, assessment of stormwater toxicity was done using the two toxicity assays Raphidocelis subcapitata (algae) and Vibrio fischeri (bacteria). Notable single-event, single-outfall contaminant pulses included of arsenic (420 µg/L), cadmium (16.4 µg/L), zinc (924 µg/L), fluorene (4.95 µg/L), benzo[a]pyrene (0.949 µg/L), pyrene (0.934 µg/L), phenanthrene (1.39 µg/L), and anthracene (1.40 µg/L). The IC50 in both R. subcapitata and V. fischeri was observed, if at all, above expected toxicity thresholds for individual contaminant species. Principal component analysis (PCA) showed no clear trends for individual sampling sites or sampling dates. In contrast, parameters were correlated with each other in groups including DOC, COD, TSS, and reduced algal toxicity; and total dissolved solids (TDS), sum of metals, and pH. CONCLUSIONS In general, stormwater characteristics were similar to those of previous studies, with a bulk of contamination carried by the first volume of runoff, influenced by a combination of rainfall depth, antecedent dry period, land use, and activity within the catchment. Roads, highways, and industrial areas contribute the bulk of estimated contaminant loadings. More intensive sampling strategies are necessary to contextualize stormwater data in the context of contaminant and runoff volume peaks. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12302-022-00619-x.
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Affiliation(s)
- H. Popick
- Department of Civil, Geological, and Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK Canada
| | - M. Brinkmann
- Global Institute for Water Security, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK Canada
- School of Environment and Sustainability, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK Canada
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK Canada
- Centre for Hydrology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK Canada
| | - Kerry McPhedran
- Department of Civil, Geological, and Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK Canada
- Global Institute for Water Security, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK Canada
- University of Saskatchewan, RM 1A13, Engineering Building, 57 Campus Dr. Saskatoon, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A9 Canada
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Popick H, Brinkmann M, McPhedran K. Traffic-derived contaminant loading in snow storage facilities during spring melt. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:27875-27893. [PMID: 34984614 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-18340-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Stormwater results from precipitation events and melting snow running off urban landscapes and typically being released into receiving water bodies with little to no treatment. Despite evidence of its deleterious impacts, snowmelt (SM) management and treatment are limited, partly due to a lack of quality and loading data. This study examines snowmelt quality during the spring for a cold climate, semi-arid Canadian city (Saskatoon, Saskatchewan). Four snow storage facilities receiving urban snow plowed from roads in mixed land use urban catchments (228 km2) were sampled including snow piles (five events) and SM (twelve events) runoff in 2019 and 2020. Samples were analyzed for pH, EC, TDS, TSS, COD, DOC, metals, chloride, PAHs, and Raphidocelis subcapitata and Vibrio fischeri toxicity. Notable event-specific TSS spikes occurred on April 13, 2019 (3,513 mg/L), and April 24, 2019 (3,838 mg/L), and TDS, chloride, and manganese on March 26, 2020 (15,000 mg/L, 5,800 mg/L, 574 mg/L), April 17, 2020 (5,200 mg/L, 2,600 mg/L, 882 mg/L), and April 23, 2020 (5,110 mg/L, 2,900 mg/L, 919 mg/L), though chloride remained elevated through May 1, 2020, samples (1,000 mg/L). Additionally, at two sites sampled April 13, 2019, pulses of aluminum (401 mg/L) and PAHs (pyrene, phenanthrene, anthracene; 71 µg/L, 317 µg/L, 182 µg/L) were detected. Concentrations of fluorene, benzo[a]pyrene, pyrene, phenanthrene, and anthracene in almost all SP samples exceeded national aquatic toxicity guideline thresholds, while 50% of SM samples exceeded guideline thresholds for benzo[a]pyrene and pyrene, and almost all exceeded the threshold for anthracene. Nevertheless, the EC50 for R. subcapitata and V. fischeri was observed, if at all, above expected toxicity thresholds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayley Popick
- Department of Civil, Geological, and Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, RM 1A13, Engineering Building, 57 Campus Dr. Saskatoon, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5A9, Canada
| | - Markus Brinkmann
- Global Institute for Water Security, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
- School of Environment and Sustainability, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
- Centre for Hydrology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Kerry McPhedran
- Department of Civil, Geological, and Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, RM 1A13, Engineering Building, 57 Campus Dr. Saskatoon, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5A9, Canada.
- Global Institute for Water Security, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada.
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Elliott SM, Kiesling RL, Berg AM, Schoenfuss HL. A pilot study to assess the influence of infiltrated stormwater on groundwater: Hydrology and trace organic contaminants. WATER ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH : A RESEARCH PUBLICATION OF THE WATER ENVIRONMENT FEDERATION 2022; 94:e10690. [PMID: 35119165 PMCID: PMC9305752 DOI: 10.1002/wer.10690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Underground infiltration basins (UIBs) mimic the natural hydrologic cycle by allowing stormwater to recharge local groundwater aquifers. However, little is known about the potential transport of organic contaminants to receiving groundwater. We conducted a pilot study in which we collected paired grab samples of stormwater runoff flowing into two UIBs (inflow) and shallow groundwater adjacent to the UIBs. Samples were collected coincident with three rain events and analyzed for volatile organic compounds, semi-volatile organic compounds, pharmaceuticals, and pesticides. Few contaminants were detected in groundwater, compared with inflow, and groundwater concentrations were typically an order of magnitude less. With one exception (trichloroethene), all groundwater concentrations were at least two orders of magnitude below available guidance or screening values. This short communication highlights information gaps in understanding the hydrologic connectivity between UIBs and receiving groundwater and potential consequent contaminant transport to the subsurface from varying climatic conditions. PRACTITIONER POINTS: Urban stormwater contains organic contaminants including pharmaceuticals, pesticides, and semi-volatile organic compounds that may be transported to groundwater via infiltration. In general, fewer contaminants were detected in groundwater and at lower concentrations, compared with urban stormwater runoff. Trace organic contaminant concentrations in groundwater were much lower than drinking water guidance/screening values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M. Elliott
- Upper Midwest Water Science CenterU.S. Geological SurveyMounds ViewMinnesotaUSA
| | - Richard L. Kiesling
- Upper Midwest Water Science CenterU.S. Geological SurveyMounds ViewMinnesotaUSA
| | - Andrew M. Berg
- Upper Midwest Water Science CenterU.S. Geological SurveyMounds ViewMinnesotaUSA
| | - Heiko L. Schoenfuss
- Department of Biological SciencesSt. Cloud State UniversitySt. CloudMinnesotaUSA
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Liu Z, Tai P, Li X, Kong L, Matthews TG, Lester RE, Mondon JA. Chironomidae (Midge) Sensitivities to Ammonia Using Multiple Endpoints in China and Australia for the Development of Water Quality Criteria for Freshwater River Systems in China. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2021; 40:2899-2911. [PMID: 34236106 DOI: 10.1002/etc.5152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Deriving water quality criteria (WQC) for aquatic risk assessment requires sufficient toxicity data, which can determine the accuracy of WQC. Given that toxicity data vary between test species and endpoints, there is a great need to compare such data to generate the most suitable data set for WQC derivation. In the present study, a series of 11 ammonia exposure bioassays were conducted on Chironomidae species in either China or Australia, with test species and test endpoints varied (2 Chironomus sp., enzymatic up to lethal endpoints, and no-observed-effect concentration up to median lethal concentration [LC50] as endpoint metrics). There were no statistically significant differences between toxicity results generated from China compared to Australia using Chironomus sp., indicating that published data on native species generated in different countries could be appropriate for inclusion in the development of local Chinese WQC. In addition, the Chironomidae larvae laboratory-based toxicity value (LC50 = 384.6 mg/L) was lower than that of the in situ field-based toxicity value (LC50 ≥ 451.2 mg/L) where sensitive life stages are used, and, specifically for C. riparius, endpoints linked to biochemical and gene expression effects could be as sensitive as or more sensitive than chronic endpoints, both of which were more sensitive than acute endpoints. These findings help in the development of WQC by demonstrating the suitability of inclusion of toxicity data from a range of sources, as well as adding to the overall pool of knowledge regarding sensitivity to ammonia which can be used in aquatic risk assessment. Environ Toxicol Chem 2021;40:2899-2911. © 2021 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihong Liu
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Centre for Integrative Ecology, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, China
| | - Peidong Tai
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiaojun Li
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, China
| | - Lingxue Kong
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Ty G Matthews
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Centre for Integrative Ecology, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Rebecca E Lester
- Centre for Regional and Rural Futures, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Julie A Mondon
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Centre for Integrative Ecology, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
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Hasani Moghaddam A, Hashemi SH, Ghadiri A. Aliphatic hydrocarbons in urban runoff sediments: a case study from the megacity of Tehran, Iran. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCE & ENGINEERING 2021; 19:205-216. [PMID: 34150230 PMCID: PMC8172697 DOI: 10.1007/s40201-020-00596-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Urban runoff is known as an important contributor to diffuse a wide range of pollutants to receiving environments. Hydrocarbons are common contaminants in runoff mainly transported coupled to suspended particles and sediments. The aim of the study was to investigate the distribution and sources of Aliphatics in the sediments of Tehran's runoff drainage network. Thirty surface sediment samples were collected along with three main sub-catchments of Tehran during April 2017. The concentrations of n-Alkanes (nC-11-nC-35) and isoprenoids were determined by GC-MS, and their possible emission sources were evaluated using the biomarkers and the diagnostic ratios. Total aliphatic hydrocarbon (n-alkanes + isoprenoids) concentrations were found in the range of 2.94 to114.7 mg.kg-1 dw with the total mean of 25.4 mg.kg-1 dw in the whole catchment. The significant concentrations of n-alkanes between n-C20 and n-C24 indicate the predominance of petrogenic origins at all stations. The CPI values range from 0.7 to 3, except the station C1S28 (CPI = 4.2). The CPI values were less than 1.6 at 70% of the stations which indicate the petrogenic nature of the aliphatic origins. Pr/Ph and LMW/HMW ratios ranged from 0.3 to 2.5 and 0.3 to 5.6 confirmed the petrogenic sources as the major origin of Aliphatics in urban runoff sediments. The ratios of n-C17/Pr and n-C18/Ph vary from 0.4 to 2.1 and 0.2 to 2.1, respectively which showed that petroleum contamination is mainly due to the degraded oil products with a lesser extent of fresh oil. Results revealed that the aliphatic hydrocarbons in the sediment samples were derived mainly from petrogenic sources such as leakage and spillage of fuels and petroleum derivatives with a relatively low contribution of biogenic sources. Vascular plants' waxes and microbial activities are identified as the most important biogenic sources of the samples. The mean concentrations of total organic carbon were 13.3,12 and14.7 mg.g-1 dw in the sub-catchments 1, 2, and 3, respectively. Pearson correlation test demonstrated a weak correlation between the concentrations of n-alkanes and TOC (P > 0.05) with a correlation coefficient of less than 0.54 for all the sub-catchments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ali Ghadiri
- Environmental Sciences Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
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Lamori JG, Xue J, Rachmadi AT, Lopez GU, Kitajima M, Gerba CP, Pepper IL, Brooks JP, Sherchan S. Removal of fecal indicator bacteria and antibiotic resistant genes in constructed wetlands. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:10188-10197. [PMID: 30758793 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-04468-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 02/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Wastewater discharge evidently increased bacterial diversity in the receiving waterbodies. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a constructed wetland in reducing fecal indicator bacteria (FIB) and antibiotic resistant genes (ARGs). We determined the prevalence and attenuation of fecal indicator bacteria including Escherichia coli and enterococci, along with ARGs, and human-associated Bacteroidales (HF183) markers by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) method. Three types of water samples (inlet, intermediate, and outlet) from a constructed wetland were collected once a month from May to December in 2013. The overall reduction of E. coli was 50.0% based on culture method. According to the qPCR result, the overall removal rate of E. coli was only 6.7%. Enterococci were found in 62.5% of the wetland samples. HF183 genetic marker was detected in all final effluent samples with concentration ranging from 1.8 to 4.22 log10 gene copies (GC)/100 ml. Of the ARGs tested, erythromycin resistance genes (ermF) were detected in 79.2% of the wetland samples. The class 1 integrase (intI1) was detected in all water samples with concentration ranging from 0.83 to 5.54 log10 GC/100 ml. The overall removal rates of enterococci, HF183, intI1, and ermF were 84.0%, 66.6%, 67.2%, and 13.1%, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer G Lamori
- Department of Global Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - Jia Xue
- Department of Global Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - Andri T Rachmadi
- Division of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, North13 West8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8628, Japan
| | - Gerardo U Lopez
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, The University of Arizona, 1007 E. Lowell St., Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Masaaki Kitajima
- Division of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, North13 West8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8628, Japan
| | - Charles P Gerba
- Department of Soil, Water and Environmental Science, The University of Arizona, 1117 E. Lowell St., Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Ian L Pepper
- Department of Soil, Water and Environmental Science, The University of Arizona, 1117 E. Lowell St., Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
- Water and Energy Sustainable Technology (WEST) Center, The University of Arizona, 2959 West Calle Agua Nueva, Tucson, AZ, 85745, USA
| | - John P Brooks
- Genetics and Sustainable Agriculture Unit, USDA-ARS, Mississippi State, MS, 39762, USA
| | - Samendra Sherchan
- Department of Global Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA.
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Zubala T. Technical and natural conditions and operating efficiency of a municipal stormwater treatment plant. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:952-962. [PMID: 29079974 PMCID: PMC5756547 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-0519-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A decade of observations provided grounds for assessing the operation of one of the few stormwater treatment plants in Poland (system: screens-grit chambers-settler-retention pond) which collects effluents from 471 ha of the city. Among other aspects, the following were evaluated: treatment efficiency, relationship between the quality of treated stormwater and that of waters in the receiving body (the ox-bow lake of the Vistula river), operating stability of key units, significance of the facility for nature. During the assessment, the plant had a positive effect on the quality of stormwater effluents-the content of the analysed pollutants was reduced (more than 80% average efficiency for mineral forms of nitrogen and suspension matter) and oxygen ratios improved (23% increase in the average concentration of dissolved oxygen and more than 50% decrease in 5-day biochemical oxygen demand and chemical oxygen demand). Although the overall assessment of the facility's operation was good, some omissions and operating errors were noted (method of removing retained pollutants, stormwater flow control). Eliminating them is a prerequisite for maintaining the expected reliability of the system. An effect of stormwater ponds on the increase in biodiversity in the poor urbanised landscape has also been observed. The structures, forming a uniform system along with urban green areas, constitute specific enclaves which attract living organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Zubala
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Geodesy, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Leszczyńskiego 7, 20-069, Lublin, Poland.
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Pan W, Wu C, Wang Q, Su Z, Zhou H, Chung AKC, Hartley W, Ge L. Effect of wetland plants and bacterial inoculation on dissipation of phenanthrene. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOREMEDIATION 2017; 19:870-876. [PMID: 28323450 DOI: 10.1080/15226514.2017.1301877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This study attempts to evaluate the capacity of wetland plants' ability to dissipate phenanthrene (PHE) under waterlogged conditions. The results indicate that Typha latifolia and Vetiveria zizanioides may efficiently degrade PHE, and were much more effective when under combined plant cultivation with the inoculation of Pseudomonas frederiksbergensis (ATCC BAA-257) . Concentrations of PHE declined from 200 to less than 52 mg kg-1 in all treatments with plant cultivation. At the end of the experimental period, PHE was undetectable in combined plant cultivation in the presence of bacteria inoculation. Microbial biomass C(carbon), N(nitrogen), and P(phosphate) were significantly different (p < 0.05) in the presence and absence of bacteria inoculation with bacteria inoculation significantly (p < 0.05) increased microbial biomass P. The presence of bacteria inoculation and different plant species significantly (p < 0.05) decreased the PHE concentrations in the microcosms. The inoculation of bacteria and release of exudates from plant roots further enhanced the dissipation of PHE in sand. Concentrations of citric and malic acids were decreased up to 69% in bacteria-inoculated treatments, showing large citric and malic acids serving as a food source and growth substrate for bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weisong Pan
- a College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University , Changsha , P.R. China
| | - Chuan Wu
- b School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University , Changsha , P.R. China
| | - Qiming Wang
- a College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University , Changsha , P.R. China
| | - Zhaohong Su
- a College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University , Changsha , P.R. China
| | - Hui Zhou
- a College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University , Changsha , P.R. China
| | - Anna King Chuen Chung
- c Croucher Institute for Environmental Sciences, and Department of Biology , Hong Kong Baptist University , Hong Kong SAR , P.R. China
| | - William Hartley
- d Crop and Environment Sciences Department , Harper Adams University , Newport , Shropshire , United Kingdom
| | - Long Ge
- e Sanbio (Beijing) Tech Co., Ltd , Beijing , P.R. China
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Bonanno G, Cirelli GL. Comparative analysis of element concentrations and translocation in three wetland congener plants: Typha domingensis, Typha latifolia and Typha angustifolia. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2017; 143:92-101. [PMID: 28525817 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Revised: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This study analyzed the concentrations and distributions of Al, As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn in three different cattail species growing spontaneously in a natural wetland subject to municipal wastewater and metal contamination. The cattail species included Typha domingensis, T. latifolia and T. angustifolia. Results showed that all Typha species have similar element concentrations in roots, rhizomes and leaves, and similar element mobility from sediments to roots and from roots to leaves. This study corroborated three patterns of Typha species growing in metal contaminated environments: high tolerance to toxic conditions, bulk element concentrations in roots, and restricted element translocation from roots to leaves. This study showed that three different Typha species respond similarly to metal inputs under the same polluting field conditions. Given their similar metal content and similar biomass size, our results suggest that T. domingensis, T. latifolia and T. angustifolia may have comparable capacity of phytoremediation. High element uptake and large biomass make Typha species some of the best species for phytoremediation of metal contaminated environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Bonanno
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Catania, Via Longo 19, 95125 Catania, Italy.
| | - Giuseppe Luigi Cirelli
- Department of Agriculture, Nutrition and Environment, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia 100, 95123 Catania, Italy
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Bargar TA, Whelan KRT, Alvarez D, Echols K, Peterman PH. Baseline aquatic contamination and endocrine status in a resident fish of Biscayne National Park. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2017; 115:525-533. [PMID: 28012734 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.11.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Revised: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 11/19/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Surface water, sediment, and fish from Biscayne Bay, coastal wetlands adjacent to the Bay, and canals discharging into the Bay were sampled for determination of baseline contamination in Biscayne National Park. While the number of contaminants detected in canal waters was greater during the wet season than the dry season, no seasonal difference was evident for Biscayne Bay or coastal wetland waters. Estrogen equivalency (as 17β-estradiol equivalents), as predicted by the Yeast Estrogen Screen, for extracts of passive water samplers deployed in canals and wetlands was elevated during the wet relative to the dry season. Generally, contamination in water, sediments, and fish was greater in the canals than in Biscayne Bay and the wetlands. Guideline levels for sediment contaminant were exceeded most frequently in canals relative to the coastal wetlands and the Bay. Further investigation is necessary to better understand the impact of contaminants in Biscayne National Park.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy A Bargar
- Wetland and Aquatic Research Center, U.S. Geological Survey, 7920 NW 71st Street, Gainesville, FL 32653, USA.
| | - Kevin R T Whelan
- South Florida/Caribbean Network Inventory and Monitoring, National Park Service, 18001 Old Cutler Road, Miami, FL 33157, USA
| | - David Alvarez
- Columbia Environmental Research Center, U.S. Geological Survey, 4200 New Haven Road, Columbia, MO, 65201, USA
| | - Kathy Echols
- Columbia Environmental Research Center, U.S. Geological Survey, 4200 New Haven Road, Columbia, MO, 65201, USA
| | - Paul H Peterman
- Columbia Environmental Research Center, U.S. Geological Survey, 4200 New Haven Road, Columbia, MO, 65201, USA
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Sanches Filho PJ, Böhm EM, Böhm GMB, Montenegro GO, Silveira LA, Betemps GR. Determination of hydrocarbons transported by urban runoff in sediments of São Gonçalo Channel (Pelotas - RS, Brazil). MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2017; 114:1088-1095. [PMID: 27745738 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2016] [Revised: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 10/07/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A high concentration of hydrocarbons in the environment is indicative of pollution. To evaluate the effect of hydrocarbons transported by urban runoff, the present study analyzed total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPHs), aliphatic hydrocarbons (AHs), unresolved complex mixture (UCM), and n-alkanes of the sediments of the canal that cross the urban area of Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. The carbon preference index (CPI), terrigenous/aquatic ratio (TAR), and pristane/phytane ratio were determined. The TPH content ranged from 177,043.7μg·kg-1±13.4% to 5,892,667.0μg·kg-1±5.9%. The total aliphatic content ranged from 116,268.8μg·kg-1±11.1% to 2,393,592.6μg·kg-1±7.7%, indicating chronic contamination of n-alkanes petrogenic and biogenic sources. The levels of hydrocarbons (TPH, AHs, and n-alkanes) were considered relatively high, confirming the effect of urban runoff on the drainage system of cities and their consequent effect on the estuarine region of Patos Lagoon and other water resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro J Sanches Filho
- Grupo de Pesquisa em Contaminantes Ambientais, Instituto Federal de Educação Ciência e Tecnologia Sul-rio-grandense (IFSul), RS, Brazil.
| | - Emerson M Böhm
- Grupo de Pesquisa em Contaminantes Ambientais, Instituto Federal de Educação Ciência e Tecnologia Sul-rio-grandense (IFSul), RS, Brazil
| | - Giani M B Böhm
- Grupo de Pesquisa em Contaminantes Ambientais, Instituto Federal de Educação Ciência e Tecnologia Sul-rio-grandense (IFSul), RS, Brazil
| | - Gissele O Montenegro
- Grupo de Pesquisa em Contaminantes Ambientais, Instituto Federal de Educação Ciência e Tecnologia Sul-rio-grandense (IFSul), RS, Brazil
| | - Lucas A Silveira
- Grupo de Pesquisa em Contaminantes Ambientais, Instituto Federal de Educação Ciência e Tecnologia Sul-rio-grandense (IFSul), RS, Brazil
| | - Glauco R Betemps
- Grupo de Pesquisa em Contaminantes Ambientais, Instituto Federal de Educação Ciência e Tecnologia Sul-rio-grandense (IFSul), RS, Brazil
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Rachmadi AT, Kitajima M, Pepper IL, Gerba CP. Enteric and indicator virus removal by surface flow wetlands. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 542:976-82. [PMID: 26562344 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Revised: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 11/01/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the occurrence and attenuation of several human enteric viruses (i.e., norovirus, adenovirus, Aichi virus 1, polyomaviruses, and enterovirus) as well as a plant virus, pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV), at two surface flow wetlands in Arizona. The retention time in one of the wetlands was seven days, whereas in the other wetland it could not be defined. Water samples were collected at the inlet and outlet from the wetlands over nine months, and concentration of viral genomes was determined by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Of the human enteric viruses tested, adenovirus and Aichi virus 1 were found in the greatest prevalence in treated wastewater (i.e., inlet of the wetlands). Reduction efficiencies of enteric viruses by the wetlands ranged from 1 to 3 log10. Polyomaviruses were generally removed to below detection limit, indicating at least 2 to 4 log10 removal. PMMoV was detected in a greater concentration in the inlet of both wetlands for all the viruses tested (10(4) to 10(7) genome copies/L), but exhibited little or no removal (1 log10 or less). To determine the factors associated with virus genome attenuation (as determined by qPCR), the persistence of PMMoV and poliovirus type 1 (an enterovirus) was studied in autoclaved and natural wetland water, and deionized water incubated under three different temperatures for 21 days. A combination of elevated water temperature and biological activities reduced poliovirus by 1 to 4 log10, while PMMoV was not significantly reduced during this time period. Overall, PMMoV showed much greater persistence than human viruses in the wetland treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andri T Rachmadi
- Department of Soil, Water and Environmental Science, The University of Arizona, 1117 E. Lowell St., Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Masaaki Kitajima
- Department of Soil, Water and Environmental Science, The University of Arizona, 1117 E. Lowell St., Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Ian L Pepper
- Department of Soil, Water and Environmental Science, The University of Arizona, 1117 E. Lowell St., Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Charles P Gerba
- Department of Soil, Water and Environmental Science, The University of Arizona, 1117 E. Lowell St., Tucson, AZ 85721, USA.
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Nielsen K, Kalmykova Y, Strömvall AM, Baun A, Eriksson E. Particle phase distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in stormwater--Using humic acid and iron nano-sized colloids as test particles. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2015; 532:103-111. [PMID: 26057998 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.05.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2015] [Revised: 05/21/2015] [Accepted: 05/21/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in different particulate fractions in stormwater: Total, Particulate, Filtrated, Colloidal and Dissolved fractions, were examined and compared to synthetic suspensions of humic acid colloids and iron nano-sized particles. The distribution of low-molecular weight PAHs (LMW PAHs), middle-molecular weight PAHs (MMW PAHs) and high-molecular weight PAHs (HMW PAHs) among the fractions was also evaluated. The results from the synthetic suspensions showed that the highest concentrations of the PAHs were found in the Filtrated fractions and, surprisingly, high loads were found in the Dissolved fractions. The PAHs identified in stormwater in the Particulate fractions and Dissolved fractions follow their hydrophobic properties. In most samples >50% of the HMW PAHs were found in the Particulate fractions, while the LMW and MMW PAHs were found to a higher extent in the Filtrated fractions. The highest concentrations of PAHs were present in the stormwater with the highest total suspended solids (TSS); the relative amount of the HMW PAHs was highest in the Particulate fractions (particles>0.7 μm). The highest concentration of PAHs in the Colloidal fraction was found in the sample with occurrence of small nano-sized particles (<10nm). The results show the importance of developing technologies that both can manage particulate matter and effectively remove PAHs present in the Colloidal and Dissolved fractions in stormwater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrine Nielsen
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Miljoevej B115, DK 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Yuliya Kalmykova
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Ann-Margret Strömvall
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Anders Baun
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Miljoevej B115, DK 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Eva Eriksson
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Miljoevej B115, DK 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
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Piccini C, García-Alonso J. Bacterial diversity patterns of the intertidal biofilm in urban beaches of Río de la Plata. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2015; 91:476-482. [PMID: 25249253 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2014.08.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2014] [Revised: 08/11/2014] [Accepted: 08/28/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Intertidal benthic ecosystems in estuaries are productive sites where microbial processes play critical roles in nutrients mineralization, primary production and trophic web. In this groundwork study we analyzed the bacterial community of intertidal biofilms from Río de la Plata beaches with different anthropogenic impacts. Several environmental parameters were measured and bacterial assemblages were analyzed by 16S-rDNA pyrosequencing. The average OTU found per sample was 527.3±122.5, showing similar richness and diversity among them. However, sites having the highest and lowest salinity displayed higher bacterial diversity. Assemblages from a site nearby an oil refinery, showing the lowest salinity and oxygen concentration, were clearly distinct from the rest. The weight of this splitting relied on OTUs belonging to Thauera, known by its ability to metabolize aromatic compounds. Our results suggest that intertidal bacterial assemblages would be structured by major estuarine variables such as salinity, and that anthropogenic-induced environmental parameters might also be relevant.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Piccini
- Departamento de Microbiología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Montevideo, Uruguay.
| | - J García-Alonso
- Laboratorio de Biodiversidad, Centro Universitario Regional Este, Universidad de la República, Campus de Maldonado, 20000 Maldonado, Uruguay
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