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Petit JCJ, Mattielli N, De Jong J, Bouhoulle E, Debouge W, Maggi P, Hublet G, Fagel N, Pirard C, Charlier C, Suzanne R. High precision blood lead radiogenic isotope signatures in a community exposed to Pb contaminated soils and implications for the current Pb exposure of the European population. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 950:174763. [PMID: 39097024 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.174763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2024] [Revised: 06/13/2024] [Accepted: 07/11/2024] [Indexed: 08/05/2024]
Abstract
Our study provides the most comprehensive dataset for high-precision radiogenic isotopes of lead (Pb) in blood for the western European population. It investigates their potential for elucidating the contribution of soil Pb to blood Pb using a human biomonitoring survey involving 81 adults and 4 children living in the urban area of Liège (Belgium). Soils in the area show moderate (median of 360 mg/kg) to high (95th percentile of 1000 mg/kg) Pb concentrations, due to former metal processing activities. Blood lead levels (BLL) measured in the study population are, on average, quantitatively consistent with a ∼ 20 % increase due to the exposure to Pb from soils, as estimated by a single-compartment biokinetic model. Consistently, its isotopic composition does not represent an endmember that fully accounts for the variability of Blood lead isotope (BLI) compositions measured in the study population. While some individuals show more thorogenic BLI ratios (relatively more enriched in 208Pb), which could be consistent with a greater exposure to local soils and/or by their country of birth, the BLI data mostly follow a trend roughly parallel to the European Standard Lead Pollution (ESLP) line, within the European leaded gasoline field, even two decades after the withdrawal of this source. Differences in BLI are probably associated with factors related to the presence of Pb in dwellings (pipes, paint) and drinking water distribution system, suggesting that the anthropogenic Pb in use, relevant to human exposure, may contain ore components of different origins, including the Australian Pb ore signature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérôme C J Petit
- Institut Scientifique de Service Public, Rue du Chéra 200, 4000 Liège, Belgium.
| | - Nadine Mattielli
- Laboratoire G-TIME, Faculté des Sciences, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Av. F.D. Roosevelt 50 CP106/02 1050, Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Jeroen De Jong
- Laboratoire G-TIME, Faculté des Sciences, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Av. F.D. Roosevelt 50 CP106/02 1050, Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Elodie Bouhoulle
- Institut Scientifique de Service Public, Rue du Chéra 200, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Wendy Debouge
- Laboratoire G-TIME, Faculté des Sciences, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Av. F.D. Roosevelt 50 CP106/02 1050, Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Patrick Maggi
- FPS Health, Food Chain Safety and Environment, Ecotoxicology Unit from Service Plant protection and Fertilising products, 5/2 Avenue Galilée, B-1210 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Geneviève Hublet
- Laboratoire G-TIME, Faculté des Sciences, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Av. F.D. Roosevelt 50 CP106/02 1050, Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Nathalie Fagel
- Laboratoire Argiles, Géochimie et Environnements sédimentaires (AGEs), Department of Geology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Liège, Liège B-4000, Belgium
| | - Catherine Pirard
- Laboratory of Clinical, Forensic and Environmental Toxicology, CHU of Liege, B35, B-4000 Liege, Belgium
| | - Corinne Charlier
- Laboratory of Clinical, Forensic and Environmental Toxicology, CHU of Liege, B35, B-4000 Liege, Belgium
| | - Remy Suzanne
- Institut Scientifique de Service Public, Rue du Chéra 200, 4000 Liège, Belgium
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Bharatiya M, Austin C, Arora M, Feeney RNM, Leonard ND, Low-Choy S, Paul B, Soficaru AD, Zhao JX, Smith TM. Tracking Childhood Lead Exposure in Early Industrial Romanians. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 364:142947. [PMID: 39067821 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.142947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2024] [Revised: 07/08/2024] [Accepted: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
Childhood lead exposure has been linked to severe adverse health outcomes throughout life. Measurements of lead in teeth have established that individuals living in contaminated environments show higher levels compared to individuals living further away, although less is known about when individuals are most susceptible to these exposures. We examined lead (Pb208) concentrations (ppm) in teeth over the first 2.5 years of life in 16 children born in the late 19th to early 20th century throughout Romania. This period of intense industrialization was characterized by increases in mining, coal burning, and oil refining-activities that contaminate air, water, and food with Pb. We hypothesized the distance from an operational mine or oil refinery, or being born in a city, would be positively associated with cumulative dentine Pb exposure (CDPE). We also predicted that Pb exposures would peak in the first six months of life when gastrointestinal (GI) absorption of Pb is likely highest. Laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) of sectioned tooth dentine followed by Bayesian statistical analyses revealed that living 30 km or more from a mine or oil refinery did not explain CDPE. However, being born in a city explained 42% of CDPE. All individuals showed maximum Pb exposures after six months of age, likely due to contaminated solid food and/or non-milk liquids. This research demonstrates how tooth formation can be coupled with comprehensive elemental mapping to analyse the context and timing of early-life neurotoxicant exposures, which may be extended to well-preserved teeth from clinical and historic populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya Bharatiya
- Griffith Centre for Social and Cultural Research, Griffith University, Queensland, Australia; Australian Research Centre for Human Evolution, Griffith University, Queensland, Australia.
| | - Christine Austin
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Climate Science, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
| | - Manish Arora
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Climate Science, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
| | - Robin N M Feeney
- UCD School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Nicole D Leonard
- Radiogenic Isotope Facility, School of the Environment, The University of Queensland, Queensland, Australia
| | - Samantha Low-Choy
- Griffith Institute of Educational Research, Griffith University, Queensland, Australia; Centre of Planetary Health and Food Security, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, Australia
| | - Bence Paul
- School of Geography, Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Elemental Scientific Lasers, LLC., Montana, USA
| | - Andrei D Soficaru
- "Francisc I. Rainer" Institute of Anthropology, Romanian Academy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Jian-Xin Zhao
- Radiogenic Isotope Facility, School of the Environment, The University of Queensland, Queensland, Australia
| | - Tanya M Smith
- Griffith Centre for Social and Cultural Research, Griffith University, Queensland, Australia; Australian Research Centre for Human Evolution, Griffith University, Queensland, Australia
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3
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Gangoso L, Mateo R, Santamaría-Cervantes C, García-Alfonso M, Gimeno-Castellano C, Arrondo E, Serrano D, van Overveld T, de la Riva M, Cabrera MA, Donázar JA. Blood lead levels in an endangered vulture decline following changes in hunting activity. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 252:118712. [PMID: 38548255 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.118712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2024] [Revised: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Lead ammunition stands out as one of the most pervasive pollutants affecting wildlife. Its impact on bird populations have spurred efforts for the phase-out of leaded gunshot in several countries, although with varying scopes and applications. Ongoing and future policy changes require data to assess the effectiveness of adopted measures, particularly in the current context of biodiversity loss. Here, we assessed the long-term changes in blood lead (Pb) levels of Egyptian vultures from the Canary Islands, Spain, which have been severely affected by Pb poisoning over the past two decades. During this period, the reduction in hunting pressure and changes in legislation regarding firearms usage for small game hunting likely contributed to a decrease in environmental Pb availability. As anticipated, our results show a reduction in Pb levels, especially after the ban on wild rabbit hunting with shotgun since 2010. This effect was stronger in the preadult fraction of the vulture population. However, we still observed elevated blood Pb levels above the background and clinical thresholds in 5.6% and 1.5% of individuals, respectively. Our results highlight the positive impact of reducing the availability of Pb from ammunition sources on individual health. Nonetheless, the continued use of Pb gunshot remains an important source of poisoning, even lethal, mainly affecting adult individuals. This poses a particular concern for long-lived birds, compounding by potential chronic effects associated with Pb bioaccumulation. Our findings align with recent studies indicating insufficient reductions in Pb levels among European birds of prey, attributed to limited policy changes and their uneven implementation. We anticipated further reductions in Pb levels among Egyptian vultures with expanded restrictions on hunting practices, including a blanket ban on Pb shot usage across all small game species.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Gangoso
- Department of Biodiversity, Ecology and Evolution, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, C/ José Antonio Novais 12, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
| | - R Mateo
- Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos-IREC, CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Ronda de Toledo 12, 13005, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - C Santamaría-Cervantes
- Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos-IREC, CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Ronda de Toledo 12, 13005, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - M García-Alfonso
- Department of Conservation Biology, Estación Biológica de Doñana (CSIC), Américo Vespucio 26, 41092, Sevilla, Spain
| | - C Gimeno-Castellano
- Department of Conservation Biology, Estación Biológica de Doñana (CSIC), Américo Vespucio 26, 41092, Sevilla, Spain
| | - E Arrondo
- Department of Conservation Biology, Estación Biológica de Doñana (CSIC), Américo Vespucio 26, 41092, Sevilla, Spain; Department of Zoology, University of Granada, Avenida Fuente Nueva s/n, 18071, Granada, Spain
| | - D Serrano
- Department of Conservation Biology, Estación Biológica de Doñana (CSIC), Américo Vespucio 26, 41092, Sevilla, Spain
| | - T van Overveld
- Department of Conservation Biology, Estación Biológica de Doñana (CSIC), Américo Vespucio 26, 41092, Sevilla, Spain
| | - M de la Riva
- Department of Conservation Biology, Estación Biológica de Doñana (CSIC), Américo Vespucio 26, 41092, Sevilla, Spain
| | - M A Cabrera
- Dirección general de Espacios Naturales y Biodiversidad. Consejería de Transición Ecológica y Energía, Gobierno de Canarias, C/ Prof. Agustín Millares Carló, 18, 35071, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - J A Donázar
- Department of Conservation Biology, Estación Biológica de Doñana (CSIC), Américo Vespucio 26, 41092, Sevilla, Spain
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Castellanos D, DiGangi EA, Bethard JD, Kamenov G, González-Colmenares G, Sanabria-Medina C. Assessment of carbon, oxygen, strontium, and lead isotopic variation in modern Colombian teeth: An application to human identification. J Forensic Sci 2023; 68:1856-1874. [PMID: 37646362 DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.15372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Colombia faces the complex humanitarian challenges of locating approximately 100,000 missing persons and identifying thousands who are deceased. Identification is a difficult task in many cases, because the skeletonized bodies are deteriorated, missing person data are unavailable for comparison, and the provenance of the remains is often totally unknown. Isotopic analysis of human tissues (e.g., bone, hair, nails, and teeth) aid in the identification process of unknown individuals because they can provide valuable information on possible geographic origin. This project evaluated the isotopic variability of carbon (C), oxygen (O), strontium (Sr), and lead (Pb) in modern Colombian teeth according to city, department (a political designation similar to "state" in the US or Mexico), and one of four geographically determined regions of origin; and assessed its utility for human identification in Colombia. Isotopic data (O-C-Sr-Pb) were analyzed from modern Colombians originating from the cities of Bogotá, Cali, and Neiva (n = 95); and these data were compiled with published Colombian data of individuals mainly from the city of Medellín (n = 61). Results indicate a wide range and overlap of O-C-Sr-Pb isotopic distribution according to the defined categories. However, differences between coastal and lowland individuals are observed when using δ18 O values, and differences between mountainous regions are observed when using 87 Sr/86 Sr values. In addition, this study suggests that the usefulness of isotopic analysis for unidentified individuals in Colombia would be with assigning them geographically using the designations of North, Central Andes, Eastern Andes, or Southwest Andes versus making classifications at a city or department level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Castellanos
- National Institute of Legal Medicine and Forensic Sciences of Colombia, Villavicencio, Colombia
| | - Elizabeth A DiGangi
- Department of Anthropology, Binghamton University, Binghamton, New York, USA
| | - Jonathan D Bethard
- Department of Anthropology, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - George Kamenov
- Department of Geological Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | | | - César Sanabria-Medina
- Biomedical Sciences Research Group, School of Medicine, University Antonio Nariño, Bogota, Colombia
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Leonardi GS, Ruadze E, Saei A, Laycock A, Chenery S, Crabbe H, Marchant E, Khonelidze I, Sturua L, Imnadze P, Gamkrelidze A, Watts MJ, Marczylo T. Identifying Sources of Lead Exposure for Children in the Republic of Georgia, with Lead Isotope Ratios. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:6912. [PMID: 37887650 PMCID: PMC10606333 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20206912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
In the Republic of Georgia, a 2018 national survey estimated that more than 40% of children aged 2-7 years had a blood lead concentration (BLC) of more than 5 µg/dL. The objective of this study was to document the feasibility of employing lead isotope ratios (LIRs) to identify and rank the Pb (lead) exposure sources most relevant to children across Georgia. A cross-sectional survey between November 2019 and February 2020 of 36 children previously identified as having BLCs > 5 µg/dL from seven regions of Georgia involved the collection of blood and 528 environmental samples, a questionnaire on behaviours and potential exposures. The LIRs in blood and environmental samples were analysed in individual children and across the whole group to ascertain clustering. A fitted statistical mixed-effect model to LIR data first found that the blood samples clustered with spices, tea, and paint, then, further isotopically distinct from blood were sand, dust, and soil, and lastly, milk, toys, pens, flour, and water. Analysis of the LIRs provided an indication and ranking of the importance of Pb environmental sources as explanatory factors of BLCs across the group of children. The findings support the deployment of interventions aimed at managing the priority sources of exposure in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni S. Leonardi
- UK Health Security Agency, Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Harwell Campus, Didcot OX11 0RQ, UK; (A.L.); (H.C.); (T.M.)
- Department of Social and Environmental Research, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Ekaterine Ruadze
- Faculty of Medicine, Iv. Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, 1 Chavchavadze Avenue, Tbilisi 0179, Georgia; (E.R.)
- The National Center for Disease Control and Public Health of Georgia, Tbilisi 0198, Georgia (L.S.)
| | - Ayoub Saei
- UK Health Security Agency, Statistics Unit, Department of Statistics, Modelling and Economics, London NW9 5EQ, UK;
| | - Adam Laycock
- UK Health Security Agency, Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Harwell Campus, Didcot OX11 0RQ, UK; (A.L.); (H.C.); (T.M.)
| | - Simon Chenery
- British Geological Survey, Kingsley Durham Centre, Keyworth, Nottingham NG12 5GG, UK (M.J.W.)
| | - Helen Crabbe
- UK Health Security Agency, Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Harwell Campus, Didcot OX11 0RQ, UK; (A.L.); (H.C.); (T.M.)
| | - Elizabeth Marchant
- UK Health Security Agency, Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Harwell Campus, Didcot OX11 0RQ, UK; (A.L.); (H.C.); (T.M.)
- UK Health Security Agency, Field Epidemiology Training Programme, London NW9 5EQ, UK
| | - Irma Khonelidze
- The National Center for Disease Control and Public Health of Georgia, Tbilisi 0198, Georgia (L.S.)
| | - Lela Sturua
- The National Center for Disease Control and Public Health of Georgia, Tbilisi 0198, Georgia (L.S.)
| | - Paata Imnadze
- Faculty of Medicine, Iv. Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, 1 Chavchavadze Avenue, Tbilisi 0179, Georgia; (E.R.)
- The National Center for Disease Control and Public Health of Georgia, Tbilisi 0198, Georgia (L.S.)
| | - Amiran Gamkrelidze
- University of Georgia (UG), 77a M. Kostava Street, Tbilisi 0171, Georgia;
| | - Michael J. Watts
- British Geological Survey, Kingsley Durham Centre, Keyworth, Nottingham NG12 5GG, UK (M.J.W.)
| | - Tim Marczylo
- UK Health Security Agency, Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Harwell Campus, Didcot OX11 0RQ, UK; (A.L.); (H.C.); (T.M.)
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6
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Kamenov GD, Swaringen BF, Cornwell DA, McTigue NE, Roberts SM, Bonzongo JCJ. High-precision Pb isotopes of drinking water lead pipes: Implications for human exposure to industrial Pb in the United States. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 871:162067. [PMID: 36758690 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Millions of lead (Pb) pipes are still used in the drinking water distribution systems in many regions in the world. Human exposure to Pb from contaminated drinking water continues to be of concern in the United States (U.S.), as illustrated by the widely publicized "Flint Water Crisis" in 2015. The Pb isotopic composition of Pb-pipes potentially can be useful to identify human exposure to Pb from lead service lines (LSLs). In addition, as the LSLs were likely manufactured from similar industrial Pb sources as other Pb objects and materials in the USA, the Pb-pipes isotope data can provide information about the overall isotopic composition of the U.S. industrial Pb. In this work we present high-precision Pb isotope data from Pb-pipes excavated from different U.S. municipalities. The Pb-pipes show an extremely wide range of Pb isotopic compositions, with 206Pb/204Pb ranging from 17.004 to 22.010, 207Pb/204Pb from 15.460 to 15.921, and 208Pb/204Pb from 36.687 to 41.120. The wide isotope range is observed even in a single town, suggesting that no regional Pb isotope patterns can be expected within the continental USA. However, the high-precision MC-ICP-MS Pb data form a clear linear trend that, depending on the context, can be used to identify human Pb exposure. Furthermore, as the linear trend is a result of utilization of Pb ores from different domestic and international sources and secondary recycling of metallic Pb, it is likely representative of the overall isotopic composition of the U.S. industrial Pb pool. Therefore, the identified trend is the most accurate isotope representation of the U.S. anthropogenic Pb at present and can be used as first-order evaluation to determine if a person with elevated blood Pb levels was exposed to U.S. industrial Pb sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- George D Kamenov
- Department of Geological Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.
| | - Benjamin F Swaringen
- Department of Environmental Engineering Sciences, Engineering School of Sustainable Infrastructures and Environment, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - David A Cornwell
- Department of Environmental Engineering Sciences, Engineering School of Sustainable Infrastructures and Environment, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA; Cornwell Engineering Group, Newport News, VA, USA
| | | | - Stephen M Roberts
- Center for Environmental & Human Toxicology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Jean-Claude J Bonzongo
- Department of Environmental Engineering Sciences, Engineering School of Sustainable Infrastructures and Environment, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
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Beyer DE, Varga M, Fazekas P, Pánczél JK. Distribution of Pb, Sr, and U isotopic signature and multielement composition of sediment in Lake Balaton (Hungary) at a sediment trap deep dredged 40 years ago near Balatongyörök-search for routes of recent pollution. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:42311-42326. [PMID: 36646980 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-25120-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
We studied the Pb, Sr, and U isotopic composition and the concentration of toxic metal elements in sediment core samples collected in Lake Balaton at a sediment trap that was deep dredged in 1979, to analyze their changes in the last 40 years. Pb isotopic composition profiles of cores taken from the sediment trap showed different 206Pb/207Pb ratios ranging from 1.206 ± 0.002 at the bottom of the core (phase 1) compared to 1.185 ± 0.002 at the top of the core (phase 2). Phase 2 is the fraction reflecting isotopic signatures of the latest 40 years. At 80-100-cm depth, a transition zone was observed. Pb concentration together with Zn, Sb, Cu, Cd, and Fe showed elevated, 2-4 times higher values in the top phase of the sediment. The calculated Pb isotopic composition of pollutant Pb fraction was 1.177 ± 0.005 in the case of the 206Pb/207Pb and 2.456 ± 0.004 for 208Pb/207Pb, which shows good agreement with literature data for lead ores in Poland and Germany, but it is distinct from literature data for leaded fuel concerning Middle and Eastern Europe. The marked difference in the Pb signatures of phases enabled the construction of a sediment deposition rate map. U and Mo showed a characteristic concentration peak positioned exactly at the depth of the Pb signature transition. The isotopic signature of U based on 234U and 235U also showed a similar pattern. We suggest that the deposition of U and Mo can be related to cyanobacterial blooms in Lake Balaton in the late 1970s and early1980s.
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Gende M, Schmeling M. Development of an analytical method for determination of lead and cadmium in biological materials by GFAAS using Escherichia coli as model substance. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0267775. [PMID: 35503792 PMCID: PMC9064108 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0267775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, an analytical method was developed for the determination of lead and cadmium in biological samples using graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry. Escherichia coli (E. coli) was chosen as model substance for this purpose as it is readily available in most laboratories and can be quickly and easily prepared with a high turnaround rate. Four different sample preparation methods were initially evaluated with respect to percent recovery, limit of detection, and limit of quantification, and the most promising one was developed further. The final process involving microwave assisted digestion of the sample with nitric acid and hydrogen peroxide showed high recovery, repeatability, and specificity. The process was first applied to lead and then extended for the determination of cadmium in the same E. coli substrates. Finally, to validate the process, a certified references material was analyzed, and the results obtained were evaluated with respect to accuracy by comparing them to the reported ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Gende
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Martina Schmeling
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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9
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Swaringen BF, Gawlik E, Kamenov GD, McTigue NE, Cornwell DA, Bonzongo JCJ. Children's exposure to environmental lead: A review of potential sources, blood levels, and methods used to reduce exposure. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 204:112025. [PMID: 34508773 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.112025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Lead has been used for thousands of years in different anthropogenic activities thanks to its unique properties that allow for many applications such as the manufacturing of drinking water pipes and its use as additives to gasoline and paint. However, knowledge of the adverse impacts of lead on human health has led to its banning from several of its applications, with the main goal of reducing environmental pollution and protecting human health. Human exposure to lead has been linked to different sources of contamination, resulting in high blood lead levels (BLLs) and adverse health implications, primarily in exposed children. Here, we present a summary of a literature review on potential lead sources affecting blood levels and on the different approaches used to reduce human exposure. The findings show a combination of different research approaches, which include the use of inspectors to identify problematic areas in homes, collection and analysis of environmental samples, different lead detection methods (e.g. smart phone applications to identify the presence of lead and mass spectrometry techniques). Although not always the most effective way to predict BLLs in children, linear and non-linear regression models have been used to link BLLs and environmental lead. However, multiple regressions and complex modelling systems would be ideal, especially when seeking results in support of decision-making processes. Overall, lead remains a pollutant of concern and many children are still exposed to it through environmental and drinking water sources. To reduce exposure to lead through source apportionment methods, recent technological advances using high-precision lead stable isotope ratios measured on multi-collector induced coupled plasma mass spectrometry (MC-ICP-MS) instruments have created a new direction for identifying and then eliminating prevalent lead sources associated with high BLLs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin F Swaringen
- Dept. of Environmental Engineering Sciences, Engineering School of Sustainable Infrastructures and Environment. University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Emory Gawlik
- Dept. of Environmental Engineering Sciences, Engineering School of Sustainable Infrastructures and Environment. University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - George D Kamenov
- Dept. of Geological Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Nancy E McTigue
- Cornwell Engineering Group, 712 Gum Rock Ct, Newport News, VA 23606, USA
| | - David A Cornwell
- Dept. of Environmental Engineering Sciences, Engineering School of Sustainable Infrastructures and Environment. University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA; Cornwell Engineering Group, 712 Gum Rock Ct, Newport News, VA 23606, USA
| | - Jean-Claude J Bonzongo
- Dept. of Environmental Engineering Sciences, Engineering School of Sustainable Infrastructures and Environment. University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA.
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10
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Rodiouchkina K, Rodushkin I, Goderis S, Vanhaecke F. Longitudinal isotope ratio variations in human hair and nails. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 808:152059. [PMID: 34863743 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.152059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Due to the straightforward and non-invasive sampling, ease of transport and long-term storage and access to time-resolved information, determination of element concentrations and isotope ratios in hair and nails finds increasing use. Multi-isotopic information preserved in keratinous tissues allows one to reveal dietary, physiological and environmental influences, but progress in this area is still limited by complicated and time-consuming analytical procedures and challenges in accuracy assessment. In this study, longitudinal distributions of δ34S, 87Sr/86Sr, 207,208Pb/206Pb, δ66Zn, δ56Fe, δ65Cu, δ26Mg, and δ114Cd were obtained for hair and nails collected from nine subjects with different age, biological sex, diet and/or place of residence. For S and Zn, the distribution along hair strands revealed a trend towards a heavier isotopic signature from the proximal to the distal end, with a maximum difference within the hair of a single subject of 1.2‰ (Δ34S) and 0.4‰ (Δ66Zn). For Fe, Cu, Mg and Cd, a shift towards either a lighter (Cu) or heavier (Fe, Mg and Cd) isotopic composition is accompanied by increasing concentration towards the distal hair end, indicating possible isotope fractionation during deposition or external contamination with a different isotopic composition. Pb and Sr isotope ratios are relatively stable throughout the hair strands despite notable concentration increases towards the distal end, likely reflecting external contamination. The isotopic composition of Sr points to tap water as a probable main source, explaining the relative stability of the ratio for individuals from the same geographical location. For Pb, isotopic compositions suggest tap water and/or indoor dust as possible sources. Similar δ34S, 87Sr/86Sr, 207,208Pb/206Pb, δ66Zn, δ56Fe, and δ65Cu observed for hair, fingernails and toenails sampled from the same individual suggest that keratinous tissues are conservative receivers of internal and external inputs and can be used complementary. Seasonal variation in δ34S, 207,208Pb/206Pb, and δ65Cu was observed for fingernails.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katerina Rodiouchkina
- Ghent University, Department of Chemistry, Atomic and Mass Spectrometry (A&MS) research group, Campus Sterre, Krijgslaan 281 - S12, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ilia Rodushkin
- ALS Scandinavia AB, ALS Laboratory Group, Aurorum 10, S-977 75 Luleå, Sweden
| | - Steven Goderis
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Department of Chemistry, Analytical, Environmental and Geo-Chemistry (AMGC) research group, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Frank Vanhaecke
- Ghent University, Department of Chemistry, Atomic and Mass Spectrometry (A&MS) research group, Campus Sterre, Krijgslaan 281 - S12, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
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11
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Erel Y, Pinhasi R, Coppa A, Ticher A, Tirosh O, Carmel L. Lead in Archeological Human Bones Reflecting Historical Changes in Lead Production. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:14407-14413. [PMID: 34724791 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c00614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Forty years ago, in a seminal paper published in Science, Settle and Patterson used archeological and historical data to estimate the rates of worldwide lead production since the discovery of cupellation, approximately 5000 years ago. Here, we record actual lead exposure of a human population by direct measurements of the concentrations of lead in petrous bones of individuals representing approximately 12 000 years of inhabitation in Italy. This documentation of lead pollution throughout human history indicates that, remarkably, much of the estimated dynamics in lead production is replicated in human exposure. Thus, lead pollution in humans has closely followed anthropogenic lead production. This observation raises concerns that the forecasted increase in the production of lead and other metals might affect human health in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yigal Erel
- The Fredy & Nadine Herrmann Institute of Earth Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel
| | - Ron Pinhasi
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, University of Vienna, Vienna 1010, Austria
| | - Alfredo Coppa
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, University of Vienna, Vienna 1010, Austria
- Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome 00185, Italy
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Adi Ticher
- The Fredy & Nadine Herrmann Institute of Earth Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel
| | - Ofir Tirosh
- The Fredy & Nadine Herrmann Institute of Earth Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel
| | - Liran Carmel
- Department of Genetics, the Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel
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12
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Lehn C, Rossmann A, Graw M, Davies GR. Identification of a female murder victim found in Burgenland, Austria in 1993. Forensic Sci Res 2021; 7:308-318. [PMID: 35784408 PMCID: PMC9246003 DOI: 10.1080/20961790.2021.1924425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In 1993, the skeletal remains of a female corpse were found in Burgenland, Austria. Initial identification of the approximately 25–35-year-old female appeared impossible, but the case was reopened 23 years later. By applying biogeochemical isotope methods to her body tissues, the geographical origin of the unknown corpse could be predicted. The results of the C, N, S, H, Sr, and Pb isotope analyses suggested that the female did not originate from Europe and most likely spent her youth in the northern Caribbean. Using these findings, the police were able to identify the woman within 2 weeks. The female came from the Dominican Republic and resided in Austria for only a short period before she was murdered. This case shows that isotope biogeochemistry investigations can provide the police with crucial information that enables unknown persons to be identified.Keypoints C-N-S-H and Sr-Pb isotope analyses were applied to human remains associated with a cold case. It was possible to determine the region of origin of the unknown deceased individual as the northern Caribbean. After 23 years, the murder victim was successfully identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Lehn
- Institute of Legal Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Andreas Rossmann
- Laboratory for Stable Isotope Analytics, Isolab GmbH, Schweitenkirchen, Germany
| | - Matthias Graw
- Institute of Legal Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Gareth R. Davies
- Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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13
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Buerck AM, Usowicz M, Cunningham JA, Khaliq M, Barrett LJP, Rakotoarisoa L, Rakotondrazaka R, Alfredo K, Sommariva S, Mihelcic JR. Health and Economic Consequences of Lead Exposure Associated with Products and Services Provided by the Informal Economy. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:8362-8370. [PMID: 34018712 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c08127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), the presence of an informal economy can lead to human exposure to toxic metals such as lead (Pb). This paper demonstrates the local health and economic benefits of modifying practices within the informal economic sector in Madagascar. Specifically, leaded components in 504 locally manufactured household water pumps were replaced with unleaded components. Prior to the intervention, 32% of the household systems exhibited lead concentrations above the World Health Organization (WHO) provisional drinking water guideline of 10 μg/L, but after the intervention, fewer than 3% of the systems were in exceedance. The reduction of lead concentration is modeled to reduce the fraction of children with elevated BLLs (>5 μg/dL) from 34 to 13%. The reduction in BLLs is estimated to provide an average economic benefit of US$11 800 per child based on predicted increases in lifetime productivity. This corresponds to a total benefit of US$8.7 million for the 730 children aged 1-5 associated with the pumps, representing a return on investment of greater than 1000-to-1. Results demonstrate how the formation of partnerships between public, private, and civil society entities, as suggested by UN Sustainable Development Goal 17, can realize important local economic and health benefits in LMICs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adaline M Buerck
- College of Engineering, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of South Florida, 4202 E Fowler Avenue, ENG 030, Tampa, Florida 33620, United States
| | - Michal Usowicz
- College of Engineering, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of South Florida, 4202 E Fowler Avenue, ENG 030, Tampa, Florida 33620, United States
| | - Jeffrey A Cunningham
- College of Engineering, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of South Florida, 4202 E Fowler Avenue, ENG 030, Tampa, Florida 33620, United States
| | - Mahmooda Khaliq
- College of Public Health, University of South Florida, 13201 Bruce B Downs Blvd, MDC 56, Tampa, Florida 33612, United States
| | | | - Lova Rakotoarisoa
- ONG Ranontsika, 22 Bis Rue du Commerce, Ampasimazava, Toamasina 501, Madagascar
| | | | - Katherine Alfredo
- College of Engineering, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of South Florida, 4202 E Fowler Avenue, ENG 030, Tampa, Florida 33620, United States
| | - Silvia Sommariva
- College of Public Health, University of South Florida, 13201 Bruce B Downs Blvd, MDC 56, Tampa, Florida 33612, United States
| | - James R Mihelcic
- College of Engineering, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of South Florida, 4202 E Fowler Avenue, ENG 030, Tampa, Florida 33620, United States
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14
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Anthropogenic Pb contribution in soils of Southeast China estimated by Pb isotopic ratios. Sci Rep 2020; 10:22232. [PMID: 33335247 PMCID: PMC7747601 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-79203-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Isotopic ratios were used to identify the source of Lead (Pb) contamination in rural soils from Southeast China. Enrichment of Pb in surface soils was detected from three sampling locations, with the 206Pb/207Pb ratio indicating recent anthropogenic input. The 206Pb/207Pb ratio from deeper soil profiles reflected the ratio from parent basalt. Mass fractions of anthropogenic-derived Pb for soil samples in the upper profiles was as high as 50%, implying that surface soils in the current study were impacted by anthropogenic activity. The 206Pb/207Pb and 208Pb/206Pb ratios were similar to anthropogenic sources including the combustion of coal, which has been common practice in the region for 2500 years. Considering the relatively short history of petroleum use in this area and the rural location of soils, anthropogenic Pb source from coal burning was considered to be the main cause of lead pollution.
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15
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Kootker LM, von Holstein ICC, Broeders J, Wescott DJ, Davies GR, Mickleburgh HL. Reprint of: The effects of decomposition and environment on antemortem H-Pb-Sr isotope compositions and degradation of human scalp hair: Actualistic taphonomic observations. Forensic Sci Int 2020; 317:110463. [PMID: 33168419 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2020.110463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Multi-isotope analysis (e.g., Sr-Pb-O-H-C-N) of human scalp hair is routinely used in forensic investigations of human remains to constrain the geographic origin of unidentified bodies, and to investigate antemortem mobility patterns. However, while it is known that postmortem processes can affect the preservation of, or even overprint, the biogenic isotopic signatures in hair, the speed and nature of these processes have rarely been studied. This study investigates the effects of decomposition and environment on the H-Pb-Sr isotope compositions of human hair as well as the relationship between structural hair shaft degradation and isotopic signature change over time. Human scalp hair samples from four body donations were collected at different stages throughout gross body decomposition. The willed-donated bodies were placed to decompose outdoors at the Forensic Anthropology Research Facility (FARF) at Texas State University. Hair fibres from two of the donations were examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and high-resolution light microscopy (HRLM). Chemical and microbiological degradation of hair fibres occurred rapidly after placement of the body outdoors. Measurements of scalp hair isotopic composition demonstrated that H-Pb-Sr isotope ratios were altered within days after environmental exposure, presumably by deposition, leaching and/or exchange with the local bioavailable soil, and vapour. The degree of physical hair degradation and changes in H-Pb-Sr isotope composition were not correlated. We conclude that antemortem isotopic H-Pb-Sr isotope ratios are difficult to recover in hairs derived from decomposing whole bodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisette M Kootker
- Geology & Geochemistry Cluster, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Co van Ledden Hulsebosch Centre (CLHC), Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Isabella C C von Holstein
- Geology & Geochemistry Cluster, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jelle Broeders
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Studies (IIS), University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Daniel J Wescott
- Forensic Anthropology Centre, Department of Anthropology, Texas State University, 601 University Drive, San Marcos, TX 78666, United States.
| | - Gareth R Davies
- Geology & Geochemistry Cluster, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Co van Ledden Hulsebosch Centre (CLHC), Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Hayley L Mickleburgh
- Faculty of Archaeology, Leiden University, P.O. box 9514, 2300 RA, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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16
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Regan LA, Bower NW, Brown SJ, Lundstrom CC, Bartov G, Cooney MD. Forensic isoscapes based on intra-individual temporal variation of δ 18O and 206Pb/ 207Pb in human teeth. Forensic Sci Res 2020; 6:42-52. [PMID: 34007515 PMCID: PMC8112828 DOI: 10.1080/20961790.2020.1795377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Isotopic signatures used in the georeferencing of human remains are largely fixed by spatially distinct geologic and environmental processes. However, location-dependent temporal changes in these isotope ratios should also be considered when determining an individual's provenance and/or trajectory. Distributions of the relevant isotopes can be impacted by predictable external factors such as climate change, delocalisation of food and water sources and changes in sources and uses of metals. Using Multi-Collector Inductively-Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometer (MC-ICP-MS) analyses of 206Pb/207Pb in tooth enamel and dentin from a population of 21 ± 1-year-old individuals born circa 1984 and isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS) of δ 18O in their enamel, we examined the expected influence of some of these factors. The resulting adjustments to the geographic distribution of isotope ratios (isoscapes) found in tooth enamel and dentin may contain additional useful information for forensic identification, but the shifts in values can also impact the uncertainty and usefulness of identifications if they are not taken into account.KEY POINTSIsoscapes of 206Pb/207Pb and δ 18O used for geolocation are not static.Within a few years, the enamel and dentin of a person may exhibit measurable differences in 206Pb/207Pb even without changing locations.Changes in climatic patterns tied to rising temperatures are more significant than the direct effect of increasing temperature on δ 18O fixed in tooth bioapatite.Third molar (M3) enamel mineralisation includes material incorporated from before formal amelogenesis takes place.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura A Regan
- Office of Net Assessment, Department of Defense, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Nathan W Bower
- Chemistry and Biochemistry Department, Colorado College, Colorado Springs, CO, USA
| | - Samuel J Brown
- Chemistry and Biochemistry Department, Colorado College, Colorado Springs, CO, USA
| | | | - Gideon Bartov
- Geology Department, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Matthew D Cooney
- Information Technology Services, Colorado College, Colorado Springs, CO, USA
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17
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Smith KE, Weis D. Evaluating Spatiotemporal Resolution of Trace Element Concentrations and Pb Isotopic Compositions of Honeybees and Hive Products as Biomonitors for Urban Metal Distribution. GEOHEALTH 2020; 4:e2020GH000264. [PMID: 32671313 PMCID: PMC7340846 DOI: 10.1029/2020gh000264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Assessing metal distributions in cities is an important aspect of urban environmental quality management. Western honeybees (Apis mellifera) and their products are biomonitors that can elucidate small-scale metal distribution within a city. We compare range and variations in trace element (TE) concentrations and lead (Pb) isotopic compositions of honey, bee tissue, bee pollen, and propolis collected throughout Metro Vancouver (BC, Canada). Honey, bee, and bee pollen results have similar TE and isotopic trends; samples collected in urban and industrialized areas exhibit elevated concentrations of anthropogenically influenced TE (e.g., Pb, Zn, V, and Ti) and a less radiogenic Pb isotopic composition (i.e., lower 206Pb/207Pb and elevated 208Pb/206Pb) relative to their suburban and rural counterparts. For example, 206Pb/207Pb, 208Pb/206Pb in honey range from 1.126, 2.131 and 1.184, 2.063; extremes measured in honey from urban and suburban/rural areas, respectively. Except for propolis, measured and interpolated (kriged) results in all materials reflect the immediate zoning or land use setting near the hive, providing kilometer-scale geospatial resolution, suitable for monitoring urban systems. Statistical analysis reveals that no systematic variations or intra- or inter-annual trends exist in TE concentrations or Pb isotopic compositions, including among sampling and field methods (i.e., old vs. new hive equipment and honey from the brood nest box vs. honey super). The results of this systematic study using honeybees and hive products in Metro Vancouver provide a robust, current baseline for future comparison of local land use and environmental policy change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate E. Smith
- Pacific Centre for Isotopic and Geochemical Research, Department of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric SciencesUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverBritish ColumbiaCanada
| | - Dominique Weis
- Pacific Centre for Isotopic and Geochemical Research, Department of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric SciencesUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverBritish ColumbiaCanada
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18
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The effects of decomposition and environment on antemortem H-Pb-Sr isotope compositions and degradation of human scalp hair: Actualistic taphonomic observations. Forensic Sci Int 2020; 312:110336. [PMID: 32526643 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2020.110336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Multi-isotope analysis (e.g., Sr-Pb-O-H-C-N) of human scalp hair is routinely used in forensic investigations of human remains to constrain the geographic origin of unidentified bodies, and to investigate antemortem mobility patterns. However, while it is known that postmortem processes can affect the preservation of, or even overprint, the biogenic isotopic signatures in hair, the speed and nature of these processes have rarely been studied. This study investigates the effects of decomposition and environment on the H-Pb-Sr isotope compositions of human hair as well as the relationship between structural hair shaft degradation and isotopic signature change over time. Human scalp hair samples from four body donations were collected at different stages throughout gross body decomposition. The willed-donated bodies were placed to decompose outdoors at the Forensic Anthropology Research Facility (FARF) at Texas State University. Hair fibers from two of the donations were examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and high-resolution light microscopy (HRLM). Chemical and microbiological degradation of hair fibers occurred rapidly after placement of the body outdoors. Measurements of scalp hair isotopic composition demonstrated that H-Pb-Sr isotope ratios were altered within days after environmental exposure, presumably by deposition, leaching and/or exchange with the local bioavailable soil, and vapor. The degree of physical hair degradation and changes in H-Pb-Sr isotope composition were not correlated. We conclude that antemortem isotopic H-Pb-Sr isotope ratios are difficult to recover in hairs derived from decomposing whole bodies.
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19
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Laffoon JE, Shuler KA, Millard AR, Connelly JN, Schroeder H. Isotopic evidence for anthropogenic lead exposure on a 17th/18th century Barbadian plantation. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2020; 171:529-538. [PMID: 31618449 PMCID: PMC7028029 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.23938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2019] [Revised: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To identify and characterize anthropogenic lead sources on a 17th/18th century Barbadian plantation and to test if lead isotope analyses can be used to identify the geographic origins of first-generation African captives. MATERIALS AND METHODS We carried out lead (Pb) isotope analyses on dental enamel samples from 24 individuals from the Newton Plantation Cemetery in Barbados, which had previously been analyzed for strontium (Sr) and oxygen (O) isotope composition (Schroeder et al., American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 2009, 139:547-557) and Pb concentrations (Schroeder et al., American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 2013, 150:203-209. RESULTS We are able to identify British Pb sources, and more specifically Bristol/Mendips Pb, as the most likely source of anthropogenic Pb on the plantation, highlighting the impact of the British Atlantic economy on the lives of enslaved peoples in Barbados during the period of plantation slavery. Furthermore, we find that there is only one clear outlier among seven individuals who had previously been identified as African-born based on their enamel Sr isotope composition (Schroeder et al., American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 2009, 139:547-557). All other individuals present a very homogenous Pb isotope composition, which overlaps with that of British Pb sources. CONCLUSION Our results indicate that while Pb isotope analyses can help identify and further characterize the sources of anthropogenic Pb in plantation settings, they might not be suited for identifying the origins of African-born individuals in diasporic contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kristrina A. Shuler
- Department of Sociology, Anthropology, and Social WorkAuburn UniversityAuburnAlabama
| | | | - James N. Connelly
- Center for Star and Planet FormationThe GLOBE Institute, University of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Hannes Schroeder
- Section for Evolutionary Genomics, The GLOBE InstituteUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
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20
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Xiao C, Lin J. PAMPS- graft-Ni 3Si 2O 5(OH) 4 multiwalled nanotubes as a novel nano-sorbent for the effective removal of Pb(ii) ions. RSC Adv 2020; 10:7619-7627. [PMID: 35492162 PMCID: PMC9049933 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra10971d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The existence of Pb(ii) ions in water systems poses significant potential hazards to public health and the environment. In the present study, poly(2-acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulfonic acid) (PAMPS) brush-modified Ni3Si2O5(OH)4 nanotubes were prepared, and their adsorption efficiency against the Pb(ii) ions was investigated. The characterization results of FTIR spectroscopy, TGA, TEM, and XPS indicated the successful grafting of PAMPS on the surface of free Ni3Si2O5(OH)4 NTs, and the prepared PAMPS-g-Ni3Si2O5(OH)4 NTs exhibited a 6-8 nm grafting layer, which could provide abundant binding sites for metal adsorption. During the Pb(ii) removal process, a pH-dependent adsorption behavior was observed, and the adsorption processes fitted well with the pseudo-second-order kinetic model and the Langmuir isotherm model. Compared with unmodified Ni3Si2O5(OH)4, the PAMPS-g-Ni3Si2O5(OH)4 NTs exhibited obviously faster adsorption of Pb(ii) and higher equilibrium adsorption capacity for the removal of Pb(ii). The maximum adsorption capacity calculated via the Langmuir isotherm model was 0.653 mmol g-1 (135.3 mg g-1) at 298 K. In a metal coexisting system, the total adsorption capacity of the NTs was increased; this indicated the potential of the proposed NTs in the removal of Pb(ii) from metal coexisting wastewater. This study showed the significant potential of PAMPS-g-Ni3Si2O5(OH)4 NTs in the effective removal of Pb(ii).
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunmei Xiao
- College of Materials Science & Engineering, Huaqiao University 361021 China
- College of Chemical Engineering and Materials, Quanzhou Normal University Quanzhou 362002 China
| | - Jianming Lin
- College of Materials Science & Engineering, Huaqiao University 361021 China
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21
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Aronsen GP, Fehren-Schmitz L, Krigbaum J, Kamenov GD, Conlogue GJ, Warinner C, Ozga AT, Sankaranarayanan K, Griego A, DeLuca DW, Eckels HT, Byczkiewicz RK, Grgurich T, Pelletier NA, Brownlee SA, Marichal A, Williamson K, Tonoike Y, Bellantoni NF. "The dead shall be raised": Multidisciplinary analysis of human skeletons reveals complexity in 19th century immigrant socioeconomic history and identity in New Haven, Connecticut. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0219279. [PMID: 31498793 PMCID: PMC6733446 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0219279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In July 2011, renovations to Yale-New Haven Hospital inadvertently exposed the cemetery of Christ Church, New Haven, Connecticut's first Catholic cemetery. While this cemetery was active between 1833 and 1851, both the church and its cemetery disappeared from public records, making the discovery serendipitous. Four relatively well-preserved adult skeletons were recovered with few artifacts. All four individuals show indicators of manual labor, health and disease stressors, and dental health issues. Two show indicators of trauma, with the possibility of judicial hanging in one individual. Musculoskeletal markings are consistent with physical stress, and two individuals have arthritic indicators of repetitive movement/specialized activities. Radiographic analyses show osteopenia, healed trauma, and other pathologies in several individuals. Dental calculus analysis did not identify any tuberculosis indicators, despite osteological markers. Isotopic analyses of teeth indicate that all four were likely recent immigrants to the Northeastern United States. Nuclear and mitochondrial DNA were recovered from three individuals, and these analyses identified ancestry, hair/eye color, and relatedness. Genetic and isotopic results upended our initial ancestry assessment based on burial context alone. These individuals provide biocultural evidence of New Haven's Industrial Revolution and the plasticity of ethnic and religious identity in the immigrant experience. Their recovery and the multifaceted analyses described here illuminate a previously undescribed part of the city's rich history. The collective expertise of biological, geochemical, archaeological, and historical researchers interprets socioeconomic and cultural identity better than any one could alone. Our combined efforts changed our initial assumptions of a poor urban Catholic cemetery's membership, and provide a template for future discoveries and analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary P. Aronsen
- Department of Anthropology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Lars Fehren-Schmitz
- Department of Historical Anthropology and Human Ecology, Johann-Friedrich-Blumenbach Institute for Zoology and Anthropology, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - John Krigbaum
- Department of Anthropology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - George D. Kamenov
- Department of Geological Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Gerald J. Conlogue
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Quinnipiac University, Hamden, Connecticut, United States of America
- Bioanthropology Research Institute, Quinnipiac University, Hamden, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Christina Warinner
- Department of Anthropology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Andrew T. Ozga
- Department of Anthropology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Krithivasan Sankaranarayanan
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Anthony Griego
- Independent Scholar, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Daniel W. DeLuca
- Independent Scholar, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Howard T. Eckels
- Independent Scholar, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Romuald K. Byczkiewicz
- Department of History, Central Connecticut State University, New Britain, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Tania Grgurich
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Quinnipiac University, Hamden, Connecticut, United States of America
- Bioanthropology Research Institute, Quinnipiac University, Hamden, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Natalie A. Pelletier
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Quinnipiac University, Hamden, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Sarah A. Brownlee
- Department of Anthropology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Ana Marichal
- Department of Anthropology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Kylie Williamson
- Department of Anthropology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Yukiko Tonoike
- Department of Anthropology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Nicholas F. Bellantoni
- Connecticut State Museum of Natural History, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, United States of America
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Plomp E, von Holstein ICC, Koornneef JM, Smeets RJ, Baart JA, Forouzanfar T, Davies GR. Evaluation of neodymium isotope analysis of human dental enamel as a provenance indicator using 10 13 Ω amplifiers (TIMS). Sci Justice 2019; 59:322-331. [PMID: 31054821 PMCID: PMC6510978 DOI: 10.1016/j.scijus.2019.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Revised: 01/27/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Human provenance studies employing isotopic analysis have become an essential tool in forensic and archaeological sciences, with multi-isotope approaches providing more specific location estimates compared to single isotope studies. This study reports on the human provenancing capability of neodymium isotopes (143Nd/144Nd), a relatively conservative tracer in the environment. Neodymium isotope ratios have only recently been determined on human remains due to low concentrations in human dental enamel (ppb range), requiring thermal ionisation mass spectrometry (TIMS) using 1013 Ω resistors. Dental elements (third molars) from 20 individuals born and raised in the Netherlands were analysed for Nd concentration (n = 12) and Nd isotope ratios (n = 15). The geological control on Nd isotope composition was examined using coupled Nd-Sr isotope analysis of the same third molar. Teeth from different geological environments were also analysed (Caribbean, Columbian, and Icelandic, n = 5). Neodymium elemental concentrations in dental elements ranged between 0.1 and 7.9 ppb (median 0.5 ppb). The Dutch 143Nd/144Nd ratios of the provinces of Limburg and Friesland were between 0.5118 and 0.5121, with Dutch 87Sr/86Sr ratios in agreement with the previously established local range (0.708–0.710). The current findings were compared to previously published results on Nd concentration and composition from Dutch individuals. The concentration of Nd and 143Nd/144Nd ratios were weakly correlated (R2 = 0.47, n = 17) in Dutch human dental enamel. The majority (n = 25, 83.3%) of individuals had Nd and Sr isotope values isotopically indistinguishable from the geological environment in which their third molars formed and mineralised. However, the Nd isotope ratios of the Icelandic individual and several Dutch individuals (n = 4) suggested that Nd in enamel is not solely influenced by geological environment. In order for neodymium isotopes to be quantitatively applied in forensic and archaeological settings further analyses of individuals from various geographical regions with well-defined dietary Nd isotope data are required. First evaluation of the potential of neodymium isotopes for human provenancing Provides insight in Nd concentration and isotope ratios in human dental enamel First study presenting Nd isotope ratios from multiple geological settings First study combining 143Nd/144Nd and 87Sr/86Sr ratios of the same dental element The use of 1013 Ω resistors allows for greater precision analysis of small samples
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Affiliation(s)
- E Plomp
- Department of Earth Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, de Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - I C C von Holstein
- Department of Earth Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, de Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - J M Koornneef
- Department of Earth Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, de Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - R J Smeets
- Department of Earth Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, de Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - J A Baart
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery/Oral Pathology, VU University Medical Center (VUMC), De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), Gustav Mahlerlaan 3004, 1081 LA, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - T Forouzanfar
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery/Oral Pathology, VU University Medical Center (VUMC), De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), Gustav Mahlerlaan 3004, 1081 LA, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - G R Davies
- Department of Earth Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, de Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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Grupe G, Klaut D, Mauder M, Kröger P, Lang A, Mayr C, Söllner F. Multi-isotope provenancing of archaeological skeletons including cremations in a reference area of the European Alps. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2018; 32:1711-1727. [PMID: 29949218 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Revised: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Due to the spatial heterogeneity of stable isotope ratios of single elements measured in attempts to georeference bioarchaeological finds, multi-isotope fingerprints are frequently employed under the assumption that similar isotopic signatures are indicative of similar shared environments by the individuals studied. The extraction of the spatial information from multi-isotope datasets, however, is challenging. METHODS Gaussian mixture clustering of six- to seven-dimensional isotopic fingerprints measured in archaeological animal and human bones was performed. Uncremated animal bones served for an isotopic mapping of a specific reference area of eminent archaeological importance, namely the Inn-Eisack-Adige passage across the European Alps. The fingerprints consist of 87 Sr/86 Sr, 208 Pb/204 Pb, 207 Pb/204 Pb, 206 Pb/204 Pb, 208 Pb/207 Pb, and 206 Pb/207 Pb ratios, and δ18 Ophosphate values in uncremated bone apatite, while the thermally unstable δ18 O values of human cremations from this region were discarded. RESULTS The bone finds were successfully decontaminated. Animal and human isotope clusters not only reflect individual similarities in the multi-isotopic fingerprints, but also permit a spatial allocation of the finds. This holds also for cremated finds where the δ18 Ophosphate value is no longer informative. To our knowledge, for the first time Pb stable isotopes have been systematically studied in cremated skeletal remains and proved significant in a region that was sought after for its ore deposits in prehistory. CONCLUSIONS Gaussian mixture clustering is a promising method for the interpretation of multi-isotopic fingerprints aiming at detecting and quantifying migration and trade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gisela Grupe
- Biozentrum, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Germany
| | - Dominika Klaut
- Biozentrum, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Germany
| | - Markus Mauder
- Lehrstuhl für Datenbanksysteme und Data Mining, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Germany
| | - Peer Kröger
- Lehrstuhl für Datenbanksysteme und Data Mining, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Germany
| | - Amei Lang
- Vor- und Frühgeschichtliche Archäologie und Provinzialrömische Archäologie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Germany
| | - Christoph Mayr
- Institut für Geographie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany
- Department für Geo- und Umweltwissenschaften, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Germany
| | - Frank Söllner
- Department für Geo- und Umweltwissenschaften, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Germany
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Tracking natural and anthropogenic Pb exposure to its geological source. Sci Rep 2018; 8:1969. [PMID: 29386548 PMCID: PMC5792464 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-20397-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Human Pb exposure comes from two sources: (i) natural uptake through ingestion of soils and typified by populations that predate mining activity and (ii) anthropogenic exposure caused by the exposure to Pb derived from ore deposits. Currently, the measured concentration of Pb within a sample is used to discriminate between these two exposure routes, with the upper limit for natural exposure in skeletal studies given as 0.5 or 0.7 mg/kg in enamel and 0.5/0.7 μg/dL in blood. This threshold approach to categorising Pb exposure does not distinguish between the geological origins of the exposure types. However, Pb isotopes potentially provide a more definitive means of discriminating between sources. Whereas Pb from soil displays a crustal average 238U/204Pb (μ) value of c 9.7, Pb from ore displays a much wider range of evolution pathways. These characteristics are transferred into tooth enamel, making it possible to characterize human Pb exposure in terms of the primary source of ingested Pb and to relate mining activity to geotectonic domains. We surmise that this ability to discriminate between silicate and sulphide Pb exposure will lead to a better understanding of the evolution of early human mining activity and development of exposure models through the Anthropocene.
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Adiana G, Juahir H, Joseph B, Shazili NAM. Tracing the sources of lead (Pb) in Brunei Bay, Borneo by using integrated spectrometry ICP-MS and chemometric techniques. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2017; 123:232-240. [PMID: 28865793 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.08.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Revised: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 08/26/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The present study aims to define the possible sources that contribute to the level of Pb into the Brunei Bay, Borneo. The cluster analysis has classified the bay into the northern part with heavy and agriculture-related industries; the southern area with a moderate rural human settlement as well as the southwestern area with a more pristine environment and a low level of human settlement. The score plot of spatial discriminant analysis verified a significant influence of the river system toward the estuary, whereas the temporal discriminant analysis has discriminated the seasonal changes. In comparison to elsewhere, the stable Pb isotopic ratios in Brunei Bay showed a fingerprint similar to coal-related sources and of aerosol input. Briefly, even though Pb in the Brunei Bay ecosystem proved to be at a low level, the stable Pb isotopic ratios showed that human and industrial activities are slowly contributing Pb into the bay ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghazali Adiana
- East Coast Environmental Research Institute (ESERI), Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin (UniSZA), Gong Badak Campus, 21300 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia.
| | - Hafizan Juahir
- East Coast Environmental Research Institute (ESERI), Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin (UniSZA), Gong Badak Campus, 21300 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia.
| | - Bidai Joseph
- Institute of Oceanography and Environment, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Noor Azhar Mohamed Shazili
- Institute of Oceanography and Environment, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia
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Fatmi Z, Sahito A, Ikegami A, Mizuno A, Cui X, Mise N, Takagi M, Kobayashi Y, Kayama F. Lead Exposure Assessment among Pregnant Women, Newborns, and Children: Case Study from Karachi, Pakistan. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2017; 14:ijerph14040413. [PMID: 28406467 PMCID: PMC5409614 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph14040413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Revised: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Lead (Pb) in petrol has been banned in developed countries. Despite the control of Pb in petrol since 2001, high levels were reported in the blood of pregnant women and children in Pakistan. However, the identification of sources of Pb has been elusive due to its pervasiveness. In this study, we assessed the lead intake of pregnant women and one- to three-year-old children from food, water, house dust, respirable dust, and soil. In addition, we completed the fingerprinting of the Pb isotopic ratios (LIR) of petrol and secondary sources (food, house-dust, respirable dust, soil, surma (eye cosmetics)) of exposure within the blood of pregnant women, newborns, and children. Eight families, with high (~50 μg/dL), medium (~20 μg/dL), and low blood levels (~10 μg/dL), were selected from 60 families. The main sources of exposure to lead for children were food and house-dust, and those for pregnant women were soil, respirable dust, and food. LIR was determined by inductively coupled plasma quadrupole mass spectrometry (ICP-QMS) with a two sigma uncertainty of ±0.03%. The LIR of mothers and newborns was similar. In contrast, surma, and to a larger extent petrol, exhibited a negligible contribution to both the child’s and mother’s blood Pb. Household wet-mopping could be effective in reducing Pb exposure. This intake assessment could be replicated for other developing countries to identify sources of lead and the burden of lead exposure in the population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zafar Fatmi
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Aga Khan University, Karachi 74800, Pakistan.
| | - Ambreen Sahito
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Aga Khan University, Karachi 74800, Pakistan.
| | - Akihiko Ikegami
- Department of Environmental and Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke 329-0498, Japan.
| | - Atsuko Mizuno
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke 329-0498, Japan.
| | - Xiaoyi Cui
- Department of Environmental and Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke 329-0498, Japan.
| | - Nathan Mise
- Department of Environmental and Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke 329-0498, Japan.
| | - Mai Takagi
- Center for Health and Environmental Risk Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0053, Japan.
| | - Yayoi Kobayashi
- Center for Health and Environmental Risk Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0053, Japan.
| | - Fujio Kayama
- Department of Environmental and Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke 329-0498, Japan.
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27
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Vázquez Bahéna AB, Talavera Mendoza O, Moreno Godínez ME, Salgado Souto SA, Ruiz J, Huerta Beristain G. Source apportionment of lead in the blood of women of reproductive age living near tailings in Taxco, Guerrero, Mexico: An isotopic study. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 583:104-114. [PMID: 28108093 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.01.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Revised: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The concentration and isotopic composition of lead in the blood of forty seven women of reproductive age (15-45y) exposed to multiple sources in two rural communities of the mining region of Taxco, Guerrero in southern Mexico were determined in order to identify specific contributing sources and their apportionment and to trace probable ingestion pathways. Our data indicate that >36% of the studied women have blood lead concentrations above 10μgdL-1 and up to 87% above 5μgdL-1. Tailings contain between 2128 and 5988mgkg-1 of lead and represent the most conspicuous source in the area. Lead contents in indoor dust are largely variable (21.7-987mgkg-1) but only 15% of samples are above the Mexican Regulatory Guideline for urban soils (400mgkg-1). By contrast, 85% of glazed containers (range: 0.026-68.6mgkg-1) used for cooking and food storage are above the maximum 2mgL-1 of soluble lead established in the Mexican Guideline. The isotopic composition indicates that lead in the blood of 95% of the studied women can be modeled in terms of a mixing system between local ores (and derivatives), glazed pottery and Morelos bedrock, end-members, with the two former being largely the most important contributors. Only one sample shows influence of indoor paints. Indoor dust is dominated by ores and derivatives but some samples show evidence of contribution from a less radiogenic source very likely represented by interior paints. This study supports the application of lead isotopic ratios to identify potential sources and their apportionment in humans exposed to multiple sources of lead from both, natural and anthropogenic origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Analine Berenice Vázquez Bahéna
- UA Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Av. Lázaro Cárdenas s/n. Ciudad Universitaria, Chilpancingo, Guerrero C.P. 39090, Mexico
| | - Oscar Talavera Mendoza
- UA Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Av. Lázaro Cárdenas s/n. Ciudad Universitaria, Chilpancingo, Guerrero C.P. 39090, Mexico; UA de Ciencias de la Tierra, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Exhacienda S. Juan Bautista, Taxco el Viejo, Guerrero C.P. 40323, Mexico.
| | - Ma Elena Moreno Godínez
- UA Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Av. Lázaro Cárdenas s/n. Ciudad Universitaria, Chilpancingo, Guerrero C.P. 39090, Mexico
| | - Sergio Adrián Salgado Souto
- UA de Ciencias de la Tierra, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Exhacienda S. Juan Bautista, Taxco el Viejo, Guerrero C.P. 40323, Mexico
| | - Joaquín Ruiz
- Department of Geosciences, The University of Arizona, 1040 E. 4th St. Gould-Simpson Building #77, Tucson, AZ 85721, United States
| | - Gerardo Huerta Beristain
- UA Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Av. Lázaro Cárdenas s/n. Ciudad Universitaria, Chilpancingo, Guerrero C.P. 39090, Mexico
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Kamenov GD, Curtis JH. Using Carbon, Oxygen, Strontium, and Lead Isotopes in Modern Human Teeth for Forensic Investigations: A Critical Overview Based on Data from Bulgaria. J Forensic Sci 2017; 62:1452-1459. [PMID: 28230896 DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.13462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Revised: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Isotopic data obtained from human remains can provide information about an individual's origin, migration, and diet. We evaluate the usefulness of carbon, oxygen, strontium, and lead isotopes for forensic investigations by comparing data from Bulgarian teeth with data from other regions. Geo-referencing based on oxygen or strontium isotopes can be misleading due to overlap with other countries in Europe and other continents. Carbon and lead isotopes, in combination with oxygen and strontium isotopes, provide the most useful information for identification of local vs foreigner status. In particular, high-precision Pb isotopes show a distinct "Bulgarian" range; however, it is possible that individuals from other countries in Eastern Europe and/or central to western Asia could have overlapping isotopic values. Additional high-precision multi-isotope data from modern humans from different regions in the world are required to transition from speculative to more quantitative estimation of a geographical place of origin for unidentified human remains.
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Affiliation(s)
- George D Kamenov
- Department of Geological Sciences, University of Florida, 241 Williamson Hall, Gainesville, FL, 32611
| | - Jason H Curtis
- Department of Geological Sciences, University of Florida, 241 Williamson Hall, Gainesville, FL, 32611
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29
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Laffoon JE, Sonnemann TF, Shafie T, Hofman CL, Brandes U, Davies GR. Investigating human geographic origins using dual-isotope (87Sr/86Sr, δ18O) assignment approaches. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0172562. [PMID: 28222163 PMCID: PMC5319690 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0172562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Substantial progress in the application of multiple isotope analyses has greatly improved the ability to identify nonlocal individuals amongst archaeological populations over the past decades. More recently the development of large scale models of spatial isotopic variation (isoscapes) has contributed to improved geographic assignments of human and animal origins. Persistent challenges remain, however, in the accurate identification of individual geographic origins from skeletal isotope data in studies of human (and animal) migration and provenance. In an attempt to develop and test more standardized and quantitative approaches to geographic assignment of individual origins using isotopic data two methods, combining 87Sr/86Sr and δ18O isoscapes, are examined for the Circum-Caribbean region: 1) an Interval approach using a defined range of fixed isotopic variation per location; and 2) a Likelihood assignment approach using univariate and bivariate probability density functions. These two methods are tested with enamel isotope data from a modern sample of known origin from Caracas, Venezuela and further explored with two archaeological samples of unknown origin recovered from Cuba and Trinidad. The results emphasize both the potential and limitation of the different approaches. Validation tests on the known origin sample exclude most areas of the Circum-Caribbean region and correctly highlight Caracas as a possible place of origin with both approaches. The positive validation results clearly demonstrate the overall efficacy of a dual-isotope approach to geoprovenance. The accuracy and precision of geographic assignments may be further improved by better understanding of the relationships between environmental and biological isotope variation; continued development and refinement of relevant isoscapes; and the eventual incorporation of a broader array of isotope proxy data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason E. Laffoon
- Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Faculty of Archaeology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Termeh Shafie
- Department of Computer & Information Science, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | | | - Ulrik Brandes
- Department of Computer & Information Science, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Gareth R. Davies
- Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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30
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Sharpe AE, Kamenov GD, Gilli A, Hodell DA, Emery KF, Brenner M, Krigbaum J. Lead (Pb) Isotope Baselines for Studies of Ancient Human Migration and Trade in the Maya Region. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0164871. [PMID: 27806065 PMCID: PMC5091867 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0164871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
We examined the potential use of lead (Pb) isotopes to source archaeological materials from the Maya region of Mesoamerica. The main objectives were to determine if: 1) geologic terrains throughout the Maya area exhibit distinct lead isotope ratios (206Pb/204Pb, 207Pb/204Pb, and 208Pb/204Pb), and 2) a combination of lead and strontium ratios can enhance sourcing procedures in the Mesoamerica region. We analyzed 60 rock samples for lead isotope ratios and a representative subset of samples for lead, uranium, and thorium concentrations across the Maya region, including the Northern Lowlands of the Mexican Yucatan Peninsula, the Southern Lowlands of Guatemala and Belize, the Volcanic Highlands, the Belizean Maya Mountains, and the Metamorphic Province/Motagua Valley. Although there is some overlap within certain sub-regions, particularly the geologically diverse Metamorphic Province, lead isotopes can be used to distinguish between the Northern Lowlands, the Southern Lowlands, and the Volcanic Highlands. The distinct lead isotope ratios in the sub-regions are related to the geology of the Maya area, exhibiting a general trend in the lowlands of geologically younger rocks in the north to older rocks in the south, and Cenozoic volcanic rocks in the southern highlands. Combined with other sourcing techniques such as strontium (87Sr/86Sr) and oxygen (δ18O), a regional baseline for lead isotope ratios can contribute to the development of lead isoscapes in the Maya area, and may help to distinguish among geographic sub-regions at a finer scale than has been previously possible. These isotope baselines will provide archaeologists with an additional tool to track the origin and movement of ancient humans and artifacts across this important region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley E. Sharpe
- Department of Anthropology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- Environmental Archaeology Program, Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- * E-mail: (AES); (JK)
| | - George D. Kamenov
- Department of Geological Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Adrian Gilli
- Department of Earth Sciences, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - David A. Hodell
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Kitty F. Emery
- Department of Anthropology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- Environmental Archaeology Program, Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Mark Brenner
- Department of Geological Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - John Krigbaum
- Department of Anthropology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- * E-mail: (AES); (JK)
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Kelepertzis E, Komárek M, Argyraki A, Šillerová H. Metal(loid) distribution and Pb isotopic signatures in the urban environment of Athens, Greece. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2016; 213:420-431. [PMID: 26946177 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.02.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Revised: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Lead concentrations and isotopic compositions of contaminated urban soils and house dusts from Athens, Greece, have been determined to identify possible sources of Pb contamination and examine relationships between these two environmental media. Different soil particle sizes (<2000 μm, <200 μm, <100 μm, <70 μm, <32 μm) and chemical fractions (total, EDTA-extractable and acetic acid-extractable (HAc)) were analyzed for their Pb content and isotopic composition. Metal(loid)s (Pb, Zn, Cu, As, Ni, Cr, Mn, Fe) are significantly enriched in the finest fraction. The Pb isotopic compositions were similar for the different soil particle size fractions and different chemical extractions. The HAc extraction proved to be a useful procedure for tracing anthropogenic Pb in urban soil. The range of (206)Pb/(207)Pb ratios (1.140-1.180) in Athens soil suggests that the Pb content represents an accumulated mixture of Pb deposited from past vehicular emissions and local natural sources. The contribution of anthropogenic Pb to total soil Pb ranged from 36% to 95%. The Pb isotopic composition of vacuum house dusts ((206)Pb/(207)Pb = 1.1.38-1.167) from Athens residents is mostly comparable to that of urban soil suggesting that exterior soil particles are transferred into homes. As a result, anthropogenic Pb in house dust from Athens urban environment principally originated from soil particles containing Pb from automobile emissions (former use of leaded gasoline).
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Affiliation(s)
- Efstratios Kelepertzis
- Faculty of Geology and Geoenvironment, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Zographou, 157 84, Athens, Greece.
| | - Michael Komárek
- Department of Environmental Geosciences, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 165 21, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Ariadne Argyraki
- Faculty of Geology and Geoenvironment, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Zographou, 157 84, Athens, Greece
| | - Hana Šillerová
- Department of Environmental Geosciences, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 165 21, Prague 6, Czech Republic
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Gulson B, Chiaradia M, Davis J, O'Connor G. Impact on the environment from steel bridge paint deterioration using lead isotopic tracing, paint compositions and soil deconstruction. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 550:69-72. [PMID: 26803686 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.01.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Revised: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Deterioration and repair of lead paint on steel structures can result in contamination of the ambient environment but other sources of lead such as from past use of leaded paint and gasoline and industrial activities can also contribute to the contamination. Using a combination of high precision lead isotopic tracing, detailed paint examination, including with scanning electron microscopy, and soil deconstruction we have compared paint on a steel bridge and bulk soil and lead-rich particles separated from soil. The majority of Pb found in the paint derives from Australian sources but some also has a probable US origin. The isotopic data for the bulk soils and selected particles lie on a mixing line with end members the geologically ancient Broken Hill lead and possible European lead which is suggested to be derived from old lead paint and industrial activities. Data for gasoline-derived particulates lie on this array and probably contribute to soil Pb. Although paint from the bridge can be a source of lead in the soils, isotopic tracing, paint morphology and mineralogical identification indicate that other sources, including from paint, gasoline and industrial activities, are contributing factors to the lead burden. Even though physical characteristics and elemental composition are the same in some particles, the isotopic signatures demonstrate that the sources are different. Plots using (206)Pb/(208)Pb vs (206)Pb/(207)Pb ratios, the common representation these days, do not allow for source discrimination in this investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Gulson
- Department of Environmental Science, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia; CSIRO Energy Flagship, North Ryde, NSW 2113, Australia.
| | | | - Jeffrey Davis
- CSIRO Energy Flagship, North Ryde, NSW 2113, Australia
| | - Gary O'Connor
- Queensland Department of Environment & Heritage Protection, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
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Shepherd TJ, Dirks W, Roberts NMW, Patel JG, Hodgson S, Pless-Mulloli T, Walton P, Parrish RR. Tracing fetal and childhood exposure to lead using isotope analysis of deciduous teeth. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2016; 146:145-153. [PMID: 26752082 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2015.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Revised: 12/11/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We report progress in using the isotopic composition and concentration of Pb in the dentine and enamel of deciduous teeth to provide a high resolution time frame of exposure to Pb during fetal development and early childhood. Isotope measurements (total Pb and (208)Pb/(206)Pb, (207)Pb/(206)Pb ratios) were acquired by laser ablation inductively coupled mass spectrometry at contiguous 100 micron intervals across thin sections of the teeth; from the outer enamel surface to the pulp cavity. Teeth samples (n=10) were selected from two cohorts of children, aged 5-8 years, living in NE England. By integrating the isotope data with histological analysis of the teeth, using the daily incremental lines in dentine, we were able to assign true estimated ages to each ablation point (first 2-3 years for molars, first 1-2 years for incisors+pre-natal growth). Significant differences were observed in the isotope composition and concentration of Pb between children, reflecting differences in the timing and sources of exposure during early childhood. Those born in 2000, after the withdrawal of leaded petrol in 1999, have the lowest dentine Pb levels (<0.2µgPb/g) with (208)Pb/(206)Pb (mean ±2σ: 2.126-2.079) (208)Pb/(206)Pb (mean ±2σ: 0.879-0.856) ratios that correlate very closely with modern day Western European industrial aerosols (PM10, PM2.5) suggesting that diffuse airborne pollution was probably the primary source and exposure pathway. Legacy lead, if present, is insignificant. For those born in 1997, dentine lead levels are typically higher (>0.4µgPb/g) with (208)Pb/(206)Pb (mean ±2σ: 2.145-2.117) (208)Pb/(206)Pb (mean ±2σ: 0.898-0.882) ratios that can be modelled as a binary mix between industrial aerosols and leaded petrol emissions. Short duration, high intensity exposure events (1-2 months) were readily identified, together with evidence that dentine provides a good proxy for childhood changes in the isotope composition of blood Pb. Our pilot study confirms that laser ablation Pb isotope analysis of deciduous teeth, when carried out in conjunction with histological analysis, permits a reconstruction of the timing, duration and source of exposure to Pb during early childhood. With further development, this approach has the potential to study larger cohorts and appraise environments where the levels of exposure to Pb are much higher.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J Shepherd
- Centre for Oral Health Research, School of Dental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK; British Geological Survey, Keyworth, Nottingham, UK
| | - Wendy Dirks
- Department of Anthropology, Durham University, Durham, UK
| | - Nick M W Roberts
- NERC Isotope Geosciences Laboratory, British Geological Survey, Nottingham, UK
| | | | - Susan Hodgson
- MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, UK
| | - Tanja Pless-Mulloli
- Institute of Health and Society, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Pamela Walton
- Centre for Oral Health Research, School of Dental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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Keller AT, Regan LA, Lundstrom CC, Bower NW. Evaluation of the efficacy of spatiotemporal Pb isoscapes for provenancing of human remains. Forensic Sci Int 2016; 261:83-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2016.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2015] [Revised: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 02/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Evans JA, Pashley V, Richards GJ, Brereton N, Knowles TG. Geogenic lead isotope signatures from meat products in Great Britain: Potential for use in food authentication and supply chain traceability. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2015; 537:447-452. [PMID: 26282777 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.07.133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2015] [Revised: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents lead (Pb) isotope data from samples of farm livestock raised in three areas of Britain that have elevated natural Pb levels: Central Wales, the Mendips and the Derbyshire Peak District. This study highlights three important observations; that the Pb found in modern British meat from these three areas is geogenic and shows no clear evidence of modern tetraethyl anthropogenic Pb contribution; that the generally excellent match between the biological samples and the ore field data, particularly for the Mendip and Welsh data, suggests that this technique might be used to provenance biological products to specific ore sites, under favourable conditions; and that modern systems reflect the same process of biosphere averaging that is analogous to cultural focusing in human archaeological studies that is the process of biological averaging leading to an homogenised isotope signature with increasing Pb concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Gemma J Richards
- School of Veterinary Science, University of Bristol, Bristol BS40 5DU, UK
| | - Nicola Brereton
- The Food and Environment Research Agency, Sand Hutton, York YO41 1LZ, UK
| | - Toby G Knowles
- School of Veterinary Science, University of Bristol, Bristol BS40 5DU, UK
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Valentine B, Kamenov GD, Kenoyer JM, Shinde V, Mushrif-Tripathy V, Otarola-Castillo E, Krigbaum J. Evidence for Patterns of Selective Urban Migration in the Greater Indus Valley (2600-1900 BC): A Lead and Strontium Isotope Mortuary Analysis. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0123103. [PMID: 25923705 PMCID: PMC4414352 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0123103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Accepted: 02/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Just as modern nation-states struggle to manage the cultural and economic impacts of migration, ancient civilizations dealt with similar external pressures and set policies to regulate people's movements. In one of the earliest urban societies, the Indus Civilization, mechanisms linking city populations to hinterland groups remain enigmatic in the absence of written documents. However, isotopic data from human tooth enamel associated with Harappa Phase (2600-1900 BC) cemetery burials at Harappa (Pakistan) and Farmana (India) provide individual biogeochemical life histories of migration. Strontium and lead isotope ratios allow us to reinterpret the Indus tradition of cemetery inhumation as part of a specific and highly regulated institution of migration. Intra-individual isotopic shifts are consistent with immigration from resource-rich hinterlands during childhood. Furthermore, mortuary populations formed over hundreds of years and composed almost entirely of first-generation immigrants suggest that inhumation was the final step in a process linking certain urban Indus communities to diverse hinterland groups. Additional multi disciplinary analyses are warranted to confirm inferred patterns of Indus mobility, but the available isotopic data suggest that efforts to classify and regulate human movement in the ancient Indus region likely helped structure socioeconomic integration across an ethnically diverse landscape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Valentine
- Department of Anthropology, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, United States of America
| | - George D. Kamenov
- Department of Geological Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States of America
| | - Jonathan Mark Kenoyer
- Department of Anthropology, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, WI, United States of America
| | - Vasant Shinde
- Department of Archaeology, Deccan College Post-Graduate and Research Institute, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Veena Mushrif-Tripathy
- Department of Archaeology, Deccan College Post-Graduate and Research Institute, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Erik Otarola-Castillo
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
| | - John Krigbaum
- Department of Anthropology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States of America
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Lead isotope characterization of petroleum fuels in Taipei, Taiwan. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2015; 12:4602-16. [PMID: 25918913 PMCID: PMC4454928 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph120504602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2015] [Revised: 04/17/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Leaded gasoline in Taiwan was gradually phased out from 1983 to 2000. However, it is unclear whether unleaded gasoline still contributes to atmospheric lead (Pb) exposure in urban areas. In this study, Pb isotopic compositions of unleaded gasolines, with octane numbers of 92, 95, 98, and diesel from two local suppliers in Taipei were determined by multi-collector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry with a two-sigma uncertainty of ± 0.02 %. Lead isotopic ratios of vehicle exhaust (208Pb/207Pb: 2.427, 206Pb/207Pb: 1.148, as estimated from petroleum fuels) overlap with the reported aerosol data. This agreement indicates that local unleaded petroleum fuels, containing 10–45 ng·Pb·g−1, are merely one contributor among various sources to urban aerosol Pb. Additionally, the distinction between the products of the two companies is statistically significant in their individual 208Pb/206Pb ratios (p-value < 0.001, t test). Lead isotopic characterization appears to be applicable as a “fingerprinting” tool for tracing the sources of Pb pollution.
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Kamenov GD, Kimmerle EH, Curtis JH, Norris D. GEOREFERENCING A COLD CASE VICTIM WITH LEAD, STRONTIUM, CARBON, AND OXYGEN ISOTOPES. ANNALS OF ANTHROPOLOGICAL PRACTICE 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/napa.12048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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