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Feng Q, Liu H, Dai W, Cao Y, Shen M, Liu Y, Qi W, Chen Y, Guo X, Zhang Y, Li L, Zhou B, Li J. Comparison of chemical composition and acidity of size-resolved inorganic aerosols at the top and foot of Mt. Hua, Northwest China: The role of the gas-particle distribution of ammonia. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 905:166985. [PMID: 37704142 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
Aerosol pH is not only a diagnostic indicator of secondary aerosol formation, but also a key factor in the specific chemical reaction routes that produce sulfate and nitrate. To understand the characteristics of aerosol acidity in the Mt. Hua, the chemical fractions of water-soluble inorganic ions in the atmospheric PM2.5 and size-resolved particle at the top and foot of Mt. Hua in summer 2020 were studied. The results showed the mass concentrations of PM2.5 and water-soluble ions at the foot were 2.0-2.6 times higher than those at the top. The secondary inorganic ions, i.e., SO42-, NO3-, and NH4+ (SNA) were 56 %-61 % higher by day than by night. SO42- was mainly distributed in the fine particles (Dp < 2.1 μm). NO3- showed a unimodal size distribution (peaking at 0.7-1.1 μm) at the foot and a bimodal (0.7-1.1 μm and 4.7-5.8 μm) size distribution at the top. At the top site, the distribution of NO3- in coarse particles (> 2.1 μm) was mainly attributed to the gaseous HNO3 volatilized from fine particles reacting with cations in coarse particles to form non-volatile salts (such as Ca(NO3)2). The pH values of PM2.5 were 2.7 ± 1.3 and 3.3 ± 0.42 at the top and foot, respectively. NH4+/NH3(g) plays a decisive role in stabilizing aerosol acidity. In addition, the increase of the liquid water content (LWC) at the foot facilitates the gas-particle conversion of NH3, while the H+ concentration was diluted, resulting in a decrease in acidity at the foot. NH4+/NH3 had good linear correlations with SO42-, NO3-, and LWC during the daytime at both sites, indicating that SO42-, NO3-, and LWC together affect the gas-particle distribution of ammonia by day: however, the effect of LWC at night was not evident.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiao Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; College of Geography and Environment, Baoji University of Arts and Sciences, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Disaster Monitoring and Mechanism Simulation, Baoji 721013, China
| | - Haijiao Liu
- Xi'an Institute for Innovative Earth Environment Research, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Wenting Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Yue Cao
- Xi'an Institute for Innovative Earth Environment Research, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Minxia Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; College of Geography and Environment, Baoji University of Arts and Sciences, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Disaster Monitoring and Mechanism Simulation, Baoji 721013, China
| | - Yali Liu
- Xi'an Institute for Innovative Earth Environment Research, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Weining Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Yukun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Xiao Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Yifan Zhang
- Xi'an Institute for Innovative Earth Environment Research, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Lu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Bianhong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; College of Geography and Environment, Baoji University of Arts and Sciences, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Disaster Monitoring and Mechanism Simulation, Baoji 721013, China.
| | - Jianjun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; National Observation and Research Station of Regional Ecological Environment Change and Comprehensive Management in the Guanzhong Plain, Shaanxi, China.
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Sun S, Zhang Q, Sui X, Ding L, Liu J, Yang M, Zhao Q, Zhang C, Hao J, Zhang X, Lin S, Ding R, Cao J. Associations between air pollution exposure and birth defects: a time series analysis. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2021; 43:4379-4394. [PMID: 33864585 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-021-00886-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Air pollution is a serious environmental problem in China. Birth defects are particularly vulnerable to outdoor air pollution. Our study was to evaluate the association between short-term exposure to air pollutants and the risk of birth defects. Daily data including the air pollutants, meteorological characteristics, and birth records were obtained in Hefei, China, during January 2013 to December 2016. The findings showed that PM2.5, PM10, SO2, NO2, and O3 exposures were positively correlated with the risk of birth defects. Maternal exposure to PM2.5 and SO2 during the 4th to 13th gestational weeks was observed to have a significant association with the risk of birth defects, with the maximum effect in the 7th or 8th week for PM2.5 and the maximum effect in the 7th week for SO2. The positively significant exposure windows were the 4th to 14th weeks for PM10, the 4th to 12th weeks for NO2, and the 26th to 35th weeks for O3, respectively. The strongest associations were observed in the 8th week for PM10, the 7th week for NO2, and in the 31st or 32nd week for O3. The findings of this study demonstrate that air pollutants increase the risk of birth defects among women during pregnancy in Hefei, China, which provide evidence for improving the health of pregnant women and neonates in developing countries, and uncovered potential opportunities to reduce or prevent birth defects by proactive measures during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Sun
- Department of Occupational Health and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Department of Occupational Health and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Xinmiao Sui
- Department of Occupational Health and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Liu Ding
- Department of Occupational Health and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Jie Liu
- Department of Occupational Health and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Mei Yang
- Department of Occupational Health and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Qihong Zhao
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Chao Zhang
- Department of Maternal, Child & Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Jiahu Hao
- Department of Maternal, Child & Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Xiujun Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Shilei Lin
- Department of Teaching Center for Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Rui Ding
- Department of Occupational Health and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China.
| | - Jiyu Cao
- Department of Occupational Health and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China.
- Department of Teaching Center for Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China.
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Stahl C, Cruz MT, Bañaga PA, Betito G, Braun RA, Aghdam MA, Cambaliza MO, Lorenzo GR, MacDonald AB, Pabroa PC, Yee JR, Simpas JB, Sorooshian A. An annual time series of weekly size-resolved aerosol properties in the megacity of Metro Manila, Philippines. Sci Data 2020; 7:128. [PMID: 32350280 PMCID: PMC7190854 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-020-0466-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Size-resolved aerosol samples were collected in Metro Manila between July 2018 and October 2019. Two Micro-Orifice Uniform Deposit Impactors (MOUDI) were deployed at Manila Observatory in Quezon City, Metro Manila with samples collected on a weekly basis for water-soluble speciation and mass quantification. Additional sets were collected for gravimetric and black carbon analysis, including during special events such as holidays. The unique aspect of the presented data is a year-long record with weekly frequency of size-resolved aerosol composition in a highly populated megacity where there is a lack of measurements. The data are suitable for research to understand the sources, evolution, and fate of atmospheric aerosols, as well as studies focusing on phenomena such as aerosol-cloud-precipitation-meteorology interactions, regional climate, boundary layer processes, and health effects. The dataset can be used to initialize, validate, and/or improve models and remote sensing algorithms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Connor Stahl
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Melliza Templonuevo Cruz
- Manila Observatory, Quezon City, 1108, Philippines
- Institute of Environmental Science and Meteorology, University of the Philippines, Diliman, Quezon City, 1101, Philippines
| | - Paola Angela Bañaga
- Manila Observatory, Quezon City, 1108, Philippines
- Department of Physics, School of Science and Engineering, Ateneo de Manila University, Quezon City, 1108, Philippines
| | - Grace Betito
- Manila Observatory, Quezon City, 1108, Philippines
- Department of Physics, School of Science and Engineering, Ateneo de Manila University, Quezon City, 1108, Philippines
| | - Rachel A Braun
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Mojtaba Azadi Aghdam
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Maria Obiminda Cambaliza
- Manila Observatory, Quezon City, 1108, Philippines
- Department of Physics, School of Science and Engineering, Ateneo de Manila University, Quezon City, 1108, Philippines
| | - Genevieve Rose Lorenzo
- Manila Observatory, Quezon City, 1108, Philippines
- Department of Hydrology and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Alexander B MacDonald
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Preciosa Corazon Pabroa
- Department of Science and Technology, Philippine Nuclear Research Institute, Commonwealth Avenue, Diliman, Quezon City, 1101, Philippines
| | - John Robin Yee
- Department of Science and Technology, Philippine Nuclear Research Institute, Commonwealth Avenue, Diliman, Quezon City, 1101, Philippines
| | - James Bernard Simpas
- Manila Observatory, Quezon City, 1108, Philippines
- Department of Physics, School of Science and Engineering, Ateneo de Manila University, Quezon City, 1108, Philippines
| | - Armin Sorooshian
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA.
- Department of Hydrology and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA.
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Cheng H, Zhu F, Lei R, Shen C, Liu J, Yang M, Ding R, Cao J. Associations of ambient PM 2.5 and O 3 with cardiovascular mortality: a time-series study in Hefei, China. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOMETEOROLOGY 2019; 63:1437-1447. [PMID: 31385092 DOI: 10.1007/s00484-019-01766-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Revised: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
China is among the countries with the worst air quality throughout the world. As PM2.5 was not included in the national air quality monitoring network before January 2013 in China, no study has investigated the associations of ambient PM2.5 and O3 with cardiovascular mortality in Hefei, China. In this time-series analysis, Poisson regression in generalized additive model was adopted to assess the associations between the air pollutants and cardiovascular mortality during the 2013-2015 in Hefei, China. The findings showed that the daily average level of PM2.5 and O3 was 77.8 μg/m3 and 60.1 μg/m3 in the study period, respectively. PM2.5 and O3 exposure tended to increase cardiovascular mortality, but the associations were statistically insignificant. Further stratified analyses by seasons showed that with every 10 μg/m3 increase of PM2.5 in the cold season (October-March), the risk of cardiovascular death increased by 0.22% (95% CI 0.05%, 0.39%); while every 10 μg/m3 increase of O3 in the warm season (April-September), the risk of cardiovascular death increased by 1.29% (95% CI 0.26%, 2.33%) on Lag0. Interestingly, stratified analysis by gender showed that the associations of PM2.5, but not O3 exposure, could significantly increase cardiovascular mortality in females, but not males. The findings of this study especially underscored the adverse associations of PM2.5 and O3 exposure with females in specific seasons. More studies are needed to verify our findings and further investigate the underlying mechanisms. Graphical Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Cheng
- Department of Occupational Health and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Furong Zhu
- Department of Occupational Health and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Ruoqian Lei
- Department of Occupational Health and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Chaowei Shen
- Department of Occupational Health and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Jie Liu
- Department of Occupational Health and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Mei Yang
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Rui Ding
- Department of Occupational Health and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China.
| | - Jiyu Cao
- Department of Occupational Health and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China.
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Shi G, Xu J, Peng X, Xiao Z, Chen K, Tian Y, Guan X, Feng Y, Yu H, Nenes A, Russell AG. pH of Aerosols in a Polluted Atmosphere: Source Contributions to Highly Acidic Aerosol. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:4289-4296. [PMID: 28303714 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b05736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Acidity (pH) plays a key role in the physical and chemical behavior of PM2.5. However, understanding of how specific PM sources impact aerosol pH is rarely considered. Performing source apportionment of PM2.5 allows a unique link of sources pH of aerosol from the polluted city. Hourly water-soluble (WS) ions of PM2.5 were measured online from December 25th, 2014 to June 19th, 2015 in a northern city in China. Five sources were resolved including secondary nitrate (41%), secondary sulfate (26%), coal combustion (14%), mineral dust (11%), and vehicle exhaust (9%). The influence of source contributions to pH was estimated by ISORROPIA-II. The lowest aerosol pH levels were found at low WS-ion levels and then increased with increasing total ion levels, until high ion levels occur, at which point the aerosol becomes more acidic as both sulfate and nitrate increase. Ammonium levels increased nearly linearly with sulfate and nitrate until approximately 20 μg m-3, supporting that the ammonium in the aerosol was more limited by thermodynamics than source limitations, and aerosol pH responded more to the contributions of sources such as dust than levels of sulfate. Commonly used pH indicator ratios were not indicative of the pH estimated using the thermodynamic model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoliang Shi
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University , Tianjin 300071, China
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0512, United States
| | - Jiao Xu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University , Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Xing Peng
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University , Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Zhimei Xiao
- Environmental Monitoring Center of Tianjin, Tianjin 300191, China
| | - Kui Chen
- Environmental Monitoring Center of Tianjin, Tianjin 300191, China
| | - Yingze Tian
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University , Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Xinbei Guan
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0512, United States
| | - Yinchang Feng
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University , Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Haofei Yu
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0512, United States
| | - Athanasios Nenes
- Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Armistead G Russell
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0512, United States
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Hou J, Li M, Xia T, Hao Y, Ding J, Liu D, Xi B, Liu H. Simultaneous removal of ammonia and hydrogen sulfide gases using biofilter media from the biodehydration stage and curing stage of composting. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:20628-20636. [PMID: 27464668 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-7238-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Biofiltration of NH3 and H2S with different packing media, biodehydration stage compost (BSC), and curing stage compost (CSC) was studied. Meanwhile, fluorescence excitation-emission matrix (EEM) spectroscopy was used to characterize the conversion mechanisms of organic matter during these biofiltration processes. Both biofilters were effective for the simultaneous removal of NH3 and H2S when inlet concentrations of NH3 and H2S were 0-50 and 50-250 mg/m3, respectively. An abrupt increase in the inlet gas concentrations of NH3 and H2S to 100-150 and 200-250 mg/m3, respectively, caused the decrease in the removal efficiencies (REs) of NH3 and H2S in the BSC biofilter, followed by a slow upturn. By contrast, relatively steady REs of both NH3 and H2S were observed in the CSC biofilter. After 60 days of operation, the average REs of NH3 and H2S were more than 95 % in the CSC biofilter. During the operation of CSC, nitrate and nitrite peaked around the 30th day, whereas sulfate showed a steady increase. The excitation-emission matrix fluorescence and parallel factor analysis (EEM-PARAFAC) indicated that the simultaneous inlet of NH3 and H2S facilitated the degradation of protein-like substances, whereas humic-like substances played an important role in the packing filters for the treatment of the two odorous pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, No. 8, Dayangfang, Beiyuan Road, Beijing, 100875, China
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Mingxiao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Tianming Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Yan Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Jie Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Dongming Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Beidou Xi
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, No. 8, Dayangfang, Beiyuan Road, Beijing, 100875, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China.
| | - Hongliang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, No. 8, Dayangfang, Beiyuan Road, Beijing, 100875, China
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
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Tsai JH, Tsai SM, Wang WC, Chiang HL. Water-soluble ionic species of coarse and fine particulate matter and gas precursor characteristics at urban and rural sites of central Taiwan. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:16722-16737. [PMID: 27184148 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-6834-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Coarse and fine particulate matter (PM) were taken by a dichotomous sampler, and gas precursors were determined by a denuder sampler at two stations in central Taiwan. Water-soluble ionic constituents of PM and their precursor gases were analyzed by ionic chromatograph. In summer, the daytime/nighttime PM10 concentrations were 37 ± 10/41 ± 18 μg m(-3) and 36 ± 14/34 ± 18 μg m(-3) for Xitun and Jhushan, respectively. Average PM10 concentration in winter was 1.55 and 1.76 times that of summer for Xitun and Jhushan, respectively. PM mass concentrations were similar for both stations, although one station is located in the downtown area of Taichung, and the other is in a rural area with no heavy pollution sources. Water-soluble ionic species content was 38-53 % of PM2.5 and 43-48 % of PM10 mass concentration. HNO3, HCl, and SO2 were high in the daytime; the daytime-to-nighttime concentration ratio was 3.75-6.88 for HNO3,1.7-7.8 for HCl, and 1.45-2.77 for SO2. High NH3 levels were determined in the area, especially in winter, which could be a precursor of NH4 (+) to form particulate matter. In Xitun, motor vehicles downtown and in the industrial district could be sources of air pollution. In contrast, there are few industrial sources at Jhushan; therefore, the transport of air pollutants from upwind of other regions and the accumulation of pollutants could be important PM sources at Jhushan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiun-Horng Tsai
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Sustainable Environmental Research Center, National Cheng-Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Su-Mei Tsai
- Department of Landscape Architecture, Tunghai University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Chi Wang
- Department of Health Risk Management, China Medical University, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Lung Chiang
- Department of Health Risk Management, China Medical University, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan.
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