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Recent Trends in Sustainable Remediation of Pb-Contaminated Shooting Range Soils: Rethinking Waste Management within a Circular Economy. Processes (Basel) 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/pr9040572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Soil metal contamination in recreational shooting ranges represents a widespread environmental problem. Lead (Pb) is the primary component of traditional ammunition, followed by metalloids such as antimony (Sb) and arsenic (As). Lead-based bullets and pellets deposited on the soil surface are subject to steady weathering; hence, metal(loid)s are released and accumulated in the underlying soil, with potential adverse consequences for ecosystem function and human health. Amongst the currently available environmentally-safe technologies for the remediation of metal-contaminated soils, chemical immobilization is recognized as the most practical and cost-effective one. This technology often uses inorganic and organic amendments to reduce metal mobility, bioavailability and toxicity (environmental benefits). Likewise, amendments may also promote and speed up the re-establishment of vegetation on metal-affected soils, thus facilitating the conversion of abandoned shooting ranges into public green spaces (social benefit). In line with this, the circular economy paradigm calls for a more sustainable waste management, for instance, by recycling and reusing by-products and wastes in an attempt to reduce the demand for raw materials (economic benefit). The objective of this manuscript is to present a state-of-the-art review of the different industrial and agro-food by-products and wastes used for the remediation of metal-contaminated shooting range soils.
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Katzner TE, Carlisle JD, Poessel SA, Thomason EC, Pauli BP, Pilliod DS, Belthoff JR, Heath JA, Parker KJ, Warner KS, Hayes HM, Aberg MC, Ortiz PA, Amdor SM, Alsup SE, Coates SE, Miller TA, Duran ZK. Illegal killing of nongame wildlife and recreational shooting in conservation areas. CONSERVATION SCIENCE AND PRACTICE 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/csp2.279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Todd E. Katzner
- US Geological Survey, Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center Boise Idaho USA
| | - Jay D. Carlisle
- Intermountain Bird Observatory, Department of Biological Sciences Boise State University Boise Idaho USA
| | - Sharon A. Poessel
- US Geological Survey, Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center Boise Idaho USA
| | - Eve C. Thomason
- US Geological Survey, Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center Boise Idaho USA
- Raptor Research Center Boise State University Boise Idaho USA
| | - Benjamin P. Pauli
- Biology Department Saint Mary's University of Minnesota Winona Minnesota USA
| | - David S. Pilliod
- US Geological Survey, Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center Boise Idaho USA
| | - James R. Belthoff
- Raptor Research Center Boise State University Boise Idaho USA
- Department of Biological Sciences Boise State University Boise Idaho USA
| | - Julie A. Heath
- Raptor Research Center Boise State University Boise Idaho USA
- Department of Biological Sciences Boise State University Boise Idaho USA
| | - Kristina J. Parker
- US Geological Survey, Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center Boise Idaho USA
- Department of Biological Sciences Boise State University Boise Idaho USA
| | | | - Heather M. Hayes
- Intermountain Bird Observatory, Department of Biological Sciences Boise State University Boise Idaho USA
| | - Madeline C. Aberg
- Department of Biological Sciences Boise State University Boise Idaho USA
| | - Patricia A. Ortiz
- US Geological Survey, Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center Boise Idaho USA
| | - Sandra M. Amdor
- Raptor Research Center Boise State University Boise Idaho USA
| | - Steven E. Alsup
- Raptor Research Center Boise State University Boise Idaho USA
| | - Stephanie E. Coates
- Intermountain Bird Observatory, Department of Biological Sciences Boise State University Boise Idaho USA
| | - Tricia A. Miller
- Conservation Science Global West Cape May New Jersey USA
- Division of Forestry & Natural Resources, West Virginia University Morgantown West Virginia USA
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Busby RR, Douglas TA, LeMonte JJ, Ringelberg DB, Indest KJ. Metal accumulation capacity in indigenous Alaska vegetation growing on military training lands. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOREMEDIATION 2020; 22:259-266. [PMID: 31478391 DOI: 10.1080/15226514.2019.1658708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Permafrost thawing could increase soil contaminant mobilization in the environment. Our objective was to quantify metal accumulation capacities for plant species and functional groups common to Alaskan military training ranges where elevated soil metal concentrations were likely to occur. Plant species across multiple military training range sites were collected. Metal content in shoots and roots was compared to soil metal concentrations to calculate bioconcentration and translocation factors. On average, grasses accumulated greater concentrations of Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Sb, and Zn relative to forbs or shrubs, and bioconcentrated greater concentrations of Ni and Pb. Shrubs bioconcentrated greater concentrations of Sb. Translocation to shoots was greatest among the forbs. Three native plants were identified as candidate species for use in metal phytostabilization applications. Elymus macrourus, a grass, bioconcentrated substantial concentrations of Cu, Pb, and Zn in roots with low translocation to shoots. Elaeagnus commutata, a shrub, bioconcentrated the greatest amounts of Sb, Ni, and Cr, with a low translocation factor. Solidago decumbens bioconcentrated the greatest amount of Sb among the forbs and translocated the least amount of metals. A combination of forb, shrub, and grass will likely enhance phytostabilization of heavy metals in interior Alaska soils through increased functional group diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan R Busby
- US Army Construction Engineering Research Laboratory, Champaign, IL, USA
| | - Thomas A Douglas
- US Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, Fort Wainwright, AK, USA
| | | | - David B Ringelberg
- US Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Karl J Indest
- US Army Environmental Laboratory, Vicksburg, MS, USA
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Krüger AL, Snyman R, Odendaal J. The impact of urban pollution on metal contamination of selected forest pockets in Cape Town, South Africa. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:12537-12549. [PMID: 30847819 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-04679-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Urban forests are exposed to metals, such as manganese, copper, and zinc in the atmosphere that originate from anthropogenic activities, that include vehicle-related traffic, industries, construction sites, fossil fuel burning for heating and cooking purposes, and resuspension processes related to urban surfaces. Not only is the rich biodiversity of plant and animal species in forests under threat, but so are the biodiversity of soil, sustaining ecosystem functions, as well as human health. The objective of this study was therefore to determine the concentrations of manganese, copper, and zinc arising from urban, industrial, and traffic-related pollution in the remote and/or untouched urban indigenous forests using soil, leaf litter, and key forest organisms (mosses, lichens, and millipedes) in three forests (Platbos, Orange Kloof, and Newlands) in the Western Cape, South Africa. Elevated concentrations of these metals were found in the forests closest to the city, as well as at sites in close proximity of vehicle traffic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Liese Krüger
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Studies, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, P. O Box 652, Cape Town, 8000, South Africa.
| | - Reinette Snyman
- Department of Conservation and Marine Science, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, P. O Box 652, Cape Town, 8000, South Africa
| | - James Odendaal
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Studies, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, P. O Box 652, Cape Town, 8000, South Africa
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Bęś A, Warmiński K, Adomas B. Long-term responses of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) to the contamination of light soils with diesel oil. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:10587-10608. [PMID: 30762180 PMCID: PMC6469826 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-04328-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Research into trees plays a very important role in evaluations of soil contamination with diesel oil. Trees are ideal for reclaiming contaminated soils because their large biomass renders them more resistant to higher concentrations of pollutants. In the literature, there is a general scarcity of long-term studies performed on trees, in particular European beeches. The aim of this study was to evaluate the responses of Scots pines and European beeches grown for 8 years on soil contaminated with diesel oil. Selected morphological and physiological parameters of trees were analyzed. The biomass yield of Scots pines was not significantly correlated with increasing concentrations of diesel oil, but it was more than 700% higher than in European beeches. Scots pines were taller and had a larger stem diameter than European beeches during the 8-year study. The diameter of trees grown on the most contaminated soil was reduced 1.5-fold in Scots pines and more than twofold in European beeches. The length of Scots pine needles from the most contaminated treatment decreased by 50% relative to control needles. The shortest needles were heaviest. The fluctuating asymmetry (FA) of needle length was highest in Scots pines grown on the most contaminated soil, whereas the reverse was noted in the FA of needle weight. Diesel oil decreased the concentrations of chlorophylls a and b, total chlorophyll, and carotenoids. The Fv/Fm ratio of needles and leaves was influenced by the tested concentrations of diesel oil. The results of the study indicate that the Scots pine better adapts (grows more rapidly and produces higher biomass) to long-term soil contamination with diesel oil than the European beech. In European beeches, growth inhibition and leaf discoloration (a decrease in chlorophyll content) were observed already after the first year of the experiment, which indicates that 1-year-old seedlings of European beech are robust bioindicators of soil contamination with diesel oil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Bęś
- Department of Chemistry, Research Group of Environmental Toxicology, Faculty of Environmental Management and Agriculture, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, ul. Prawocheńskiego 17, 10-720, Olsztyn, Poland.
| | - Kazimierz Warmiński
- Department of Chemistry, Research Group of Environmental Toxicology, Faculty of Environmental Management and Agriculture, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, ul. Prawocheńskiego 17, 10-720, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Barbara Adomas
- Department of Chemistry, Research Group of Environmental Toxicology, Faculty of Environmental Management and Agriculture, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, ul. Prawocheńskiego 17, 10-720, Olsztyn, Poland
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Winkler D, Bidló A, Bolodár-Varga B, Erdő Á, Horváth A. Long-term ecological effects of the red mud disaster in Hungary: Regeneration of red mud flooded areas in a contaminated industrial region. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 644:1292-1303. [PMID: 30743842 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.07.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
As one of the most severe ecological disasters ever to take place in Europe, the 2010 red mud accident has left behind long-term environmental impact, prompting the need for monitoring of soil biodiversity. Red mud (wet storage solution) can be regarded as a complex mixture of contaminants due to its extreme alkalinity and the presence of potentially toxic trace elements. After-effect investigations on soil properties and soil microarthropods were carried out in three distinct habitat types (agricultural land, grassland, woodland) in the red mud affected area. Soils in the red mud affected area were moderately to strongly alkaline (pH 7.5 to 8.5). Total content of trace metals Cd, Ni, Cr exceeded threshold concentrations for soil. Acari and Collembola were by far the most abundant taxa, while important groups like Pauropoda, Protura and Symphyla were completely absent from the samples of red mud affected plots. These observations were also reflected by the low values of the soil biological quality (QBS-ar) index. Independently of habitat types, total collembolan abundance tended to be lower in the contaminated area when compared with nearby control samples. Typical species distribution of Collembola communities in the contaminated area generally included one or two very common and abundant species and more, relatively rare species of low abundance. In the red mud affected open habitats, a distinct eudominance of Brachystomella parvula and Parisotoma notabilis was observed; whereas in contaminated woodland Parisotoma notabilis formed the bulk of the community with Sphaeridia pumilis, Folsomia manolachei and F. quadrioculata being subdominant. Species sensitive to alkalinity and red mud components (e.g. Hypogastrura vernalis, Lepidocyrtus tomosvaryi) were completely absent or were present only in limited numbers in the contaminated samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Winkler
- Institute of Wildlife Management and Vertebrate Zoology, University of Sopron, Hungary.
| | - Andras Bidló
- Institute of Environmental and Earth Sciences, University of Sopron, Hungary
| | | | - Ádám Erdő
- Institute of Wildlife Management and Vertebrate Zoology, University of Sopron, Hungary
| | - Adrienn Horváth
- Institute of Environmental and Earth Sciences, University of Sopron, Hungary
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Roque-Álvarez I, Sosa-Rodríguez FS, Vazquez-Arenas J, Escobedo-Bretado MA, Labastida I, Corral-Rivas JJ, Aragón-Piña A, Armienta MA, Ponce-Peña P, Lara RH. Spatial distribution, mobility and bioavailability of arsenic, lead, copper and zinc in low polluted forest ecosystem in North-western Mexico. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 210:320-333. [PMID: 30005354 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2018] [Revised: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/01/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A geochemical-environmental mapping was carried for a low polluted forest in North-western Mexico (Santiago Papasquiaro mining area), as part of the North American forests accounting for environmental behavior of arsenic (As), lead (Pb), zinc (Zn) and copper (Cu) in soil and tree components (stem wood and aciculums). Spectroscopic and microscopic techniques along with standard protocols were used to determine the mineralogical phases containing these elements, and their corresponding spatial distributions in soil and forests and mobility. In soil, total As, Pb, Zn and Cu ranged from 4.9 to 98.3, 19.6 to 768.6, 19.6 to 407.1, and 1.6 to 63.8 mg kg-1, respectively. Ultrafine particles (<5-10 μm) of arsenopyrite and sphalerite (and complex Zn-Fe phase) were the main As and Zn-bearing phases determined by SEM-EDS, respectively. Complex Pb-Cu-Fe and Cu-O oxide-like phases were the only ones containing Pb and Cu, respectively. Mobility was low for Pb, Zn and Cu, whereas a significant mobility was assessed for As. Concentrations vs. depth profiles suggested progressive accumulations of As, Pb, Zn and Cu in top soil. Total As, Pb, Zn and Cu in pine stem wood varied from 11.5 to 184.5, 98.9 to 7359.8, 3242.7 to 22197.3, 689.2 to 7179.6 μg kg-1, respectively. The respective concentrations in the pine needles ranged from 50 to 624.2, 100 to 16353.1, 120 to 46440.9 and 720 to 7200 μg kg-1, indicating an active bioaccumulation of As, Pb, Zn and Cu. A prospective environmental behavior was discussed for As, Pb, Zn and Cu in the low-polluted forest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isela Roque-Álvarez
- Department of Materials Science, Faculty of Chemical Sciences, Universidad Juárez del Estado de Durango (UJED), Av. Veterinaria S / N, Circuito Universitario, 34120, Durango, DGO, Mexico; Maestría en Ciencias Agropecuarias y Forestales, MICAF, Institute for Silviculture and Wood Industry, Universidad Juárez del Estado de Durango, Boulevard del Guadiana 501, Ciudad Universitaria, Torre de Investigación, 34120, Durango, DGO, Mexico
| | - Fabiola S Sosa-Rodríguez
- Economic Growth and Environment, Economics, Metropolitan Autonomous University, Azcapotzalco, Av. San Pablo 180, 02200, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Jorge Vazquez-Arenas
- Centro Mexicano para la Producción más Limpia (CMP+L), Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Avenida Acueducto S/N, Col. La Laguna Ticomán, 07340, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Miguel A Escobedo-Bretado
- Department of Materials Science, Faculty of Chemical Sciences, Universidad Juárez del Estado de Durango (UJED), Av. Veterinaria S / N, Circuito Universitario, 34120, Durango, DGO, Mexico
| | - Israel Labastida
- Department of Energy, Metropolitan Autonomous University, Azcapotzalco, Av. San Pablo 180, 02200, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - José Javier Corral-Rivas
- Institute of Forestry and Wood Industry, Universidad Juárez del Estado de Durango, Boulevard del Guadiana 501, Circuito Universitario, 34120, Durango, DGO, Mexico
| | - Antonio Aragón-Piña
- Institute of Metallurgy, Autonomous University of San Luis Potosí, Av. Sierra Leona 550, Lomas 2da, 78210, San Luis Potosi, SLP, Mexico
| | - Ma Aurora Armienta
- National Autonomous University of Mexico, Institute of Geophysics, UNAM, 04510, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Patricia Ponce-Peña
- Department of Materials Science, Faculty of Chemical Sciences, Universidad Juárez del Estado de Durango (UJED), Av. Veterinaria S / N, Circuito Universitario, 34120, Durango, DGO, Mexico
| | - René H Lara
- Department of Materials Science, Faculty of Chemical Sciences, Universidad Juárez del Estado de Durango (UJED), Av. Veterinaria S / N, Circuito Universitario, 34120, Durango, DGO, Mexico.
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Hockmann K, Tandy S, Studer B, Evangelou MWH, Schulin R. Plant uptake and availability of antimony, lead, copper and zinc in oxic and reduced shooting range soil. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 238:255-262. [PMID: 29567447 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Revised: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Shooting ranges polluted by antimony (Sb), lead (Pb), copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) are used for animal grazing, thus pose a risk of contaminants entering the food chain. Many of these sites are subject to waterlogging of poorly drained soils. Using field lysimeter experiments, we compared Sb, Pb, Cu and Zn uptake by four common pasture plant species (Lolium perenne, Trifolium repens, Plantago lanceolata and Rumex obtusifolius) growing on a calcareous shooting range soil under waterlogged and drained conditions. To monitor seasonal trends, the same plants were collected at three times over the growing season. Additionally, variations in soil solution concentrations were monitored at three depths over the experiment. Under reducing conditions, soluble Sb concentrations dropped from ∼50 μg L-1 to ∼10 μg L-1, which was attributed to the reduction of Sb(V) to Sb(III) and the higher retention of the trivalent species by the soil matrix. Shoot Sb concentrations differed by a factor of 60 between plant species, but remained at levels <0.3 μg g-1. Despite the difference in soil solution concentrations between treatments, total Sb accumulation in shoots for plants collected on the waterlogged soil did not change, suggesting that Sb(III) was much more available for plant uptake than Sb(V), as only 10% of the total Sb was present as Sb(III). In contrast to Sb, Pb, Cu and Zn soil solution concentrations remained unaffected by waterlogging, and shoot concentrations were significantly higher in the drained treatment for many plant species. Although showing an increasing trend over the season, shoot metal concentrations generally remained below regulatory values for fodder plants (40 μg g-1 Pb, 150 μg g-1 Zn, 15-35 μg g-1 Cu), indicating a low risk of contaminant transfer into the food chain under both oxic and anoxic conditions for the type of shooting range soil investigated in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Hockmann
- Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Susan Tandy
- Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Björn Studer
- Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Rainer Schulin
- Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
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Pīrāga D, Tabors G, Nikodemus O, Žīgure Z, Brūmelis G. Current content of selected pollutants in moss, humus, soil and bark and long-term radial growth of pine trees in the Mezaparks forest in Riga. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:11964-11977. [PMID: 26531713 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-5540-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the use of various indicators in the assessment of environmental pollution and to determine the response of pine to changes of pollution levels. Mezaparks is a part of Riga that has been subject to various long-term effects of atmospheric pollution and, in particular, historically from a large superphosphate factory. To determine the spatial distribution of pollution, moss, pine bark and soil O and B horizons were used as sorbents in this study, as well as the additional annual increment of pine trees. The current spatial distribution of pollution is best shown by heavy metal accumulation in mosses and the long-term accumulation of P2O5 pollution by the soil O horizon. The methodological problems of using these sorbents were explored in the study. Environmental pollution and its changes could be associated with the tree growth ring annual additional increment of Mezaparks pine forest stands. The additional increment increased after the closing of the Riga superphosphate factory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dace Pīrāga
- Department of Botany and Ecology, Faculty of Biology, University of Latvia, Jelgavas Iela 1, LV-1004, Riga, Latvia
| | - Guntis Tabors
- Department of Botany and Ecology, Faculty of Biology, University of Latvia, Jelgavas Iela 1, LV-1004, Riga, Latvia.
| | - Oļģerts Nikodemus
- Department of Environmental Science, Faculty of Geography and Earth Sciences, University of Latvia, Jelgavas Iela 1, LV-1004, Riga, Latvia
| | - Zane Žīgure
- Department of Environmental Science, Faculty of Geography and Earth Sciences, University of Latvia, Jelgavas Iela 1, LV-1004, Riga, Latvia
| | - Guntis Brūmelis
- Department of Botany and Ecology, Faculty of Biology, University of Latvia, Jelgavas Iela 1, LV-1004, Riga, Latvia
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Selonen S, Setälä H. Nutrient leaching, soil pH and changes in microbial community increase with time in lead-contaminated boreal forest soil at a shooting range area. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:5415-5425. [PMID: 28025789 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-8278-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Despite the known toxicity of lead (Pb), Pb pellets are widely used at shotgun shooting ranges over the world. However, the impacts of Pb on soil nutrients and soil microbes, playing a crucial role in nutrient cycling, are poorly understood. Furthermore, it is unknown whether these impacts change with time after the cessation of shooting. To shed light on these issues, three study sites in the same coniferous forest in a shooting range area were studied: an uncontaminated control site and an active and an abandoned shooting range, both sharing a similar Pb pellet load in the soil, but the latter with a 20-year longer contamination history. Soil pH and nitrate concentration increased, whilst soil phosphate concentration and fungal phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) decreased due to Pb contamination. Our results imply that shooting-derived Pb can influence soil nutrients and microbes not only directly but also indirectly by increasing soil pH. However, these mechanisms cannot be differentiated here. Many of the Pb-induced changes were most pronounced at the abandoned range, and nutrient leaching was increased only at that site. These results suggest that Pb disturbs the structure and functions of the soil system and impairs a crucial ecosystem service, the ability to retain nutrients. Furthermore, the risks of shooting-derived Pb to the environment increase with time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salla Selonen
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Niemenkatu 73, 15140, Lahti, Finland.
| | - Heikki Setälä
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Niemenkatu 73, 15140, Lahti, Finland
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Setälä HM, Francini G, Allen JA, Hui N, Jumpponen A, Kotze DJ. Vegetation Type and Age Drive Changes in Soil Properties, Nitrogen, and Carbon Sequestration in Urban Parks under Cold Climate. Front Ecol Evol 2016. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2016.00093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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