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Erratt KJ, Freeman EC. Cyanobacteria in the Anthropocene: Synanthropism forged in an era of global change. WATER ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH : A RESEARCH PUBLICATION OF THE WATER ENVIRONMENT FEDERATION 2024; 96:e11066. [PMID: 39031717 DOI: 10.1002/wer.11066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 07/22/2024]
Abstract
The Anthropocene has driven a transformative era where human activities exert unprecedented influence on Earth's biosphere. Consequently, synanthropic organisms, adept at thriving in human-modified environments, have emerged. While well studied in terrestrial ecosystems, the presence and ecological importance of synanthropic species in aquatic ecosystems, specifically among cyanobacteria, are less understood. Cyanobacteria blooms, notorious for their detrimental effects on ecosystems and human health, are increasing in frequency and intensity globally. In this perspective, we explore the evidence supporting this rise of cyanobacteria blooms, emphasizing the roles of human-induced eutrophication and climate change on select cyanobacteria genera. Cyanobacteria are not a monolith, with certain genera showing an observable increase within anthropogenically modified environments. We propose the establishment of a new sub-branch of phycology that explicitly investigates the ecology and physiology of synanthropic cyanobacteria. Understanding the intricate interactions between synanthropic species and human populations is imperative for managing human-altered ecosystems and conserving freshwater resources, particularly in the face of increasing global water insecurity. PRACTITIONER POINTS: The rise in cyanobacteria blooms is driven by a small subset of human-adapted genera-synanthropic cyanobacteria. Research is needed to characterize synanthropic cyanobacteria, which will aid in developing tailored management approaches. A paradigm shift from domesticating to "rewilding" landscapes and modifying behaviors to facilitate cohabitation are solutions to reducing risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin J Erratt
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Erika C Freeman
- Ecosystems and Global Change Group, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Aquatic Ecology, Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland
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Chen Y, Tian Z, Wang Y, Zhang C, He L, Zhao X. Response of fulvic acid linking to redox characteristics on methane and short-chain fatty acids in anaerobic digestion of chicken manure. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2024; 354:120357. [PMID: 38354611 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.120357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 01/14/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
Fulvic acids (FAs) is formed during the bioconversion of organic matter (OM) to biogas during anaerobic digestion (AD) and has a complex structure and redox function. However, the evolutionary mechanisms of FAs during AD and its interactions with acid and methane production have not been sufficiently investigated, especially at different stages of AD. Intermittent AD experiments by chicken manure and rice husk showed significant structural changes and reduced aromatization of FAs (e.g., O-H stretch6, 14.10-0%; SR, 0.22-0.60). The electron donating capacity (EDC) [9.76-45.39 μmole-/(g C)] and electron accepting capacity (EAC) [2.55-5.20 μmole-/(g C)] of FAs showed a tendency of decreasing and then increasing, and FAs had a stronger electron transfer capacity (ETC) in the methanogenic stage. Correlation analysis showed that the EDC of FAs was influenced by their own structure (C-O stretch2, C-H bend1, C-H bend4, and N-H bend) and also had an inhibitory effect on propionic production, which further inhibited acetic production. The EAC of FAs was affected by molecular weight and had a promoting effect on methane production. Structural equation modelling identified three possible pathways for AD. The C-O stretch2 structure of FAs alone inhibits the production of propionic. In addition, pH can directly affect the EDC of FAs. This study provides a theoretical basis for the structural and functional evolution of FAs in AD of chicken manure on the mechanism of methane production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yating Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China; College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, 541006, China
| | - Zebin Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Yan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China; College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, 541006, China
| | - Chuanyan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China; College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, 541006, China
| | - Liangzi He
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China; College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Xinyu Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China.
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Pourcher AM, Druilhe C, Le Maréchal C, Repérant E, Boscher E, Ziebal C, Martin L, Lebreton M, Rouxel S, Houdayer C, Le Roux S, Derongs L, Poëzévara T, Sarrazin M, Nagard B, Heurtevent L, Denis M. Quantification of indicator and pathogenic bacteria in manures and digestates from three agricultural biogas plants over a one-year period. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2023; 169:91-100. [PMID: 37418788 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2023.06.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023]
Abstract
Interest in the conversion of manure in biogas via anaerobic digestion (AD) is growing, but questions remain about the biosafety of digestates. For a period of one year, we monitored the impact of three mesophilic agricultural biogas plants (BPs) mainly fed with pig manure (BP1, BP3) or bovine manure (BP2) on the physicochemical parameters, the composition of the microbial community and the concentration of bacteria (E. coli, enterococci, Salmonella, Campylobacter, Listeria monocytogenes, Clostridium perfringens, Clostridium botulinum and Clostridioides difficile). The BP2 digestate differed from those of the two other BPs with a higher nitrogen content, more total solids and greater abundance of Clostridia MBA03 and Disgonomonadacea. Persistence during digestion ranked from least to most, was: Campylobacter (1.6 to >2.9 log10 reduction, according to the BP) < E. coli (1.8 to 2.2 log10) < Salmonella (1.1 to 1.4 log10) < enterococci (0.2 to 1.2 log10) and C. perfringens (0.2 to 1 log10) < L. monocytogenes (-1.2 to 1.6 log10) < C. difficile and C. botulinum (≤0.5 log10). No statistical link was found between the reduction in the concentration of the targeted bacteria and the physicochemical and operational parameters likely to have an effect (NH3, volatile fatty acids and total solids contents, hydraulic retention time, presence of co-substrates), underlining the fact that the fate of the bacteria during mesophilic digestion depends on many interacting factors. The reduction in concentrations varied significantly over the sampling period, underlining the need for longitudinal studies to estimate the impact of AD on pathogenic microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Céline Druilhe
- INRAE, UR OPAALE, 17 Avenue de Cucillé, CS64427, Rennes F-35044, France
| | - Caroline Le Maréchal
- ANSES, Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort Laboratory, UHQPAP, 31 Rue des Fusillés, BP53, F-22440, France
| | - Elisabeth Repérant
- ANSES, Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort Laboratory, UHQPAP, 31 Rue des Fusillés, BP53, F-22440, France
| | - Evelyne Boscher
- ANSES, Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort Laboratory, UHQPAP, 31 Rue des Fusillés, BP53, F-22440, France
| | - Christine Ziebal
- INRAE, UR OPAALE, 17 Avenue de Cucillé, CS64427, Rennes F-35044, France
| | - Laure Martin
- ANSES, Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort Laboratory, UHQPAP, 31 Rue des Fusillés, BP53, F-22440, France
| | - Megane Lebreton
- INRAE, UR OPAALE, 17 Avenue de Cucillé, CS64427, Rennes F-35044, France
| | - Sandra Rouxel
- ANSES, Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort Laboratory, UHQPAP, 31 Rue des Fusillés, BP53, F-22440, France
| | - Catherine Houdayer
- ANSES, Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort Laboratory, UHQPAP, 31 Rue des Fusillés, BP53, F-22440, France
| | - Sophie Le Roux
- INRAE, UR OPAALE, 17 Avenue de Cucillé, CS64427, Rennes F-35044, France
| | - Lorine Derongs
- INRAE, UR OPAALE, 17 Avenue de Cucillé, CS64427, Rennes F-35044, France
| | - Typhaine Poëzévara
- ANSES, Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort Laboratory, UHQPAP, 31 Rue des Fusillés, BP53, F-22440, France
| | - Martine Sarrazin
- INRAE, UR OPAALE, 17 Avenue de Cucillé, CS64427, Rennes F-35044, France
| | - Bérengère Nagard
- ANSES, Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort Laboratory, UHQPAP, 31 Rue des Fusillés, BP53, F-22440, France
| | | | - Martine Denis
- ANSES, Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort Laboratory, UHQPAP, 31 Rue des Fusillés, BP53, F-22440, France
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Machnicka A, Grübel K. The effect of pre-treatment and anaerobic digestion for pathogens reduction in agricultural utilization of sewage sludge. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:13801-13810. [PMID: 36149557 PMCID: PMC9898345 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-23164-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the research work was to explain the possibilities of application of waste activated sludge (WAS) pretreatment processes prior to anaerobic digestion (mesophilic fermentation). Hydrodynamic disintegration and freezing/thawing disintegration methods were used. Based on the microbiological and parasitological analyses, a significant decrease in pathogenic bacteria, coliphages, and parasite eggs was observed. The number of bacteria analyzed (Salmonella sp., Escherichia coli, Clostridium perfringens) and coliphages were reduced from 19.3to 42.3% after hydrodynamic cavitation. A similar effect was achieved for destruction by freezing/thawing with dry ice between 7.8 and 14.9%. The effectiveness of parasite eggs reduction (Ascaris sp., Trichuris sp., Toxocara sp.) for these disintegration methods ranged from 10.7 to 29.3%. The highest results were observed for the hybrid disintegration method (hydrodynamic cavitation + dry ice disintegration) caused by a synergistic effect. Salmonella sp. in 1 gd.w. decrease about 69.7%, E. coli by 70.0%, Clostridium perfringens by 38.4%, and coliphages by 48.2%. Disruption of WAS by a hybrid method led to a reduction in the number of helminth eggs Ascaris sp. (63.8%), Trichuris sp. (64.3%), and Toxocara sp. (66.4%). After anaerobic digestion under mesophilic conditions, an additional reduction of analyzed bacterial pathogens and helminth eggs were observed. The introduction of hybrid disintegrated WAS to the fermentation chamber resulted in higher efficiency in decrease (from 1 to 23%) in comparison to the control sample (70%WAS + 30%DS (inoculum-digested sludge)).
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicja Machnicka
- Faculty of Materials, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Departure of Environmental Protection and Engineering, University of Bielsko-Biala, Willowa 2 Str, 43-309, Bielsko-Biala, Poland
| | - Klaudiusz Grübel
- Faculty of Materials, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Departure of Environmental Protection and Engineering, University of Bielsko-Biala, Willowa 2 Str, 43-309, Bielsko-Biala, Poland.
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Narisetty V, Adlakha N, Kumar Singh N, Dalei SK, Prabhu AA, Nagarajan S, Naresh Kumar A, Amruthraj Nagoth J, Kumar G, Singh V, Kumar V. Integrated biorefineries for repurposing of food wastes into value-added products. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 363:127856. [PMID: 36058538 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2022.127856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Food waste (FW) generated through various scenarios from farm to fork causes serious environmental problems when either incinerated or disposed inappropriately. The presence of significant amounts of carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids enable FW to serve as sustainable and renewable feedstock for the biorefineries. Implementation of multiple substrates and product biorefinery as a platform could pursue an immense potential of reducing costs for bio-based process and improving its commercial viability. The review focuses on conversion of surplus FW into range of value-added products including biosurfactants, biopolymers, diols, and bioenergy. The review includes in-depth description of various types of FW, their chemical and nutrient compositions, current valorization techniques and regulations. Further, it describes limitations of FW as feedstock for biorefineries. In the end, review discuss future scope to provide a clear path for sustainable and net-zero carbon biorefineries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek Narisetty
- Innovation Centre, Moolec Science Pvt. Ltd., Gallow Hill, Warwick CV34 6UW, United Kingdom
| | - Nidhi Adlakha
- Synthetic Biology and Bioprocessing Group, Regional Centre for Biotechnology, NCR-Biotech Cluster, Faridabad, India
| | - Navodit Kumar Singh
- Department of Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New-Delhi 110016, India
| | - Sudipt Kumar Dalei
- Synthetic Biology and Bioprocessing Group, Regional Centre for Biotechnology, NCR-Biotech Cluster, Faridabad, India
| | - Ashish A Prabhu
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology Warangal, Warangal, Telangana 506004, India
| | - Sanjay Nagarajan
- Sustainable Environment Research Centre, University of South Wales, Pontypridd CF37 4BB, United Kingdom
| | - A Naresh Kumar
- Department of Environmental Science and Technology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Joseph Amruthraj Nagoth
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino, Italy
| | - Gopalakrishnan Kumar
- Institute of Chemistry, Bioscience and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Stavanger, Box 8600 Forus, 4036 Stavanger, Norway; School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Vijai Singh
- Department of Biosciences, Indrashil University, Rajpur, Gujarat, India
| | - Vinod Kumar
- School of Water, Energy, and Environment, Cranfield University, Cranfield MK43 0AL, United Kingdom.
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Subirats J, Sharpe H, Topp E. Fate of Clostridia and other spore-forming Firmicute bacteria during feedstock anaerobic digestion and aerobic composting. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2022; 309:114643. [PMID: 35151135 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.114643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Pathogenic spore-forming Firmicutes are commonly present in animal and human wastes that are used as fertilizers in crop production. Pre-treatments of organic waste prior to land application offer the potential to abate enteric microorganisms, and therefore reduce the risk of contamination of crops or adjacent water resources with pathogens carried in these materials. The inactivation and reduction of gram-positive spore formers such as Clostridium spp., Clostridioides spp. and Bacillus spp. from animal and human waste can be challenging given the recalcitrance of the spores these bacteria produce. Given the significance of these organisms to human and animal health, information concerning spore-forming bacteria inactivation during anaerobic digestion (AD) and aerobic composting (AC) is required as the basis for recommending safe organic waste management practices. In this review, an assessment of the inactivation of spore-forming Firmicutes during AD and AC was conducted to provide guidance for practical management of organic matrices of animal or human origin. Temperature and pH may be the main factors contributing to the inactivation of spore-forming Firmicutes during batch lab-scale AD (log reduction <0.5-5 log). In continuous digesters, wet AD systems do not effectively inactivate spore-forming Firmicutes even under thermopholic conditions (log reduction -1.09 - 0.98), but dry AD systems could be a feasible management practice to inactivate spore-forming Firmicutes from organic materials with high solid content (log reduction 1.77-3.1). In contrast, composting is an effective treatment to abate spore-forming Firmicutes (log reduction 1.7-6.5) when thermophilic conditions last at least six consecutive days. Temperature, moisture content and composting scale are the key operating conditions influencing the inactivation of spore-forming Firmicutes during composting. Where possible, undertaking AD with subsequent composting to ensure the biosafety of digestate before its downstream processing and recycling is recommended to abate recalcitrant bacteria in digestate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Subirats
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London Research and Development Centre, London, Ontario, Canada; Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Hannah Sharpe
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London Research and Development Centre, London, Ontario, Canada; Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Edward Topp
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London Research and Development Centre, London, Ontario, Canada; Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.
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Carraturo F, Panico A, Giordano A, Libralato G, Aliberti F, Galdiero E, Guida M. Hygienic assessment of digestate from a high solids anaerobic co-digestion of sewage sludge with biowaste by testing Salmonella Typhimurium, Escherichia coli and SARS-CoV-2. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 206:112585. [PMID: 34922984 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.112585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Anaerobic digestion is a consolidated technology to convert sewage sludge and other organic wastes into biogas and a nutrient-rich fertilizer (i.e. digestate). The origin of sewage sludge does not exclude the potential presence of pathogens (e.g. Salmonella spp. and SARS-CoV-2) in mature digestate that hence could represent a source of sanitary concerns when it is spread on soil for agriculture purpose. Therefore, an experimental study aimed at proving the sanitizing effect of a full scale thermophilic high solids anaerobic digestion process was conducted by monitoring the hygienic characteristics of mature digestate. Although Salmonella spp. was detected in the sewage sludge fed to the full scale plant, the anaerobic digestion treatment demonstrated sanitization capacity since the monitored pathogens were never found in the mature digestate over the entire duration of the monitoring survey. Furthermore, tests on the regrowth of Salmonella Typhimurium and Escherichia coli, artificially inoculated on mature digestate, were also conducted under both anaerobic and aerobic conditions with the aim to assess the effectiveness of mature digestate as microbial growth medium. Concentrations of Salmonella Typhimurium and Escherichia coli were drastically reduced after a short time of incubation under anaerobic process and the two microorganisms already resulted undetectable after 24-48 h, whereas, under aerobic conditions, two microorganisms' concentrations were stably high for longer than 10 days. The combination of no free oxygen, high temperature, anaerobic metabolites (e.g. total ammonium nitrogen, and volatile fatty acids) production, bacteria competition and lack of nutritional elements in mature digestate considerably reduced in 24-48 h the sanitary risks associated to accidently contaminated digestate. Furthermore, a SARS-CoV-2 monitoring survey on mature digestate during 13 months, resulted in the absence of the virus RNA in the analyzed digestate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Carraturo
- Hygiene Laboratories, Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cinthia 21, I, 80126, Naples, Italy
| | - Antonio Panico
- Department of Engineering, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Real Casa dell'Annunziata, via Roma 29, 81031, Aversa, CE, Italy.
| | - Andrea Giordano
- Acqua & Sole srl, Via Giulio Natta, 27010, Vellezzo Bellini, PV, Italy
| | - Giovanni Libralato
- Hygiene Laboratories, Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cinthia 21, I, 80126, Naples, Italy
| | - Francesco Aliberti
- Hygiene Laboratories, Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cinthia 21, I, 80126, Naples, Italy
| | - Emilia Galdiero
- Hygiene Laboratories, Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cinthia 21, I, 80126, Naples, Italy
| | - Marco Guida
- Hygiene Laboratories, Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cinthia 21, I, 80126, Naples, Italy
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Russell L, Whyte P, Zintl A, Gordon SV, Markey B, de Waal T, Nolan S, O'Flaherty V, Abram F, Richards K, Fenton O, Bolton D. The Survival of Salmonella Senftenberg, Escherichia coli O157:H7, Listeria monocytogenes, Enterococcus faecalis and Clostridium sporogenes in Sandy and Clay Loam Textured Soils When Applied in Bovine Slurry or Unpasteurised Digestate and the Run-Off Rate for a Test Bacterium, Listeria innocua, When Applied to Grass in Slurry and Digestate. FRONTIERS IN SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEMS 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fsufs.2022.806920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the survival of Salmonella Senftenberg, Escherichia coli O157:H7, Listeria monocytogenes, Enterococcus faecalis and Clostridium sporogenes in sandy and clay loam textured soils when applied in bovine slurry or unpasteurised digestate, using laboratory based inoculation studies. The run-off rate for a test bacterium, Listeria innocua, when applied to grass in slurry and digestate, was also examined using field studies. Bovine slurry and digestate were inoculated with the target bacteria to a final concentration of 106 log10 cfu/g or spores/g, thoroughly mixed into soil samples and incubated at 4°C or 14°C. Samples were removed periodically and the surviving cells enumerated using AOAC or equivalent methods. The loss of viability/culturability phase followed first order kinetics and T90 values ranged from 11.9 to 166.7 d at 4°C and from 6.0 to 156 d at 14°C. With the exception of E. coli O157:H7 and E. faecalis in sandy loam textured soil at 14°C (T90 values were significantly (P < 0.05) higher in slurry) the type of soil texture or application material (slurry or digestate) did not affect survival rates. In the field study, 12 grass covered micro-plots were prepared. L. innocua was applied in digestate and bovine slurry and rainfall was simulated at a target rate of ~11 mm per plot per h−1. Rainfall simulation (30 min) took place after 24, 48 h, 14 d and 30 d. Run-off samples were tested for the L. innocua strain using Brilliance Listeria agar supplemented with streptomycin sulphate (1,000 μg/ml) at 37°C for 48 h, as were soil samples after 30, 58, 86 and 112 d. Significantly (P < 0.05) lower counts were obtained in the run-off from digestate after 1, 2 and 30 d as compared to slurry. It was concluded that the type of organic fertiliser does not affect the bacterial survival rates in sandy and clay soils, with the exception of E. coli O157:H7 and E. faecalis in sandy loam textured soil at 14°C. Furthermore, bacteria may be retained better in the soil-digestate matrices during rainfall although additional research is required to further validate and provide the scientific basis for this observation.
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Lin M, Wang A, Ren L, Qiao W, Wandera SM, Dong R. Challenges of pathogen inactivation in animal manure through anaerobic digestion: a short review. Bioengineered 2022; 13:1149-1161. [PMID: 35258411 PMCID: PMC8805936 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2021.2017717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Animal manure is the main source of bioenergy production by anaerobic digestion (AD). However, the pathogenic bacteria in manure may pose a high risk to human health by contaminating the environment if not effectively inactivated during AD. Worldwide, more than 20,000 biogas plants are running for the treatment of animal manure. AD has been playing the important role in establishing a circular economy in the agricultural sector and may contribute to the United Nations sustainable development goal (UN SDG). Nevertheless, whether AD is a reliable approach for pathogens inactivation has been challenged. A comprehensive understanding of the coping mechanisms of pathogens with adverse conditions and the challenges of establishing the AD process to inactivate effectively pathogens are yet to be analyzed. In this review, the diversity and resistance of pathogens in animal manure are summarized. The efficiencies and the difficulties of their inactivations in AD are also analyzed. In particular, three forms of pathogens i.e. sporing-forming pathogens, viable but non-culturable (VBNC) pathogens, and persistent pathogens are discussed. The factors influencing the pathogens’ inactivation and AD efficiencies are analyzed. The trade-off between energy production and pathogens inactivation in an AD system was consequently pointed out. This review concluded that the development of anaerobic processes should meet the goals of high efficient bioenergy production and deep hygienization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Lin
- College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Aijie Wang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lijuan Ren
- College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Qiao
- College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Simon Mdondo Wandera
- Department of Civil, Construction & Environmental Engineering, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture & Technology, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Renjie Dong
- College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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10
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Li M, Song G, Liu R, Huang X, Liu H. Inactivation and risk control of pathogenic microorganisms in municipal sludge treatment: A review. FRONTIERS OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & ENGINEERING 2022; 16:70. [PMID: 34608423 PMCID: PMC8482957 DOI: 10.1007/s11783-021-1504-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The rapid global spread of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has promoted concern over human pathogens and their significant threats to public health security. The monitoring and control of human pathogens in public sanitation and health facilities are of great importance. Excessive sludge is an inevitable byproduct of sewage that contains human and animal feces in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). It is an important sink of different pollutants and pathogens, and the proper treatment and disposal of sludge are important to minimize potential risks to the environment and public health. However, there is a lack of comprehensive analysis of the diversity, exposure risks, assessment methods and inactivation techniques of pathogenic microorganisms in sludge. Based on this consideration, this review summarizes the control performance of pathogenic microorganisms such as enterovirus, Salmonella spp., and Escherichia coli by different sludge treatment technologies, including composting, anaerobic digestion, aerobic digestion, and microwave irradiation, and the mechanisms of pathogenic microorganism inactivation in sludge treatment processes are discussed. Additionally, this study reviews the diversity, detection methods, and exposure risks of pathogenic microorganisms in sludge. This review advances the quantitative assessment of pathogenic microorganism risks involved in sludge reuse and is practically valuable to optimize the treatment and disposal of sludge for pathogenic microorganism control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengtian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Ge Song
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Ruiping Liu
- Center for Water and Ecology, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084 China
| | - Xia Huang
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084 China
| | - Huijuan Liu
- Center for Water and Ecology, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084 China
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11
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Exploiting the Nutrient Potential of Anaerobically Digested Sewage Sludge: A Review. ENERGIES 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/en14238149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The world is currently witnessing a rapid increase in sewage sludge (SS) production, due to the increased demand for wastewater treatment. Therefore, SS management is crucial for the economic and environmental sustainability of wastewater treatment plants. The recovery of nutrients from SS has been identified as a fundamental step to enable the transition from a linear to a circular economy, turning SS into an economic and sustainable source of materials. SS is often treated via anaerobic digestion, to pursue energy recovery via biogas generation. Anaerobically digested sewage sludge (ADS) is a valuable source of organic matter and nutrients, and significant advances have been made in recent years in methods and technologies for nutrient recovery from ADS. The purpose of this study is to provide a comprehensive overview, describing the advantages and drawbacks of the available and emerging technologies for recovery of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) from ADS. This work critically reviews the established and novel technologies, which are classified by their ability to recover a specific nutrient (ammonia stripping) or to allow the simultaneous recovery of multiple elements (struvite precipitation, ion exchange, membrane technologies, and thermal treatments). This study compares the described technologies in terms of nutrient recovery efficiency, capital, and operational costs, as well as their feasibility for full-scale application, revealing the current state of the art and future perspectives on this topic.
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12
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Lorine D, Céline D, Caroline LM, Frédéric B, Lorette H, Julie B, Laure M, Christine Z, Typhaine P, Sandra R, Emmanuelle H, Rabab SZ, Jeanne C, Anne-Marie P. Influence of operating conditions on the persistence of E. coli, enterococci, Clostridium perfringens and Clostridioides difficile in semi-continuous mesophilic anaerobic reactors. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2021; 134:32-41. [PMID: 34403994 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2021.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
This study examined the combined effect of hydraulic retention time (HRT), organic loading rate (OLR) and heat pretreatment of manure (70 °C, 1 h) on the fate of E. coli, enterococci, C. perfringens, C. difficile, and on chemical parameters (volatile fatty acids and ammonia) that may inactivate pathogens. Semi-continuous mesophilic anaerobic reactors were fed with pig manure and horse feed. The operating conditions were 2, 3, 4 COD.L-1.d-1 (OLR), 24, 35, 46 days (HRT) and use or not of a thermal pretreatment. The levels of the chemical parameters did not reach concentrations capable of inactivating the four bacteria. Anaerobic digestion led to a Log10 removal > 3 (E. coli), 0.9-2.1 (enterococci), 0.1-0.6 (C. perfringens) and 0-1 (C. difficile). Increasing HRT only reduced the concentration of E. coli in the digestate. Increasing OLR reduced the Log10 removal of enterococci and C. difficile. The heat pretreatment led to non-detection of E. coli in the digestate, reduced the concentration of C. perfringens by 0.8-1.3 Log10 and increased the concentration of C. difficile by 0.04-0.7 Log10. Enterococci, not detected in the heated manure, were present in the digestate. The distribution of genes encoding virulence factors of C. difficile (tcdA and tcdB) and C. perfringens (cpa, cpb2 and cpb) was not impacted by anaerobic digestion or by the heat pretreatment. Enterococci, C. perfringens, C. difficile were present in the digestate at relatively stable concentrations regardless of the operating conditions, indicating that even with heat pretreatment, the biosafety of digestate cannot be guaranteed in mesophilic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derongs Lorine
- INRAE, OPAALE Research Unit, CS 64427, F-35044 Rennes, France
| | - Druilhe Céline
- INRAE, OPAALE Research Unit, CS 64427, F-35044 Rennes, France
| | - Le Maréchal Caroline
- ANSES, Ploufragan-Plouzané Laboratory, Hygiene and Quality of Poultry and Pig Products Unit, BP53, F-22440 Ploufragan, France
| | - Barbut Frédéric
- National Reference Laboratory for Clostridium difficile, Saint-Antoine Hospital, Assistance Publique- Hôpitaux de Paris, 34 rue Crozatier, 75012 Paris, France; UMR INSERM S-1139, Faculté de Pharmacie de Paris, Université de Paris, France
| | | | - Buffet Julie
- INRAE, OPAALE Research Unit, CS 64427, F-35044 Rennes, France
| | - Martin Laure
- ANSES, Ploufragan-Plouzané Laboratory, Hygiene and Quality of Poultry and Pig Products Unit, BP53, F-22440 Ploufragan, France
| | | | - Poezevara Typhaine
- ANSES, Ploufragan-Plouzané Laboratory, Hygiene and Quality of Poultry and Pig Products Unit, BP53, F-22440 Ploufragan, France
| | - Rouxel Sandra
- ANSES, Ploufragan-Plouzané Laboratory, Hygiene and Quality of Poultry and Pig Products Unit, BP53, F-22440 Ploufragan, France
| | - Houard Emmanuelle
- ANSES, Ploufragan-Plouzané Laboratory, Hygiene and Quality of Poultry and Pig Products Unit, BP53, F-22440 Ploufragan, France
| | - Syed Zaidi Rabab
- National Reference Laboratory for Clostridium difficile, Saint-Antoine Hospital, Assistance Publique- Hôpitaux de Paris, 34 rue Crozatier, 75012 Paris, France; UMR INSERM S-1139, Faculté de Pharmacie de Paris, Université de Paris, France
| | - Couturier Jeanne
- National Reference Laboratory for Clostridium difficile, Saint-Antoine Hospital, Assistance Publique- Hôpitaux de Paris, 34 rue Crozatier, 75012 Paris, France; UMR INSERM S-1139, Faculté de Pharmacie de Paris, Université de Paris, France
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13
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Zilio M, Pigoli A, Rizzi B, Geromel G, Meers E, Schoumans O, Giordano A, Adani F. Measuring ammonia and odours emissions during full field digestate use in agriculture. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 782:146882. [PMID: 33848865 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2021] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The use of digestate in agriculture represents an opportunity for reducing the use of synthetic fertilizers while promoting nutrient and organic matter recycling, i.e. contributing to a circular economy. However, some environmental impacts could result from digestate use, with particular reference to N emissions, which can contribute to particulate matter formation in the atmosphere. So, correct digestate spreading methods need to be tested to reduce ammonia emission and, possibly, also to avoid annoyance to the inhabitants. In this work a digestate from organic wastes was used as a fertilizer by its injection at 15 cm, in comparison with a synthetic one (urea) for three consecutive years in open fields, measuring ammonia and odours emission. On average, the ammonia emission from digestate was of 25.6 ± 9.4 kg N Ha-1 (11.6% ± 4 of Total Ammonia Nitrogen - TAN - dosed), while urea emitted 24.8 ± 8.3 kg N Ha-1 (13.4% ± 4.5 of TAN dosed). The injected digestate also emitted less odour than urea (601 ± 531 and 1767 ± 2221 OU m-2 h-1, respectively), being ammonia coming from urea hydrolysis responsible for odour productions. The different N fertilizers did not lead to differences in crop yields, i.e. 18.5 ± 2.9 Mg grain Ha-1 and 17.4 ± 1.2 Mg grain Ha-1 for digestate and urea respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Zilio
- Gruppo Ricicla labs., DiSAA, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 2, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Ambrogio Pigoli
- Gruppo Ricicla labs., DiSAA, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 2, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Bruno Rizzi
- Gruppo Ricicla labs., DiSAA, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 2, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Gabriele Geromel
- Acqua & Sole Srl, Via Giulio Natta, 27010 Vellezzo Bellini (PV), Italy
| | - Erik Meers
- Dept. Green Chemistry & Technology, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Oscar Schoumans
- Wageningen Environmental Research, Wageningen University and Research, PO Box 47, 6700AA Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Andrea Giordano
- Acqua & Sole Srl, Via Giulio Natta, 27010 Vellezzo Bellini (PV), Italy
| | - Fabrizio Adani
- Gruppo Ricicla labs., DiSAA, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 2, 20133 Milan, Italy.
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14
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Jiang F, Wang S, Zhang Y, Ma S, Huang Y, Fan H, Li Q, Wang H, Wang A, Liu H, Cheng L, Deng Y, Fan W. Variation of Metagenome From Feedstock to Digestate in Full-Scale Biogas Plants. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:660225. [PMID: 34122376 PMCID: PMC8193575 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.660225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Anaerobic digestion (AD) has been widely used to resolve the problem of organic wastes worldwide. Previous studies showed that the types of feedstock have a great influence on the AD microbiome, and a huge number of AD populations are migrated from upstream feedstocks. However, the changes of microbial compositions from feedstock to AD digestate are still less understood. We collected feedstock samples from 56 full-scale biogas plants, generated 1,716 Gb feedstock metagenomic data in total, and constructed the first comprehensive microbial gene catalog of feedstock containing 25.2 million genes. Our result indicated that the predominant phyla in feedstock are Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, and Proteobacteria, which is similar to that in AD digestate, and the microbial diversity of feedstock samples is higher than that of AD digestate samples. In addition, the relative abundance of most genes involved in methanogenesis increase from feedstock to AD digestate. Besides, the amount of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) and pathogenic bacteria in AD are effectively reduced compared to feedstocks. This study provides a comprehensive microbial gene catalog of feedstock, and deepens the understanding of variation of microbial communities from feedstock to AD digestate of full-scale AD. The results also suggest the potential of AD to reduce the level of ARGs and pathogens in animal manure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Jiang
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture (Shenzhen Branch), Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Sen Wang
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture (Shenzhen Branch), Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture (Shenzhen Branch), Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Shichun Ma
- Biogas Institute of Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs, Chengdu, China
- Laboratory of Development and Application of Rural Renewable Energy, Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs, Chengdu, China
| | - Yan Huang
- Biogas Institute of Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs, Chengdu, China
- Laboratory of Development and Application of Rural Renewable Energy, Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs, Chengdu, China
| | - Hui Fan
- Biogas Institute of Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs, Chengdu, China
- Laboratory of Development and Application of Rural Renewable Energy, Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs, Chengdu, China
| | - Qiang Li
- Biogas Institute of Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs, Chengdu, China
- Laboratory of Development and Application of Rural Renewable Energy, Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs, Chengdu, China
| | - Hengchao Wang
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture (Shenzhen Branch), Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Anqi Wang
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture (Shenzhen Branch), Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Hangwei Liu
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture (Shenzhen Branch), Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Lei Cheng
- Biogas Institute of Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs, Chengdu, China
- Laboratory of Development and Application of Rural Renewable Energy, Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs, Chengdu, China
| | - Yu Deng
- Biogas Institute of Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs, Chengdu, China
- Laboratory of Development and Application of Rural Renewable Energy, Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs, Chengdu, China
| | - Wei Fan
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture (Shenzhen Branch), Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, China
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15
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Arias DE, Veluchamy C, Habash MB, Gilroyed BH. Biogas production, waste stabilization efficiency, and hygienization potential of a mesophilic anaerobic plug flow reactor processing swine manure and corn stover. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2021; 284:112027. [PMID: 33516982 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.112027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Swine manure and corn stover are abundant agricultural wastes which contribute to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, nutrient runoff leading to eutrophication, and a biosafety risk with respect to improper swine manure handling. Anaerobic co-digestion (AcoD) of swine manure and corn stover can mitigate these negative impacts while producing biogas as a renewable energy source. Semi-continuous mesophilic plug flow reactor (PFR operation) was studied during a step-wise increase in organic loading rate (OLR) over the range of 0.25-4.7 kg volatile solids added (VS) m-3 d-1, which corresponded to total solids content (TS) of 1.5-9.0%. Process stability was observed at all OLR, with the highest total biogas yield and methane content of 0.674 ± 0.06 m-3 kg-1 and 62%, respectively, at 0.25 kg m-3 d-1. As OLR and TS increased, VS reduction decreased and volatile fatty acids (VFA) increased due to shorter hydraulic retention times (HRT). Hygienization potential was assayed using fecal indicator bacteria (FIB), with some groups being reduced (E. coli, fecal coliforms) and others not (Clostridia spp., fecal enterococci). Lignocellulolytic enzyme activity trended upward as OLR was increased, highlighting changes in microbial activity in response to feeding rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel E Arias
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, Ridgetown Campus, Ridgetown, N0P 2C0, Canada
| | - Chitraichamy Veluchamy
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, Ridgetown Campus, Ridgetown, N0P 2C0, Canada; Centre for Agricultural Renewable Energy and Sustainability, University of Guelph, Ridgetown Campus, Ridgetown, N0P 2C0, Canada.
| | - Marc B Habash
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Brandon H Gilroyed
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, Ridgetown Campus, Ridgetown, N0P 2C0, Canada; Centre for Agricultural Renewable Energy and Sustainability, University of Guelph, Ridgetown Campus, Ridgetown, N0P 2C0, Canada
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16
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Pigoli A, Zilio M, Tambone F, Mazzini S, Schepis M, Meers E, Schoumans O, Giordano A, Adani F. Thermophilic anaerobic digestion as suitable bioprocess producing organic and chemical renewable fertilizers: A full-scale approach. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2021; 124:356-367. [PMID: 33662767 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2021.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
This work reports a full-scale study in which organic wastes were transformed by high-solid thermophilic anaerobic digestion (HSAD), into N fertilizers and organic fertilizers, i.e. digestate. The produced fertilizers were characterized over 42 months and their properties were discussed in comparisons with literature data. HSAD coupled with N stripping technology led to ammonia sulphate production having high N concentration (74 ± 2 g kg-1 wet weight), neutral pH (6.8 ± 1.3) and low traces of other elements. Digestate showed both higher carbon (C) content (314 ± 30 g kg-1 on dry matter (DM) and biological stability than green composts, indicating good amendment properties. Digestate was also interesting for its N (77 ± 3.7 g kg-1 dry matter - DM) content, half of it in the ammonia form, and P content (28 ± 4.1 g kg-1 DM) that was 43% readily available as soluble P-orthophosphate. K content was low (6.5 ± 1.3 g kg-1 DM), indicating poor fertilizing ability of digestate for this element. All organic pollutants investigated were much lower than the limits required for agricultural use and levels of some of them were lower than the content revealed for other organic matrices such as agricultural and energy crop digestates and compost. Emerging pollutants (i.e., pharmaceuticals) were tested as markers and they were found to be below the detection limit (<0.01 mg kg-1 DM) indicating very low content. The results obtained showed that HSAD coupled with N stripping allowed transforming sewage sludge into fertilizers and soil improvers exploitable in agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ambrogio Pigoli
- Gruppo Ricicla labs. - DiSAA - Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 2, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Massimo Zilio
- Gruppo Ricicla labs. - DiSAA - Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 2, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Fulvia Tambone
- Gruppo Ricicla labs. - DiSAA - Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 2, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Stefania Mazzini
- DEFENS - Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 2, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Micol Schepis
- Acqua & Sole Srl - Via Giulio Natta, 27010 Vellezzo Bellini (PV), Italy
| | - Erik Meers
- Dept. Green Chemistry & Technology, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Oscar Schoumans
- Wageningen Environmental Research, Wageningen University and Research, PO Box 47, 6700AA Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Andrea Giordano
- Acqua & Sole Srl - Via Giulio Natta, 27010 Vellezzo Bellini (PV), Italy
| | - Fabrizio Adani
- Gruppo Ricicla labs. - DiSAA - Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 2, 20133 Milan, Italy.
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17
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Thakali A, MacRae JD. A review of chemical and microbial contamination in food: What are the threats to a circular food system? ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 194:110635. [PMID: 33347866 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.110635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A circular food system is one in which food waste is processed to recover plant nutrients and returned to the soil to enable the production of more food, rather than being diverted to landfill or incineration. The approach may be used to reduce energy and water use in food production and contribute to the sustainability of the system. Anaerobic digestion and composting are common food waste treatment technologies used to stabilize waste and produce residual materials that can replenish the soil, thus contributing to a circular food system. This approach can only be deemed safe and feasible, however, if food waste is uncontaminated or any contaminants are destroyed during treatment. This review brings together information on several contaminant classes at different stages of the food supply chain, their possible sources, and their fates during composting and digestion. The main aim is to identify factors that could impede the transition towards a safe, reliable and efficient circular food system. We investigated heavy metals, halogenated organic compounds, foodborne pathogens and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in the food system and their fates during digestion and composting. Production and processing stages were identified as major entry points for these classes of contaminants. Heavy metals and foodborne pathogens pose less risk in a circular system than halogenated organics or antibiotic resistance. Given the diversity of properties among halogenated organic compounds, there is conflicting evidence about their fate during treatment. There are relatively few studies on the fate of ARGs during treatment, and these have produced variable results, indicating a need for more research to clarify their fate in the final products. Repeated land application of contaminated food waste residuals can increase the risk of accumulation and jeopardize the safety of a circular food system. Thus, careful management of the system and research into the fate of the contaminants during treatment is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astha Thakali
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Maine, 5711 Boardman Hall, Orono, ME, 04469, USA.
| | - Jean D MacRae
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Maine, 5711 Boardman Hall, Orono, ME, 04469, USA.
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18
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Márquez P, Benítez A, Caballero Á, Siles JA, Martín MA. Integral evaluation of granular activated carbon at four stages of a full-scale WWTP deodorization system. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 754:142237. [PMID: 33254922 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Odor emissions from wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) have always been a public concern. In this work, the physico-chemical, olfactometric and textural characterization of granular active carbon (GAC) used by an urban WWTP as a deodorization system, as well as the chromatographic quantification of the retained odoriferous compounds, have been carried out. These techniques have allowed an integral evaluation of the contaminated GAC and the characterization of the retained gaseous emission from four different stages of the wastewater treatment (pretreatment header: GAC-1; sand and fat removal: GAC-2; sludge thickening: GAC-3; sludge dehydration: GAC-4). A larger amount and variety of retained odoriferous compounds were found in GAC samples from the wastewater line deodorization (GAC-1 and GAC-2) after the same operation time (one year), GAC-1 being the adsorbent bed that retained the highest mass of volatile compounds (approximately 150μg/g GAC). Furthermore, some variables such as the removed specific odor concentration and free micropore volume were inversely correlated (R2=0.9945). The analysis of odor contribution showed that sulfur-containing compounds were the major odor contributors (61-97%). However, hydrogen sulfide cannot be considered a key odorant in this particular WWTP, since the elimination of this compound does not reduce the significant contribution of other (organic) sulfur compounds to the global odor (especially dimethyl disulfide). Consequently, multi-technical analysis might be a suitable alternative to better understand odor removal by GAC adsorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Márquez
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Area of Chemical Engineering, University of Cordoba, Campus Universitario de Rabanales, Carretera N-IV, km 396, Edificio Marie Curie, 14071 Córdoba, Spain
| | - A Benítez
- Dpto. Química Inorgánica e Ingeniería Química, Instituto Universitario de Nanoquímica, Universidad de Córdoba, 14071 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Á Caballero
- Dpto. Química Inorgánica e Ingeniería Química, Instituto Universitario de Nanoquímica, Universidad de Córdoba, 14071 Córdoba, Spain
| | - J A Siles
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Area of Chemical Engineering, University of Cordoba, Campus Universitario de Rabanales, Carretera N-IV, km 396, Edificio Marie Curie, 14071 Córdoba, Spain
| | - M A Martín
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Area of Chemical Engineering, University of Cordoba, Campus Universitario de Rabanales, Carretera N-IV, km 396, Edificio Marie Curie, 14071 Córdoba, Spain.
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Márquez P, Benítez A, Hidalgo-Carrillo J, Urbano F, Caballero Á, Siles J, Martín M. Simple and eco-friendly thermal regeneration of granular activated carbon from the odour control system of a full-scale WWTP: Study of the process in oxidizing atmosphere. Sep Purif Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2020.117782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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20
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Mazzeo DEC, Misovic A, Oliveira FA, Levy CE, Oehlmann J, de Marchi MRR. Effects of biostimulation by sugarcane bagasse and coffee grounds on sewage sludges, focusing agricultural use: Microbial characterization, respirometric assessment and toxicity reduction. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2020; 118:110-121. [PMID: 32892088 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2020.08.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Sewage sludge (SS) exhibits a relevant agronomic potential due to the high content of organic matter and nutrients. However, the presence of several toxic substances can prevent its agricultural application. This study evaluated if the incorporation of stimulating agents (coffee grounds and sugarcane bagasse) could contribute to an effective increase of the SS biodegradability in order to decrease its toxicity. The samples were prepared mixing aerobic or anaerobic sludge with soil, soil and bagasse, and soil and coffee grounds. Respirometric tests showed that stimulating agents enhanced the CO2 production. However, in terms of biodegradation efficiency, more satisfactory results were verified for the anaerobic SS, especially when mixed with coffee grounds. The biodegradation also favored the SS sanitization, eliminating the Enterobacteria. For baseline toxicity (Microtox with Aliivibrio fischeri) and phytotoxicity (Lactuca sativa), all the initial samples showed higher effects. Nevertheless, after the biodegradation, this toxicity was significantly decreased and the best results were obtained for the mixtures containing only soil and sludge. For the AREc32 assay (NRF2 mediated oxidative stress response), although a very weak response was observed, this effect was attenuated for the aerobic SS or completely eliminated for the anaerobic SS after the biodegradation. Thus, even though the use of biostimulation agents during the biodegradation led to an enhancement of microbial respiration, their incorporation to the samples do not seem to interfere in the decrease of the toxic potential of the studied SSs. However, the SS biodegradation in aerobiosis was crucial for toxicity reduction and to accelerate its maturity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrea Misovic
- Department Aquatic Ecotoxicology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Flávio Andrade Oliveira
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas - UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Carlos Emílio Levy
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas - UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Jörg Oehlmann
- Department Aquatic Ecotoxicology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Mary Rosa Rodrigues de Marchi
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
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Russell L, Whyte P, Zintl A, Gordon S, Markey B, de Waal T, Cummins E, Nolan S, O’Flaherty V, Abram F, Richards K, Fenton O, Bolton D. A Small Study of Bacterial Contamination of Anaerobic Digestion Materials and Survival in Different Feed Stocks. Bioengineering (Basel) 2020; 7:bioengineering7030116. [PMID: 32972002 PMCID: PMC7552645 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering7030116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
If pathogens are present in feedstock materials and survive in anaerobic digestion (AD) formulations at 37 °C, they may also survive the AD process to be disseminated in digestate spread on farmland as a fertilizer. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of Salmonella spp., Escherichia coli O157, Listeria monocytogenes, Enterococcus faecalis and Clostridium spp. in AD feed and output materials and survival/growth in four formulations based on food waste, bovine slurry and/or grease-trap waste using International Organization for Standardization (ISO) or equivalent methods. The latter was undertaken in 100 mL Ramboldi tubes, incubated at 37 °C for 10 d with surviving cells enumerated periodically and the T90 values (time to achieve a 1 log reduction) calculated. The prevalence rates for Salmonella spp., Escherichia coli O157, Listeria monocytogenes, Enterococcus faecalis and Clostridium spp. were 3, 0, 5, 11 and 10/13 in food waste, 0, 0, 2, 3 and 2/3 in bovine slurry, 1, 0, 8, 7 and 8/8 in the mixing tank, 5, 1, 17, 18 and 17 /19 in raw digestate and 0, 0, 0, 2 and 2/2 in dried digestate, respectively. Depending on the formulation, T90 values ranged from 1.5 to 2.8 d, 1.6 to 2.8 d, 3.1 to 23.5 d, 2.2 to 6.6 d and 2.4 to 9.1 d for Salmonella Newport, Escherichia coli O157, Listeria monocytogenes, Enterococcus faecalis and Clostridium sporogenes, respectively. It was concluded that AD feed materials may be contaminated with a range of bacterial pathogens and L. monocytogenes may survive for extended periods in the test formulations incubated at 37 °C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Russell
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Ashtown, Dublin 15, Ireland;
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland; (P.W.); (A.Z.); (S.G.); (B.M.); (T.d.W.)
| | - Paul Whyte
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland; (P.W.); (A.Z.); (S.G.); (B.M.); (T.d.W.)
| | - Annetta Zintl
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland; (P.W.); (A.Z.); (S.G.); (B.M.); (T.d.W.)
| | - Stephen Gordon
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland; (P.W.); (A.Z.); (S.G.); (B.M.); (T.d.W.)
| | - Bryan Markey
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland; (P.W.); (A.Z.); (S.G.); (B.M.); (T.d.W.)
| | - Theo de Waal
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland; (P.W.); (A.Z.); (S.G.); (B.M.); (T.d.W.)
| | - Enda Cummins
- School of Biosystems and Food Engineering, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland;
| | - Stephen Nolan
- School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland; (S.N.); (V.O.); (F.A.)
| | - Vincent O’Flaherty
- School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland; (S.N.); (V.O.); (F.A.)
| | - Florence Abram
- School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland; (S.N.); (V.O.); (F.A.)
| | - Karl Richards
- Teagasc Environmental Research Centres, Johnstown Castle, Wexford, Ireland; (K.R.); (O.F.)
| | - Owen Fenton
- Teagasc Environmental Research Centres, Johnstown Castle, Wexford, Ireland; (K.R.); (O.F.)
| | - Declan Bolton
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Ashtown, Dublin 15, Ireland;
- Correspondence:
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Characterization of Clostridium Perfringens Isolates Collected from Three Agricultural Biogas Plants over a One-Year Period. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17155450. [PMID: 32751104 PMCID: PMC7432756 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17155450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Digestate produced by agricultural biogas plants (BGPs) may contain pathogenic bacteria. Among them, Clostridium perfringens deserves particular attention due to its ability to grow under anaerobic conditions and persist in amended soil. The aim of this study was to examine the potential pathogenicity and the antimicrobial resistance of C. perfringens in manure and digestate collected from three agricultural biogas plants (BGPs). A total of 157 isolates (92 from manure, 65 from digestate) were screened for genes encoding seven toxins (cpa, cpb, etx, iapcpe, netB, and cpb2). The 138 cpa positive isolates were then screened for tetA(P), tetB(P), tet(M), and erm(Q) genes and tested for antimicrobial susceptibility. The toxinotypes identified in both manure and digestate were type A (78.3% of the isolates), type G (16.7%), type C (3.6%), and type D (1.4%), whereas none of the isolates were type F. Moreover, half of the isolates carried the cpb2 gene. The overall prevalence of tetA(P) gene alone, tetA(P)-tetB(P) genes, and erm(Q) gene was 31.9, 34.8, and 6.5%, respectively. None of the isolates harbored the tet(M) gene. Multiple antimicrobial resistant isolates were found in samples that were collected from all the manure and digestates. Among them, 12.3% were highly resistant to some of the antibiotics tested, especially to clindamycin (MIC ≥ 16 µg/mL) and tilmicosin (MIC > 64 µg/mL). Some isolates were highly resistant to antibiotics used in human medicine, including vancomycin (MIC > 8 µg/mL) and imipenem (MIC > 64 µg/mL). These results suggest that digestate may be a carrier of the virulent and multidrug resistant C. perfringens.
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The Impact of Technological Processes on Odorant Emissions at Municipal Waste Biogas Plants. SUSTAINABILITY 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/su12135457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Municipal waste treatment is inherently associated with odour emissions. The compounds characteristic of the processes used for this purpose, and at the same time causing a negative olfactory sensation, are organic and inorganic sulphur and nitrogen compounds. The tests were carried out at the waste management plant, which in the biological part, uses the methane fermentation process and is also equipped with an installation for the collection, treatment, and energetic use of biogas. The tests include measurements of the four odorant concentrations and emissions, i.e., volatile organic compounds (VOCs), ammonia (NH3), hydrogen sulphide (H2S), and methanethiol (CH3SH). Measurements were made using a MultiRae Pro portable gas detector sensor. The tests were carried out in ten series for twenty measurement points in each series. The results show a significant impact of technological processes on odorant emissions. The types of waste going to the plant are also important in shaping this emission. On the one hand, it relates to the waste collection system and, on the other hand, the season of year. In addition, it has been proved that the detector used during the research is a valuable tool enabling the control of technological processes in municipal waste processing plants.
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Giuseppe M, Emanuele C, Rita P, Roberta S, Biagio P. Performance evaluation of digestate spreading machines in vineyards and citrus orchards: preliminary trials. Heliyon 2020; 6:e04257. [PMID: 32613124 PMCID: PMC7322122 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2019] [Revised: 03/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
This research was carried out to evaluate a local biogas plant's solid fraction digestate spreading in a citrus orchard and vineyard. Three spreaders were tested: a broadcast manure spreader in the citrus orchard, and two cylindrical-shaped spreaders in the vineyard; the first one working in broadcast configuration, the second one in localised configuration. Experimental tests assessed effective work time, mean work speed, digestate flow rate and longitudinal and transverse spreading uniformity. In the citrus orchard, the digestate was mainly spread in the centre of the inter-row (around 66%), with low variability between inter-rows (coefficient of variation (CV) equal to 2.7%) and much higher variability within inter-rows (CV = 31.4%). The effective work time was about 28% of total field time and real work capacity was about 0.96 ha h−1. In the vineyard, broadcast spreading released more on the right compared to the left (ratio 1.74) due to distributor disc rotation, whereas localised spreading was more uniform. Overall, variability between inter-rows had CV = 15.1% and within inter-rows CV = 33.3%. Real work capacity was about 0.16 ha h−1 for broadcast spreading and 0.26 ha h−1 for localised spreading. A preliminary economic evaluation, based on sub-contractor tariffs, produced the mean tariff for transaction and spreading costs of digestate in farms near the biogas plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manetto Giuseppe
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment (Di3A), Section of Mechanics and Mechanisation, University of Catania, via Santa Sofia, 100, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Cerruto Emanuele
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment (Di3A), Section of Mechanics and Mechanisation, University of Catania, via Santa Sofia, 100, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Papa Rita
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment (Di3A), Section of Mechanics and Mechanisation, University of Catania, via Santa Sofia, 100, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Selvaggi Roberta
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment (Di3A), Section of Agricultural Economics and Valuation, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia, 100, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Pecorino Biagio
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment (Di3A), Section of Agricultural Economics and Valuation, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia, 100, 95123 Catania, Italy
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Manure-borne pathogens as an important source of water contamination: An update on the dynamics of pathogen survival/transport as well as practical risk mitigation strategies. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2020; 227:113524. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2020.113524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Revised: 03/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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26
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Arias DE, Veluchamy C, Dunfield KE, Habash MB, Gilroyed BH. Hygienization and microbial metabolic adaptation during anaerobic co-digestion of swine manure and corn stover. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2020; 306:123168. [PMID: 32192959 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2020.123168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This study assessed the effect of different swine manure (SM)/corn stover (CS) mixtures based on total solids (TS) content with respect to hygienization, microbial community dynamics and methane yields on batch anaerobic co-digestion performance. Different ratios of SM and CS with TS content between 0.69 and 6% digested at 75 d revealed SM had the greatest methane yield at 403.9 mL g-1 volatile solids added (VS) and 86.31% VS reduction. BIOLOG AN microplates and lignocellulolytic enzyme assays proved to be rapid tools for characterizing microbial community metabolism as noted by the different carbon source utilization patterns between TS loadings. Hygienization of fecal indicator bacteria groups was achieved with some (E. coli) but not all groups (Clostridia spp.). The results showed that colorimetric biochemical assays and culture-based techniques can rapidly assess microbial community dynamics during co-digestion, and that TS- in the form of lignocellulosic biomass- influences microbial metabolic activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel E Arias
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph Ridgetown Campus, Ridgetown N0P 2C0, Canada
| | - Chitraichamy Veluchamy
- Centre for Agricultural Renewable Energy and Sustainability, University of Guelph Ridgetown Campus, Ridgetown N0P 2C0, Canada.
| | - Kari E Dunfield
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Marc B Habash
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Brandon H Gilroyed
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph Ridgetown Campus, Ridgetown N0P 2C0, Canada; Centre for Agricultural Renewable Energy and Sustainability, University of Guelph Ridgetown Campus, Ridgetown N0P 2C0, Canada
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27
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Fontana A, Soldano M, Bellassi P, Fabbri C, Gallucci F, Morelli L, Cappa F. Dynamics of Clostridium genus and hard-cheese spoiling Clostridium species in anaerobic digesters treating agricultural biomass. AMB Express 2020; 10:102. [PMID: 32488433 PMCID: PMC7266885 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-020-01040-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Biogas plants are a widespread renewable energy technology. However, the use of digestate for agronomic purposes has often been a matter of concern. It is controversial whether biogas plants might harbor some pathogenic clostridial species, which represent a biological risk. Moreover, the inhabitance of Clostridium hard-cheese spoiling species in anaerobic digesters can be problematic for hard-cheese manufacturing industries, due to the issue of cheese blowing defects. This study investigated the effect of mesophilic anaerobic digestion processes on the Clostridium consortia distribution over time. Specifically, three lab-scale CSTRs treating agricultural biomass were characterized by considering both the whole microbial community and the cultivable clostridial spores. It is assessed an overall reduction of the Clostridium genus during the anaerobic digestion process. Moreover, it was evidenced a slight, but steady decrease of the cultivable clostridial spores, mainly represented by two pathogenic species, C. perfringens and C. bifermentans, and one hard-cheese spoiling species, C. butyricum. Thus, it is revealed an overall reduction of the clostridial population abundance after the mesophilic anaerobic digestion treatment of agricultural biomass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Fontana
- Department for Sustainable Food Process - DiSTAS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Via Emilia Parmense, 84, 29122, Piacenza, Italy.
| | - Mariangela Soldano
- Centro Ricerche Produzioni Animali - C.R.P.A. S.p.A., Viale Timavo, 43/2, 42121, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Paolo Bellassi
- Department for Sustainable Food Process - DiSTAS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Via Emilia Parmense, 84, 29122, Piacenza, Italy
| | - Claudio Fabbri
- Centro Ricerche Produzioni Animali - C.R.P.A. S.p.A., Viale Timavo, 43/2, 42121, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Francesco Gallucci
- Consiglio per la ricerca in agricoltura e l'analisi dell'economia agraria - CREA, Via della Pascolare, 16, Monterotondo, 00015, Rome, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Morelli
- Department for Sustainable Food Process - DiSTAS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Via Emilia Parmense, 84, 29122, Piacenza, Italy
- Centro Ricerche Biotecnologiche, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Via Milano, 24, 26100, Cremona, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Cappa
- Department for Sustainable Food Process - DiSTAS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Via Emilia Parmense, 84, 29122, Piacenza, Italy
- Centro Ricerche Biotecnologiche, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Via Milano, 24, 26100, Cremona, Italy
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28
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Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of the Crude Extracts of Raw and Fermented Tomato Pomace and Their Correlations with Aglycate-Polyphenols. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9020179. [PMID: 32098217 PMCID: PMC7070286 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9020179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Two tomato pomace (TP) were studied as feedstocks to obtain extracts that are rich in polyphenols. TPs prompt degradation impairs biomass safety, thus naturally present microflora were tested to perform conservation, and own lactic bacteria became predominant after 60 days of treatment. The extracts of TPs and TPs fermented (TPF) were chemically characterized and tested for antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. Flavonoids and phenolic acids were classed as aglycone-polyphenols (A-PP), the most bioactive polyphenol fraction. Fermentation led to a reduction of the A-PP amount, but no significant change in composition. Antioxidant power increased, despite the A-PP reduction, for the presence of fermentation metabolites having aromatic-substituent. TP and TPF both have anti-inflammatory properties that were strictly dependent upon the A-PP content. Fermentation preserved the anti-inflammatory activity and the Partial Least Square (PLS) identified as the most active molecules naringenin chalcone, kaempferol, gallic acid, and cinnamic acid, together with the definition of the active dose.
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29
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Zilio M, Orzi V, Chiodini ME, Riva C, Acutis M, Boccasile G, Adani F. Evaluation of ammonia and odour emissions from animal slurry and digestate storage in the Po Valley (Italy). WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2020; 103:296-304. [PMID: 31911376 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2019.12.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Revised: 12/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/25/2019] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Ammonia and odour emissions from one lagoon (Lagoon 1: pig slurry) and three tanks (Tank 2: cow slurry; Tank 3: digestate from pig slurry and energy crops; Tank 4: digestate from pig and cow slurries plus energy crop) used for slurry storage were sampled for two years (2015-2017) in livestock farms that differed for animal breeding and manure management (anaerobic digestion). On average, the ammonia emission rate (AER) was higher for Tank 3 (AER of 30.68 ± 28.1 g N-NH3 m-2 d-1) than for Lagoon 1 and Tank 2 and 4, i.e. 9.29 ± 14.89 gN-NH3 m-2 d-1, 9.38 ± 13.75 g N-NH3 m-2 d-1, 15.74 ± 21.91 g N-NH3 m-2 d-1, respectively. PLS regression analysis (R2 = 0.544; R2Adj. = 0.484) indicated that temperature was the main predictor of ammonia emitted, followed by concentration in the slurry of total ammonia and the relative percentage of volatile solids (VS). On the other hand, PLS analysis (R2 = 0.529, R2adj. = 0.417) indicated that odour emissions from animal slurry storages depended similarly upon total solids and VS (both referred to fresh weight) slurry contents, TAN/TKN ratio and degrees of biological stability (measured by anaerobic biogas potential - ABP), resulting in the Specific Odours Emission Rates (SOER) of 12,124 ± 7,914 and 35,207 ± 41,706 OUE m-2 h-1, 65,430 ± 45,360 and 43,971 ± 53,350 OUE m-2 h-1, for Lagoon 1 and Tanks 2, 3 and 4. These results suggest covering the tanks to limit both ammonia and odour emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Zilio
- Gruppo Ricicla, Lab., Agricoltura e Ambiente, DiSAA, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 2, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - V Orzi
- Gruppo Ricicla, Lab., Agricoltura e Ambiente, DiSAA, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 2, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - M E Chiodini
- DiSAA, sez. Agronomia, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 2, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - C Riva
- Gruppo Ricicla, Lab., Agricoltura e Ambiente, DiSAA, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 2, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - M Acutis
- DiSAA, sez. Agronomia, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 2, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - G Boccasile
- DG Agricoltura, Regione Lombardia, Piazza Lombardia, Milano, Italy
| | - F Adani
- Gruppo Ricicla, Lab., Agricoltura e Ambiente, DiSAA, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 2, 20133 Milano, Italy.
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30
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Odour Emissions of Municipal Waste Biogas Plants—Impact of Technological Factors, Air Temperature and Humidity. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app10031093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Biogas plants processing municipal waste are an important part of a circular economy (energy generation from biogas and organic fertiliser production for the treatment of selectively collected biowaste). However, the technological processes taking place may be associated with odour nuisance. The paper presents the results of pilot research conducted at six municipal waste biogas plants in Poland. It shows the relations between odour intensity and concentration and the occurring meteorological and ambient conditions (air temperature and relative humidity) and technological factors at biogas plants processing municipal waste. The impact of meteorological and ambient conditions was identified by measuring air temperature and relative humidity and observing their changes. The impact of technological factors was identified by measuring odorant concentration (volatile organic compounds and ammonia) and observing their changes between individual measurement series. At most analysed biogas plants, the influence of technological factors on odour emissions took place and was clearly noted. The elements of biogas installations characterised by the highest concentration of these odorants were indicated. Special attention should be paid to the choice of technological solutions and technical and organisational measures to reduce the impact of unfavourable atmospheric conditions on odour emissions.
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31
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Pathogen Reduction Potential in Anaerobic Digestion of Organic Fraction of Municipal Solid Waste and Food Waste. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25020275. [PMID: 31936589 PMCID: PMC7024283 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25020275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Anaerobic digestion (AD) is a commonly used method of processing waste. Regardless of the type of the used digestate (fertilizer, feedstock in case of solid-state fermentation, raw-material in case of thermal treatment) effective pathogen risk elimination, even in the case of high pathogen concentration is essential. An investigation of the survival time and inactivation rate of the Salmonella Senftenberg W775, Enterococcus spp., and Ascaris suum eggs during thermophilic anaerobic digestion performed on laboratory scale and confirmation of hygienization in full-scale operation were performed in this study. Except for sanitization efficiency, the AD process performance and stability were also verified based on determination of pH value, dry matter content, acidity, alkalinity, and content of fatty acids. The elimination of pathogen was met within 6.06 h, 5.5 h, and about 10 h for the Salmonella Senftenberg W775, Enterococcus spp., and Ascaris suum, respectively in the laboratory trials. The obtained results were confirmed in full-scale tests, using 1500 m3 Kompogas® reactors, operating in MBT Plant located in Poland. Sanitization of the digestate was achieved. Furthermore, the process was stable. The pH value, suspended solids, and ammonium content remained stable at 8.5, 35%, and 3.8 g/kg, respectively. The acetic acid content was noted between almost 0.8 and over 1.1 g/kg, while the concentration of propionic acid was noted at maximum level of about 100 mg/kg. The AD conditions could positively affect the pathogen elimination. Based on these results it can be found that anaerobic digestion under thermophilic conditions results in high sanitation efficiency.
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32
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Ammonium Sulphate from a Bio-Refinery System as a Fertilizer—Agronomic and Economic Effectiveness on the Farm Scale. ENERGIES 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/en12244721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This paper presents the results of a pot experiment aimed at the assessment of the agronomic and economic effectiveness of ammonium sulphate from an agro bio-refinery (Bio-AS). The Bio-AS was obtained by means of the ammonia stripping process from effluent after struvite precipitation from a liquid fraction of digestate. The agronomic effectiveness of Bio-AS in a pot experiment with maize and grass in two different soils, silty loam (SL) and loamy sand (LS), was investigated. The fertilising effect of Bio-AS was compared to commercial ammonium sulphate fertilizer (Com-AS) and control treatment (without fertilisation). The crop yields were found to depend on both soil type and nitrogen treatment. Crop yields produced under Bio-AS and Com-AS exceeded those under control treatments, respectively for SL and LS soils, by 88% and 125% for maize and 73% and 94% for grass. Crop yields under Bio-AS were similar to those under the Com-AS treatment. The fertilizer use of Bio-AS affected the chemical composition of plants and soil properties similarly as Com-AS. This suggests that Bio-AS from a bio-refinery can replace industrial ammonium sulphate, resulting in both economic and environmental benefits.
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Le Maréchal C, Druilhe C, Repérant E, Boscher E, Rouxel S, Le Roux S, Poëzévara T, Ziebal C, Houdayer C, Nagard B, Barbut F, Pourcher AM, Denis M. Evaluation of the occurrence of sporulating and nonsporulating pathogenic bacteria in manure and in digestate of five agricultural biogas plants. Microbiologyopen 2019; 8:e872. [PMID: 31568706 PMCID: PMC6813454 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Revised: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The number of agricultural biogas plants has been increasing in the past decades in some European countries. Digestates obtained after anaerobic digestion (AD) of manure are usually spread on agricultural land; however, their hygiene status regarding pathogens posing public health and/or animal health challenges has been poorly characterized up to now in France. In this study, three replicates of manure and digestate were collected from five farm biogas plants receiving animal manure in order to assess the occurrence and concentrations of sporulating (Clostridium botulinum, Clostridioides difficile, Clostridium perfringens) and nonsporulating (Listeria monocytogenes, thermotolerant Campylobacter spp., Salmonella, Escherichia coli, enterococci) bacteria. Concentrations of E. coli, enterococci, and C. perfringens in digestates ranged from 102 to 104, 104 to 105, and <103 to 7 × 105 CFU/g, respectively. Salmonella and C. difficile were detected in manure and digestate from the five biogas plants at concentrations ranging from <1.3 to >7 × 102 MPN/g and from 1.3 to 3 × 102 MPN/g, respectively. Thermotolerant Campylobacter, detected in all the manures, was only found in two digestates at a concentration of cells ranging from <10 to 2.6 × 102 CFU/g. Listeria monocytogenes and C. botulinum were detected in three manures and four digestates. The bacterial counts of L. monocytogenes and C. botulinum did not exceed 3 × 102 and 14 MPN/g, respectively. C. botulinum type B was detected at very low level in both the manure and digestate of farm biogas plants with no botulism history. The levels of pathogenic bacteria in both manure and digestate suggested that some bacteria can persist throughout AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Le Maréchal
- ANSES, Ploufragan-Plouzané Laboratory, Hygiene and Quality of Poultry and Pig Products Unit, Bretagne-Loire University, Ploufragan, France
| | - Céline Druilhe
- OPAALE Research Unit (Optimization of Processes in Agriculture, Agri-Food and Environment), IRSTEA, Bretagne-Loire University, Rennes, France
| | - Elisabeth Repérant
- ANSES, Ploufragan-Plouzané Laboratory, Hygiene and Quality of Poultry and Pig Products Unit, Bretagne-Loire University, Ploufragan, France
| | - Evelyne Boscher
- ANSES, Ploufragan-Plouzané Laboratory, Hygiene and Quality of Poultry and Pig Products Unit, Bretagne-Loire University, Ploufragan, France
| | - Sandra Rouxel
- ANSES, Ploufragan-Plouzané Laboratory, Hygiene and Quality of Poultry and Pig Products Unit, Bretagne-Loire University, Ploufragan, France
| | - Sophie Le Roux
- OPAALE Research Unit (Optimization of Processes in Agriculture, Agri-Food and Environment), IRSTEA, Bretagne-Loire University, Rennes, France
| | - Typhaine Poëzévara
- ANSES, Ploufragan-Plouzané Laboratory, Hygiene and Quality of Poultry and Pig Products Unit, Bretagne-Loire University, Ploufragan, France
| | - Christine Ziebal
- OPAALE Research Unit (Optimization of Processes in Agriculture, Agri-Food and Environment), IRSTEA, Bretagne-Loire University, Rennes, France
| | - Catherine Houdayer
- ANSES, Ploufragan-Plouzané Laboratory, Hygiene and Quality of Poultry and Pig Products Unit, Bretagne-Loire University, Ploufragan, France
| | - Bérengère Nagard
- ANSES, Ploufragan-Plouzané Laboratory, Hygiene and Quality of Poultry and Pig Products Unit, Bretagne-Loire University, Ploufragan, France
| | - Frédéric Barbut
- National Reference Laboratory for Clostridioides difficile, Saint-Antoine Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Anne-Marie Pourcher
- OPAALE Research Unit (Optimization of Processes in Agriculture, Agri-Food and Environment), IRSTEA, Bretagne-Loire University, Rennes, France
| | - Martine Denis
- ANSES, Ploufragan-Plouzané Laboratory, Hygiene and Quality of Poultry and Pig Products Unit, Bretagne-Loire University, Ploufragan, France
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Physical Properties of Dairy Manure Pre- and Post-Anaerobic Digestion. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/app9132703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Manure characteristics change through processing, including anaerobic digestion (AD). These changes can alter handling of manure during downstream operations. This study analyzed the density, total solids (TS) content, and volatile solids (VS) content of pre-digested and anaerobically digested dairy manure from seven dairy farms in Wisconsin. The density of pre-digested manure increased from 990 to 1065 kg m−3 as the TS level increased from 1.5% to 13.0%. Density and TS for pre-digested manure from facilities using separated solids as bedding were related with a linear model for TS ranging from 1.5% to 13.0% and with a polynomial model for TS ranging from 1.5% to 50%. The model shows that density decreases with an increasing TS content when TS is greater than 8.0%. Manure from dairy facilities that used sand bedding had a VS/TS ratio of 0.87. This ratio was higher than the ratio when manure solids were used as bedding (0.81) and when food waste was incorporated into the digester (0.77). This study also provides a simple methodology to estimate biogas yield by using the density of pre- and post-digested manure.
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Zhao Q, Liu Y. Is anaerobic digestion a reliable barrier for deactivation of pathogens in biosludge? THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 668:893-902. [PMID: 30870755 PMCID: PMC7112049 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.03.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Revised: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
As World Health Organization advocates, the global burden of sanitation related disease and access to safely managed sanitation and safely treated wastewater should be monitored strictly. However, the spread of pathogens through various agricultural applications or direct discharge of sewage sludge generated in municipal wastewater treatment plants poses a serious challenge on the environment and public health. Anaerobic digestion (AD), the principal method of stabilizing biosolids, can efficiently and largely deactivate viable pathogens, including parasite, virus, and the pathogens harboring antibiotic resistance genes. This review aims to provide a critical overview regarding the deactivation of sludge-associated pathogens by AD, through which a serious concern on the effectiveness and rationality of AD towards sludge pathogens control was raised. Meanwhile, the underlying deactivation mechanisms and affecting factors were all discussed, with the focus on pathogen-associated modeling, engineering design and technological aspects of AD. Lastly, a matric method incorporating the operating strategy of AD with the risk assessment was proposed for evaluating the reliability of AD-based pathogen deactivation, while the research agenda forward was also outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Zhao
- School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Shandong Jianzhu University, 1000 Fengming Road, Jinan 250101, China; Shandong Province Co-Innovation Center of Green Building, Jinan 250101, China; Shandong Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China.
| | - Yu Liu
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore; Advanced Environmental Biotechnology Centre, Nanyang Environment and Water Research Institute, Nanyang Technological University, 1 Cleantech Loop, CleanTech One, 637141, Singapore.
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Tambone F, Orzi V, Zilio M, Adani F. Measuring the organic amendment properties of the liquid fraction of digestate. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2019; 88:21-27. [PMID: 31079633 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2019.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Revised: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The liquid fraction (LF) of digestate has usually been proposed as a substitute for mineral fertilizers because of the presence of high N content, above all in easily available form (ammonia). The LF was reported to contain about 66% of dry matter from the digestate. This study reports the characterization of the organic carbon (OC) contained in the LF of digestates obtained from full scale plants by screw-press solid/liquid separation, to find out about their organic amendment properties. Results indicate that LF contains stable OC because of the concentration during anaerobic digestion of recalcitrant molecules, and that its biological stability, measured by oxygen uptake rate, was similar to that of compost, i.e. 40 ± 15 mg O2 g DM-1 20 h-1 and 41.1 ± 5.1 mg O2 g DM-1 20 h-1. 13C NMR indicated that LFs were similar each other and were constituted of recalcitrant Alkyl-C (34.82 ± 5.28% OC) derived from plant and fecal material, Aromatic-C (11.10 ± 2.2% OC) derived from lignin-like structures and O/N-alkyl (44.91 ± 4.87% OC) derived from cellulose/hemicelluloses and protein material. A simple simulation of the real C dosed by using LF as N-fertilizers indicated that amendment properties cannot be ignored. All these results seem to indicate good amendment properties for LFs, contrary to the common opinion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fulvia Tambone
- Gruppo Ricicla Lab., Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Ambientali, Produzione, Territorio, Agroenergia, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 2, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - Valentina Orzi
- Gruppo Ricicla Lab., Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Ambientali, Produzione, Territorio, Agroenergia, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 2, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Massimo Zilio
- Gruppo Ricicla Lab., Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Ambientali, Produzione, Territorio, Agroenergia, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 2, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Adani
- Gruppo Ricicla Lab., Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Ambientali, Produzione, Territorio, Agroenergia, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 2, 20133 Milan, Italy.
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37
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Muhmood A, Lu J, Kadam R, Dong R, Guo J, Wu S. Biochar seeding promotes struvite formation, but accelerates heavy metal accumulation. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 652:623-632. [PMID: 30368191 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.10.302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2018] [Revised: 10/21/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of biochar seeding (wheat straw biochar and rice husk biochar) on nutrient recovery via struvite formation, and improvements in the particle size of precipitated struvite from anaerobic digestate supernatant. Simultaneously, the influence of biochar seeding on heavy metal accumulation and elimination of pathogens (total coliforms and Escherichia coli) was evaluated under various operational factors, e.g., pH, supersaturation, reaction time, and seeding rates. Compared to the non-seeding process (maximum recovery efficiency of phosphate and ammonium 91% and 83%, respectively, with a particle size of 70 μm) and the struvite-seeding process (maximum recovery efficiency of phosphate and ammonium 97% and 94%, respectively, with a particle size of 100 μm), the process of biochar seeding improved nutrient recovery up to 7% and 11% for phosphate and ammonium, respectively, and increased struvite particle size by 43%, regardless of biochar type. XRD diffraction and FTIR analysis confirmed the prevalence of orthorhombic characteristics and an inner crystalline structure of the struvite formed by biochar seeding. About 75% of total coliforms and 70% of Escherichia coli were removed from the digestate supernatant through seeded struvite precipitation, regardless of the seeding materials. However, the biochar seeding process led to an accumulation of heavy metals in the acquired struvite product than that with non-seeded precipitation process. The concentrations of these metals were still well below permissible limits for application on agricultural land. It can be concluded that the inclusion of biochar as a seeding material might be a sustainable strategy to enhance struvite formation, intensify nutrient recovery, and yield high-quality struvite fertilizer with increased particle sizes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atif Muhmood
- College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, PR China
| | - Jiaxin Lu
- College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, PR China
| | - Rahul Kadam
- College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, PR China
| | - Renjie Dong
- College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, PR China
| | - Jianbin Guo
- College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, PR China.
| | - Shubiao Wu
- Aarhus Institute of Advanced Studies, Aarhus University, Høegh-Guldbergs Gade 6B, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark; Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Aarhus 8000C, Denmark.
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38
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Qi G, Pan Z, Yamamoto Y, Andriamanohiarisoamanana FJ, Yamashiro T, Iwasaki M, Ihara I, Tangtaweewipat S, Umetsu K. The survival of pathogenic bacteria and plant growth promoting bacteria during mesophilic anaerobic digestion in full-scale biogas plants. Anim Sci J 2018; 90:297-303. [PMID: 30554439 DOI: 10.1111/asj.13137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Revised: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The introduction of biogas plants is a promising way to recycle organic wastes with renewable energy production and reducing greenhouse gas. Application of anaerobic digestate as a fertilizer reduces the consumption of chemical fertilizers. In this study, the survival of pathogenic bacteria and plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB) in two full-scale biogas plants operated at mesophilic condition were investigated. Feedstock and anaerobic digestate samples were collected from biogas plants and bacteria load in samples were detected using standard dilution plate method. Pathogenic bacteria were reduced to not detected level through mesophilic digestion tank except for Campylobacter. However, it could be reduced by 98.7% through a sterilization tank. Bacillus was detected at 8.00 and 7.81 log10 CFU/g dry matter in anaerobic digestates, and it was also resistant to sterilization tank. Bacillus spp. is considered to be the safe bacteria that hold remarkable abilities for promoting plant growth. The results showed that treatment at biogas plants is effective to reduce pathogenic bacteria in dairy manure, and sterilization could further reduce the sanitary risks of pathogenic bacteria relating to anaerobic digestate application. Anaerobic digestates could also be utilized as bio-fertilizer as the high load of plant growth promoting bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangdou Qi
- Graduate School of Animal and Food Hygiene, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Zhifei Pan
- Graduate School of Animal and Food Hygiene, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Yuki Yamamoto
- Graduate School of Animal and Food Hygiene, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido, Japan
| | | | - Takaki Yamashiro
- Graduate School of Animal and Food Hygiene, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Masahiro Iwasaki
- Graduate School of Animal and Food Hygiene, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Ikko Ihara
- Graduate School of Agriculture Science, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Suchon Tangtaweewipat
- Department of Animal and Aquatic Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Kazutaka Umetsu
- Graduate School of Animal and Food Hygiene, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido, Japan
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39
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Scaglia B, Tambone F, Corno L, Orzi V, Lazzarini Y, Garuti G, Adani F. Potential agronomic and environmental properties of thermophilic anaerobically digested municipal sewage sludge measured by an unsupervised and a supervised chemometric approach. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 637-638:791-802. [PMID: 29758434 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.04.426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Revised: 04/29/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Anaerobic digestion (AD) is the most widely used method of sewage sludge treatment (SS) before its agricultural use. AD achieves the required "sterilisation" of pathogens and is able to cover the energy required by the process, reducing pre-treatment costs, thanks to the production of biogas. The SS agronomic (fertilizer properties), environmental (pollutants contents) characteristics and nuisance to people (odours and pathogens) need to be evaluated together for the safe and useful deployment of SS in agriculture. To evaluate SS properties an unsupervised (Principal Component Analysis) and a supervised (K nearest neighbours) chemometric approach was applied to rank digested SS for agronomic and environmental properties in comparison with other organic matrices for which the agronomic and/or environmental properties are well known or expected. To do so, complete chemical, biological and "impact on people" characterization was carried out on SS ingestate (SS-ing.) and SS digestate (SS-dig.) and another 10 biomasses. The SS-AD process enhanced the agronomic properties of sewage sludge and did not lead to a substantial concentration of pollutants because of the low degradation of organic matter. The best PCA performances were reached for amendment and fertilizer modules but the results found for the environment and nuisance to inhabitants were not satisfactory. The KNN approach proposed to evaluate the suitability of a biomass for agricultural purposes, represents a win-win approach as it allows one to avoid time-consuming and costly full field studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Scaglia
- Gruppo Ricicla Labs - DiSAA, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 2, Milano, Italy
| | - Fulvia Tambone
- Gruppo Ricicla Labs - DiSAA, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 2, Milano, Italy
| | - Luca Corno
- Gruppo Ricicla Labs - DiSAA, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 2, Milano, Italy
| | - Valentina Orzi
- Gruppo Ricicla Labs - DiSAA, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 2, Milano, Italy
| | - Yuri Lazzarini
- Acqua e Sole, Centro Operativo, Via Giulio Natta, 27010 Vellezzo Bellini (PV), Italy
| | - Gilberto Garuti
- Acqua e Sole, Centro Operativo, Via Giulio Natta, 27010 Vellezzo Bellini (PV), Italy
| | - Fabrizio Adani
- Gruppo Ricicla Labs - DiSAA, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 2, Milano, Italy.
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40
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Muhmood A, Wu S, Lu J, Ajmal Z, Luo H, Dong R. Nutrient recovery from anaerobically digested chicken slurry via struvite: Performance optimization and interactions with heavy metals and pathogens. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 635:1-9. [PMID: 29656055 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.04.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2017] [Revised: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess the potential of struvite precipitation to recover nutrients from anaerobically-processed poultry slurry and struvite's interactions with heavy metals (Zn, Cu, Pb, Cr, and Ni) and pathogens (total coliforms and Escherichia coli). The impacts of pH, Mg, N, and P molar proportion, reaction time, and mixing rate and duration were explored to determine the optimal conditions for nutrient recovery through struvite precipitation. A pH range of 9.5 to 10.5, was ideal for P and N removal and recovery, with a molar ratio of 1:1:1 for Mg:N:P. A mixing rate of 150rpm for 10min could allow nutrient recovery with little loss (3.32%) of NH₃ through volatilization, and also achieve an optimal struvite crystal size (50-60μm). The results of X-ray diffractometry and scanning electron microscopy confirmed that the precipitates generated at pH9 and 10 were orthorhombic struvite. Moreover, along with the recovery of nutrients, 40, 45, 66, 30, and 20% of Zn, Cu, Pb, Cr, and Ni, respectively, and 70% total coliforms and E. coli were removed by struvite precipitation from poultry slurry. This was observed despite that the levels of contaminants (heavy metals) detected in struvite were well below the permissible limits and free of pathogens. Consequently, it was inferred that the struvite quality was reasonable by virtue of its heavy metal and pathogen content, and therefore appropriate for application in the field. Similarly, struvite precipitation has multiple benefits as it can effectively recover nutrients as well as reducing pathogenic populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atif Muhmood
- College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, PR China
| | - Shubiao Wu
- College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, PR China; Aarhus Institute of Advanced Studies, Aarhus University, Høegh-Guldbergs Gade 6B, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark; Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Aarhus 8000C, Denmark.
| | - Jiaxin Lu
- College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, PR China
| | - Zeeshan Ajmal
- College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, PR China
| | - Hongzhen Luo
- College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, PR China
| | - Renjie Dong
- College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, PR China
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41
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Pan Z, Qi G, Andriamanohiarisoamanana FJ, Yamashiro T, Iwasaki M, Nishida T, Tangtaweewipat S, Umetsu K. Potential of anaerobic digestate of dairy manure in suppressing soil-borne plant disease. Anim Sci J 2018; 89:1512-1518. [DOI: 10.1111/asj.13092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Revised: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhifei Pan
- Department of Animal and Food Hygiene; Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine; Obihiro Japan
| | - Guangdou Qi
- Department of Animal and Food Hygiene; Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine; Obihiro Japan
| | | | - Takaki Yamashiro
- Department of Animal and Food Hygiene; Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine; Obihiro Japan
| | - Masahiro Iwasaki
- Department of Animal and Food Hygiene; Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine; Obihiro Japan
| | - Takehiro Nishida
- Department of Animal and Food Hygiene; Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine; Obihiro Japan
| | - Suchon Tangtaweewipat
- Department of Animal and Aquatic Sciences; Faculty of Agriculture; Chiang Mai University; Chiang Mai Thailand
| | - Kazutaka Umetsu
- Department of Animal and Food Hygiene; Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine; Obihiro Japan
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42
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Wang X, Andrade N, Shekarchi J, Fischer SJ, Torrents A, Ramirez M. Full scale study of Class A biosolids produced by thermal hydrolysis pretreatment and anaerobic digestion. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2018; 78:43-50. [PMID: 32559930 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2018.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Revised: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Biosolids are the solid by-product of wastewater treatment and contain high-organic matter and nutrient content, which can be utilized in food production and gardening. In 2014, this study's target nutrient recovery facility (NRF) in the Mid-Atlantic region of the U.S. adopted thermal hydrolysis pretreatment (THP) and anaerobic digestion (AD) to upgrade biosolids from Class B (lime-stabilized) to Class A. The pathogen, nutrients, and metals contents were compared with that of Class B biosolids from the same facility throughout a one-year period. Following optimization and equilibrium, stable biosolids were produced that satisfied all Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Class A biosolids standards. Class A biosolids produced had fecal coliform density consistently below the 1000 MPN/g d.w. limit set by the EPA, at 35.85 ± 81.10 MPN/g d.w. (n = 301). Metal concentrations were greater in Class A than Class B biosolids as a result of biosolids mass reduction, but these levels were substantially lower than regulatory limits. Metal concentrations were (in mg/kg d.w.): As = 6.43 ± 0.400 (n = 141), Cd = 3.39 ± 0.117 (n = 147), Cr = 88.4 ± 2.00 (n = 148), Cu = 401 ± 9.81 (n = 148), Pb = 68.1 ± 2.19 (n = 148), Hg = 1.21 ± 0.116 (n = 148), Mo = 14.9 ± 0.321 (n = 148), Ni = 23.8 ± 0.911 (n = 146), Se = 10.0 ± 0.573 (n = 140), Zn = 778 ± 14.9 (n = 148), K = 850 ± 21.7 (n = 134). In addition, Class A biosolids were rich in total nitrogen (N) and higher in total phosphorus (TP), but low in potassium (K) content. Concentration of K was 850 ± 21.7 mg/kg d.w. (n = 134), TKN was 52,000 ± 13,300 mg/kg d.w. (n = 43), TP was 34,500 ± 6130 mg/kg d.w. (n = 42), and ammonia-N was 7860 ± 1350 mg/kg d.w. (n = 43).
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuanzhao Wang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Natasha Andrade
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA.
| | - Jessica Shekarchi
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Sarah J Fischer
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Alba Torrents
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Mark Ramirez
- DC Water, District of Columbia Water and Sewer Authority, 5000 Overlook Avenue, S.W., Washington, DC 20032, USA
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43
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Nolan S, Waters NR, Brennan F, Auer A, Fenton O, Richards K, Bolton DJ, Pritchard L, O'Flaherty V, Abram F. Toward Assessing Farm-Based Anaerobic Digestate Public Health Risks: Comparative Investigation With Slurry, Effect of Pasteurization Treatments, and Use of Miniature Bioreactors as Proxies for Pathogen Spiking Trials. FRONTIERS IN SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEMS 2018. [DOI: 10.3389/fsufs.2018.00041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
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44
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Sánchez-Rodríguez AR, Carswell AM, Shaw R, Hunt J, Saunders K, Cotton J, Chadwick DR, Jones DL, Misselbrook TH. Advanced Processing of Food Waste Based Digestate for Mitigating Nitrogen Losses in a Winter Wheat Crop. FRONTIERS IN SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEMS 2018. [DOI: 10.3389/fsufs.2018.00035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
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45
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Orzi V, Riva C, Scaglia B, D'Imporzano G, Tambone F, Adani F. Anaerobic digestion coupled with digestate injection reduced odour emissions from soil during manure distribution. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 621:168-176. [PMID: 29179072 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.11.249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Revised: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This work aimed to measure the odour impact of untreated cow and pig slurries and treated (digestate and liquid fraction of digestate) manures when they were used on soil at a field scale, while also testing different spreading methods, i.e. surface vs. injection. Five experiments were performed in 2012-2016 on different farms. Odours were quantitatively (specific odour emission rate - SOER) (OUEm-2h-1) measured by using dynamic olfactometry and qualitatively, i.e. to obtain an "odour fingerprint", by using an electronic nose (EN). Anaerobic digestion was effective in allowing the reduction of potential odour emission from digestates, so that when they were dosed on soil, odours emitted were much lower than those from soils on which untreated slurries were used. Slurries/digestate injection reduced much more odour emitted by soils so that SOER tended to become more similar to that of the control (untreated soil) although the odours were slightly greater. Odour fingerprint data indicated that there was a direct correlation between SOER and odour fingerprints. This was due to the ability of EN to detect ammonia, S-compounds and methane that were (the first two mainly), also, responsible for odours. Very good regression was found for Log SOER and EN by using a Partial Least Square (PLS) approach (R2=0.73; R2cv=0.66; P<0.01) for matrices used to fertilize soils in lab tests. Unfortunately, regression was not so good when odour data from field experiments on soil were used, so that EN cannot be proposed to replace olfactometry. EN fingerprints for control (Blank) and injected organic matrices were virtually identical, due to the creation of cavities in the soil during the injection that decreased the treated surface. Anaerobic digestion and subsequent digestate injection allowed us to reduce odour impact, avoiding annoyance to local inhabitants.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Orzi
- Gruppo Ricicla - DiSAA, Università degli Studi di Milano, Soil and Env. Lab, Via Celoria 2, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - C Riva
- Gruppo Ricicla - DiSAA, Università degli Studi di Milano, Soil and Env. Lab, Via Celoria 2, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - B Scaglia
- Gruppo Ricicla - DiSAA, Università degli Studi di Milano, Soil and Env. Lab, Via Celoria 2, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - G D'Imporzano
- Gruppo Ricicla - DiSAA, Università degli Studi di Milano, Soil and Env. Lab, Via Celoria 2, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - F Tambone
- Gruppo Ricicla - DiSAA, Università degli Studi di Milano, Soil and Env. Lab, Via Celoria 2, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - F Adani
- Gruppo Ricicla - DiSAA, Università degli Studi di Milano, Soil and Env. Lab, Via Celoria 2, 20133 Milano, Italy.
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46
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Wolters B, Jacquiod S, Sørensen SJ, Widyasari-Mehta A, Bech TB, Kreuzig R, Smalla K. Bulk soil and maize rhizosphere resistance genes, mobile genetic elements and microbial communities are differently impacted by organic and inorganic fertilization. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2018; 94:4867966. [DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiy027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Birgit Wolters
- Julius Kühn-Institut (JKI), Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Epidemiology and Pathogen Diagnostics, Messeweg 11–12, 38104 Braunschweig, Germany
- Technische Universität Braunschweig, Institute of Environmental and Sustainable Chemistry, Hagenring 30, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Samuel Jacquiod
- Section of Microbiology, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Ole Maaløes Vej 5, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Søren J Sørensen
- Section of Microbiology, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Ole Maaløes Vej 5, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Arum Widyasari-Mehta
- Technische Universität Braunschweig, Institute of Environmental and Sustainable Chemistry, Hagenring 30, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Tina B Bech
- Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland (GEUS), Department of Geochemistry, Øster Voldgade 10, 1350 Copenhagen K, Denmark
| | - Robert Kreuzig
- Technische Universität Braunschweig, Institute of Environmental and Sustainable Chemistry, Hagenring 30, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Kornelia Smalla
- Julius Kühn-Institut (JKI), Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Epidemiology and Pathogen Diagnostics, Messeweg 11–12, 38104 Braunschweig, Germany
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47
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Jiang Y, Dennehy C, Lawlor PG, Hu Z, Zhan X, Gardiner GE. Inactivation of enteric indicator bacteria and system stability during dry co-digestion of food waste and pig manure. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 612:293-302. [PMID: 28850849 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.08.214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Revised: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/20/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Provision of digestate with satisfactory biosafety is critical to land application of digestate and to the anaerobic digestion approach to treating manure and food waste (FW). No studies have been conducted on digestate biosafety in dry co-digestion systems. The aim of this study was to assess the inactivation efficiency and possible inactivation mechanism for three enteric indicator bacteria and the system stability during dry mesophilic anaerobic co-digestion of FW and pig manure (PM). The effects of two different inocula were examined at a rate of 50% based on volatile solids (VS): digestate taken from existing dry co-digestion digesters and dewatered anaerobic sludge from a local wastewater treatment plant. The FW/PM ratios of 50:50 and 75:25 on a VS basis were also assessed. The results showed that using digestate as the inoculum and a FW/PM ratio of 50:50 led to stable dry co-digestion, with the specific methane yield (SMY) of 252mL/gVSadded. Total volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentration was a significant inhibition factor for methane production during dry co-digestion (P<0.001). The data also showed that dry co-digestion of FW and PM effectively inactivated enteric indicator bacteria. E. coli and total coliforms counts decreased below the limit of detection (LOD, 102CFU/g) within 4-7days, with free VFA identified as a significant inactivation factor. Enterococci were more resistant but nonetheless the counts decreased below the LOD within 12days in the digestate inoculum systems and 26-31days in the sludge inoculum systems. The residence time was the most significant inactivation factor for enterococci, with the free VFA concentration playing a secondary role at high FW/PM ratio in the sludge inoculum system. In conclusion, digestate as inoculum and the FW/PM ratio of 50:50 were preferable operation conditions to realize system stability, methane production and enteric indicator bacteria inactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Jiang
- Civil Engineering, College of Engineering & Informatics, National University of Ireland Galway, Ireland
| | - Conor Dennehy
- Civil Engineering, College of Engineering & Informatics, National University of Ireland Galway, Ireland
| | - Peadar G Lawlor
- Teagasc, Pig Development Department, Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork, Ireland
| | - Zhenhu Hu
- School of Civil Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, Anhui Province, China
| | - Xinmin Zhan
- Civil Engineering, College of Engineering & Informatics, National University of Ireland Galway, Ireland.
| | - Gillian E Gardiner
- Department of Science, Waterford Institute of Technology, Waterford, Ireland
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48
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Dennehy C, Lawlor PG, McCabe MS, Cormican P, Sheahan J, Jiang Y, Zhan X, Gardiner GE. Anaerobic co-digestion of pig manure and food waste; effects on digestate biosafety, dewaterability, and microbial community dynamics. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2018; 71:532-541. [PMID: 29113838 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2017.10.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Revised: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This study assessed the effect of varying pig manure (PM)/food waste (FW) mixing ratio and hydraulic retention time (HRT) on methane yields, digestate dewaterability, enteric indicator bacteria and microbial communities during anaerobic co-digestion. Three 10 L digesters were operated at 39 °C, each with a PM/FW feedstock composition of 85%/15%, 63%/37% and 40%/60% (volatile solids basis). While the PM/FW ratio was different among reactors, the organic loading rate applied was equal, and increased stepwise with reducing HRT. The effects of three different HRTs were studied: 41, 29, and 21 days. Increasing the proportion of FW in the feedstock significantly increased methane yields, but had no significant effect on counts of enteric indicator bacteria in the digestate or specific resistance to filtration, suggesting that varying the PM/FW feedstock composition at the mixing ratios studied should not have major consequences for digestate disposal. Decreasing HRT significantly increased volumetric methane yields, increased digestate volatile solids concentrations and increased the proportion of particles >500 µm in the digestate, indicating that decreasing HRT to 21 days reduced methane conversion efficiency High throughput 16S rRNA sequencing data revealed that microbial communities were just slightly affected by changes in digester operating conditions. These results would provide information useful when optimizing the start-up and operation of biogas plants treating these substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Dennehy
- Civil Engineering, College of Engineering and Informatics, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - P G Lawlor
- Teagasc Pig Development Department, Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork, Ireland
| | - M S McCabe
- Teagasc Animal and Bioscience Research Department, Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Grange, Dunsany, Co. Meath, Ireland
| | - P Cormican
- Teagasc Animal and Bioscience Research Department, Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Grange, Dunsany, Co. Meath, Ireland
| | - J Sheahan
- School of Mathematics, Statistics and Applied Mathematics, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Y Jiang
- Civil Engineering, College of Engineering and Informatics, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - X Zhan
- Civil Engineering, College of Engineering and Informatics, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland.
| | - G E Gardiner
- Department of Science, Waterford Institute of Technology, Ireland
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49
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Romanazzi V, Bonetta S, Fornasero S, De Ceglia M, Gilli G, Traversi D. Assessing Methanobrevibacter smithii and Clostridium difficile as not conventional faecal indicators in effluents of a wastewater treatment plant integrated with sludge anaerobic digestion. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2016; 184:170-177. [PMID: 27697372 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2016.09.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Revised: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/25/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) are an important source of surface water contamination by enteric pathogens, affecting the role of environmental water as a microbial reservoir. We describe the release to the environment of certain anaerobes of human and environmental concern. The work was focused on emerging microbial targets. They are tracing, by RT-qPCR, on WWTP effluents, both liquid and solid, when an anaerobic digestion step is included. The focus is placed on Clostridium spp. with the specific quantification of Clostridium perfringens, as typical bioindicator, and Clostridium difficile, as emerging pathogen not only confined into nosocomial infection. Moreover methanogens were quantified for their involvement in the anaerobic digestion, and in particular on Methanobrevibacter smithii as major methanogenic component of the human gut microbiome and as not conventional faecal indicator. In the water samples, a reduction, statistically significant, in all microbial targets was observed (p < 0.01), 2 log for the total bacteria, 1.4 log for the Clostridium spp. and M. smithii, 1 log for total methanogens, C. perfringens and C. difficile. The AD process contribute to a significant change in microbial levels into the sludge for total bacteria and total methanogens (p < 0.01), both when the input sludge are primary and secondary, while for the presence of Clostridium spp. and C. difficile there was not a significant change. The produced data are innovative showing which is the diffusion of such anaerobic microorganisms throughout the WWTP and opening a discussion on the implementation of possible techniques for a more efficient microbial removal from effluents, particularly bio-solids, to reduce the potential release of pathogens into the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Romanazzi
- Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, University of Torino, Piazza Polonia 94, 10126 Torino, Italy.
| | - Silvia Bonetta
- Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, University of Torino, Piazza Polonia 94, 10126 Torino, Italy.
| | - Stefania Fornasero
- Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, University of Torino, Piazza Polonia 94, 10126 Torino, Italy.
| | - Margherita De Ceglia
- SMAT - Depuratore di Castiglione Torinese, Società Metropolitana Acque Torino S.p.A., Corso XI Febbraio 14, 10152 Torino, Italy.
| | - Giorgio Gilli
- Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, University of Torino, Piazza Polonia 94, 10126 Torino, Italy.
| | - Deborah Traversi
- Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, University of Torino, Piazza Polonia 94, 10126 Torino, Italy.
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50
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Xie S, Hai FI, Zhan X, Guo W, Ngo HH, Price WE, Nghiem LD. Anaerobic co-digestion: A critical review of mathematical modelling for performance optimization. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2016; 222:498-512. [PMID: 27745967 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2016.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Revised: 10/02/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Anaerobic co-digestion (AcoD) is a pragmatic approach to simultaneously manage organic wastes and produce renewable energy. This review demonstrates the need for improving AcoD modelling capacities to simulate the complex physicochemical and biochemical processes. Compared to mono-digestion, AcoD is more susceptible to process instability, as it operates at a higher organic loading and significant variation in substrate composition. Data corroborated here reveal that it is essential to model the transient variation in pH and inhibitory intermediates (e.g. ammonia and organic acids) for AcoD optimization. Mechanistic models (based on the ADM1 framework) have become the norm for AcoD modelling. However, key features in current AcoD models, especially relationships between system performance and co-substrates' properties, organic loading, and inhibition mechanisms, remain underdeveloped. It is also necessary to predict biogas quantity and composition as well as biosolids quality by considering the conversion and distribution of sulfur, phosphorus, and nitrogen during AcoD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sihuang Xie
- Strategic Water Infrastructure Laboratory, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Faisal I Hai
- Strategic Water Infrastructure Laboratory, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Xinmin Zhan
- Civil Engineering, College of Engineering and Informatics, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Wenshan Guo
- Centre for Technologies in Water and Wastewater, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Hao H Ngo
- Centre for Technologies in Water and Wastewater, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - William E Price
- Strategic Water Infrastructure Laboratory, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Long D Nghiem
- Strategic Water Infrastructure Laboratory, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia.
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