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Spagnesi A, Barbaro E, Feltracco M, De Blasi F, Zannoni D, Dreossi G, Petteni A, Notø H, Lodi R, Gabrieli J, Holzinger R, Gambaro A, Barbante C. An upgraded CFA - FLC - MS/MS system for the semi-continuous detection of levoglucosan in ice cores. Talanta 2023; 265:124799. [PMID: 37327665 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2023.124799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
A new Continuous Flow Analysis (CFA) system coupled with Fast Liquid Chromatography - tandem Mass Spectrometry (FLC-MS/MS) has been recently developed for determining organic markers in ice cores. In this work we present an upgrade of this innovative technique, optimized for the detection of levoglucosan in ice cores, a crucial tracer for reconstructing past fires. The upgrade involved a specific optimization of the chromatographic and mass spectrometric parameters, allowing for a higher sampling resolution (down to 1 cm) and the simultaneous collection of discrete samples, for off-line analysis of water stable isotopes and additional chemical markers. The robustness and repeatability of the method has been tested by the analysis of multiple sticks of ice cut from the same shallow alpine ice core, and running the system for several hours on different days. The results show similar and comparable trends between the ice sticks. With this upgraded system, a higher sensitivity and a lower limit of detection (LOD) was achieved compared to discrete analysis of alpine samples for levoglucosan measurements. The new LOD was as low as 66 ng L-1, a net improvement over the previous LOD of 600 ng L-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azzurra Spagnesi
- CNR-Institute of Polar Sciences (ISP-CNR), 155 Via Torino, 30170, Mestre, Italy; Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Venice, Italy
| | - Elena Barbaro
- CNR-Institute of Polar Sciences (ISP-CNR), 155 Via Torino, 30170, Mestre, Italy.
| | - Matteo Feltracco
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Venice, Italy
| | - Fabrizio De Blasi
- CNR-Institute of Polar Sciences (ISP-CNR), 155 Via Torino, 30170, Mestre, Italy
| | - Daniele Zannoni
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Venice, Italy
| | - Giuliano Dreossi
- CNR-Institute of Polar Sciences (ISP-CNR), 155 Via Torino, 30170, Mestre, Italy; Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Venice, Italy
| | - Agnese Petteni
- CNR-Institute of Polar Sciences (ISP-CNR), 155 Via Torino, 30170, Mestre, Italy; Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Venice, Italy
| | - Hanne Notø
- Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Research, IMAU, Department of Physics, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Rachele Lodi
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Venice, Italy
| | - Jacopo Gabrieli
- CNR-Institute of Polar Sciences (ISP-CNR), 155 Via Torino, 30170, Mestre, Italy
| | - Rupert Holzinger
- Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Research, IMAU, Department of Physics, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Andrea Gambaro
- CNR-Institute of Polar Sciences (ISP-CNR), 155 Via Torino, 30170, Mestre, Italy; Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Venice, Italy
| | - Carlo Barbante
- CNR-Institute of Polar Sciences (ISP-CNR), 155 Via Torino, 30170, Mestre, Italy; Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Venice, Italy
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Carena L, Zoppi B, Sordello F, Fabbri D, Minella M, Minero C. Phototransformation of Vanillin in Artificial Snow by Direct Photolysis and Mediated by Nitrite. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023. [PMID: 37269319 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c01931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The photodegradation of vanillin, as a proxy of methoxyphenols emitted by biomass burning, was investigated in artificial snow at 243 K and in liquid water at room temperature. Nitrite (NO2-) was used as a photosensitizer of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species under UVA light, because of its key photochemical role in snowpacks and atmospheric ice/waters. In snow and in the absence of NO2-, slow direct photolysis of vanillin was observed due to back-reactions taking place in the quasi-liquid layer at the ice-grain surface. The addition of NO2- made the photodegradation of vanillin faster, because of the important contribution of photoproduced reactive nitrogen species in vanillin phototransformation. These species triggered both nitration and oligomerization of vanillin in irradiated snow, as the identified vanillin by-products showed. Conversely, in liquid water, direct photolysis was the main photodegradation pathway of vanillin, even in the presence of NO2-, which had negligible effects on vanillin photodegradation. The results outline the different role of iced and liquid water in the photochemical fate of vanillin in different environmental compartments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Carena
- Department of Chemistry, University of Torino, via P. Giuria 5, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Beatrice Zoppi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Torino, via P. Giuria 5, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Sordello
- Department of Chemistry, University of Torino, via P. Giuria 5, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Debora Fabbri
- Department of Chemistry, University of Torino, via P. Giuria 5, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Marco Minella
- Department of Chemistry, University of Torino, via P. Giuria 5, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Claudio Minero
- Department of Chemistry, University of Torino, via P. Giuria 5, 10125 Torino, Italy
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3
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Davtian N, Penalva N, Rosell-Melé A, Villanueva J. Selective extraction of levoglucosan and its isomers from complex matrices using ligand exchange-solid phase extraction for analysis by liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1695:463935. [PMID: 36965285 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.463935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
The analysis of trace quantities of monosaccharide anhydrides (MAs) in sediments is complicated by the lack of fast and reliable technologies to selectively extract these water-soluble non-ionic compounds from samples of complex composition. Here we describe a solid phase extraction method that takes advantage of the affinity between monosaccharide anhydrides (MAs) and immobilized Na+ ions related to ligand-exchange processes (LE-SPE). The capacity factor of LE-SPE columns was enhanced by using non-aqueous mobile phases such as DCM/MeOH mixtures. We have used the unique properties of LE-SPE columns to selectively extract MAs from lacustrine, coastal, and deep-sea oceanic sediment samples. The analytical procedure produces extracts with low ion suppression effects (0-20%), resulting in ideal conditions for MAs quantification with LC-ESI-MS/MS systems irrespective of the sedimentary matrix and MAs concentration. The analytical method yields repeatable concentration values (RSD of 9-23% for levoglucosan and 15-34% for mannosan and galactosan) and an IS recovery of 45-70%. The instrumental dynamic range is 10-10000 pg injected, but in practice, the methodological lower limit of quantification is constrained by sample contamination during processing. The combination of LE-SPE and LC-ESI-MS/MS has the potential to produce sensitive and reliable technologies to analyze saccharides and amino acids in environmental and biological samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Davtian
- Institut de Ciència i Tecnologia Ambientals (ICTA-UAB), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain.
| | - Nuria Penalva
- Institut de Ciència i Tecnologia Ambientals (ICTA-UAB), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Antoni Rosell-Melé
- Institut de Ciència i Tecnologia Ambientals (ICTA-UAB), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain; Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Joan Villanueva
- Institut de Ciència i Tecnologia Ambientals (ICTA-UAB), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain.
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Jiang H, Li J, Wang J, Jiang H, Mo Y, Tang J, Zhang R, Pansak W, Zhong G, Zhao S, Ning J, Tian C, Zhang G. Regional monitoring of biomass burning using passive air sampling technique reveals the importance of MODIS unresolved fires. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2022; 170:107582. [PMID: 36265357 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2022.107582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 10/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Field-based sampling can provide more accurate evaluation than MODIS in regional biomass burning (BB) emissions given the limitations of MODIS on unresolved fires. Polyurethane foam-based passive air samplers (PUF-PASs) are a promising tool for collecting atmospheric monosaccharides. Here, we deployed PUF-PASs to monitor monosaccharides and other BB-related biomarkers and presented a dataset of 31 atmospheric BB-related biomarkers in the Indo-China Peninsula (ICP) and Southwest China. The peak concentrations of monosaccharides in the ICP occurred before monsoon season. The highest concentrations were in the eastern Mekong plain, while the lowest were along the eastern coast. BB-related biomarkers displayed elevated concentrations after April, particularly in the monsoon season; however, fewer active fires were recorded by MODIS. This revealed the importance of MODIS unresolved fires (e.g., indoor biofuel combustion, small-scale BB incidents, and charcoal fires) to the regional atmosphere. The PAS derived levoglucosan concentrations indicated that, with the inclusion of MODIS unresolved fires, the estimated top-down emissions of PM (4194-4974 Gg/yr), OC (1234-1719 Gg/yr) and EC (52-384 Gg/yr) would be higher than previous bottom-up estimations in the ICP. Future studies on these MODIS unresolved fires and regional monitoring data of BB are vital for improving the modeling of regional BB emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoyu Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, and Joint Laboratory of the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area for the Environment, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; CAS Centre for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, and Joint Laboratory of the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area for the Environment, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; CAS Centre for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Jiaqi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, and Joint Laboratory of the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area for the Environment, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; CAS Centre for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Hongxing Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, and Joint Laboratory of the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area for the Environment, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; CAS Centre for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Yangzhi Mo
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, and Joint Laboratory of the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area for the Environment, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; CAS Centre for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Jiao Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, and Joint Laboratory of the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area for the Environment, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; CAS Centre for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Ruijie Zhang
- School of Marine Sciences, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Wanwisa Pansak
- Department of Agricultural Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok 65000, Thailand
| | - Guangcai Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, and Joint Laboratory of the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area for the Environment, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; CAS Centre for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Shizhen Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, and Joint Laboratory of the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area for the Environment, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; CAS Centre for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Jicai Ning
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, PR China
| | - Chongguo Tian
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, PR China
| | - Gan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, and Joint Laboratory of the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area for the Environment, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; CAS Centre for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou 510640, China.
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5
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Barbaro E, Feltracco M, Spagnesi A, Dallo F, Gabrieli J, De Blasi F, Zannoni D, Cairns WRL, Gambaro A, Barbante C. Fast Liquid Chromatography Coupled with Tandem Mass Spectrometry for the Analysis of Vanillic and Syringic Acids in Ice Cores. Anal Chem 2022; 94:5344-5351. [PMID: 35319865 PMCID: PMC8988124 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c05412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
![]()
The development of
new analytical systems and the improvement of
the existing ones to obtain high-resolution measurements of chemical
markers in samples from ice cores, is one of the main challenges the
paleoclimatic scientific community is facing. Different chemical species
can be used as markers for tracking emission sources or specific environmental
processes. Although some markers, such as methane sulfonic acid (a
proxy of marine productivity), are commonly used, there is a lack
of data on other organic tracers in ice cores, making their continuous
analysis analytically challenging. Here, we present an innovative
combination of fast liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass
spectrometry (FLC-MS/MS) to continuously determine organic markers
in ice cores. After specific optimization, this approach was applied
to the quantification of vanillic and syringic acids, two specific
markers for biomass burning. Using the validated method, detection
limits of 3.6 and 4.6 pg mL–1 for vanillic and syringic
acids, respectively, were achieved. Thanks to the coupling of FLC-MS/MS
with the continuous flow analytical system, we obtained one measurement
every 30 s, which corresponds to a sampling resolution of a sample
every 1.5 cm with a melting rate of 3.0 cm min–1. To check the robustness of the method, we analyzed two parallel
sticks of an alpine ice core over more than 5 h. Vanillic acid was
found with concentrations in the range of picograms per milliliter,
suggesting the combustion of coniferous trees, which are found throughout
the Italian Alps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Barbaro
- Institute of Polar Sciences, National Research Council (CNR-ISP), Via Torino, Venice Mestre (VE) 155-30172, Italy.,Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino, Venice Mestre (VE) 155-30172, Italy
| | - Matteo Feltracco
- Institute of Polar Sciences, National Research Council (CNR-ISP), Via Torino, Venice Mestre (VE) 155-30172, Italy.,Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino, Venice Mestre (VE) 155-30172, Italy
| | - Azzurra Spagnesi
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino, Venice Mestre (VE) 155-30172, Italy
| | - Federico Dallo
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino, Venice Mestre (VE) 155-30172, Italy.,Center for the Built Environment, University of California, 390 Wurster Hall #1839, Berkeley, California 94720-1839, United States
| | - Jacopo Gabrieli
- Institute of Polar Sciences, National Research Council (CNR-ISP), Via Torino, Venice Mestre (VE) 155-30172, Italy.,Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino, Venice Mestre (VE) 155-30172, Italy
| | - Fabrizio De Blasi
- Institute of Polar Sciences, National Research Council (CNR-ISP), Via Torino, Venice Mestre (VE) 155-30172, Italy.,Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino, Venice Mestre (VE) 155-30172, Italy
| | - Daniele Zannoni
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino, Venice Mestre (VE) 155-30172, Italy.,Geophysical Institute, University of Bergen and Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research, Postboks 7803, Bergen NO-5020, Norway
| | - Warren R L Cairns
- Institute of Polar Sciences, National Research Council (CNR-ISP), Via Torino, Venice Mestre (VE) 155-30172, Italy.,Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino, Venice Mestre (VE) 155-30172, Italy
| | - Andrea Gambaro
- Institute of Polar Sciences, National Research Council (CNR-ISP), Via Torino, Venice Mestre (VE) 155-30172, Italy.,Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino, Venice Mestre (VE) 155-30172, Italy
| | - Carlo Barbante
- Institute of Polar Sciences, National Research Council (CNR-ISP), Via Torino, Venice Mestre (VE) 155-30172, Italy.,Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino, Venice Mestre (VE) 155-30172, Italy
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Abstract
The major organic compositions from biomass burning emissions are monosaccharide derivatives from the breakdown of cellulose, generally accompanied by small amounts of straight-chain, aliphatic, oxygenated compounds, and terpenoids from vegetation waxes, resins/gums, and other biopolymers. Levoglucosan from cellulose can be utilized as a specific or general indicator for biomass combustion emissions in aerosol samples. There are other important compounds, such as dehydroabietic acid, syringaldehyde, syringic acid, vanillic acid, vanillin, homovanillic acid, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, and p-coumaric acid, which are additional key indicators of biomass burning. In this review, we will address these tracers from different types of biomass burning and the methods used to identify the sources in ambient aerosols. First, the methods of inferring biomass burning types by the ratio method are summarized, including levoglucosan/mannose, syringic acid/vanillic acid, levolgucosan/K+, vanillic acid/4-hydroxybenzoic acid, levoglucosan/OC, and levoglucosan/EC to infer the sources of biomass burning, such as crop residual burning, wheat burning, leaf burning, peatland fire, and forest fire in Asia. Second, we present the source tracer ratio methods that determine the biomass combustion types and their contributions. Finally, we introduce the PCA (Principal component analysis) and PMF (Positive matrix factor) methods to identify the type of biomass burning and its contributions according to emission factors of different species in various plants such as softwood, hardwood, and grass.
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Illuminati S, Annibaldi A, Truzzi C, Mantini C, Conca E, Malandrino M, Giglione G, Fanelli M, Scarponi G. Determination of Cd, Pb, and Cu in the Atmospheric Aerosol of Central East Antarctica at Dome C (Concordia Station). Molecules 2021; 26:1997. [PMID: 33916238 PMCID: PMC8036987 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26071997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Trace heavy metals Cd, Pb, and Cu were determined (by square wave anodic stripping voltammetry) in aerosol samples collected at Dome C (the Italo-French Station Concordia), a remote site of the Central East Antarctic plateau, for which no data are available until now. During the Austral Summer 2005-2006, three PM10 high-volume impactors were installed in two locations nearby of Concordia station: the first one very close and downwind of the station (about 50 m north), the other two (very close to each other) in a 'distant' site, upwind of the station and close to the astrophysics tent (not used in that expedition) at ~800 m south of Station Concordia. For each sample, the availability of the mass of the aerosol collected (obtained by differential weighing carried out on site), in addition to the volume of the filtered air, allowed us to express results both in terms of metal mass fractions in the aerosol and in the usual way of metal atmospheric concentrations. Metal contents increased in the order Cd < Pb < Cu with the following ranges of values: Cd 1.0-8.4 µg g-1 (0.09-3.1 pg m-3), Pb 96-470 µg g-1 (12-62 pg m-3), and Cu 0.17-20 mg g-1 (0.027-2.4 ng m-3). From the metal temporal profiles obtained we estimated the following background values for the area of Dome C, expressed both in mass fractions and in atmospheric concentrations: Cd 1.2 ± 0.2 µg g-1 (0.24 ± 0.13 pg m-3), Pb (here fixed as upper limit) 113 ± 13 µg g-1 (21 ± 8 pg m-3), and Cu 0.91 ± 0.48 mg g-1 (0.12 ± 0.07 ng m-3). The highest values were observed in the first part of the season, and particularly for the site close to the station, possibly related to sample contamination linked to intense activity at the Concordia station connected with the beginning of the expedition, including aircraft arrivals/departures. Increments of up to 10 times (and even 20 times for Cu) were recorded with respect to the background values. The metal excesses of the contaminated over background samples were found approximately, except for Cu, in the same proportion of the metal contents of the special Antarctic blend (SAB) diesel fuel, which is used almost exclusively at Concordia Station. The effect of the wind direction was also observed. Thus in the intermediate period of the campaign, when the wind direction reversed for several days with respect to the prevailing one, Cd and Pb metal contents decreased at the sampling point installed close to the station, now upwind of Concordia station, and increased at the 'clean' site astrophysics tent, turned downwind at the main station. No simple and easily interpretable effect of the wind direction was observed for Cu, which suggests that some other extemporaneous and not clearly identified factor may have intervened in this case. These results suggest that the human impact at Dome C influences mainly the zone very close to the station, but also the area in the neighborhood, including the supposed clean site of the astrophysics tent (about 800 m far from the station), when the wind direction reverses with respect to the prevailing one, leaving the site downwind of the station Concordia. Since no other data are reported for the Dome C area, our results are compared with literature data referred to the South Pole Station (the only other plateau site for which data are available) and several other coastal Antarctic sites, observing that our results (excluding Cu) are the lowest ever observed for Antarctic aerosol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Illuminati
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell’Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy; (S.I.); (C.M.); (G.G.); (M.F.); (G.S.)
| | - Anna Annibaldi
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell’Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy; (S.I.); (C.M.); (G.G.); (M.F.); (G.S.)
| | - Cristina Truzzi
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell’Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy; (S.I.); (C.M.); (G.G.); (M.F.); (G.S.)
| | - Caterina Mantini
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell’Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy; (S.I.); (C.M.); (G.G.); (M.F.); (G.S.)
| | - Eleonora Conca
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Torino, Via Giuria 5, 10125 Torino, Italy; (E.C.); (M.M.)
| | - Mery Malandrino
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Torino, Via Giuria 5, 10125 Torino, Italy; (E.C.); (M.M.)
| | - Giada Giglione
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell’Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy; (S.I.); (C.M.); (G.G.); (M.F.); (G.S.)
| | - Matteo Fanelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell’Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy; (S.I.); (C.M.); (G.G.); (M.F.); (G.S.)
| | - Giuseppe Scarponi
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell’Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy; (S.I.); (C.M.); (G.G.); (M.F.); (G.S.)
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8
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Schaeffer DJ, Levengood JM, Adkesson MJ. Effects of nest type and sex on blood saccharide profiles in Humboldt penguins (Spheniscus humboldti): Implications for habitat conservation. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0233101. [PMID: 32437361 PMCID: PMC7241729 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0233101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Reproductive success of endangered Humboldt penguin (Spheniscus humboldti) colonies in Peru has been associated with nesting habitat type, presumably due to differences in environmental exposure and activity patterns that may affect energy demands and metabolism. Gas chromatography and mass spectrometry were used to determine serum concentrations of 19 saccharides from 30 Humboldt penguins nesting at Punta San Juan, Peru in order to evaluate differences in metabolic state between penguins nesting in a sheltered burrow or crevice (n = 17) and those in exposed surface nests (n = 13). Univariate and multivariate statistical analyses identified serum saccharides (arabinose, maltose, glucose-6-phosphate, and levoglucosenone in particular) that were nest-dimorphic with substantial differences between surface- and sheltered-nesting penguins. Four sugars (arabinose, xylose, fructose-6-phosphate, and sucrose) had ≥ 2-fold difference in concentration between nest types. Seven saccharides were in the top five subsets generated by discriminant analysis; four of these are simple sugars (D-glucopyranose, α ⇄ β; D-glucose; D-maltose; and D-mannose) and three are derivatives (glucose 6-phosphate, levoglucosenone, and N-acetylglucosamine). D-ribose had the highest information values (generated from weight-of-evidence values) followed by glucose 6-phosphate, levoglucosenone, and D-galactose. Sex was not a significant predictor of saccharide concentration. Levoglucosenone, which is a metabolite of the environmental contaminant levoglucosan, was significantly higher in surface-nesting penguins, reflecting a higher rate of exposure in non-sheltered penguins. Differences in the saccharide profiles of surface- and sheltered-nesting Humboldt penguins likely reflect increased metabolic requirements of surface-nesters at Punta San Juan. Conservation of appropriate sheltered-nesting habitat for penguins is essential for sustained reproductive success and colony health.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J. Schaeffer
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey M. Levengood
- Illinois Natural History Survey, Prairie Research Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Michael J. Adkesson
- Chicago Zoological Society, Brookfield Zoo, Brookfield, Illinois, United States of America
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Feltracco M, Barbaro E, Tedeschi S, Spolaor A, Turetta C, Vecchiato M, Morabito E, Zangrando R, Barbante C, Gambaro A. Interannual variability of sugars in Arctic aerosol: Biomass burning and biogenic inputs. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 706:136089. [PMID: 31864999 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.136089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The concentrations and particle-size distribution of sugars in Arctic aerosol samples were studied to investigate their potential sources and transport. Sugars are constituents of the water-soluble organic compounds (WSOC) fraction in aerosol particles where some saccharides are used as tracers of Primary Biological Aerosol Particles (PBAPs). Monosaccharides (arabinose, fructose, galactose, glucose, mannose, ribose, xylose), disaccharides (sucrose, lactose, maltose, lactulose), alcohol-sugars (erythritol, mannitol, ribitol, sorbitol, xylitol, maltitol, galactitol) and anhydrosugars (levoglucosan, mannosan and galactosan) were quantified in aerosol samples collected during three different sampling campaigns (spring and summer 2013, spring 2014 and 2015). The mean total concentrations of sugars were 0.4 ± 0.3, 0.6 ± 0.5 and 0.5 ± 0.6 ng m-3 for 2013, 2014 and 2015 spring campaigns, while the mean concentration increased to 3 ± 3 ng m-3 in the summer of 2013. This work identified a reproducibility in the sugars trend during spring, while the summer data in 2013 allowed to us to demonstrate strong local inputs when the ground was free of snow and ice. Furthermore, the study aims to show that the two specific ratios of sorbitol & galactiol to arabinose were diagnostic for the type of biomass that was burnt. This study demonstrates that not only is long-range atmospheric transport significant. But depending on seasonality, local inputs can also play an important role in the chemical composition of sugars in Arctic aerosol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Feltracco
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Ca'Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino 155, 30172 Venice, Italy.
| | - Elena Barbaro
- Institute of Polar Sciences CNR, Via Torino 155, 30172 Venice, Italy
| | - Silvia Tedeschi
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Ca'Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino 155, 30172 Venice, Italy
| | - Andrea Spolaor
- Institute of Polar Sciences CNR, Via Torino 155, 30172 Venice, Italy
| | - Clara Turetta
- Institute of Polar Sciences CNR, Via Torino 155, 30172 Venice, Italy
| | - Marco Vecchiato
- Institute of Polar Sciences CNR, Via Torino 155, 30172 Venice, Italy
| | - Elisa Morabito
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Ca'Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino 155, 30172 Venice, Italy
| | - Roberta Zangrando
- Institute of Polar Sciences CNR, Via Torino 155, 30172 Venice, Italy
| | - Carlo Barbante
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Ca'Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino 155, 30172 Venice, Italy; Institute of Polar Sciences CNR, Via Torino 155, 30172 Venice, Italy
| | - Andrea Gambaro
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Ca'Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino 155, 30172 Venice, Italy; Institute of Polar Sciences CNR, Via Torino 155, 30172 Venice, Italy
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10
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Wan X, Kawamura K, Ram K, Kang S, Loewen M, Gao S, Wu G, Fu P, Zhang Y, Bhattarai H, Cong Z. Aromatic acids as biomass-burning tracers in atmospheric aerosols and ice cores: A review. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 247:216-228. [PMID: 30677666 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Revised: 01/06/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Biomass burning (BB) is one of the largest sources of carbonaceous aerosols with adverse impacts on air quality, visibility, health and climate. BB emits a few specific aromatic acids (p-hydroxybenzoic, vanillic, syringic and dehydroabietic acids) which have been widely used as key indicators for source identification of BB-derived carbonaceous aerosols in various environmental matrices. In addition, measurement of p-hydroxybenzoic and vanillic acids in snow and ice cores have revealed the historical records of the fire emissions. Despite their uniqueness and importance as tracers, our current understanding of analytical methods, concentrations, diagnostic ratios and degradation processes are rather limited and scattered in literature. In this review paper, firstly we have summarized the most established methods and protocols for the measurement of these aromatic acids in aerosols and ice cores. Secondly, we have highlighted the geographical variability in the abundances of these acids, their diagnostic ratios and degradation processes in the environments. The review of the existing data indicates that the concentrations of aromatic acids in aerosols vary greatly with locations worldwide, typically more abundant in urban atmosphere where biomass fuels are commonly used for residential heating and/or cooking purposes. In contrast, their concentrations are lowest in the polar regions which are avoid of localized emissions and largely influenced by long-range transport. The diagnostic ratios among aromatic acids can be used as good indicators for the relative amounts and types of biomass (e.g. hardwood, softwood and herbaceous plants) as well as photochemical oxidation processes. Although studies suggest that the degradation processes of the aromatic acids may be controlled by light, pH and hygroscopicity, a more careful investigation, including closed chamber studies, is highly appreciated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wan
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Kimitaka Kawamura
- Chubu Institute for Advanced Studies, Chubu University, Kasugai, 487-8501, Japan
| | - Kirpa Ram
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, 100101, China; Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Shichang Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, CAS, Lanzhou, 730000, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Mark Loewen
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Shaopeng Gao
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Guangming Wu
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Pingqing Fu
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Yanlin Zhang
- Yale-NUIST Center on Atmospheric Environment, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Hemraj Bhattarai
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Zhiyuan Cong
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, 100101, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
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11
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Zangrando R, Corami F, Barbaro E, Grosso A, Barbante C, Turetta C, Capodaglio G, Gambaro A. Free phenolic compounds in waters of the Ross Sea. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 650:2117-2128. [PMID: 30290353 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.09.360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Revised: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The presence of free phenolic compounds (PC) in Antarctic sea water has been investigated to explain their source and particle size distribution in the atmospheric aerosols, as determined in our previous research. The sea water samples were filtered to distinguish the PC concentrations in the particulate and dissolved fractions. Two sample preparation procedures were developed to quantify nine PC in both fractions. The highest concentrations were found in the dissolved fraction of Ross Sea water, with vanillin, vanillic acid, acetovanillone and p-coumaric acid being the most abundant PC. Dissolved PC were mainly found in the upper part of water column. This facilitated the sea water-air exchange by bubble busting processes. In the aerosol, they were mainly found in the fine fraction, where these compounds have a higher degree of oxidation than PC detected in seawater, suggesting that they were newly emitted and they have been not yet oxidized. These results supported our previous hypothesis that PC were locally emitted into the atmosphere from the Ross Sea. Three different possible sources of PC are hypothesized for Antarctic sea waters: 1) from the intrusion of Modified Circumpolar Deep Water that may transport oceanic lignin; 2) from phytoplankton biomass that may be a source of PC in Antarctic waters since diatoms produce exudates that contain vanillic acid, p-coumaric acid and syringic acid; 3) from the melting of glaciers and sea ice: glaciers contain lignin that can be degraded, while in the sea ice there are diatoms that may release PC. Statistical analysis and the low value of vanillic acid/vanillin ratio indicated that the most plausible source for PC in the dissolved fraction was the senescence of phytoplankton. As a contrast, particulate PC with higher vanillic acid/vanillin ratios were ascribed to degraded lignin or the sorption of diagenically oxidized material on particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Zangrando
- Institute for the Dynamics of Environmental Processes CNR, Via Torino 155, 30170 Mestre, VE, Italy.
| | - Fabiana Corami
- Institute for the Dynamics of Environmental Processes CNR, Via Torino 155, 30170 Mestre, VE, Italy
| | - Elena Barbaro
- Institute for the Dynamics of Environmental Processes CNR, Via Torino 155, 30170 Mestre, VE, Italy
| | - Anna Grosso
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino 155, 30170 Mestre, VE, Italy
| | - Carlo Barbante
- Institute for the Dynamics of Environmental Processes CNR, Via Torino 155, 30170 Mestre, VE, Italy
| | - Clara Turetta
- Institute for the Dynamics of Environmental Processes CNR, Via Torino 155, 30170 Mestre, VE, Italy
| | - Gabriele Capodaglio
- Institute for the Dynamics of Environmental Processes CNR, Via Torino 155, 30170 Mestre, VE, Italy; Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino 155, 30170 Mestre, VE, Italy
| | - Andrea Gambaro
- Institute for the Dynamics of Environmental Processes CNR, Via Torino 155, 30170 Mestre, VE, Italy; Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino 155, 30170 Mestre, VE, Italy
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12
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Li Q, Wang N, Barbante C, Kang S, Callegaro A, Battistel D, Argiriadis E, Wan X, Yao P, Pu T, Wu X, Han Y, Huai Y. Biomass burning source identification through molecular markers in cryoconites over the Tibetan Plateau. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 244:209-217. [PMID: 30340167 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.10.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Revised: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Cryoconite is a dark, dusty aggregate of mineral particles, organic matter, and microorganisms transported by wind and deposited on glacier surfaces. It can accelerate glacier melting and alter glacier mass balances by reducing the surface albedo of glaciers. Biomass burning in the Tibetan Plateau, especially in the glacier cryoconites, is poorly understood. Retene, levoglucosan, mannosan and galactosan can be generated by the local fires or transported from the biomass burning regions over long distances. In the present study, we analyzed these four molecular markers in cryoconites of seven glaciers from the northern to southern Tibetan Plateau. The highest levels of levoglucosan and retene were found in cryoconites of the Yulong Snow Mountain and Tienshan glaciers with 171.4 ± 159.4 ng g-1 and 47.0 ± 10.5 ng g-1 dry weight (d.w.), respectively. The Muztag glacier in the central Tibetan Plateau contained the lowest levels of levoglucosan and retene with mean values of 59.8 ng g-1 and 0.4 ± 0.1 ng g-1 d.w., respectively. In addition, the vegetation changes and the ratios of levoglucosan to mannosan and retene indicate that combustion of conifers significantly contributes to biomass burning of the cryoconites in the Yulong Snow Mountain and Tienshan glacier. Conversely, biomass burning tracers in cryoconites of Dongkemadi, Yuzhufeng, Muztag, Qiyi and Laohugou glaciers are derived from the combustion of different types of biomass including softwood, hardwood and grass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quanlian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, CAS, Lanzhou, 730000, China.
| | - Ninglian Wang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Earth Surface System and Environmental Carrying Capacity, Xi'an, 710127, China; Institute of Earth Surface System and Hazards, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710127, China; College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710127, China
| | - Carlo Barbante
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Ca'Foscari, University of Venice, Venice, 30172, Italy; Institute for the Dynamics of Environmental Processes-CNR, Venice, 30172, Italy
| | - Shichang Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, CAS, Lanzhou, 730000, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Alice Callegaro
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Ca'Foscari, University of Venice, Venice, 30172, Italy; Institute for the Dynamics of Environmental Processes-CNR, Venice, 30172, Italy
| | - Dario Battistel
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Ca'Foscari, University of Venice, Venice, 30172, Italy; Institute for the Dynamics of Environmental Processes-CNR, Venice, 30172, Italy
| | - Elena Argiriadis
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Ca'Foscari, University of Venice, Venice, 30172, Italy
| | - Xin Wan
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Ping Yao
- CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Tao Pu
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, CAS, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Xiaobo Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, CAS, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Yu Han
- Surveying and Mapping Engineering Institute of Gansu Province, China
| | - Yanping Huai
- Surveying and Mapping Engineering Institute of Gansu Province, China
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13
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Lake sediment fecal and biomass burning biomarkers provide direct evidence for prehistoric human-lit fires in New Zealand. Sci Rep 2018; 8:12113. [PMID: 30108240 PMCID: PMC6092367 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-30606-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Deforestation associated with the initial settlement of New Zealand is a dramatic example of how humans can alter landscapes through fire. However, evidence linking early human presence and land-cover change is inferential in most continental sites. We employed a multi-proxy approach to reconstruct anthropogenic land use in New Zealand’s South Island over the last millennium using fecal and plant sterols as indicators of human activity and monosaccharide anhydrides, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, charcoal and pollen as tracers of fire and vegetation change in lake-sediment cores. Our data provide a direct record of local human presence in Lake Kirkpatrick and Lake Diamond watersheds at the time of deforestation and a new and stronger case of human agency linked with forest clearance. The first detection of human presence matches charcoal and biomarker evidence for initial burning at c. AD 1350. Sterols decreased shortly after to values suggesting the sporadic presence of people and then rose to unprecedented levels after the European settlement. Our results confirm that initial human arrival in New Zealand was associated with brief and intense burning activities. Testing our approach in a context of well-established fire history provides a new tool for understanding cause-effect relationships in more complex continental reconstructions.
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14
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Li Q, Wang N, Barbante C, Kang S, Yao P, Wan X, Barbaro E, Del Carmen Villoslada Hidalgo M, Gambaro A, Li C, Niu H, Dong Z, Wu X. Levels and spatial distributions of levoglucosan and dissolved organic carbon in snowpits over the Tibetan Plateau glaciers. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 612:1340-1347. [PMID: 28898940 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.08.267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2017] [Revised: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/27/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we collected 60 snowpit samples in nine glaciers from the northern to the southern Tibetan Plateau (TP), to study the levels and spatial distributions of levoglucosan and dissolved organic carbon (DOC). The lowest concentration of levoglucosan was found in the Yuzhufeng (YZF) glacier with a mean value of 0.24±0.08ngmL-1, while the highest concentration of levoglucosan was detected in the Gurenhekou (GRHK) glacier with a mean value of 11.72±15.61ngmL-1. However, the average DOC concentration in TP glaciers were comparable, without significant regional differences. The levoglucosan/DOC ratio ranged from 0.02 to 6.03% in the Tibetan Plateau glaciers. This ratios and the correlations between levoglucosan and DOC suggested that biomass burning products contributed only marginally to DOC levels in the TP glaciers. Moreover, the analysis of air mass backward trajectories suggested that levoglucosan and DOC in TP glaciers should be transported from the northwestern TP, internal TP, Central Asia, South and East Asia regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quanlian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, CAS, Lanzhou 730000, China.
| | - Ninglian Wang
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Earth Surface System and Environmental Carrying Capacity, Xi'an, 710127, China; Institute of Earth Surface System and Hazards, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, China; College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, China
| | - Carlo Barbante
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Ca'Foscari, University of Venice, Venice, Mestre 30172, Italy; Institute for the Dynamics of Environmental Processes-CNR, Venice, Italy
| | - Shichang Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, CAS, Lanzhou 730000, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Ping Yao
- CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Xin Wan
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Elena Barbaro
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Ca'Foscari, University of Venice, Venice, Mestre 30172, Italy; Institute for the Dynamics of Environmental Processes-CNR, Venice, Italy
| | - Maria Del Carmen Villoslada Hidalgo
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Ca'Foscari, University of Venice, Venice, Mestre 30172, Italy; Institute for the Dynamics of Environmental Processes-CNR, Venice, Italy
| | - Andrea Gambaro
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Ca'Foscari, University of Venice, Venice, Mestre 30172, Italy; Institute for the Dynamics of Environmental Processes-CNR, Venice, Italy
| | - Chaoliu Li
- CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Hewen Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, CAS, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Zhiwen Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, CAS, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Xiaobo Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, CAS, Lanzhou 730000, China
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15
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Barbaro E, Zangrando R, Padoan S, Karroca O, Toscano G, Cairns WRL, Barbante C, Gambaro A. Aerosol and snow transfer processes: An investigation on the behavior of water-soluble organic compounds and ionic species. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 183:132-138. [PMID: 28544898 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.05.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Revised: 04/14/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The concentrations of water-soluble compounds (ions, carboxylic acids, amino acids, sugars, phenolic compounds) in aerosol and snow have been determined at the coastal Italian base "Mario Zucchelli" (Antarctica) during the 2014-2015 austral summer. The main aim of this research was to investigate the air-snow transfer processes of a number of classes of chemical compounds and investigate their potential as tracers for specific sources. The composition and particle size distribution of Antarctic aerosol was measured, and water-soluble compounds accounted for 66% of the PM10 total mass concentration. The major ions Na+, Mg2+, Cl- and SO42- made up 99% of the total water soluble compound concentration indicating that sea spray input was the main source of aerosol. These ionic species were found mainly in the coarse fraction of the aerosol resulting in enhanced deposition, as reflected by the snow composition. Biogenic sources were identified using chemical markers such as carboxylic acids, amino acids, sugars and phenolic compounds. This study describes the first characterization of amino acids and sugar concentrations in surface snow. High concentrations of amino acids were found after a snowfall event, their presence is probably due to the degradation of biological material scavenged during the snow event. Alcohol sugars increased in concentration after the snow event, suggesting a deposition of primary biological particles, such as airborne fungal spores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Barbaro
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino 155, 30172, Venice-Mestre, Italy.
| | - Roberta Zangrando
- Institute for the Dynamics of Environmental Processes CNR, Via Torino 155, 30172, Venice-Mestre, Italy
| | - Sara Padoan
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino 155, 30172, Venice-Mestre, Italy
| | - Ornela Karroca
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino 155, 30172, Venice-Mestre, Italy
| | - Giuseppa Toscano
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino 155, 30172, Venice-Mestre, Italy
| | - Warren R L Cairns
- Institute for the Dynamics of Environmental Processes CNR, Via Torino 155, 30172, Venice-Mestre, Italy
| | - Carlo Barbante
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino 155, 30172, Venice-Mestre, Italy; Institute for the Dynamics of Environmental Processes CNR, Via Torino 155, 30172, Venice-Mestre, Italy
| | - Andrea Gambaro
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino 155, 30172, Venice-Mestre, Italy; Institute for the Dynamics of Environmental Processes CNR, Via Torino 155, 30172, Venice-Mestre, Italy
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16
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Barbaro E, Padoan S, Kirchgeorg T, Zangrando R, Toscano G, Barbante C, Gambaro A. Particle size distribution of inorganic and organic ions in coastal and inland Antarctic aerosol. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:2724-2733. [PMID: 27834051 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-8042-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The concentration and particle-size distribution of ionic species in Antarctic aerosol samples were determined to investigate their potential sources, chemical evolution, and transport. We analyzed aerosol samples collected at two different Antarctic sites: a coastal site near Victoria Land close to the Italian Research Base "Mario Zucchelli", and another site located on the Antarctic plateau, close to Italian-French Concordia Research Station. We investigated anionic compounds using ion-chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry, and cationic species through capillary ion chromatography with conductometry. Aerosol collected close to the coast was mainly characterized by sea salt species such as Na+, Mg2+, and SO42-. These species represented a percentage of 88% of the total sum of all detected ionic species in the aerosol samples from the coastal site. These species were mainly distributed in the coarse fraction, confirming the presence of primary aerosol near the ocean source. Aerosol collected over the Antarctic plateau was characterized by high acidity, with nss-SO42-, NO3-, and methanesulfonic acid as the most abundant species. These species were mainly distributed in the <0.49 μm fraction, and they had a behavior of a typical secondary aerosol, where several chemical and physical processes occurred.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Barbaro
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino 155, 30172, Venice-Mestre, Italy.
- Institute for the Dynamics of Environmental Processes CNR, Via Torino 155, 30172, Venice-Mestre, Italy.
| | - Sara Padoan
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino 155, 30172, Venice-Mestre, Italy
| | - Torben Kirchgeorg
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino 155, 30172, Venice-Mestre, Italy
| | - Roberta Zangrando
- Institute for the Dynamics of Environmental Processes CNR, Via Torino 155, 30172, Venice-Mestre, Italy
| | - Giuseppa Toscano
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino 155, 30172, Venice-Mestre, Italy
- Institute for the Dynamics of Environmental Processes CNR, Via Torino 155, 30172, Venice-Mestre, Italy
| | - Carlo Barbante
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino 155, 30172, Venice-Mestre, Italy
- Institute for the Dynamics of Environmental Processes CNR, Via Torino 155, 30172, Venice-Mestre, Italy
| | - Andrea Gambaro
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino 155, 30172, Venice-Mestre, Italy
- Institute for the Dynamics of Environmental Processes CNR, Via Torino 155, 30172, Venice-Mestre, Italy
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17
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Grotti M, Pizzini S, Abelmoschi ML, Cozzi G, Piazza R, Soggia F. Retrospective biomonitoring of chemical contamination in the marine coastal environment of Terra Nova Bay (Ross Sea, Antarctica) by environmental specimen banking. CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 165:418-426. [PMID: 27668719 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.09.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Revised: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Antarctica offers a good opportunity to investigate planetary-scale pollution and climate change, and provides baseline values for contaminants such as Trace Elements (TEs) and Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs). Literature data on contaminant levels in the Antarctic environment indicate that long-range atmospheric transport is the primary pathway by which pollutants from surrounding continents are carried to this pristine environment. However, local contamination sources represented by the scientific stations are also not negligible. Climate change and global warming are altering the global budget of anthropogenic contaminants and their monitoring in Antarctica ecosystems is very important to protect the global environment. In this work, eighty specimens of Adamussium colbecki (Smith, 1902), a benthic Antarctic scallop, collected from 1996 to 2009 and stored in the Antarctic Environmental Specimen Bank, were analyzed to quantify TEs and POPs, including polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Metals concentrations were not affected by anthropogenic contributions, highlighting a natural accumulation with the age of the organism. Similarly, no temporal trend was found for PCNs, PCBs and PAHs. However, specimens collected during the summer 1997-98 showed enhanced concentration levels of PCBs and PAHs that could refer to a local anthropogenic source of contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Grotti
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Genoa, Via Dodecaneso, 31 - 16146 Genoa, Italy.
| | - Sarah Pizzini
- Institute for the Dynamics of Environmental Processes, National Research Council (CNR-IDPA), Via Torino, 155 - 30172 Venice Mestre, VE, Italy
| | - Maria Luisa Abelmoschi
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Genoa, Via Dodecaneso, 31 - 16146 Genoa, Italy
| | - Giulio Cozzi
- Institute for the Dynamics of Environmental Processes, National Research Council (CNR-IDPA), Via Torino, 155 - 30172 Venice Mestre, VE, Italy
| | - Rossano Piazza
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino, 155 - 30172 Venice Mestre, VE, Italy; Institute for the Dynamics of Environmental Processes, National Research Council (CNR-IDPA), Via Torino, 155 - 30172 Venice Mestre, VE, Italy
| | - Francesco Soggia
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Genoa, Via Dodecaneso, 31 - 16146 Genoa, Italy
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18
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You C, Xu C, Xu B, Zhao H, Song L. Levoglucosan evidence for biomass burning records over Tibetan glaciers. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2016; 216:173-181. [PMID: 27262131 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.05.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2016] [Revised: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Intense biomass burning (BB) events are widespread in tropical and subtropical Asia. However, the impact of BB aerosols on the Tibetan Plateau (TP), especially on Tibetan glaciers, is poorly understood. In this study, BB signals are revealed using the specific molecular tracer levoglucosan in snow and ice samples from different Tibetan glaciers. Tibetan glaciers mainly act as receptors of BB emissions from surrounding regions. Significant differences in levoglucosan concentrations in glacier samples collected from two slopes on the same mountain range indicate that high mountains can act as natural barriers to block the transport of smoke aerosols to the TP. Levoglucosan concentrations show a decreasing trend from west to east on glaciers impacted by the Indian summer monsoon on the southern edge of the TP, while the opposite pattern was observed on glaciers under the prevailing westerlies along the northern edge. The emission sources, the controlling climate system, as well as deposition and degradation during transport determined the spatial distribution regimes of levoglucosan concentration on Tibetan glaciers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao You
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101, Beijing, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Science, 100101, Beijing, China; University of Chinese Academy of Science, 100049, Beijing, China.
| | - Chao Xu
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101, Beijing, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Science, 100101, Beijing, China; University of Chinese Academy of Science, 100049, Beijing, China
| | - Baiqing Xu
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101, Beijing, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Science, 100101, Beijing, China
| | - Huabiao Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101, Beijing, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Science, 100101, Beijing, China
| | - Lili Song
- Key Laboratory of Alpine Ecology and Biodiversity, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
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Turetta C, Zangrando R, Barbaro E, Gabrieli J, Scalabrin E, Zennaro P, Gambaro A, Toscano G, Barbante C. Water-soluble trace, rare earth elements and organic compounds in Arctic aerosol. RENDICONTI LINCEI-SCIENZE FISICHE E NATURALI 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s12210-016-0518-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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